Echinacea - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ECHINACEA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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ECHINACEA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Echinacea: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84580-8 1. Echinacea-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Echinacea. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ECHINACEA .............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Echinacea ...................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 14 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ECHINACEA .................................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Finding Nutrition Studies on Echinacea ..................................................................................... 27 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 34 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ECHINACEA .............................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................... 37 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 38 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 General References ....................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ECHINACEA ................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Dissertations on Echinacea .......................................................................................................... 69 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ECHINACEA ........................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Recent Trials on Echinacea .......................................................................................................... 71 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 72 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ECHINACEA ........................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patents on Echinacea ................................................................................................................... 75 Patent Applications on Echinacea................................................................................................ 88 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ECHINACEA............................................................................................... 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 99 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 101 Chapters on Echinacea ............................................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ECHINACEA ............................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 103 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 105 Academic Periodicals covering Echinacea.................................................................................. 106 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 109 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 111 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 114 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 115 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 117 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 119

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Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 119 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 119 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 119 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 125 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 125 ECHINACEA DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 126 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 169

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Echinacea is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Echinacea, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Echinacea, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Echinacea. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Echinacea, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Echinacea. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ECHINACEA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Echinacea.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Echinacea, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Risk-Benefit Profile of Commonly Used Herbal Therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 136(1): 42-53. January 1, 2002. Contact: Available from American College of Physicians. American Society of Internal Medicine. 190 North Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1572. Website: www.acponline.org. Summary: The use of herbal remedies is increasing so a risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbs is needed. This article provides a clinically oriented overview of the efficacy and safety of ginkgo, St. John's wort, ginseng, Echinacea, saw palmetto, and kava. Wherever possible, assessments are based on systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials. Encouraging data support the efficacy of some of these popular herbal medicinal

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products, and the potential for doing good seems greater than that for doing harm. The published evidence suggests that gingko is of questionable use for memory loss and tinnitus but has some effect on dementia and intermittent claudication. St. John's wort is effective for mild to moderate depression, but serious concerns exist about its interactions with several conventional drugs. Well-conducted clinical trials do not support the efficacy of ginseng to treat any condition. Echinacea may be helpful in the treatment or prevention of upper respiratory tract infections, but trial data are not fully convincing. Saw palmetto has been shown in short-term trials to be effective in reducing the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Kava is an effective short term treatment for anxiety. None of these herbal medicines is free of adverse effects. The authors conclude that because the evidence is incomplete, risk-benefit assessments are not completely reliable, and much knowledge is still lacking. 4 tables. 76 references. •

Quick Tour Through The World of Echinacea and Other Herbal Medications: Should Dialysis And Transplant Patients Use Them? Source: For Patients Only. 14(2): 10-12. March-April 2001. Contact: Available from For Patients Only. 18 East 41st Street, New York, NY 10017. (818) 704-5555. Fax (818) 704-6500. Summary: This article reviews herbal medications, including Echinacea, and their use by people on dialysis or who have received a kidney transplant. Echinacea is an herb that claims to assist in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and flu and that is used to increase the immune system. The author notes that increasing the immune system of a transplant recipient could cause the patient to enter a rejection episode; therefore Echinacea is not recommended. The author stresses that although herbs may have unpleasant side effects for the general population, for dialysis and transplant recipients they could cause dangerous medical problems, or worse, death. The data on how the body excretes herbs is limited at best. This becomes even more of a concern in the renal patient population since it is not known how reduced kidney function, dialysis, and various prescribed medications can impact their effectiveness and safety. In addition, due to lack of regulation, the herbs that patients can purchase may not have a consistent level of potency, meaning that one tablet may contain more of the desired herb than another tablet. The author briefly reviews a group of herbs, noting their health claims and any special issues for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Herbs covered include aloe, Echinacea, ephedra (Ma Hung, Ephedrin, ultimate xphoria), ginkgo biloba, garlic, ginseng, kava kava, licorice root, and St. John's wort.

Federally Funded Research on Echinacea The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Echinacea. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Echinacea. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Echinacea. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Echinacea: •

Project Title: A NEW CULTIVATION SYSTEM FOR CLEAN CONSISTENT ROOT CROPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hayden, Anita L.; Native American Botanics Corporation 531 E Muriel Pl Tucson, Az 85733 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): In order to accurately assess the efficacy of botanical products, consistent materials are needed for clinical studies, as well as a guarantee of sustainable access to commercial volumes of those materials should the products prove useful. This proposal addresses exactly that by developing a sustainable horticultural production method that can provide clean, unadulterated, and consistent raw materials for the herbal dietary supplement and phytopharmaceutical industries. The technology investigated is an innovative type of hydroponics called aeroponics, with engineering modifications and crop management practices specifically designed to maximize the biomass production and phytochemistry of crops, with an emphasis on root crops. The SBIR Phase I research demonstrated the feasibility of using aeroponics for biomass and phytochemical yields of burdock, the Phase II research will explore the universality and appropriateness of the aeroponic technology for various medicinal root crops, developing improved prototype aeroponic systems and testing those systems with different model crops: stinging nettles (Urtica dioica), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), yerba mansa (Anemopsis califomica), and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa). Various experiments will be conducted in the aeroponic systems, examining the flexibility and control the grower has over the crop environment and measuring the effects of those parameters on biomass and phytochemical yields. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF ECHINACEA IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Taylor, James A.; Pediatrics; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Upper respiratory tract infections (URI's) are a significant health burden in childhood. URI's are a major reason for visits to health care providers, and up to 35% of young children at any given time are taking some over-the-counter cold medication. Unfortunately, data suggest that most of these medications have limited effectiveness. Alternative medical therapies are growing in popularity; in a recent survey of parents of children being seen by pediatricians in Seattle, Washington, 24.2% indicated that their child had been seen by an alternative medicine health care provider, and 53.3% therapies for the treatment of URI's in children. The proposed study is a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of Echinacea for the treatment of URI's in children 2-11 years old. The aims of the project are: to determine if Echinacea shortens the

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duration and/or lessens the severity of URI's, if children receiving Echinacea for treatment of URI's have a reduced rate of secondary bacterial infections, and to determine if the use of Echinacea in patients 2-11 years old is associated with any significant side effects. A two-year study of 600 children is planned. Not only will the results of this study will determine if Echinacea, the most popular medicinal herb sold in the United States, is an effective therapy for URI's in children, the study will provide a design framework for future assessments on the efficacy of other complementary and alternative medicines in children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CENTER SUPPLEMENTS

FOR

RESEARCH

ON

BOTANICAL

DIETARY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Birt, Diane; Professor and Chair; Food Science & Human Nutrition; Iowa State University of Science & Tech Ames, Ia 500112207 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: The Center on Dietary Botanical Supplements at Iowa State University (ISU) and the University of Iowa (UI) will link two traditionally strong complementary institutions and focus their effort on important research on botanical supplements. This multidisciplinary center will include scientists from horticulture, botany, biochemistry, molecular biology, oxicology, chemistry, medicinal pharmacology, nutrition, epidemiology, clinical medicine and statistics. We have chosen to study Echinacea and hypericum becase they are two of the most commonly used herbs by consumers in the united States; there is substantial evidence for potential health benefits; both genera are readily grown in Iowa; and our affiliated North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station maintains the national's germplasm repository for Echinacea, conserving all known species in the genus. These herbs also offer different models for research on botanical supplements and for expanding our understanding of the potential health benefit of herbs. Echinacea has potential broad bioactivity but little is known regarding the active constituents and nothing is known regarding mechanisms of action. In contrast, active constituents have been identified from hypericum and there is growing information on mechanism. The proposed center includes five projects and two cores. Project 1 will focus on understanding the genetic, developmental, and environmental diversity of Echinacea and Hypericum. Project 2 will provide the critical understanding of the chemical constituents in of Echinacea and Hypericum. Project 3 will seek to understand the bioactivity of Echinacea and Hypericum, the constituents responsible for bioactivity and the bioavailability of the key constituents in human subjects. Project 4 will conduct epidemiological studies of dietary botanical supplements. Project 5 will conduct phase 1 and II clinical trials in HIV positive subjects using extracts from Echinacea and Hypericum. Core A, germplasm and cultivation, will provide standardized plant materials of known biological origin produced under controlled conditions. The planning and administration Core (Core B) will facilitate overall management of the Center, coordinate the statistical component and increase research on dietary botanicals at UI and ISU through provision of development funds and pilot projects. This center will serve as a national resource and interact with other institutions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLINICAL EVALUATION OF ECHINACEA AND HYPERICUM IN HIV-1 INFECTED SUBJECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stapleton, Jack T.; Professor; Iowa State University of Science & Tech Ames, Ia 500112207

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: SUBPROJECT ABSTRACT NOT PROVIDED Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMPOSITION, ACTIVITY AND DRUG INTERACTIONS OF ECHINACEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Wenner, Cynthia A.; Assistant Research Professor; None; Bastyr University 14500 Juanita Dr Ne Kenmore, Wa 98028 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Dr. Wenner, a conventionally-trained Immunologist, seeks to broaden her knowledge base and acquire new skills in the important and emerging field of botanical medicine research. She plans to establish herself as an independent researcher in this new field, conducting innovative and timely studies correlating composition with immunomodulatory activities to rigorously assess botanical medicines for clinical application to immune-related disorders. Her career development plan includes didactic and technical training in three critical areas: botanical medicine, natural products analytical chemistry, and medicinal chemistry. Dr. Wenner has brought together an experienced interdisciplinary team of two co-sponsors to assist her in this training. Her main sponsor, Gowsala Sivam, PhD, Senior Investigator, Bastyr University Research Institute, has extensive expertise in natural products and biomedical research. Dr. Wenner's cosponsor, Professor Gary Elmer, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, is a well-established researcher in the area of medicinal chemistry. During the five-year award period, Dr. Wenner will conduct research investigating the correlation between formulation composition and bioactivity of a popular botanical medicine, Echinacea. This leading herbal remedy is available over the counter in the U.S. and has reported effectiveness in combating upper respiratory infections (URIs). Many types of preparations are available on the market, without adequate correlation of composition with reported immunomodulatory activities. Which of these formulations is best suited to treat a particular health condition is thus unknown. Importantly, composition of Echinacea preparations, being a natural product, varies significantly with different species, plant part, harvesting times, storage conditions and extraction procedures. An immediate need exists to rigorously assess how Echinacea composition correlates with immunological activities to help elucidate mechanism of action and accurately assess the potential for safety and effectiveness in its clinical application. Additionally, whether in vivo bioactivation occurs to generate hepatic metabolites having immunomodulating activities is currently unknown and will be addressed using an in vitro hepatic metabolism model. Herb/drug interactions also will be important to evaluate, since individuals taking commonly prescribed conventional drugs often concurrently use Echinacea. Since many of these drugs interact with the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes involved in drug metabolism, Echinacea's effects on drug-induced inhibition of CYP isoenzyme activity will be determined. By addressing these aims, Dr. Wenner will gain strong research skills in botanical medicine and the expertise necessary to significantly impact this field. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DIVERSITY IN ECHINACEA AND HYPERICUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Wurtele, Eve S.; Iowa State University of Science & Tech Ames, Ia 500112207 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007

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Summary: Both Hypericum (St. John's Wort) and Echinacea extracts are extremely popular health-remedies. However, the genetic diversity and natural abundance of the putative bioactive chemicals have never been systematically addressed. Furthermore, the levels of potentially bioactive constituents are different in different commercially available preparations. In the course of this project, we will test the following hypotheses: 1) Echinacea and Hypericum species contain wide natural variation in levels of bioactive compounds, and 2) The natural abundance of the Echinacea bioactive chemical(s) is broadly affected by environmental and developmental cues. This proposal will identify accessions, stages of development, and environmental conditions that affect accumulation of bioactive compounds that affect human health. The project will determine the levels and patterns of genetic diversity in Echinacea and Hypericum, and how this influences accumulation of bioactive constituents. The project will also define the relationship between accumulation of bioactive constituents and developmental and environmental cues. The effect of exposure to abiotic stress on accumulation of bioactive compounds will be determined. This project plays a critical rold in our Dietary Botanicals Center in identifying natural genetic developmental, and environmental variation on levels and patterns of key bioactive constituents, and in determining strategies for optimizing the accumulation of beneficial compounds and minimizing toxicity. An additional critical result of the project will be a genetic "fingerprint" technology to facilitate identification of plant material of unknown provenance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ECHINACEA: STANDARDIZED PRODUCT & SUPPLY PROVISION Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Xiping; Chief Scientist; Gaia Herbs, Inc. 108 Island Ford Rd Brevard, Nc 28712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: SBIR phase I will lay the groundwork for standardized Echinacea production in Phase II. The source of crude material for subsequent analytical chemistry testing will be first addressed: Echinacea seeds will be tested and identified for purity, then germinated and cultivated at different seasons/soil/field conditions, and morphologic, organoleptic, chromosome/DNA, and microscopic characteristics will be systematically monitored and recorded. Simultaneously, all marker compounds and testing methodology to be used later will be developed in the first 6 months. The marker compound testing will begin in the last 6 months using samples from Gaia Herbs organic farm. The testing will include samples representing the different factors that influence the potential medicinal activities of Echinacea, e.g., parts of plant, species, and horticulture. Different extraction preparations will be developed based on marker compound analysis, and products developed based on extraction quality. The most desirable delivery forms will then be developed based on retesting analysis. Thus, specific aims of Phase I include: 1) preparation of raw material source for use in Phase II, data collection on plant identity; 2) preparation of marker compounds and testing methods; 3) marker compound testing to identify promising end products using different extraction solvents and strategy (i.e., best combination extraction types correlated with chemical component concentrations in plant parts and species); 4) evaluate optimum delivery presentation and product stability; 5) execution and direction of Phase II to deliver Phase I milestone; 6) share the knowledge and practices gained with the herbal industry and regulatory agencies. The growing Echinacea planted in Phase I will provide samples for analytical testing and product development for three years in Phase II, and more critically, the carefully monitored and characterized 1,2, and 3 year old plants growing in different soil conditions and harvesting times must

Studies

9

be available to start Phase II. Long-term goals include new technology development viable for herbal industry and herb farms. The ultimate hope is to provide consumers, researchers, herbal industry, and health- care providers with easily recognized product quality and identity, and to scientifically establish or disprove the medicinal value of Echinacea. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: In the process of manufacturing reproducible Echinacea products, new innovative technologies will also be developed through out the production process. All of the following can be modified and further developed for commercial application: 1) Identity testing of species/seeds that is simple, fast, and economical; 2) marker component analytical testing methodology that is commercially viable; 3) condition and materials used in the greenhouse for high-yield germination; 4) soil condition and materials used for quality raw material; 5) alternatives to pesticides/herbicides for organic farming that is not time consuming nor expensive; 6) Echinacea product that is manufactured in the same quality as the research products; and 7) product delivery presentation (form and package) that is convenient for consumers, which is also stable in quality, concentration, and purity to the date of expiration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS MECHANISMS RESISTANCE IN PLANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: St. Hilaire, Rolston; New Mexico State University Las Cruces Las Cruces, Nm 880038001 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This research focuses on two major areas of environmental stress physiology with the overall long-term goal of determining how environmental stress can alter the chemical constitution of medicinal plants. The two specific aims of this project are (1) determine adaptive mechanisms to drought and nutrient stress of five medicinal plants that can be commercially produced in the Southwest, and (2) determine whether drought and nutrient stress affects the quantity and quality of pharmacologically active components of medicinal plants. Research conducted within those major objectives will benefit consumer health by providing medicinal herb consumers more precise information on water and nutrient stress effects on medicinal plants. To meet specific aim one, the adaptations to drought and nutrient stress on Catnip (Nepata catalaria), Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), and yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica) will be determined. Treatments will include three nutrient (no nutrients, organic fertilizer, 0.076 KgN/ha) and water deficit stress (well irrigated vs. cyclic drought) and will be applied in a completely randomized design. Analysis of variance procedures (PROC GLM) will be used to evaluate differences and interactions among treatments. The following responses which indicate some of a plant's response to water deficit stress and nutrient stress will be evaluated, pre-dawn and midday leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, relative growth rate, plant biomass, specific lamina mass, osmotic potential and carbon allocation among plant parts. To meet specific aim two, high pressure liquid chromatography will be used to separate, isolate, purify, and quantify pharmaceutically active compounds that have accumulated in response to water deficit stress and nutrient stress. The allocation of nutrients and carbon to primary production and the production and the production of secondary metabolites will be determined for each species. The experimental design and taxa used to meet specific aim one will also be used in this study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Echinacea

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Project Title: EVALULATION OF ECHINACEA IN A HUMAN RHINOVIRUS CHALLENGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Turner, Ronald B.; Pediatrics; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT): Echinacea is a widely used herbal remedy for the common cold. Previous clinical trials designed to assess the efficacy of Echinacea for prevention or treatment of the common cold have produced inconsistent results. A variety of different Echinacea products have been used in these clinical trials. Recent studies indicate that different Echinacea preparations have dramatically different phytochemical profiles. The available clinical trial data provide no information about the potential role of the different constituents of Echinacea in common cold prevention or treatment. Our hypothesis is that the variation in reported clinical effectiveness may be due to differences in the phytochemical profile of the Echinacea preparations used. The experimental rhinovirus colds model is a well-established model for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of the common cold. The combination of this model with detailed chemical analysis of Echinacea preparations will be used to address the inconsistencies in previous clinical trials. The purpose of this study is to use the experimental common cold model and preparations of Echinacea from a single species and plant part to systematically evaluate the effect of the different Echinacea constituents on rhinovirus infection and rhinovirus induced illness. This study will address the following specific aims: 1) Evaluate the effectiveness of chemically defined extracts of E. angustifolia root which contain alkamides, echinacoside or polysaccharidelglycoprotein for common cold prevention or treatment; 2) Assess the correlation between specific Echinacea metabolites in serum and nasal secretions and efficacy for prevention and treatment of colds; and 3) Determine the effect of different Echinacea preparations on the host response to rhinovirus infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EXHALED BIOMARKERS DURING TREATMENT OF RHINOVIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunt, John F.; Pediatrics; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rhinovirus is a well-recognized, epidemiologically important cause of exacerbations of lower respiratory diseases including asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis. The mechanisms by which this common cold virus caused alteration in airway physiology are not well characterized in part because of the difficulty of assessing lower airway biochemistry and inflammation longitudinally. However, with the advent of high sensitivity assays, inflammatory mediators including cytokines and leukotrienes can now be measured in the fluid safely and easily condensed from exhaled breath. Additionally, chemical constituents of exhaled breath can be readily assayed for evidence of lung redox disturbances. This proposal is an ancillary study to a carefully designed NIH-funded clinical trial of Echinacea for the prophylaxis and treatment of experimentally induced nasal Rhinovirus infection. Based on preliminary data, we hypothesize that after Rhinovirus infection there will be repeatedly and safely assessed with exhaled breath condensate assays. Additionally we hypothesize that beneficial effects of Echinacea therapy correlate with amelioration of these chemical and immunologic alterations, and that development of cold symptoms can be predicted by assays of exhaled biomarkers. We will leverage the well-characterized subjects of the

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parent trial to identify baseline and post infection levels of exhaled inflammatory cytokines, leukotrienes, hydrogen ions, nitrogen oxides, and redox components including hydrogen peroxide and lipid oxidation products. Twenty-nine exhaled breath condensate collections will be performed by each of 168 subjects (40 placebo-treated) in a time period surrounding experimental Rhinovirus infection. Assays of these samples will provide statistically powerful data that will substantially improve our mechanistic understanding of airway chemical and immunologic effects of Rhinovirus-effects that are highly relevant to lower airway disease exacerbation. This study also will provide mechanistic data regarding efficacy of Echinacea. The project will be conducted at the University of Virginia, where expertise in the study of the common cold, airway chemistry, and exhaled biomarkers is extensive. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ECHINACEA

NEW

IMMUNO-ACTIVE

PRINCIPLES

FOR

OPTIMIZING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Pasco, David S.; Natl Ctr/Develop Natural Prod; University of Mississippi P.O. Box 907 University, Ms 386770907 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Echinacea species represent the most widely used botanical in the United States herbal market. These products vary considerably with respect to the species used, the plant part, and the formulation. Since these different products can have distinctly different chemistries, it would be expected that they would exhibit different pharmacological effects. This level of complexity most likely contributes to the problem of interpreting clinical trials performed to date on these different preparations. It also underscores the importance of identifying the clinically relevant compounds within the different preparations so that standardized consistent products could be produced for the consumer market and for use in clinical trials.Strong preliminary evidence is presented that unknown compounds, extractable with organic solvents, exist within Echinacea species that are potent activators, enhancers and suppressors of monocyte function. Determining the relevance of these compounds to the therapeutic efficacy of Echinacea material will ultimately lead to the development of optimized and more appropriately standardized products. In the longterm, this research could more directly influence human health by providing information on the types of Echinacea products most appropriate for specific health concerns. These compounds will be characterized, and their relevance to the pharmacological activity of Echinacea determined, as follows: 1. A human monocyte test system, employing a luciferase reporter gene driven by NF-kappa B sequences, will be used to guide the characterization of the compounds responsible for these three activities. 2. Cloned E. angustifolia plants (propagated in vitro) will be selected for predominant expression of only one of these activities. This will facilitate isolation since they represent a consistent and unlimited source of material. 3. Determine whether the extract's ability to modify monocyte activation correlates with the levels of these newly characterized compounds within the various plant parts of E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, and E. pallida. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PLACEBO: PHYSICIAN OR PILL? RCT IN A COMMOM COLD MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Barrett, Bruce P.; Family Medicine; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background. The design and interpretation of randomized trials is intimately connected to the use of "placebo." The nature and magnitude of placebo effects, however, is very poorly understood. Specific aims. Using a common cold model, this study will assess two kinds of "placebo effects": 1) the effect of receiving blinded placebo, compared to no treatment, and 2) the effect of receiving open-labeled active treatment (Echinacea), compared to blinded active treatment. This study will also assess 3) the effects of receiving a standard physician visit, compared to no visit, and 4) the effects of enhancing that visit with patient-oriented attributes. Finally, we will compare and contrast these "placebo effects" and "physician effects". Research design. A randomized controlled trial using a balanced 2-way treatment structure, with concealed allocation where appropriate. Population. Communityrecruited adults with new onset common cold. Primary outcome. Severity days of illness, defined as area under the severity duration curve, with severity measured as total score on an illness-specific quality of life measure. Secondary outcomes. Selfreported: general health-related quality of life, perceived stress, interpersonal support, optimism, and patient satisfaction. Laboratory-measured from nasal wash: IL-8 (inflammatory cytokine), neutrophil counts. Counts and weights of nasal tissues used will serve as measures of nasal mucus production. Power. This proposed trial of 800 enrolled participants (720 projected finishers) will have at least 80% power to detect a 20% difference in severity days between treatment groups. Importance. Although the illness- and treatment-specific results of this experiment will be valuable, the primary importance of this study will be to characterize and compare placebo effects attributable to randomization to pill treatments versus randomization to physician-based clinicalinteractions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNERGY IN IMMUNOMODULATION BY SPILANTHES AND ECHINACEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cech, Nadja B.; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of North Carolina Greensboro 103 Foust Building Greensboro, Nc 274026170 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over the past decade, the use of herbal remedies has skyrocketed in popularity among North Americans. Such remedies are complex mixtures of plant constituents, which are believed to interact synergistically to elicit biological responses. However, very little is known about the specific mechanisms of synergy involved in the biological activities of plant medicines. The objective of the proposed research is to investigate synergistic interactions among the chemical constituents of Echinacea and Spilanthes, two plants with purported immuneenhancing activities. This research is significant because it is expected to provide mechanistic information about the immunological activities of two medicines that are widely employed throughout the US and Europe as immune enhancers. The rationale for carrying out these studies is that an understanding of the mechanisms by which Spilanthes and Echinacea extracts interact with the immune system is expected to aid in the development of novel strategies for the use of plant medicines to treat or prevent diseases with immune related causes. The specific aims of this study are to determine which constituents from Spilanthes have immunomodulatory activity, and to assess the potential that these constituents interact synergistically with each other and with those of Echinacea to modulate immune activity. In carrying out this research, the hypothesis will be tested that alkylamides from Spilanthes interact synergistically with each other

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and with other constituent groups from Spilanthes and Echinacea to modulate immune activity. This hypothesis has been formulated on the basis of preliminary studies showing that ethanolic extracts of these plants, which are high in alkylamides, modulate the activity of lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage cells in vitro. To test this hypothesis, plant extracts of varying polarity will be prepared from Echinacea purpurea and Spilanthes acmella plant material that has been verified in terms of genus and species. The chemical composition of these extracts will be determined using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Extracts and isolated constituents will be assayed for effects on activity of cells in human lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage cell lines. Individual compounds will be purified from particularly active extracts, and their activities will be compared to that of complex extracts. Assays using heparinized whole blood will be performed for particularly active extracts and isolated constituents. The results will be analyzed using a sophisticated synergy model to identify specific constituents combinations with immunomodulatory potential. The bulk of these experiments will be carried out in the department of chemistry at UNCG, where undergraduate enrollment consists of 38% minority and 60% women, and undergraduate students are intimately involved in research. This proposal is a multi-disciplinary, collaborative effort between investigators with expertise in immunology and analytical chemistry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE PURIFICATION,STRUCTURE SYNTHESIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS

DETERMINATION

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kraus, George A.; Iowa State University of Science & Tech Ames, Ia 500112207 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: This project is to be led by George Kraus (Ph.D. 1976, Columbia U., Chemistry), chair of the Department of Chemistry at ISU. It is clearly focused on elucidating the chemistry of bioactive components from two widely used genera of herbs, Hypericum and Echinacea. There are four specific aims. To optimize the extraction procedures for these herbs. To fractionate the extracts by a variety of techniques, including GC, LC, capillary electrophoresis, and electrochemical modulated liquid chromatography. Structure determinations will be pursued by Dr. David Wiemer (Ph.D. 1976 in chemistry, U. of Illinois). The synthesis of useful quantities of bioactive compounds will be carried out by George Kraus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UCLA CENTER FOR DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS RESEARCH: BOTANICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heber, David; Professor/Chief; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: This application proposes to establish the UCLA Center for Dietary Supplements Research: Botanicals (CDSRB) in order to foster interdisciplinary research to develop systematic evaluation of the safety and efficacy of botanical dietary supplements. We have assembled the multi-disciplinary scientific expertise required for the proposed CDSRB at the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition. to accomplish the following specific aims: 1) Identify, characterize and authenticate botanicals intended for

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use as dietary supplements or already being sold as dietary supplements; 2) Assess the bioavailability and bioactivity of botanical ingredients including phytochemical marker compounds and/or suspected or known active ingredients; 3) Identify active constituents in botanicals and explore their mechanisms of action in well-defined biological systems; 4) Conduct pre-clinical studies in cell culture and in animals; and 5) Conduct phase I and/or II clinical evaluations of botanicals. The UCLA CHN CDSRB will fulfill the critical need for additional basic and clinical research on the bioavailability and bioactivity of botanical ingredients, including phytochemical marker compounds and/or biologically active constituents in well-defined biological systems and will then conduct pre-clinical studies in animals and clinical phase I and/or II evaluations of botanicals. In this application we outline three well developed R01 Research Projects (Chinese Red Yeast Rice, Green Tea, and St. John's Wort), four Pilot Studies (Echinacea, Flavonoids, Soy Isoflavones, and Plant Phytoestrogens, and three Scientific Cores in Agriculture and Botany, Analytic Phytochemistry, and Biostatistics/Clinical Pharmacology. An Administrative and Planning Core will administer the overall CDSRB, a New Investigator Award and Pilot Study Program support training and educational initiatives which will begin to address many of the issues outlined above. The UCLA School of Medicine is one of the top ten biomedical research institutions in the United States and will provide a rich interdisciplinary environment where the primary mission of the proposed Dietary Supplements Research Center in Botanicals can be achieved. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Echinacea in the PubMed Central database: •

Ineffectiveness of Echinacea for Prevention of Experimental Rhinovirus Colds. by Turner RB, Riker DK, Gangemi JD.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89939

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Need for Additional, Specific Information in Studies with Echinacea. by Dennehy C.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90297

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Reply to "Need for Additional, Specific Information in Studies with Echinacea". by Turner RB.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116697

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Echinacea, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Echinacea (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

"A bunch of the boys were whooping it up". Echinacea for what ails ya. Author(s): Mack RB. Source: N C Med J. 1998 July-August; 59(4): 236-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9682592

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A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Author(s): Grimm W, Muller HH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 February; 106(2): 138-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10230741

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A strategic call to utilize Echinacea-garlic in flu-cold seasons. Author(s): Abdullah T. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2000 January; 92(1): 48-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10800289

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Absorption of dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides after oral application of Echinacea purpurea tincture. Author(s): Dietz B, Heilmann J, Bauer R. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 December; 67(9): 863-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11745026

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Author(s): Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 January; 88(1): 42-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11814277

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Adverse reactions to complementary and alternative medicine: ragweed's cousin, the coneflower (echinacea), is "a problem more than a sneeze". Author(s): Bielory L. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 January; 88(1): 7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11814284

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Antiviral activity of characterized extracts from echinacea spp. (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) against herpes simplex virus (HSV-I). Author(s): Binns SE, Hudson J, Merali S, Arnason JT. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 September; 68(9): 780-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12357386

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Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant Echinacea purpurea to test subjects mediates activation of the phagocyte system. Author(s): Roesler J, Emmendorffer A, Steinmuller C, Luettig B, Wagner H, LohmannMatthes ML. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1991; 13(7): 931-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1761359

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Can an herbal preparation of echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C reduce respiratory illnesses in children? Author(s): Sangvai S, Chianese J, Morone N, Bogen DL, Voigt L, Shaikh N. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2004 March; 158(3): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14993079

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Can herbal products be used safely during pregnancy? Focus on echinacea. Author(s): Gallo M, Koren G. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 September; 47: 1727-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11570295

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Chronic use of echinacea should be discouraged. Author(s): Chua D. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 August 15; 68(4): 617; Author Reply 617. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12952380

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Comparative controlled study of Andrographis paniculata fixed combination, Kan Jang and an Echinacea preparation as adjuvant, in the treatment of uncomplicated respiratory disease in children. Author(s): Spasov AA, Ostrovskij OV, Chernikov MV, Wikman G. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2004 January; 18(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14750201

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Comparison of chemical components and antioxidants capacity of different Echinacea species. Author(s): Sloley BD, Urichuk LJ, Tywin C, Coutts RT, Pang PK, Shan JJ. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2001 June; 53(6): 849-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11428661

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Critical hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis due to Sjogren's syndrome: association with the purported immune stimulant echinacea. Author(s): Logan JL, Ahmed J. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 May; 22(2): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740687

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Cytokine production in leukocyte cultures during therapy with Echinacea extract. Author(s): Elsasser-Beile U, Willenbacher W, Bartsch HH, Gallati H, Schulte Monting J, von Kleist S. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 1996; 10(6): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8951617

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Does the extract of the plant Echinacea purpurea influence the clinical course of recurrent genital herpes? Author(s): Vonau B, Chard S, Mandalia S, Wilkinson D, Barton SE. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 March; 12(3): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11231867

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Echinacea and clarification. Author(s): Chopra RK. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 November 10; 163(20): 2536; Author Reply 2536. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609796

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Echinacea and truth in labeling. Author(s): Gilroy CM, Steiner JF, Byers T, Shapiro H, Georgian W. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 March 24; 163(6): 699-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639203

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Echinacea fails to show efficacy in treating colds in a pediatric population. Author(s): Le Tourneau M. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2004 January-February; 10(1): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14727495

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Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Author(s): Melchart D, Linde K, Fischer P, Kaesmayr J. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000530. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10796553

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Millea PJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 601; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530239

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Shober S. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 600; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530238

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Mittman P, Wollner D, Kim L. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 600-1; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530237

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Russo EB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 599; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530236

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Applequist WL. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 599-600; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530235

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Abrahams SG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 599; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530234

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Echinacea for the common cold: can alternative medicine be evidence-based medicine?. Author(s): Turner RB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 December 17; 137(12): 1001-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12484717

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Echinacea for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Gunning K, Steele P. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 February; 48(2): 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10037535

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Echinacea for treating colds in children. Author(s): Firenzuoli F, Gori L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 March 17; 291(11): 1323-4; Author Reply 1324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15026398

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Echinacea for treating colds in children. Author(s): Kim L, Wollner D, Anderson P, Brammer D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 March 17; 291(11): 1323; Author Reply 1324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15026397

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Echinacea for upper respiratory infection. Author(s): Barrett B, Vohmann M, Calabrese C. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 August; 48(8): 628-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10496642

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Echinacea for upper respiratory infections. Author(s): Lord RW Jr. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 December; 48(12): 939-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10628570

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Echinacea in the treatment and prevention of upper respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Gunning K. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1999 September; 171(3): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10560297

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Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Author(s): Melchart D, Walther E, Linde K, Brandmaier R, Lersch C. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1998 November-December; 7(6): 541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9821828

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Echinacea. Author(s): Kligler B. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 January 1; 67(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12537169

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Echinacea. Author(s): Pepping J. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 January 15; 56(2): 121-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10030527

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Echinacea: immune effects need more research. Author(s): Glanville I. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2003 August; 11(8): 25-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13677078

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Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Author(s): Myers SP, Wohlmuth H. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 June 1; 168(11): 583-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640313

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Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Author(s): Mullins RJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 February 16; 168(4): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9507713

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Echinacea-induced cytokine production by human macrophages. Author(s): Burger RA, Torres AR, Warren RP, Caldwell VD, Hughes BG. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1997 July; 19(7): 371-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9568541

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Echinaforce and other Echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the common cold. A randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Brinkeborn RM, Shah DV, Degenring FH. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 March; 6(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10228604

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Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Author(s): Cohen HA, Varsano I, Kahan E, Sarrell EM, Uziel Y. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2004 March; 158(3): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14993078

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Efficacy and mode of action of an immunomodulator herbal preparation containing Echinacea, wild indigo, and white cedar. Author(s): Wustenberg P, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Kohler G, Stammwitz U. Source: Adv Ther. 1999 January-February; 16(1): 51-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10539093

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Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, Quinn H, Goesling J, McGann M, Calabrese C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 December 3; 290(21): 2824-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657066

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Efficacy of Echinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold. A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Schulten B, Bulitta M, Ballering-Bruhl B, Koster U, Schafer M. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2001; 51(7): 563-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505787

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Enhancement of the humoral immune response by Echinacea purpurea in female Swiss mice. Author(s): Freier DO, Wright K, Klein K, Voll D, Dabiri K, Cosulich K, George R. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2003 November; 25(4): 551-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14686797

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Evaluation of echinacea for treatment of the common cold. Author(s): Giles JT, Palat CT 3rd, Chien SH, Chang ZG, Kennedy DT. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2000 June; 20(6): 690-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10853625

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Immune system effects of echinacea, ginseng, and astragalus: a review. Author(s): Block KI, Mead MN. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 September; 2(3): 247-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15035888

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Immunological activity of larch arabinogalactan and Echinacea: a preliminary, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Kim LS, Waters RF, Burkholder PM. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 April; 7(2): 138-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11991793

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Immunomodulation with Viscum album and Echinacea purpurea extracts. Author(s): Coeugniet EG, Elek E. Source: Onkologie. 1987 June; 10(3 Suppl): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3309759

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Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Rininger JA, Kickner S, Chigurupati P, McLean A, Franck Z. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2000 October; 68(4): 503-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11037971

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In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Author(s): See DM, Broumand N, Sahl L, Tilles JG. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1997 January; 35(3): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9043936

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Ineffectiveness of echinacea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Author(s): Turner RB, Riker DK, Gangemi JD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 June; 44(6): 1708-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817735

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Information on additional Echinacea trials. Author(s): Ertel G, Manley H, McQueen C, Bryant P. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 December; 48(12): 1001-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10628585

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Mechanism of activation of human peripheral blood NK cells at the single cell level by Echinacea water soluble extracts: recruitment of lymphocyte-target conjugates and killer cells and activation of programming for lysis. Author(s): Gan XH, Zhang L, Heber D, Bonavida B. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 June; 3(6): 811-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781698

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Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Author(s): Barrett B. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003 January; 10(1): 66-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622467

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Need for additional, specific information in studies with echinacea. Author(s): Dennehy C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 January; 45(1): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11221725

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Nonspecific immunostimulation with low doses of cyclophosphamide (LDCY), thymostimulin, and Echinacea purpurea extracts (echinacin) in patients with far advanced colorectal cancers: preliminary results. Author(s): Lersch C, Zeuner M, Bauer A, Siemens M, Hart R, Drescher M, Fink U, Dancygier H, Classen M. Source: Cancer Investigation. 1992; 10(5): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1393685

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Oral administration of freshly expressed juice of Echinacea purpurea herbs fail to stimulate the nonspecific immune response in healthy young men: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Author(s): Schwarz E, Metzler J, Diedrich JP, Freudenstein J, Bode C, Bode JC. Source: Journal of Immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997). 2002 September-October; 25(5): 413-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218779

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Phenytoin suppositories and echinacea. Author(s): Kaatz B. Source: S D J Med. 1997 September; 50(9): 335. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9314727

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Polysaccharides isolated from Echinacea purpurea herba cell cultures to counteract undesired effects of chemotherapy--a pilot study. Author(s): Melchart D, Clemm C, Weber B, Draczynski T, Worku F, Linde K, Weidenhammer W, Wagner H, Saller R. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 March; 16(2): 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11933115

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Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of echinacea. Author(s): Kemp DE, Franco KN. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2002 September-October; 15(5): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12350064

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Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: a prospective controlled study. Author(s): Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, Pietrzak K, Comas B, Smith M, Jaeger TV, Einarson A, Koren G. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 November 13; 160(20): 3141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074744

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Rapid and non-destructive determination of the echinacoside content in Echinacea roots by ATR-IR and NIR spectroscopy. Author(s): Ann Intern Med. 2002 Dec 17;137(12):I18 Source: Planta Medica. 2002 October; 68(10): 926-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12484743

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Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with Echinacea herbal therapy. Author(s): Soon SL, Crawford RI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 February; 44(2): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174391

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Regulation of human immune gene expression as influenced by a commercial blended Echinacea product: preliminary studies. Author(s): Randolph RK, Gellenbeck K, Stonebrook K, Brovelli E, Qian Y, BankaitisDavis D, Cheronis J. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2003 October; 228(9): 1051-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530514

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Results of five randomized studies on the immunomodulatory activity of preparations of Echinacea. Author(s): Melchart D, Linde K, Worku F, Sarkady L, Holzmann M, Jurcic K, Wagner H. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 1995 Summer; 1(2): 145-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9395611

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Stimulation of the immune response in outpatients with hepatocellular carcinomas by low doses of cyclophosphamide (LDCY), echinacea purpurea extracts (Echinacin) and thymostimulin. Author(s): Lersch C, Zeuner M, Bauer A, Siebenrock K, Hart R, Wagner F, Fink U, Dancygier H, Classen M. Source: Arch Geschwulstforsch. 1990; 60(5): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2173516

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Studies on the antioxidant activity of Echinacea root extract. Author(s): Hu C, Kitts DD. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 May; 48(5): 1466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10820044

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The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo. Author(s): Gorski JC, Huang SM, Pinto A, Hamman MA, Hilligoss JK, Zaheer NA, Desai M, Miller M, Hall SD. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2004 January; 75(1): 89-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749695

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The efficacy of echinacea compound herbal tea preparation on the severity and duration of upper respiratory and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Lindenmuth GF, Lindenmuth EB. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2000 August; 6(4): 327-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10976979

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The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava. Author(s): Ernst E. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 January 1; 136(1): 42-53. Review. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 2003 Jan 7; 138(1): 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11777363

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The use of dietary supplements in pediatrics: a study of echinacea. Author(s): Mark JD, Grant KL, Barton LL. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2001 May; 40(5): 265-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11388676

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Transport of alkamides from Echinacea species through Caco-2 monolayers. Author(s): Jager H, Meinel L, Dietz B, Lapke C, Bauer R, Merkle HP, Heilmann J. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 May; 68(5): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12058332

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Treatment of the common cold with unrefined echinacea. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Barrett BP, Brown RL, Locken K, Maberry R, Bobula JA, D'Alessio D. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 December 17; 137(12): 939-46. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12484708

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Use of echinacea in medicine. Author(s): Percival SS. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2000 July 15; 60(2): 155-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10825459

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ECHINACEA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Echinacea.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Echinacea The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on Echinacea: •

“A bunch of the boys were whooping it up”. Echinacea for what ails ya. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem 27157, USA. Source: Mack, R B N-C-Med-J. 1998 Jul-August; 59(4): 236-7 0029-2559

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And just how safe is Echinacea? Source: Anonymous Child-Health-Alert. 2002 June; 20: 3 1064-4849

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Absorption of Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic Acid Isobutylamides after Oral Application of Echinacea purpurea Tincture1. Author(s): Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Dusseldorf, Germany. Source: Dietz, B Heilmann, J Bauer, R Planta-Med. 2001 December; 67(9): 863-4 00320943

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Alkamide levels in Echinacea purpurea: effects of processing, drying and storage. Author(s): Plant Extracts Research Unit, New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. [email protected] Source: Perry, N B van Klink, J W Burgess, E J Parmenter, G A Planta-Med. 2000 February; 66(1): 54-6 0032-0943

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Alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives from the roots of Echinacea tennesseensis. Source: Bauer, R. Remiger, P. Alstat, E. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. December 1990. volume 56 (6) page 533-534. 0032-0943

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Alkylamides of Echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats. Author(s): Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Source: Goel, Vinti Chang, Chuck Slama, January V Barton, Richard Bauer, Rudolf Gahler, Roland Basu, Tapan K Int-Immunopharmacol. 2002 February; 2(2-3): 381-7 15675769

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Analysis of alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives from Echinacea simulata and E. paradoxa roots. Author(s): Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitat Munchen, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Bauer, R Foster, S Planta-Med. 1991 October; 57(5): 447-9 0032-0943

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Anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharidic fraction of Echinacea angustifolia. Source: Tubaro, A Tragni, E Del Negro, P Galli, C L Della Loggia, R J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1987 July; 39(7): 567-9 0022-3573

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Anti-inflammatory activity of Echinacea angustifolia fractions separated on the basis of molecular weight. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy. Source: Tragni, E Galli, C L Tubaro, A Del Negro, P Della Loggia, R Pharmacol-ResCommun. 1988 December; 20 Suppl 587-90 0031-6989

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Antiviral activity of characterized extracts from Echinacea spp. (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) against herpes simplex virus (HSV-I). Author(s): Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. Source: Binns, S E Hudson, J Merali, S Arnason, J T Planta-Med. 2002 September; 68(9): 780-3 0032-0943

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Bioactivity of alkamides isolated from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA. Source: Clifford, L J Nair, M G Rana, J Dewitt, D L Phytomedicine. 2002 April; 9(3): 24953 0944-7113

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Characterization of Echinacea species and detection of possible adulterations by RAPD analysis. Source: Wolf, H.T. Zundorf, I. Winckler, T. Bauer, R. Dingermann, T. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. December 1999. volume 65 (8) page 773-774. 0032-0943

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Comparison of chemical components and antioxidants capacity of different Echinacea species. Author(s): CV Technologies, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. [email protected] Source: Sloley, B D Urichuk, L J Tywin, C Coutts, R T Pang, P K Shan, J J J-PharmPharmacol. 2001 June; 53(6): 849-57 0022-3573

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Cytokine production in leukocyte cultures during therapy with Echinacea extract. Author(s): Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany. Source: Elsasser Beile, U Willenbacher, W Bartsch, H H Gallati, H Schulte Monting, J von Kleist, S J-Clin-Lab-Anal. 1996; 10(6): 441-5 0887-8013

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Deleterious effects of Echinacea purpurea and melatonin on myeloid cells in mouse spleen and bone marrow. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Source: Currier, N L Sicotte, M Miller, S C J-Leukoc-Biol. 2001 August; 70(2): 274-6 07415400

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Differentiation between the complement modulating effects of an arabinogalactanprotein from Echinacea purpurea and heparin. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. [email protected] Source: Alban, S Classen, B Brunner, G Blaschek, W Planta-Med. 2002 December; 68(12): 1118-24 0032-0943

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Direct characterization of caffeoyl esters with antihyaluronidase activity in crude extracts from Echinacea angustifolia roots by fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Milan, Italy. Source: Facino, R M Carini, M Aldini, G Marinello, C Arlandini, E Franzoi, L Colombo, M Pietta, P Mauri, P Farmaco. 1993 October; 48(10): 1447-61 0014-827X

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Does the extract of the plant Echinacea purpurea influence the clinical course of recurrent genital herpes? Author(s): Department of Genitourinary Medicine/HIV, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK. Source: Vonau, B Chard, S Mandalia, S Wilkinson, D Barton, S E Int-J-STD-AIDS. 2001 March; 12(3): 154-8 0956-4624

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Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Author(s): Munchener Modell - Centre for Complementary Medicine Research, Technical University/Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Kaiserstr. 9, Munich, Germany, 80801. [email protected]

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Source: Melchart, D Linde, K Fischer, P Kaesmayr, J Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD000530 1469-493X •

Echinacea questionable for colds. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 1999 January 5; 5(1): 7 1081-5880

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Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Author(s): Center for Complementary Medicine Research, Technische Universitat, Munich, Germany. [email protected] Source: Melchart, D Walther, E Linde, K Brandmaier, R Lersch, C Arch-Fam-Med. 1998 Nov-December; 7(6): 541-5 1063-3987

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Echinacea vs. the common cold. Source: Anonymous Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 2000 February; 7(6): 1 1070-910X

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Echinacea: anatomy, phytochemical pattern, and germination of the achene. Author(s): Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Schulthess, B H Giger, E Baumann, T W Planta-Med. 1991 August; 57(4): 384-8 0032-0943

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Echinacea-Drogen--Wirkungen und Wirksubstanzen. [Echinacea drugs--effects and active ingredients] Author(s): Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Dusseldorf. Source: Bauer, R Z-Arztl-Fortbild-(Jena). 1996 April; 90(2): 111-5 0044-2178

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Echinacea--reaping herbal profits. Source: Wiley, M.K. AgVentures. Blackwell, OK : Schatz Pub. Group, c1997-. Aug/Sept 2001. volume 5 (4) page 11-13.

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Echinacoside and alkamide distribution in Echinacea angustifolia root: root depth and growing condition. Source: Powell, E.E. Carrier, D.J. Crowe, T.G. Bantle, M.R.L. J-nutraceuticals-funct-medfoods. Binghamton, NY : Pharmaceutical Products Press, an imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc., c1997-. 2001. volume 3 (3) page 95-106. 1089-4179

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Echinacoside and caeffeoyl conjugates protect collagen from free radical-induced degradation: a potential use of Echinacea extracts in the prevention of skin photodamage. Source: Maffei Facino, R. Carini, M. Aldini, G. Saibene, L. Pietta, P. Mauri, P. Plantamed. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. December 1995. volume 61 (6) page 510-514. 0032-0943

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Echinacoside and caffeoyl conjugates protect collagen from free radical-induced degradation: a potential use of Echinacea extracts in the prevention of skin photodamage. Author(s): Istituto Chimico Farmaceutico Tossicologico, Milan, Italy. Source: Facino, R M Carini, M Aldini, G Saibene, L Pietta, P Mauri, P Planta-Med. 1995 December; 61(6): 510-4 0032-0943

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Echinaforce and other Echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the common cold. A randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Elisabeth Hospital, Wallingatan, Uppsala, Sweden. Source: Brinkeborn, R M Shah, D V Degenring, F H Phytomedicine. 1999 March; 6(1): 1-6 0944-7113

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Effect of temperature on stability of marker constituents in Echinacea purpurea root formulations. Author(s): Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Source: Livesey, J Awang D, V Arnason J, T Letchamo, W Barrett, M Pennyroyal, G Phytomedicine. 1999 November; 6(5): 347-9 0944-7113

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Effects of oral administration of Echinacea purpurea (American herb) on incidence of spontaneous leukemia caused by recombinant leukemia viruses in AKR/J mice. Author(s): Department of Clinical Nutrition, Suzuka University of Medical Science. Source: Hayashi, I Ohotsuki, M Suzuki, I Watanabe, T Nihon-Rinsho-Meneki-GakkaiKaishi. 2001 February; 24(1): 10-20 0911-4300

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Ethephon can overcome seed dormancy and improve seed germination in purple coneflower species Echinacea angustifolia and E. pallida. Source: Sari, A.O. Morales, M.R. Simon, J.E. HortTechnology. Alexandria, VA : American Society for Horticultural Science, c1991-. Apr/June 2001. volume 11 (2) page 202-205. 1063-0198

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GC-MS analysis of the lipophilic principles of Echinacea purpurea and evaluation of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus infection. Author(s): Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, Italy. [email protected] Source: Hudaib, M Fiori, J Bellardi, M G Rubies Autonell, C Cavrini, V J-Pharm-BiomedAnal. 2002 August 1; 29(6): 1053-60 0731-7085

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Growing Echinacea for profit. Source: Polachic, D. Small-farm-today. Clark, MO : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc., [1992-. April 1996. volume 13 (2) page 53. 1079-9729

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Immunological activity of larch arabinogalactan and Echinacea: a preliminary, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Research Department, Southwest College, Arizona, USA. [email protected] Source: Kim, Linda S Waters, Robert F Burkholder, Peter M Altern-Med-Revolume 2002 April; 7(2): 138-49 1089-5159

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Immunological and haematinic consequences of feeding a standardised Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract to healthy horses. Source: O'Neill, W. McKee, S. Clarke, A.F. Equine-vet-j. Newmarket, Suffolk : Equine Veterinary Journal Ltd. May 2002. volume 34 (3) page 222-227. 0425-1644

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Immunological studies of Revitonil, a phytopharmaceutical containing Echinacea purpurea and Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, Center of Pharma Research, Institut of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Germany. [email protected] Source: Wagner, H Jurcic, K Phytomedicine. 2002 July; 9(5): 390-7 0944-7113

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Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Paracelsian, Incorporated, Ithaca, New York, USA. [email protected] Source: Rininger, J A Kickner, S Chigurupati, P McLean, A Franck, Z J-Leukoc-Biol. 2000 October; 68(4): 503-10 0741-5400

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In vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase by alkamides from Echinacea and Achillea species. Author(s): Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie der Universitat Munchen, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Muller Jakic, B Breu, W Probstle, A Redl, K Greger, H Bauer, R Planta-Med. 1994 February; 60(1): 37-40 0032-0943

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Introduction of Echinacea purpurea and Leuzea charthamoides into cultivation in Finland. Source: Galambosi, B. Acta-hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. Sept 1993. (331) page 169-178. 0567-7572

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In-vivo and in-vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Echinacea purpurea and Hypericum perforatum. Author(s): Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy. Source: Raso, G M Pacilio, M Di Carlo, G Esposito, E Pinto, L Meli, R J-PharmPharmacol. 2002 October; 54(10): 1379-83 0022-3573

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Light-mediated antifungal activity of Echinacea extracts. Author(s): Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada. Source: Binns, S E Purgina, B Bergeron, C Smith, M L Ball, L Baum, B R Arnason, J T Planta-Med. 2000 April; 66(3): 241-4 0032-0943

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MEKC analysis of different Echinacea species. Source: Pietta, P. Mauri, P. Bauer, R. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. October 1998. volume 64 (7) page 649-652. 0032-0943

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Oral administration of freshly expressed juice of Echinacea purpurea stimulate the nonspecific immune response in healthy young men: double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine (Gastroenterology and Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany. Source: Schwarz, E Metzler, J Diedrich, J P Freudenstein, J Bode, C Immunother. 2002 Sep-October; 25(5): 413-20 1524-9557

herbs fail to results of a Hepatology), Bode, J C J-

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Phenytoin suppositories and Echinacea. Source: Kaatz, B S-D-J-Med. 1997 September; 50(9): 335 0038-3317

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Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of Echinacea. Author(s): Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine, Rootstown, USA. Source: Kemp, D E Franco, K N J-Am-Board-Fam-Pract. 2002 Sep-October; 15(5): 417-9 0893-8652

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Rapid and non-destructive determination of the echinacoside content in Echinacea roots by ATR-IR and NIR spectroscopy. Author(s): Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Analysis, Quedlinburg, Germany. [email protected] Source: Schulz, H Pfeffer, S Quilitzsch, R Steuer, B Reif, K Planta-Med. 2002 October; 68(10): 926-9 0032-0943

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Simultaneous analysis of alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives for the identification of Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida and Parthenium integrifolium roots. Source: Laasonen, M. Wennberg, T. Harmia Pulkkinen, T. Vuorela, H. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. June 2002. volume 68 (6) page 572-574. 0032-0943

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Stimulation of the immune response in outpatients with hepatocellular carcinomas by low doses of cyclophosphamide (LDCY), Echinacea purpurea extracts (Echinacin) and thymostimulin. Author(s): II. Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, FRG. Source: Lersch, C Zeuner, M Bauer, A Siebenrock, K Hart, R Wagner, F Fink, U Dancygier, H Classen, M Arch-Geschwulstforsch. 1990; 60(5): 379-83 0003-911X

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Studies on antigen specifity of immunoreactive arabinogalactan proteins extracted from Baptisia tinctoria and Echinacea purpurea. Author(s): Schaper & Brummer, Salzgitter, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Egert, D Beuscher, N Planta-Med. 1992 April; 58(2): 163-5 0032-0943

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Summaries for patients. Treatment of colds with a capsule form of the herb Echinacea. Source: Anonymous Ann-Intern-Med. 2002 December 17; 137(12): I18 1539-3704

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The constituents of Echinacea atrorubens roots and aerial parts. Source: Dietz, B. Bauer, R. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. February 2001. volume 39 (1) page 11-15. 1388-0209

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The Echinacea story - the scientific development of an herbal immunostimulant. Author(s): Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Universitatsstrasse 1, D-40225 Dusseldorf (Germany) Source: Bauer, R. Prendergast,-H.D.V.; Etkin,-N.L.; Harris,-D.R.; Prendergast,H.D.Volume; Houghton,-P.J. (eds.). Plants for food and medicine. Proceedings of the joint conference of the Society for Economic Botany and the International Society for Ethnopharmacology, London (United Kingdom) 1-6 July 1996. Richmond (United Kingdom). Royal Botanic Gardens (KRBG). 1998. page 317-332.

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The effect of immunization with killed tumor cells, with/without feeding of Echinacea purpurea in an erythroleukemic mouse model. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Source: Currier, N L Miller, S C J-Altern-Complement-Med. 2002 February; 8(1): 49-58 1075-5535

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Transport of alkamides from Echinacea species through Caco-2 monolayers. Source: Jager, H. Meinel, L. Dietz, B. Lapke, C. Bauer, R. Merkle, H.P. Heilmann, J. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. May 2002. volume 68 (5) page 469-471. 0032-0943

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Treatment of the common cold with unrefined Echinacea. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 South Mills, Madison, WI 53715, USA. Source: Barrett, B P Brown, R L Locken, K Maberry, R Bobula, J A D'Alessio, D AnnIntern-Med. 2002 December 17; 137(12): 939-46 1539-3704

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Understanding Echinacea. Source: Anonymous Nursing. 2003 January; 33(1): 76 0360-4039

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Echinacea” (or a synonym): •

EN's herbal medicine cabinet: top 10 herbs you can trust. Source: Klauser, A. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (May 1998). volume 21(5) page 1, 4.

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Herb extract from Echinacea purpurea in the control of some pathogenic fungi. Author(s): Research Inst. of Pomology and Floriculture, Skierniewice (Poland) Source: Orlikowski, L.B. Wolski, T. Mededelingen-Faculteit-Landbouwkundige-enToegepaste-Biologische-Wetenschappen-Universiteit-Gent (Belgium). (1998). volume 63(3b) page 1029-1031.

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Physiological and chemical studies on Echinacea purpurea L. plant. Source: Hendawy, S.F. 2000.

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to Echinacea; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Food and Diet Garlic Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10046,00.html Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ECHINACEA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Echinacea. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •

Patient Education and Herbal Dietary Supplements Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacists. 57(21):1997-2003. November 2000. Summary: This article discusses the importance of educating patients about herbal dietary supplements. It reviews how to ask about dietary supplements when taking a patient's medical history and the difficulties in and importance of standardizing botanicals to ensure product quality. The article then provides specific information about several herbal dietary supplements, including Echinacea, ginger, turmeric, valerian, and green tea. 57 references.

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Herbal Medicine Boom: Understanding What Patients Are Taking Source: Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 65(3): 129-134. March 1998.

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Summary: This journal article is designed to help physicians guide their patients in the use of herbal medicines. The first section outlines the reasons why people take herbal medicines, including a fear or distrust of physicians, the belief that natural is better, disappointment with allopathic care, and cultural influences. The second section lists some of the most commonly used herbal medications, their reputed effects, and what is known about possible side effects and drug interactions. The herbal medicines are ginseng, garlic, ginkgo, Echinacea, ma huang, saw palmetto, St. John's wort, valerian, and yohimbe. The final section explains why herbal medicine should be regulated; and proposes that manufacturers should be required to ensure the standardization, purity, and consistency of their products. The article includes a list of practical suggestions to offer patients about the use of herbal medicines, and 30 references. •

Review of 12 Commonly Used Medical Herbs Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 7(6): 523-536. November-December 1998. Summary: This journal article reviews the literature on 12 of the most commonly used and best-studied medicinal herbs in the United States: chamomile, Echinacea, feverfew, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, ginseng, goldenseal, milk thistle, St. John's wort, saw palmetto, and valerian. For each herb, it lists the common and scientific names, common and investigational uses, and side effects; and then reviews existing data on the herb's history, safety, and efficacy. The article also summarizes general information about herbal therapies, including a brief history of the regulation of medicinal herbs, important similarities and differences between medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration and herbal therapies, and the nature of available data about medicinal herbs. Finally, it provides a list of introductory resources on the topic of medicinal herbs, guidelines for patients, and a selected list of potentially toxic herbs. The article has 6 tables and 112 references.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Echinacea and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Echinacea: •

A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Author(s): Grimm W, Muller HH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 February; 106(2): 138-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10230741&dopt=Abstract

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A strategic call to utilize Echinacea-garlic in flu-cold seasons. Author(s): Abdullah T.

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Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2000 January; 92(1): 48-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10800289&dopt=Abstract •

Adverse reactions associated with Echinacea: the Australian experience. Author(s): Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 January; 88(1): 42-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814277&dopt=Abstract

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Adverse reactions to complementary and alternative medicine: ragweed's cousin, the coneflower (Echinacea), is “a problem more than a sneeze”. Author(s): Bielory L. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 January; 88(1): 7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814284&dopt=Abstract

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Alkamide levels in Echinacea purpurea: effects of processing, drying and storage. Author(s): Perry NB, van Klink JW, Burgess EJ, Parmenter GA. Source: Planta Medica. 2000 February; 66(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10705735&dopt=Abstract

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Alkylamides of Echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats. Author(s): Goel V, Chang C, Slama JV, Barton R, Bauer R, Gahler R, Basu TK. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 February; 2(2-3): 381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811940&dopt=Abstract

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An improved method for the determination of betaine in Echinacea products. Author(s): Ganzera M, Pujol P, Walker L, Khan IA. Source: Pharmazie. 2001 July; 56(7): 552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11487974&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives from Echinacea simulata and E. paradoxa roots. Author(s): Bauer R, Foster S. Source: Planta Medica. 1991 October; 57(5): 447-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1798799&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of phenolic acids by micellar electrokinetic chromatography: application to Echinacea purpurea plant extracts. Author(s): Pomponio R, Gotti R, Hudaib M, Cavrini V.

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Source: J Chromatogr A. 2002 February 1; 945(1-2): 239-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860138&dopt=Abstract •

Anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharidic fraction of Echinacea angustifolia. Author(s): Tubaro A, Tragni E, Del Negro P, Galli CL, Della Loggia R. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1987 July; 39(7): 567-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2886631&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-inflammatory activity of Echinacea angustifolia fractions separated on the basis of molecular weight. Author(s): Tragni E, Galli CL, Tubaro A, Del Negro P, Della Loggia R. Source: Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988 December; 20 Suppl 5: 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3247359&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activity of Echinacea pallida Nutt. root extract. Author(s): Speroni E, Govoni P, Guizzardi S, Renzulli C, Guerra MC. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 February; 79(2): 265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801391&dopt=Abstract

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Antiviral activity of characterized extracts from Echinacea spp. (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) against herpes simplex virus (HSV-I). Author(s): Binns SE, Hudson J, Merali S, Arnason JT. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 September; 68(9): 780-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357386&dopt=Abstract

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Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant Echinacea purpurea to mice mediates protection against systemic infections with Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans. Author(s): Roesler J, Steinmuller C, Kiderlen A, Emmendorffer A, Wagner H, LohmannMatthes ML. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1991; 13(1): 27-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2026472&dopt=Abstract

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Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant Echinacea purpurea to test subjects mediates activation of the phagocyte system. Author(s): Roesler J, Emmendorffer A, Steinmuller C, Luettig B, Wagner H, LohmannMatthes ML. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1991; 13(7): 931-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1761359&dopt=Abstract

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation enhances survival rates and growth of Micropropagated plantlets of Echinacea pallida. Author(s): Lata H, De Andrade Z, Schaneberg B, Bedir E, Khan I, Moraes R.

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Source: Planta Medica. 2003 July; 69(7): 679-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12898430&dopt=Abstract •

Bioactivity of alkamides isolated from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. Author(s): Clifford LJ, Nair MG, Rana J, Dewitt DL. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 April; 9(3): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046867&dopt=Abstract

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Can herbal products be used safely during pregnancy? Focus on Echinacea. Author(s): Gallo M, Koren G. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 September; 47: 1727-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570295&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of an arabinogalactan-protein isolated from pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea by precipitation with the beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent. Author(s): Classen B, Witthohn K, Blaschek W. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 2000 August 7; 327(4): 497-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10990035&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic use of Echinacea should be discouraged. Author(s): Chua D. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 August 15; 68(4): 617; Author Reply 617. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12952380&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of chemical components and antioxidants capacity of different Echinacea species. Author(s): Sloley BD, Urichuk LJ, Tywin C, Coutts RT, Pang PK, Shan JJ. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2001 June; 53(6): 849-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11428661&dopt=Abstract

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Critical hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis due to Sjogren's syndrome: association with the purported immune stimulant Echinacea. Author(s): Logan JL, Ahmed J. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 May; 22(2): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740687&dopt=Abstract

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Cytokine production in leukocyte cultures during therapy with Echinacea extract. Author(s): Elsasser-Beile U, Willenbacher W, Bartsch HH, Gallati H, Schulte Monting J, von Kleist S.

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Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 1996; 10(6): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8951617&dopt=Abstract •

Deleterious effects of Echinacea purpurea and melatonin on myeloid cells in mouse spleen and bone marrow. Author(s): Currier NL, Sicotte M, Miller SC. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2001 August; 70(2): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493619&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of phenolic compounds in dietary supplements and tea blends containing Echinacea by liquid chromatography with coulometric electrochemical detection. Author(s): Luo W, Ang CY, Gehring TA, Heinze TM, Lin LJ, Mattia A. Source: J Aoac Int. 2003 March-April; 86(2): 202-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723906&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary supplementation with Echinacea and development of immunity to challenge infection with coccidia. Author(s): Allen PC. Source: Parasitology Research. 2003 September; 91(1): 74-8. Epub 2003 July 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12898224&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiation between the complement modulating effects of an arabinogalactanprotein from Echinacea purpurea and heparin. Author(s): Alban S, Classen B, Brunner G, Blaschek W. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 December; 68(12): 1118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12494341&dopt=Abstract

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Direct characterization of caffeoyl esters with antihyaluronidase activity in crude extracts from Echinacea angustifolia roots by fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Facino RM, Carini M, Aldini G, Marinello C, Arlandini E, Franzoi L, Colombo M, Pietta P, Mauri P. Source: Farmaco (Societa Chimica Italiana : 1989). 1993 October; 48(10): 1447-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8117383&dopt=Abstract

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Does the extract of the plant Echinacea purpurea influence the clinical course of recurrent genital herpes? Author(s): Vonau B, Chard S, Mandalia S, Wilkinson D, Barton SE. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 March; 12(3): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231867&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea and clarification. Author(s): Chopra RK. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 November 10; 163(20): 2536; Author Reply 2536. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609796&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea and truth in labeling. Author(s): Gilroy CM, Steiner JF, Byers T, Shapiro H, Georgian W. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 March 24; 163(6): 699-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639203&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Author(s): Melchart D, Linde K, Fischer P, Kaesmayr J. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000530. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796553&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Millea PJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 601; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530239&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Shober S. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 600; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530238&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Mittman P, Wollner D, Kim L. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 600-1; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530237&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Russo EB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 599; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530236&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Applequist WL. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 599-600; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530235&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for the common cold. Author(s): Abrahams SG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 599; Author Reply 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530234&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for the common cold: can alternative medicine be evidence-based medicine?. Author(s): Turner RB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 December 17; 137(12): 1001-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484717&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Gunning K, Steele P. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 February; 48(2): 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10037535&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for upper respiratory infection. Author(s): Barrett B, Vohmann M, Calabrese C. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 August; 48(8): 628-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10496642&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea for upper respiratory infections. Author(s): Lord RW Jr. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 December; 48(12): 939-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628570&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea in the treatment and prevention of upper respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Gunning K. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1999 September; 171(3): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560297&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea powder: treatment for canine chronic and seasonal upper respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Reichling J, Fitzi J, Furst-Jucker J, Bucher S, Saller R. Source: Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2003 May; 145(5): 223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784483&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea purpurea and melatonin augment natural-killer cells in leukemic mice and prolong life span. Author(s): Currier NL, Miller SC.

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Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2001 June; 7(3): 241-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11439845&dopt=Abstract •

Echinacea purpurea stimulates cellular immunity and anti-bacterial defence independently of the strain of mice. Author(s): Bany J, Siwicki AK, Zdanowska D, Sokolnicka I, Skopinska-Rozewska E, Kowalczyk M. Source: Pol J Vet Sci. 2003; 6(3 Suppl): 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14509348&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Author(s): Melchart D, Walther E, Linde K, Brandmaier R, Lersch C. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1998 November-December; 7(6): 541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9821828&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea standardization: analytical methods for phenolic compounds and typical levels in medicinal species. Author(s): Perry NB, Burgess EJ, Glennie VL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 April; 49(4): 1702-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11308313&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea stimulates macrophage function in the lung and spleen of normal rats. Author(s): Goel V, Chang C, Slama J, Barton R, Bauer R, Gahler R, Basu T. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2002 August; 13(8): 487. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165361&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea. Author(s): Kligler B. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 January 1; 67(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537169&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea. Author(s): Pepping J. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 January 15; 56(2): 121-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030527&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea: anatomy, phytochemical pattern, and germination of the achene. Author(s): Schulthess BH, Giger E, Baumann TW.

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Source: Planta Medica. 1991 August; 57(4): 384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1775583&dopt=Abstract •

Echinacea: immune effects need more research. Author(s): Glanville I. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2003 August; 11(8): 25-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677078&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Author(s): Myers SP, Wohlmuth H. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 June 1; 168(11): 583-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640313&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Author(s): Mullins RJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 February 16; 168(4): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507713&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacea-induced cytokine production by human macrophages. Author(s): Burger RA, Torres AR, Warren RP, Caldwell VD, Hughes BG. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1997 July; 19(7): 371-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568541&dopt=Abstract

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Echinacoside and caffeoyl conjugates protect collagen from free radical-induced degradation: a potential use of Echinacea extracts in the prevention of skin photodamage. Author(s): Facino RM, Carini M, Aldini G, Saibene L, Pietta P, Mauri P. Source: Planta Medica. 1995 December; 61(6): 510-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824943&dopt=Abstract

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Echinaforce and other Echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the common cold. A randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Brinkeborn RM, Shah DV, Degenring FH. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 March; 6(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228604&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary Echinacea purpurea on viremia and performance in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected nursery pigs. Author(s): Hermann JR, Honeyman MS, Zimmerman JJ, Thacker BJ, Holden PJ, Chang CC.

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Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 September; 81(9): 2139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12968687&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of Drying Temperature on Alkylamide and Cichoric Acid Concentrations of Echinacea purpurea. Author(s): Stuart DL, Wills RB. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 March 12; 51(6): 1608-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617592&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Echinacea (Echinacea Purpurea L. Moench) preparations on experimental prostate gland. Author(s): Skaudickas D, Kondrotas AJ, Baltrusaitis K, Vaitiekaitis G. Source: Medicina (Kaunas). 2003; 39(8): 761-6. English, Lithuanian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12960456&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of temperature on stability of marker constituents in Echinacea purpurea root formulations. Author(s): Livesey J, Awang DV, Arnason JT, Letchamo W, Barrett M, Pennyroyal G. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 November; 6(5): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962542&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral administration of Echinacea purpurea (American herb) on incidence of spontaneous leukemia caused by recombinant leukemia viruses in AKR/J mice. Author(s): Hayashi I, Ohotsuki M, Suzuki I, Watanabe T. Source: Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 2001 February; 24(1): 10-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280896&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and mode of action of an immunomodulator herbal preparation containing Echinacea, wild indigo, and white cedar. Author(s): Wustenberg P, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Kohler G, Stammwitz U. Source: Adv Ther. 1999 January-February; 16(1): 51-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10539093&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of Echinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold. A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Schulten B, Bulitta M, Ballering-Bruhl B, Koster U, Schafer M. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2001; 51(7): 563-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505787&dopt=Abstract

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Enzymatic degradation of cichoric acid in Echinacea purpurea preparations. Author(s): Nusslein B, Kurzmann M, Bauer R, Kreis W.

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Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2000 December; 63(12): 1615-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141099&dopt=Abstract •

Evaluation of commercial ginkgo and Echinacea dietary supplements for colchicine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Li W, Sun Y, Fitzloff JF, van Breemen RB. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2002 September; 15(9): 1174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230411&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of Echinacea for treatment of the common cold. Author(s): Giles JT, Palat CT 3rd, Chien SH, Chang ZG, Kennedy DT. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2000 June; 20(6): 690-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10853625&dopt=Abstract

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Fast identification of Echinacea purpurea dried roots using near-infrared spectroscopy. Author(s): Laasonen M, Harmia-Pulkkinen T, Simard CL, Michiels E, Rasanen M, Vuorela H. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 2002 June 1; 74(11): 2493-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069228&dopt=Abstract

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From rudbeckia to Echinacea: the emergence of the purple cone flower in modern therapeutics. Author(s): Flannery MA. Source: Pharm Hist. 1999; 41(2): 52-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11623947&dopt=Abstract

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Gas chromatographic method for determination of uracil herbicides in roots of Echinacea angustifolia Moench (Asteraceae). Author(s): Tekel J, Tahotna S, Vaverkova S. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1998 January; 16(5): 753-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9535186&dopt=Abstract

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GC-MS analysis of the lipophilic principles of Echinacea purpurea and evaluation of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus infection. Author(s): Hudaib M, Fiori J, Bellardi MG, Rubies-Autonell C, Cavrini V. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002 August 1; 29(6): 105360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110390&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic characterization of the three medicinal Echinacea species using RAPD analysis. Author(s): Nieri P, Adinolfi B, Morelli I, Breschi MC, Simoni G, Martinotti E.

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Source: Planta Medica. 2003 July; 69(7): 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12898432&dopt=Abstract •

Genetic relationships and diversity of commercially relevant Echinacea species. Author(s): Kapteyn J, Goldsbrough B, Simon E. Source: Tag. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik. 2002 August; 105(2-3): 369-376. Epub 2002 June 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582540&dopt=Abstract

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HPLC Method Validated for the Simultaneous Analysis of Cichoric Acid and Alkamides in Echinacea purpurea Plants and Products. Author(s): Molgaard P, Johnsen S, Christensen P, Cornett C. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 November 19; 51(24): 6922-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14611148&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological activity of larch arabinogalactan and Echinacea: a preliminary, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Kim LS, Waters RF, Burkholder PM. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 April; 7(2): 138-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991793&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological and haematinic consequences of feeding a standardised Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract to healthy horses. Author(s): O'Neill W, McKee S, Clarke AF. Source: Equine Veterinary Journal. 2002 May; 34(3): 222-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108738&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological studies of Revitonil, a phytopharmaceutical containing Echinacea purpurea and Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract. Author(s): Wagner H, Jurcic K. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 July; 9(5): 390-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222657&dopt=Abstract

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Immunomodulating activity of Echinacea gloriosa L., Echinacea angustifolia DC. and Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth ethanol-water extracts. Author(s): Bukovsky M, Vaverkova S, Kost'alova D. Source: Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 1995 March-April; 47(2): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8688891&dopt=Abstract

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Immunomodulation with Viscum album and Echinacea purpurea extracts. Author(s): Coeugniet EG, Elek E.

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Source: Onkologie. 1987 June; 10(3 Suppl): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3309759&dopt=Abstract •

Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Rininger JA, Kickner S, Chigurupati P, McLean A, Franck Z. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2000 October; 68(4): 503-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037971&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro effects of Echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Author(s): See DM, Broumand N, Sahl L, Tilles JG. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1997 January; 35(3): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043936&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase by alkamides from Echinacea and Achillea species. Author(s): Muller-Jakic B, Breu W, Probstle A, Redl K, Greger H, Bauer R. Source: Planta Medica. 1994 February; 60(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8134414&dopt=Abstract

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Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M following in vivo treatment with the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Hydrastis canadensis. Author(s): Rehman J, Dillow JM, Carter SM, Chou J, Le B, Maisel AS. Source: Immunology Letters. 1999 June 1; 68(2-3): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10424448&dopt=Abstract

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Ineffectiveness of Echinacea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Author(s): Turner RB, Riker DK, Gangemi JD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 June; 44(6): 1708-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817735&dopt=Abstract

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Information on additional Echinacea trials. Author(s): Ertel G, Manley H, McQueen C, Bryant P. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 December; 48(12): 1001-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628585&dopt=Abstract

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In-vivo and in-vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Echinacea purpurea and Hypericum perforatum. Author(s): Raso GM, Pacilio M, Di Carlo G, Esposito E, Pinto L, Meli R.

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Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 October; 54(10): 1379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396300&dopt=Abstract •

Light-mediated antifungal activity of Echinacea extracts. Author(s): Binns SE, Purgina B, Bergeron C, Smith ML, Ball L, Baum BR, Arnason JT. Source: Planta Medica. 2000 April; 66(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821050&dopt=Abstract

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Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Author(s): Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1984 December; 46(3): 845-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6389368&dopt=Abstract

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Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. Author(s): Luettig B, Steinmuller C, Gifford GE, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1989 May 3; 81(9): 669-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2785214&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of activation of human peripheral blood NK cells at the single cell level by Echinacea water soluble extracts: recruitment of lymphocyte-target conjugates and killer cells and activation of programming for lysis. Author(s): Gan XH, Zhang L, Heber D, Bonavida B. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 June; 3(6): 811-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781698&dopt=Abstract

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Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Author(s): Barrett B. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003 January; 10(1): 66-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622467&dopt=Abstract

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Methyl jasmonate increases reported alkamides and ketoalkene/ynes in Echinacea pallida (Asteraceae). Author(s): Binns SE, Inparajah I, Baum BR, Arnason JT. Source: Phytochemistry. 2001 June; 57(3): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393522&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of apoptosis in mice treated with Echinacea and St. John's wort. Author(s): Di Carlo G, Nuzzo I, Capasso R, Sanges MR, Galdiero E, Capasso F, Carratelli CR.

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Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2003 September; 48(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860446&dopt=Abstract •

Multiple immune functions in rats fed Echinacea extracts. Author(s): South EH, Exon JH. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2001 August; 23(3): 411-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694031&dopt=Abstract

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Natural killer cells from aging mice treated with extracts from Echinacea purpurea are quantitatively and functionally rejuvenated. Author(s): Currier NL, Miller SC. Source: Experimental Gerontology. 2000 August; 35(5): 627-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10978684&dopt=Abstract

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Naturally occurring insect growth regulators. III. Echinolone, a highly active juvenile hormone mimic from Echinacea angustifolia roots. Author(s): Jacobson M, Redfern RE, Mills GD Jr. Source: Lloydia. 1975 November-December; 38(6): 473-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1221245&dopt=Abstract

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Need for additional, specific information in studies with Echinacea. Author(s): Dennehy C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 January; 45(1): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11221725&dopt=Abstract

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Nonspecific immunostimulation with low doses of cyclophosphamide (LDCY), thymostimulin, and Echinacea purpurea extracts (echinacin) in patients with far advanced colorectal cancers: preliminary results. Author(s): Lersch C, Zeuner M, Bauer A, Siemens M, Hart R, Drescher M, Fink U, Dancygier H, Classen M. Source: Cancer Investigation. 1992; 10(5): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1393685&dopt=Abstract

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Oral administration of freshly expressed juice of Echinacea purpurea herbs fail to stimulate the nonspecific immune response in healthy young men: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Author(s): Schwarz E, Metzler J, Diedrich JP, Freudenstein J, Bode C, Bode JC. Source: Journal of Immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997). 2002 September-October; 25(5): 413-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218779&dopt=Abstract

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Phenytoin suppositories and Echinacea. Author(s): Kaatz B. Source: S D J Med. 1997 September; 50(9): 335. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9314727&dopt=Abstract

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Photocontrol of flowering and stem extension of the intermediate-day plant Echinacea purpurea. Author(s): Runkle ES, Heins RD, Cameron AC, Carlson WH. Source: Physiologia Plantarum. 2001 July; 112(3): 433-441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473702&dopt=Abstract

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Phytochemical variation in Echinacea from roots and flowerheads of wild and cultivated populations. Author(s): Binns SE, Livesey JF, Arnason JT, Baum BR. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 June 19; 50(13): 3673-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12059142&dopt=Abstract

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Polysaccharides isolated from Echinacea purpurea herba cell cultures to counteract undesired effects of chemotherapy--a pilot study. Author(s): Melchart D, Clemm C, Weber B, Draczynski T, Worku F, Linde K, Weidenhammer W, Wagner H, Saller R. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 March; 16(2): 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933115&dopt=Abstract

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Polysaccharides isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea enhance the resistance of immunosuppressed mice against systemic infections with Candida albicans and Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Steinmuller C, Roesler J, Grottrup E, Franke G, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1993 July; 15(5): 605-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8375943&dopt=Abstract

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Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of Echinacea. Author(s): Kemp DE, Franco KN. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2002 September-October; 15(5): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350064&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting quantitative phytochemical markers in single Echinacea plants or clones from their DNA fingerprints. Author(s): Baum BR, Mechanda S, Livesey JF, Binns SE, Arnason JT.

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Source: Phytochemistry. 2001 March; 56(6): 543-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281131&dopt=Abstract •

Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to Echinacea: a prospective controlled study. Author(s): Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, Pietrzak K, Comas B, Smith M, Jaeger TV, Einarson A, Koren G. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 November 13; 160(20): 3141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11074744&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid and non-destructive determination of the echinacoside content in Echinacea roots by ATR-IR and NIR spectroscopy. Author(s): Schulz H, Pfeffer S, Quilitzsch R, Steuer B, Reif K. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 October; 68(10): 926-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391558&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with Echinacea herbal therapy. Author(s): Soon SL, Crawford RI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 February; 44(2): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174391&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of human immune gene expression as influenced by a commercial blended Echinacea product: preliminary studies. Author(s): Randolph RK, Gellenbeck K, Stonebrook K, Brovelli E, Qian Y, BankaitisDavis D, Cheronis J. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2003 October; 228(9): 1051-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530514&dopt=Abstract

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Results of five randomized studies on the immunomodulatory activity of preparations of Echinacea. Author(s): Melchart D, Linde K, Worku F, Sarkady L, Holzmann M, Jurcic K, Wagner H. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 1995 Summer; 1(2): 145-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9395611&dopt=Abstract

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Retention of alkamides in dried Echinacea purpurea. Author(s): Kim HO, Durance TD, Scaman CH, Kitts DD. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 September; 48(9): 4187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10995335&dopt=Abstract

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Retention of caffeic acid derivatives in dried Echinacea purpurea. Author(s): Kim HO, Durance TD, Scaman CH, Kitts DD.

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Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 September; 48(9): 4182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10995334&dopt=Abstract •

Separation of alkamides from Echinacea purpurea extracts by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Author(s): Gotti R, Fiori J, Hudaib M, Cavrini V. Source: Electrophoresis. 2002 September; 23(17): 3084-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207319&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous analysis of alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives for the identification of Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida and Parthenium integrifolium roots. Author(s): Laasonen M, Wennberg T, Harmia-Pulkkinen T, Vuorela H. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 June; 68(6): 572-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094312&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous analysis of caffeic acid derivatives and alkamides in roots and extracts of Echinacea purpurea by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-electrospray mass spectrometry. Author(s): Luo XB, Chen B, Yao SZ, Zeng JG. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 January 31; 986(1): 73-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585324&dopt=Abstract

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Stabilization of caffeic acid derivatives in Echinacea purpurea L. glycerin extract. Author(s): Bergeron C, Gafner S, Batcha LL, Angerhofer CK. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 July 3; 50(14): 3967-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083867&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulation of the immune response in outpatients with hepatocellular carcinomas by low doses of cyclophosphamide (LDCY), Echinacea purpurea extracts (Echinacin) and thymostimulin. Author(s): Lersch C, Zeuner M, Bauer A, Siebenrock K, Hart R, Wagner F, Fink U, Dancygier H, Classen M. Source: Arch Geschwulstforsch. 1990; 60(5): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2173516&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on antigen specifity of immunoreactive arabinogalactan proteins extracted from Baptisia tinctoria and Echinacea purpurea. Author(s): Egert D, Beuscher N. Source: Planta Medica. 1992 April; 58(2): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1382301&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the antioxidant activity of Echinacea root extract. Author(s): Hu C, Kitts DD. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 May; 48(5): 1466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10820044&dopt=Abstract

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Supercritical fluid extraction of alkylamides from Echinacea angustifolia. Author(s): Sun L, Rezaei KA, Temelli F, Ooraikul B. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 July 3; 50(14): 3947-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083864&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis of the alpha-L-Araf-(1-->2)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->6)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->6)-[alphaL-Araf-(1-->2)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->6)-D-Gal hexasaccharide as a possible repeating unit of the cell-cultured exudates of Echinacea purpurea arabinogalactan. Author(s): Csavas M, Borbas A, Janossy L, Batta G, Liptak A. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 2001 November 8; 336(2): 107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11689181&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of aerial parts of Echinacea on the circulating white cell levels and selected immune functions of the aging male Sprague-Dawley rat. Author(s): Cundell DR, Matrone MA, Ratajczak P, Pierce JD Jr. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 July; 3(7): 1041-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12810361&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of immunization with killed tumor cells, with/without feeding of Echinacea purpurea in an erythroleukemic mouse model. Author(s): Currier NL, Miller SC. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 February; 8(1): 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890433&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of Echinacea compound herbal tea preparation on the severity and duration of upper respiratory and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Lindenmuth GF, Lindenmuth EB. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2000 August; 6(4): 327-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10976979&dopt=Abstract

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The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava. Author(s): Ernst E.

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Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 January 1; 136(1): 42-53. Review. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 2003 Jan 7; 138(1): 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777363&dopt=Abstract •

The use of dietary supplements in pediatrics: a study of Echinacea. Author(s): Mark JD, Grant KL, Barton LL. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2001 May; 40(5): 265-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388676&dopt=Abstract

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Toxicity of Echinacea purpurea. Acute, subacute and genotoxicity studies. Author(s): Mengs U, Clare CB, Poiley JA. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1991 October; 41(10): 1076-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1799389&dopt=Abstract

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Trace elements analysis of Echinacea purpurea-herbal medicinal. Author(s): Razic S, Onjia A, Potkonjak B. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 November 24; 33(4): 845-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14623614&dopt=Abstract

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Transport of alkamides from Echinacea species through Caco-2 monolayers. Author(s): Jager H, Meinel L, Dietz B, Lapke C, Bauer R, Merkle HP, Heilmann J. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 May; 68(5): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058332&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of the common cold with unrefined Echinacea. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Barrett BP, Brown RL, Locken K, Maberry R, Bobula JA, D'Alessio D. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 December 17; 137(12): 939-46. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484708&dopt=Abstract

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Use of Echinacea in medicine. Author(s): Percival SS. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2000 July 15; 60(2): 155-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10825459&dopt=Abstract

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Volatile components of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of Echinacea species. Author(s): Mazza G, Cottrell T. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Echinacea; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Abdominal Wall Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Abnormal Pap Smear Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aids and Hiv Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cold Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cold Sores Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold/sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Ear Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epstein-Barr Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fever of Unknown Origin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fevers Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hay Fever Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Simplex Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Influenza Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Influenza Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insect Bites and Stings Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Laryngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mononucleosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mumps Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteomyelitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Otitis Media Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peritonitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Pharyngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Radiation Damage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Respiratory Ailments Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sore Throat Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tuberculosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethral Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection in Women Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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UTI Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vaginitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wounds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Alternative Therapy Herbal Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Homeopathy Echinacea Angustifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Andrographis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Astragalus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10006,00.html Bayberry Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Berberis Alternative names: Barberry; Berberis sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Blue Flag Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Buchu Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Caraway Alternative names: Carum carvi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,763,00.html Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cleavers Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca

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Cyclophosphamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Echinacea Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Echinacea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,775,00.html Echinacea Angustifolia Alternative names: Echinacea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Pallida Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Purpurea Alternative names: Echinacea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Econazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Elderberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Golden Rod Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Goldenseal Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html Gotu Kola Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10031,00.html Herbal Decongestant Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,949,00.html Herbal Digestive Formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10104,00.html Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lobelia Alternative names: Lobelia inflata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ma Huang Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Myrrh Alternative names: Commiphora molmol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Myrrh Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Nettle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10048,00.html Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Major Alternative names: Plantain; Plantago major/lanceolata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sage Alternative names: Salvia officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sanguinaria Alternative names: Bloodroot; Sanguinaria canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sassafras Alternative names: Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thuja Occid Alternative names: Arbor Vitae; Thuja occidentalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Wild Indigo Alternative names: Baptisia tinctoria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Indigo Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca

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Yarrow Alternative names: Achillea millefolium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ECHINACEA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Echinacea. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “Echinacea” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Echinacea, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Echinacea ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Echinacea. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Isolation and Characterization of Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Constituents from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench by Clifford, Laura Jean; PhD from Michigan State University, 2002, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3064212

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Tumor Induction Potential; Mutagenicity Potential and Metabolic Activity of Cervical and Breast Cancer Cell Lines, in Response to Commercial Products Containing Echinacea purpurea by Coker, Pamela Sewell; PhD from Clemson University, 2002, 69 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045201

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Variation of Main Compounds of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench in Different Parts of the Plant: Agricultural and Harvesting Experimental Practices by San Julian Arrupe, Adriana; Dr from Universidad De Navarra (Spain), 2002, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f269121

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ECHINACEA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning Echinacea.

Recent Trials on Echinacea The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to Echinacea.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Echinacea vs. placebo effect in common cold Condition(s): Common Cold Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The design and interpretation of randomized trials is intimately connected to the use of "placebo". The nature and magnitude of placebo effects, however, is very poorly understood. This study will assess and compare placebo effects and physician interaction effects within a community-acquired common cold model. The goal of this study is to assess two kinds of placebo effects and how physician interaction effects; a. The effect of receiving blinded placebo, compared to no treatment; and b. The effect of receiving open-label active Echinacea treatment compared to blinded active treatment. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065715

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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “Echinacea” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ECHINACEA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Echinacea” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Echinacea, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Echinacea By performing a patent search focusing on Echinacea, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on Echinacea: •

Anti-fungal compositions with prolonged activity Inventor(s): Forman; Yochanan (Kibbutz Maabarot, IL), Friedman; Doron (Karme-Yosef, IL), Friedman; Michael (Jerusalem, IL), Levin; Orna (Kfar-Neter, IL) Assignee(s): Farmo-Nat Ltd. (Ashkelon, IL) Patent Number: 6,197,305 Date filed: January 5, 1998 Abstract: An anti-fungal composition, including: (a) an extract of botanical materials, the botanical materials including material from Echinacea species, and Propolis, which is a material derived from the hives of bees; and (b) an essential oil. The compositions of the present invention have been shown to have unexpectedly prolonged anti-fungal activity, as well as having anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Preferably, the essential oil includes at least one oil selected from the group consisting of tea-tree oil, thyme oil and lavander oil. Also preferably, the herbal extract includes a mixture of Calendula, poke root, Echinacea and Propolis extract. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a combination of an herbal extract and an essential oil which shows unexpected prolonged anti-fungal activity and, more particularly, to such a combination which can exert anti-fungal activity on mucosal membranes or skin as a topical application, or within the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, interest has been displayed in the medicinal properties of herbal preparations. Herbal preparations are considered "more natural" and are therefore viewed as less toxic by the consumer. These preparations are being sold for a number of medical indications. For example, a combination of Echinacea (Echinaceae angustifoliae radix) and Plantago (Plantago major) is available from Dolisos Laboratoires, Israel, as "Plantspray". Plantspray is intended as a composition for oral hygiene. According to the product literature, Plantspray has anti-bacterial activity in the oral cavity and can therefore promote the general health of oral tissues, as well as cosmetic concerns such as malodorous breath. Another herbal combination, Echinacea and Propolis, is also available from Dolisos Laboratoires as "Echinacea Propolis Tabs". Propolis wax is the resinous substance found in beehives. The Echinacea and Propolis wax combination is also intended for oral hygiene. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06197305__

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Antimicrobial prevention and treatment of human immunedeficiency virus and other infectious diseases Inventor(s): Squires; Meryl (Willowbrook, IL) Assignee(s): Squires; Meryl J. (Barrington Hills, IL) Patent Number: 6,350,784 Date filed: March 26, 1997 Abstract: An improved medical treatment and medicine is provided to quickly and safely resolve HIV and other microbial infections. The inexpensive medicine can be self administered and maintained for the prescribed time. The attractive medicine comprises an antimicrobial concentrate comprising microbe inhibitors, phytochemicals or isolates.

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Desirably, the effective medicine comprises a surfactant and an aqueous carrier or solvent and a nutrient. In the preferred form, the medicine comprises: Echinacea and Commiphora myrrha phytochemicals, benzalkonium chloride, a sterile water solution, and folic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to human immunedeficiency virus, and more particularly, to medical treatments and preventions for human immunedeficiency virus and other microbial infections. It has been reported that there are currently about 22 million people infected with human immunedeficiency virus (HIV) throughout the world. The largest proportion of new HIV cases have originated in Africa and the Caribbean. The typical progression of HIV infection is divided into different stages: 1) viral transmission; 2) acute retroviral syndrome; 3) seroconversion; 4) a clinical latent period with or without persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL); 5) early symptomatic HIV infection previously known as AIDS-related complex or ARC and more recently referred to as "B symptoms" according to the 1993 CDC classification); 6) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (AIDS indicator condition according to the 1987 CDC criteria and revised 1993 CDC criteria that include a CD4 cell count <200/mm.sup.3); and 7) advanced HIV infection characterized by a CD4 cell count <50/mm.sup.3. CD4 cells are lymphocytes targeted by HIV. In 1993 the CDC changed the definition of AIDS to include all patients with a CD4 count <200/mm.sup.3; this definition includes patients in stages 4-7 regardless of symptoms. The initial acute retroviral syndrome is accompanied by a precipitous decline in CD4 cell counts, high culturable plasma viremia, and high concentrations of HIV RNA in plasma. Clinical recovery occurs and high level HIV RNA plasma viremia is reduced with development of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CPL) response. The CD4 cell count gradually declines over several years and then shows an accelerated decline at 1.5-2 years before an AIDSdefining diagnosis. HIV RNA concentrations in plasma are relatively stable until the HIV is in a late stage when the CD4 count is <200/mm.sup.3 and the clinical course is characterized by infections, selected tumors, wasting, and neurologic complications. Generally, about 10% of patients develop an AIDS-defining diagnosis before the CD4 count decreases to 200/mm.sup.3. The present median time to an AIDS-defining complication after the CD4 count is 200/mm.sup.3 is 12-18 months. In the absence of therapy directed against HIV or PCP prophylaxis, the average time from viral transmission to an AIDS-defining diagnosis is about 10 years, and survival after an AIDS-defining complication was previously about one year. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06350784__ •

Application for patent for nutriceutical chew toy Inventor(s): Frudakis; Darlene A. (Novato, CA), Lopez; Jaime G. (Elgin, IL) Assignee(s): PetAg, Inc. (Hampshire, IL) Patent Number: 6,165,474 Date filed: June 29, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides an improved chew toy for delivering nutrients to pets. More particularly, the invention comprises rawhide having a coating or baste comprising at least one nutriceutical substance. In one aspect of the invention, the nutriceutical substance is Echinacea purpurea. In another aspect of the invention, the nutriceutical substance is glucosamine HCL. In another aspect of the invention, the nutriceutical substance is Vitamin A. In another aspect of the invention, the nutriceutical substance is calcium.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a chew toy for animals, particularly, dogs. This invention relates to the field of chew toys for animals. Specifically, the invention relates to raw hide toys having an edible coating that provides desirable nutrients, such as, herbal remedies, vitamins, and/or minerals. Methods for processing rawhide into animal toys are well known in the art. It is known to make rawhide toys into a bone shape having knots on the ends or pressed, comminuted, extruded, or otherwise formed into various other shapes, such as, a lollipop, a solid bar, or a stick. The process for making rawhide bones consists of the following steps. Animal hides, typically, those of livestock, are split and then soaked in a lime solution, which removes hair from the hide. The hides are then rinsed thoroughly with careful attention paid to removing all the lime solution. After extensive rinsing, the hide is cut and rolled and shaped into forms. Typically, the rawhide is rolled and tied on each end in the form of a bone. In the preferred embodiment, this procedure is done entirely by hand, although similar results could be obtained by machine. The formed rawhide is placed on vented, bakery-type racks and then put into a drying room. Through a natural process known as "moisture extraction," moisture is extracted from within the rawhide, enabling the rawhide to be thoroughly dried from the inside out. The moisture extraction combines warm air flow of approximately 60 degrees Celsius and dehumidification. This slow drying process takes between 2 and 5 days and prevents the raw hide from drying on the outside while retaining water in the inside, which can cause the raw hide to rot. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06165474__ •

Compositions for immunostimulation containing Echinacea angustofolia, bromelain, and lysozyme Inventor(s): Ahmed; Aftab J. (Marina Del Rey, CA), Braswell; A. Glenn (Suite 420, 520 Washington Blvd., Marina Del Rey, CA 90292) Assignee(s): Braswell; A. Glenn (Atlanta, GA) Patent Number: 6,096,307 Date filed: December 11, 1997 Abstract: A composition for immunostimulation contains an effective amount of an Echinacea extract, Bromelain and Lysozyme. In particular, a treatment for excessive bacterial growth in the oral cavity includes administration of such a composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for immunostimulation used for the treatment of at least bacterial growth, which may be administered orally. Immunostimulation as a therapeutical concept has long been known in medicine. In general, it is defined as the injection of substances that themselves have only weak, if any, antigenic effect, but are nevertheless able to induce the body's own defense mechanisms in a nonspecific or specific manner. A great number of substances are known to be able to stimulate immune defense, especially various minerals such as Al(OH).sub.3, MgSO.sub.4, beryllium, vegetable oils with or without added mycobacteria, and a number of constituents of plants. The entire complex subject of immunostimulation was described in detail, for example, by L. Chudid, et al. in Immunstimulation, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, N.Y., 1980; M. Heidelberger, "Structure and Immunological Specificity of Polysaccharides," Fortschritte d. Chem. Org. Naturst., Vol. 42, p. 288 (1982); and J. Drews, "Possibilities of Immunostimulation," Swiss Forma, 2, 9 (49) (1980). In most known cases, it is impossible to define the exact mode of action of the immunostimulating substances. These substances are known to generally

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influence the proliferation of the immunocompetent cells. The primary targets of the action of immunostimulating substances are known to be macrophages and granulocytes, as well as T and B lymphocytes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06096307__ •

Enchinacea supplement and method of manufacture Inventor(s): Barton; Richard E. (Richmond, CA), Chang; Chuck C. (Vancouver, CA), Gahler; Roland J. (North Vancouver, CA), Slama; Jan V. (West Bank, CA) Assignee(s): Factors R & D Technologies Ltd. (Calgary, CA) Patent Number: 6,511,683 Date filed: September 28, 2000 Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention provides Echinacea compositions including standardized amounts of at least two Echinacea components. More preferably the Echinacea compositions of the present invention include standardized amounts of at least three Echinacea components. Presently preferred Echinacea components are cichoric acid, Echinacea alkylamides and Echinacea polysaccharides. In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for preparing Echinacea compositions, the methods including the step of combining amounts of at least two Echinacea components, preferably three Echinacea components, sufficient to yield an Echinacea composition including standardized amounts of each of the combined Echinacea components. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides Echinacea extracts, and methods for preparing Echinacea extracts. Presently preferred Echinacea extracts are enriched in one or more members of the group consisting of polysaccharides, alkylamides and cichoric acid. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides methods for enhancing immune system activity in a mammal. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nutritional supplements prepared from plants of the genus Echinacea. Numerous studies attest to the health-promoting properties of extracts derived from plants of the genus Echinacea. See, e.g., A. Awang & D. Kindack, Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal, 124: 512-516 (1991). There is a strong commercial market for Echinacea compositions containing biologically active components that are believed to promote good health. Further, it is desirable to formulate Echinacea compositions to contain standardized amounts of biologically active components derived from Echinacea plants. Such standardized, Echinacea compositions provide the consumer with a consistent, effective dose of one or more, biologically active, Echinacea components. In particular, there is a strong commercial market for Echinacea extracts containing a high concentration of one or more, biologically active, Echinacea components believed to promote good health. Such highly enriched extracts can be used directly as dietary supplements, or can be blended with other Echinacea extracts to prepare dietary supplements containing standardized amounts of biologically active, Echinacea components. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06511683__

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Herbal composition and method for combating inflammation Inventor(s): Blackner; Lori (Chattanooga, TN), Charters; Alec (Salt Lake City, UT), Morris; Shayne (Ogden, UT), Selander; James (Park City, UT), Thompson; Robert Charles (Peterson, UT) Assignee(s): Nutraceutical Corporation (Park City, UT) Patent Number: 6,541,045 Date filed: January 4, 2002 Abstract: An herbal composition for combating inflammation, comprising therapeutically effective amounts of Japanese knotweed, Devil's claw, grapeskin, and syzygium is provided. Also provided is an herbal composition for treating a cough and/or common cold, comprising therapeutically effective amounts of Japanese knotweed, lobelia, Echinacea, slippery elm, Devil's claw, adhatoda, vitamin C, grapeskin, and syzygium. An herbal composition for alleviating menstrual discomfort, comprising therapeutically effective amounts of Japanese knotweed, chaste tree berry, Mexican wild yam, dandelion, Devil's claw, grapeskin, and syzygium is provided. Also provided is an herbal composition for soothing muscles and joints, comprising therapeutically effective amounts of Japanese knotweed, N-acetyl D-glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, D-glucosamine hydrochloride, methylsulfonylmethane, grapeskin, syzygium, and Devil's claw. Methods of using the herbal compositions are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to herbal compositions and methods for combating inflammation. Arthritic disorders, including rheumatism, osteoarthritis, dysplasia, lupus, bursitis, and gout, are all characterized by inflammation and pain in bones, joints, muscles, and related connective tissues. Most of the forms are progressive. Those who suffer from inflammation experience pain and discomfort and may, in advanced cases, lose the effective use of inflamed joints. Thus, the goal of therapeutic methods for treating bone or joint inflammation is the relief of pain and discomfort and the restoration of use of inflamed joints. Certain enzymes play a role in causing inflammation. One of the features of inflammation is increased oxygenation of arachidonic acid, which is metabolized by two enzymic pathways--the cyclooxygenase (CO) and the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathways--leading to the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are mediators of inflammation. Therapies designed to inhibit cyclooxygenase and/or lipoxygenase activity are therefore of great interest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541045__

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Herbal dietary supplement Inventor(s): Emanuel-King; Rosalba (630 First Ave. (22M) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,248,503 Date filed: January 3, 1992 Abstract: Dietary supplements containing in solution at least two herbal ingredients selected from a group consisting of: mullen leaf, witch hazel, baptisia (wild indigo), marshmallow root (Althea officianales), Potentilla tormentilla, myrrh, agrimony, blood root (sanguinaria), bistort, Echinacea, parsley, eucalyptus, wintergreen, rosemary,

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ginger, sandalwood, sweet almond, sassafrass, linseed and castor. When ingested transcutaneously the product is holistically effective for reduction of plaque and for treating symptons of gingivitis, gum disorders, cold sores, oral boils, herpes simplex, pimples and acne vulgaris. The holistic product is carried in a treatment medium which may be a liquid solution, drops, gum drops, lozenges, chewing gum, breath dots, toothpaste, a skin patch, an oral rinse, a cream, a poultice, a suppository, a vapor, an inhalter and/or a douche. Excerpt(s): The Inventor has experimented for years with combinations of herbs for use as dietary supplements. She has discovered such combinations, as claimed herein, with herbs contributing therapeutically to vigorous well being of humans. This invention relates to herbal dietary supplements as well as to herbal holistic therapeutic products for human ingestion via gums, skin and other cutaneous membranes. More particularly the holistic aspects of this invention deal therapeutically with plaque, gingivitis, gum disorders, cold sores, oral boils, herpes simplex, pimples, acne vulgaris and other disorders susceptible to transcutaneous treatment. As foods, the dietary supplements of this invention are of course eaten. As a holistic therapeutically effective product, the active ingredients are carried in a treatment medium such as a liquid solution, drops, gumdrops, lozenges, chewing gum, breath dots, toothpaste, a skin patch, an oral rinse, a cream, a poultice, a suppository, an inhaler and/or a douche. Applicant teaches a food product, preferably in liquid form, containing in solution two or more ingredients selected from a group consisting of: mullen leaf, witch hazel, baptisia (wild indigo), marshmallow root (Althea officianales), Potentilla tormentilla, myrrh, agrimony, blood root (sanguinaria), bistort, Echinacea, parsley, eucalyptus, wintergreen, rosemary, ginger, sandalwood, sweet almond, sassafrass, linseed oil and castor oil. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05248503__ •

Medicinal composition for treatment of inflammation Inventor(s): DeGree; Geneviere (Beverly Hills, CA), Silverman; Melvin (Beverly Hills, CA) Assignee(s): Degree/Silverman M.D. Inc. (Beverly Hills, CA) Patent Number: 5,455,033 Date filed: May 21, 1993 Abstract: A medicinal composition for topical application and for use in a method of treatment for genital herpes and other inflammations of the genitalia includes as active ingredients tea tree oil, pau d'arco powder (an extract of lapacho), licorice root extract, and Echinacea extract with a local anesthetic, preferably pramoxine hydrochloride. The composition may include soothing ingredients such as aloe vera extract and chamomile extract and is preferably formulated in a cream base. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an anti-inflammatory and, in particular, to a medicinal composition useful in the treatment of genital irritations including herpes in its various forms in both men and women. The treatment of various forms of vaginal irritation, itching and discomfort is a crucial part in the office practice of many physicians. Such irritations may originate in bacterial, viral and/or fungal invasions and for a variety of reasons, such irritations are often very difficult to eradicate. Women who are afflicted with genital herpes may suffer extreme discomfort in "breakout" conditions which can last up to at least two to five weeks. Such events can be debilitating and extremely painful. In addition, irritations and infections can involve a combination of

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invasive agents including bacteria, virus and fungus types of infections. Treatment of combination infections then can be very complicated in that the treatment agent must not be specific for one infection but rather must be applicable for a more broad spectrum type treatment. Furthermore, there are disease conditions in which the etiology is unknown or at least in which the causal agent has not been isolated and, in such situations, symptomatic treatment at least is desired to promote an alleviation of itching and discomfort as well as rapid healing of lesions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05455033__ •

Method and topical treatment composition for herpesvirus hominis Inventor(s): Squires; Meryl (Elmhurst, IL) Assignee(s): Squires; Meryl J. (Barrington Hills, IL) Patent Number: 6,348,503 Date filed: February 12, 1996 Abstract: Improved topical treatment of active phase lesions resulting from recurrent viral infection by herpes simplex virus which includes the use of two primary agents, namely, an aqueous solution of benzalkonium halide, preferably benzalkonium chloride, and a dry form of the herb Echinacea purpurea, preferably in powder form. Active phase herpes lesions are wetted with the benzalkonium chloride solution and dusted with the powder form of Echinacea purpurea to create a coating on the wetted lesion surface. The coating is maintained on the lesion throughout treatment, and unexpected rapid resolution of the lesions results. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to methods and compositions for the treatment of herpes simplex virus and, in particular, to a method and composition for topical treatment of active phase lesions resulting from recurrent viral infection caused by herpes simplex virus. Recurrent viral infection by herpes simplex virus, also known as Herpesvirus Hominis, is characterized by lesions which may appear anywhere on the skin or mucosa. Eventually, the lesion base inflames and develops clusters of small fluid-filled vesicles. Without treatment, the vesicles and lesions will resolve in several days to dry scabs. There are two known strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV), namely, HSV-1, commonly causing herpes labialis and keratitis, and HSV-2, which is usually genital herpes. Treatment of herpes lesions often includes application of topical agents such as idoxuridine, trifluorothymidine, or acyclovir. In addition, prior art patents also disclose various compositions and methods for topical treatment of symptoms of herpes simplex virus which may include use of anti-viral agents, such as benzalkonium chloride, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,283,421, 4,585,656, 4,661,354, 4,760,079, 4,803,224 and 4,797,420. None of these compositions, however, employ the combination of treatment agents disclosed herein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06348503__

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Method of increasing concentrations of caffeic acid derivatives and alkylamides and compositions containing the same Inventor(s): Brovelli; Ernesto A. (Corona, CA), Johnson; Rodney (Temecula, CA) Assignee(s): Amway Corporation (Ada, MI) Patent Number: 6,306,443 Date filed: June 20, 2000 Abstract: A method of increasing the concentration of caffeic acid derivatives, such as cichoric acid, and the concentration of alkylamides, such as tetraene alkylamides, in Echinacea plant postharvest; and a composition, having increased amounts of these phytochemicals per gram of plant material. The method includes the following steps: (1) harvesting a plant having caffeic acid derivatives and alkylamides; (2) separating the plant into fragments; and (3) storing the separated fragments in refrigerated conditions at a controlled relative humidity which prevents wilting and microbial decay. The raw plant material obtained from this process can be used alone or in combination with other nutrients in a medicine or dietary supplement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of increasing the concentrations of caffeic acid derivatives and alkylamides and compositions containing the same. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for increasing the concentrations of cichoric acid and dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide ("tetraene alkylamides"), which are key active phytochemicals in Echinacea, and raw materials containing the same. In recent years, Echinacea has become one of the most popular commercial medicinal herbs in the world (Wills and Stuart, Alkylamide and Cichoric Acid Levels in Echinacea purpurea Grown in Australia, Food Chemistry, 67, 385-388 (1999)). Echinacea has received international attention because of its immunostimulatory and other beneficial effects. Although several phytochemicals in Echinacea work together in providing these beneficial effects, caffeic acid derivatives, most notably cichoric acid, and lipophilic alkylamides are indicated as making considerable contributions to Echinaces's immunostimulatory activity (Bauer, R. and Wagner, H., Echinacea Species as Potential Immunostimulatory Drugs, Econ. Medic. Plant Res., 5, 253-321, Wagner, H. and Farnsworth, N. R. (Editors), Academic Press Ltd., New York, N.Y. (1991)). Echinacea is the genus name for nine herbaceous perennial species native to North America. Echinacea, however, usually refers to Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, or Echinacea pallida. Echinacea was first widely used by several North American Indian tribes against various conditions such as wounds, burns, insect bites, headaches, stomach cramps, coughs, and the measles. The primary use of Echinacea is for increasing resistance to infections in the upper respiratory tract and colds in the upper respiratory tract (Bauer, R. and Wagner, H., Echinacea Species as Potential Immunostimulatory Drugs, Econ. Medic. Plant Res., 5, 253-321, Wagner, H. and Farnsworth, N. R. (Editors), Academic Press Ltd., New York, N.Y. (1991)). Echinacea has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities useful in treating conditions such as skin inflammations and urinary tract infections. It has been indicated that Echinacea also fights cancer by stimulation of key lymphocye production, which triggers natural killer cells to destroy tumor cells (see Lersch, C. et al., Nonspecific Immunostimulation with Low Doses of Cyclophosphamide, Thymostimulin, and Echinacea purpurea extracts (Echinacin) in Patients with Far Advanced Colorectal Cancer, Cancer Invest. 10(5): 343-348 (1992)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06306443__

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Method of preparing Echinacea powder Inventor(s): Brovelli; Ernesto (Corona, CA), Li; Yingqin (Murrieta, CA), Menon; Gopi R. (Riverside, CA), Rana; Jatinder (Grand Rapids, MI) Assignee(s): Amway Corporation (Ada, MI) Patent Number: 6,217,878 Date filed: August 13, 1999 Abstract: A process for producing an Echinacea powder having an increased amount of the cichoric acid present in the harvested Echinacea plant material. The process includes the following steps: 1) milling the harvested Echinacea plant material to reduce the particle size, 2) blanching the milled plant material, 3) recovering the juice from the blanched material, 4) concentrating the juice to have at least about a 20% soluble solids content, and 5) drying the juice to produce the Echinacea powder having a moisture content of less than about 8%. The blanching step enhances the juice recovery from the Echinacea plant material. The Echinacea powder can be tableted or combined with other nutrients in a dry supplement form. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of producing a powder containing beneficial phytochemicals present in harvested Echinacea plant material, and more particularly to a method of producing a powder recovering an increased amount of the cichoric acid present in the harvested Echinacea plant material. Echinacea plant is a popular herbal immunostimulant. Echinacea contains numerous active phytochemicals-such as caffeic acid derivatives (e.g., cichoric acid), alkamides (e.g., dodecatetraenoic acid isobutylamides), and glycoproteins/polysaccharides--that have immunomodulatory or other beneficial activity. Although cichoric acid is a particularly beneficial immunostimulant, it is advantageous to consume the full range of the phytochemicals present in Echinacea in order to gain the synergistically beneficial effect. The elimination of any one class of constituents could reduce this beneficial effect. Accordingly, many people consume the freshly expressed juice of the Echinacea plant, which inherently contains the full spectrum of phytochemicals normally present in the Echinacea plant. For example, Europeans have consumed the freshly expressed juice of Echinacea, provided in vials or ampules, for many years. Representative of this type of product is the expressed juice of the flowering Echinacea purpurea plant harvested about 8 inches (20.3 cm) above the ground; this product has been sold since 1939 by Madaus Aktiengesellschaft under the ECHINACIN mark. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06217878__

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Natural composition extracted from plants used in the treatment of cancer Inventor(s): Freeman; Arnold I. (Azor Modiin, IL), Kass; Howard David (12646 Cumpston, Valley Village, CA), Leyva; Albert (Lenexa, KS) Assignee(s): Kass; Howard David (Valley Village, CA) Patent Number: 5,876,728 Date filed: January 31, 1996 Abstract: The invention is a method of treating cancer comprising administering an effective amount of either a composition of three herbal extracts consisting essentially of 30% to 70% by weight Goldenseal, 20% to 40% by weight of Myrtle, and 5% to 20% by weight of Centaurea, or a composition of seven herbal extracts consisting essentially of

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3% to 5% by weight Centaurea, 1.5% to 4% by weight Capsicum, 1.5% to 4% by weight Lobelia, 20% to 40% by weight Myrrh, 30% to 50% by weight Echinacea, 15% to 25% by weight Goldenseal, and 3% to 5% by weight Myrtle. The compositions were prepared by separately extracting each herb by mixing the herb in water, ethyl alcohol, or a mixture of water and ethyl ether, boiling and cooling the mixture, allowing the mixture to stand for about two weeks, filtering the mixture to obtain the liquid phase, and combining each of said extracts to obtain said compositions. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns novel compositions and their health and medical use. The present invention more particularly concerns a novel composition containing natural ingredients for use to treat a large variety of cancers. There are innumerable drugs which are used to combat a large variety of cancers. However, these drugs are made of individual or combinations of chemicals. While some are effective, many have side effects which prevent their long-term or recurrent use. In addition, there has been an increasing number of effective drugs which can no longer be used due to the resistance by the causative agent. It is the objective of the present invention to provide a novel method of combatting cancers. It is a further objective of the present invention to provide novel pharmaceutical compositions containing no synthetic organic chemicals and having anti-cancer properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05876728__ •

Oral rinse composition Inventor(s): Zelaya; Luz M. (605 W. Curtis St., Linden, NJ 07036) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,376,374 Date filed: May 24, 1993 Abstract: There is disclosed a pleasant tasting oral rinse composition and a method of using the same. The composition consists essentially of cayenne pepper, calendula, Echinacea, goldenseal, propolis, vinegar, and water in certain proportions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pleasant tasting oral rinse composition formulated with herbal and other natural ingredients. The oral hygiene procedures of most people include a rinse of the mouth. For many, a rinse with fresh water is sufficient. Others prefer to include a rinse with a specially formulated product as a way to freshen the breath and control the bacterial population of the mouth. A popular product offered for killing germs that cause plaque, gingivitis, and so-called bad breath contains thymol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, and menthol as identified active ingredients along with water, nearly 30% alcohol, caramel color, and a preservative. The labels of two other products sold through large retail outlets list such ingredients as water, alcohol(17%), glycerine, sodium saccharin, sodium benzoate, cetyl pyridinium chloride, flavor, domiphen bromide, and color; and water, alcohol(15%), sorbitol, sodium lauryl sulfate, polysorbate 20, flavor, sodium saccharin, sodium chloride, and sodium citrate. Thus the use of synthetic chemicals is clearly evident in these products as antiseptics, surfactants, sweeteners, and preservatives, as is the presence of significant levels of alcohol. Oral rinses are sometimes used professionally in dentistry and dental hygiene practice to mitigate irritation and minor bleeding resulting from dental procedures, mechanical cleaning of the teeth, or from gum diseases. Frequently, a patient with an infection of the gum has puffy red gums that may be bleeding and cause discomfort, and when the hygienist cleans the teeth to remove tartar or calculus, this may increase the discomfort.

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As a result, the very conditions that make the use of a special rinse more essential and necessary than the casual self-prescribed use of the conventional products also make people more sensitive to and irritated by some of the chemical ingredients and alcohol in the conventional products. These sensitivities and irritations can discourage patients from following a practitioner's recommendation to carry out a course of treatment with such a rinse for some time after an office visit. There remains, therefore, an unmet need for a product that patients, particularly patients suffering from gum diseases, will find agreeable to use over a period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05376374__ •

Processing for preventing precipitates in fresh pressed Echinacea juices Inventor(s): Joseph; Heinz Walter (Berg, DE) Assignee(s): Plantamed Arzneimittel GmbH (DE) Patent Number: 6,019,977 Date filed: August 19, 1998 Abstract: A process for preventing precipitates in fresh pressed Echinacea plant juice comprising cooling the fresh pressed plant juice obtained for a short time, followed by filtration and stabilisation by the addition of acid. The pressed plant juice is preferably cooled to temperatures between 0 and -15.degree. C. for less than 14 days and after filtration adjusted to a pH value below 6 by adding 0.01 to 5% of a polyvalent carboxylic acid, preferably citric acid. Excerpt(s): The present application relates to a process for preventing precipitates in fresh pressed juices of Echinacea. In addition, the application relates to stabilised pressed Echinacea juices and drug forms containing the same. Echinacea preparations are used internally as urological medicaments, influenza remedies, antiphlogistics and stimulants. Externally they used for treating wounds. Echinacea preparations, especially in the form of tinctures and pressed juices, have been in use for a long time and are a well-known natural remedy. The tendency of pressed plant juices to form precipitates has been known for as long as their use. To overcome this problem, the pressed juice is usually left standing for a very long period of time, generally about two years, and the precipitates formed during that period then filtered off to obtain a clear pressed plant juice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06019977__

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Prostate formula Inventor(s): Wheeler; Ronald E. (412 C.R. 243, Durango, CO 81301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,197,309 Date filed: August 3, 1999 Abstract: A composition providing an all-natural, non-surgical preventative of or improvement to disorders of the prostate gland is described. The invention relates to a composition for the prevention of or improvement of prostatitis, and for relieving symptoms and improving objective signs of prostatitis. The formula of the composition preferably includes the following ingredients each in a therapeutically effective amount:

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Vitamin C, Vitamin B6, Vitamin E, zinc, glycine, L-alanine, Glutamic acid, Saw palmetto, Pygeum extract, Pumpkin seed, Stinging nettle, Echinacea, garlic, Ginkgo leaves, and selenium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a composition that provides an allnatural, non-surgical preventative of or improvement to disorders of the prostate gland. More specifically, the invention relates to a composition for the prevention of or improvement of prostatitis, and for relieving symptoms and improving objective signs of prostatitis. The prostate gland (or prostate) is a walnut-sized, mucous-producing organ in males that lies just below the urinary bladder. The prostate typically grows and enlarges throughout life. The only known function of the prostate is to produce a secretion that nourishes and protects the sperm during reproduction. The urethra, the canal that in most mammals discharges urine from the bladder, passes through the prostate gland. Unfortunately, this anatomical feature creates problems, often associated with difficulty in urination, as males age. In men, the prostate gland is the source of several common disorders including prostatitis and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), wherein the prostrate gland becomes inflamed or enlarged. Prostatitis is defined as an inflammation or infection of the prostate gland. While prostatitis may be acute, associated with systemic findings of fever, chills and rigors, most cases of prostatitis are chronic and tend to be incurable with relatively frequent recurrences despite optimal standard therapy. Chronic prostatitis (inflammation or infection of the prostate) is common to all adult men. It is associated with virtually all cases of prostate cancer and is present in every prostate biopsy regardless of other findings. Chronic prostatitis may not cause significant symptoms in many men, but in others it can be a devastating disease that severely affects the quality of life of those afflicted. It is difficult to diagnose and even more difficult to treat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06197309__ •

Solution for application to an oral cavity Inventor(s): Zeines; Victor (P.O. Box 195 - Rt. 28, Shokan, NY 12481) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,378,465 Date filed: May 24, 1993 Abstract: Described herein is an aqueous solution for application to an oral cavity generally as a mouthwash comprising an effective amount of Echinacea, hydrastis canadensis, sanguinaria canadensis, quercus alba, grapefruit seed extract, aloe vera juice, water, vegetable glycerin, and peppermint oil. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a solution for application to an oral cavity, particularly as a rinse such as a mouthwash. Statistics show that many people suffer from some form of gum (or periodontal) disease. Symptoms include puffy or bleeding gyms, bad breath, and eventually a loosening of the dentition. Gum disease is defined as an infection of the supporting structures of the teeth. It occurs when the body is in a poor state of health as a result of digestive problems which may be due to an improper diet. Acid forming foods such as sugar, caffeine and meat may lead to a chemical imbalance in the mouth, which encourages bacteria to survive. The bacteria produce toxins which irritate and inflame the gum tissue. Eventually, the infection will progress to the point where it destroys the bone that supports the teeth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05378465__

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Sore throat spray Inventor(s): Coyne; James H. (Blaine, WA), Watkins; Mary Beth (Bellingham, WA) Assignee(s): Botanical Laboratories, Inc. (Ferndale, WA) Patent Number: 6,159,473 Date filed: June 24, 1998 Abstract: A novel throat spray composition is provided that is useful for topical application to sore throats. The throat spray composition contains Piper methysticum (Kava Kava) as its main active ingredient, and is a suitable alternative to phenol-based over-the-counter throat sprays. Piper methysticum is used for its little known or utilized analgesic property, which provides a soothing and numbing effect to the throat. Additional ingredients include Echinacea angustifolia, Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus vulgaris, Lycopodium clavatum, Phytolacca decandra, Capsicum annum, Mentha piperita, and Phosphorus, which, together with Piper methysticum, offer temporary relief of sore throat pain, irritation, difficulty swallowing, and symptoms of hoarseness or laryngitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to non-prescription, homeopathic remedies, and, more particularly, to a throat spray free of phenol for sore throats. The over-the-counter (OTC) market has offered spray products for the treatment of sore throats for many years. The majority of these products utilize phenol as their active ingredient. Phenol is the simple alcohol derivative of benzene. Both of these chemicals are listed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as extremely carcinogenic. A natural, non-carcinogenic throat spray that is an alternative to phenol is thus desired. Such a throat spray must work quickly and provide superior sore throat relief while at the same time have a taste that is acceptable to consumers. In addition to the technical difficulties in formulating such a product, it is important that the product meet the regulatory requirements of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) as a homeopathic drug product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06159473__

Patent Applications on Echinacea As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Echinacea: •

Antimicrobial treatment for herpes simplex virus and other infectious diseases Inventor(s): Squires, Meryl J.; (Barrington Hills, IL) Correspondence: Thomas W. Tolpin; Welsh & Katz, LTD.; 22nd Floor; 120 South Riverside Plaza; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030099726 Date filed: March 7, 2002

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Abstract: An improved medical treatment and medicine is provided to quickly and safely resolve herpes and other microbial infections. The inexpensive user-friendly medicine can be applied and maintained on the infected region until the physical symptoms of the disease disappears and the patient is comfortable and has a normal appearance. The attractive medicine comprises an antimicrobial concentrate comprising microbe inhibitors, phytochemicals or isolates. Desirably, the effective medicine comprises a surfactant and an aqueous carrier or solvent. In the preferred form, the medicine comprises Echinacea phytochemicals and benzalkonium chloride in a sterile water solution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to herpes virus, and more particularly, to medical treatments for herpes virus and other microbial infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) commonly referred to as "herpes virus" or "herpes," is an infectious disease which has reached crisis proportions nationally with estimated numbers of infected people at 70%-80% of our population as reported by the American Social Health Association (ASHA) and growing annually by 500,000 people or more. There are two common types of herpes: herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV 1) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV 2). Herpes enters the human body through minuscule breaks in the epidermal tissue usually by contact with an infected host and is marked by eruption of one or more vesicles, usually in groups, following an incubation period of approximately four to ten days. Typically the course of the infectious outbreak initiates with the prodromal stage; advancing to vesicular eruption; followed by: ulceration; coalescing; resolution; and the latency period. The outbreak can last for several weeks and on average lasts two-three weeks. In some immune compromised individuals the outbreak can last for months. The vesicles can appear anywhere on the skin or mucosa, typically appearing on the lips as cold sores, glands, oral mucosa, conjunctiva and cornea, genitalia, anal mucosa and perianal tissue. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Composition for treating symptoms of influenza Inventor(s): Nachman, Leslie; (Henderson, NV), Voorhees, John; (Henderson, NV) Correspondence: Dennison, Schultz & Dougherty; 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020110600 Date filed: February 15, 2001 Abstract: A composition for relief of symptoms of colds and influenza, containing, by weight, about 80-88% olive leaf extract powder containing oleuropein, about 5-10% neem leaf powder and up to about 8% of a homeopathic blend for symptom relief which preferably comprises aconitum napelius, belladonna, eupatorium perfoliatum, gelsemium sempervirens, Echinacea angustifolia and ferrum phosphoricum. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of natural compositions, particularly herbal compositions, for treating symptoms of influenza. Colds and influenza are major causes of illness and loss of productivity both within the United States, and throughout the world at large. Approximately 10-15% of adult colds are thought to be caused by viruses which are also responsible for other serious illnesses, including influenza. An effective treatment for a wide variety of illnesses caused by viruses and bacteria has long been sought, both in terms of antiviral and antimicrobial action, and in terms of symptom relief. Some traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulas have been found somewhat

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effective in this regard, as is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,834,000, 5,989,556 and 6,083,291. Some of the traditional compositions have contained stimulants such as caffeine and ephedrine, which have proved to be undesirable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Cosmetic compositions for preventing skin irritation Inventor(s): Buhrow, Chantel Spring; (Weyauwega, WI), Lange, Beth Anne; (Appleton, WI), Lin, Samuel Qcheng; (Paramus, NJ), Otts, David Roland; (Appleton, WI), Santhanam, Uma; (Tenafly, NJ), Tyrrell, David John; (Appleton, WI), Weinkauf, Ronni Lynn; (Oradell, NJ) Correspondence: Unilever; Patent Department; 45 River Road; Edgewater; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20020119173 Date filed: June 21, 2001 Abstract: A cosmetic composition is provided that includes petroleum jelly and an antiirritant agent which achieves at least a 10% reduction of Interleukin-1 alpha in an EpiDerm.TM. Skin Culture Model. The agent may be a botanical active or a decoupling polymer. Particularly preferred botanicals are Echinacea, yucca, green tea and willow herb. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns compositions that cosmetically prevent skin irritation, especially irritant contact dermatitis, such as diaper rash caused by fecal enzymes. There are many causes for skin irritation. Some derive from an abnormal functioning of the skin, and these are associated with disease conditions. Others are topically inflicted through contact with toxic plants, surfactants and other chemical ingredients of personal care or household products. Irritation may also arise from contact with fecal enzymes leading to a condition known as diaper rash. Irritants often operate by disrupting the skin's lipid/protein barrier. This barrier serves to prevent penetration of most substances to the lower viable layers of the skin, as well as preventing water loss. Fecal enzyme contamination is a major source of irritation for large numbers of individuals. Infants in wet and/or soiled diapers are subject to the problem. Patients with colostomies and elderly adults suffering from incontinence may also experience the rash. There is a need to address the problem. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Echinacea extract as anti-irritant and anti-aging booster in cosmetic compositions Inventor(s): De Florio, Victor; (Cranford, NJ), Harichian, Bijan; (Warren, NJ), Palanker, Laura Rose; (Midvale, UT), Santhanam, Uma; (Tenafly, NJ), Weinkauf, Ronni Lynn; (Oradell, NJ) Correspondence: Unilever; Patent Department; 45 River Road; Edgewater; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20020009508 Date filed: March 2, 2001 Abstract: Echinacea extract in cosmetic skin care compositions, as anti-irritant, to reduce skin irritation caused by hydroxy acids, and to boost the anti-aging efficacy of hydroxy acids.

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Excerpt(s): Use of Echinacea to reduce irritation and boost anti-aging efficacy of cosmetic compositions containing hydroxy acids. As an example, hydroxy acids (HAs) have been proven to deliver cosmetic benefits, such as improvement in the appearance of photodamaged or naturally aged skin, skin lightening, treatment of age spots, etc. Unfortunately, their use at high concentrations may occasionally be associated with skin irritation, e.g. skin redness and stinging sensation upon application. The irritation can be ameliorated by lowering the amount of an active ingredient in the composition or by reducing the active's penetration through the skin. A serious drawback of both approaches is that the efficacy is impaired. The HA related irritation can be reduced by raising the composition's pH but this method yields reduced efficacy due to a decreased HA penetration through the skin. It is desirable to reduce or eliminate the irritation potential of HAs while maintaining their efficacy. The need exists, therefore, for a composition and method that prevents or reduces the skin irritation which may be caused by hydroxy acids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

ECHINACEA PLANT NAMED 'KIM'S MOP HEAD' Inventor(s): Bennerup, Pierre R.; (Kensington, CT) Correspondence: Pierre R. Bennerup; Sunny Border Nurseries, INC.; 1709 Kensington RD.; PO Box 483; Kensington; CT; 06037; US Patent Application Number: 20030024023 Date filed: July 30, 2001 Abstract: Echinacea purpurea `Kim's Mop Head` is a new and distinct dwarf perennial plant with white flowers and drooping ray petals on plants 35 to 40 cm tall, for an extended twelve weeks flowering period. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the new and distinct Coneflower plant, botanically known as Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench hybrid and herein after referred to by the cultivar name `Kim's Mop Head`. The stated cultivar is valued for its unique and long-lasting white flower display and short compact plant habit. Echinacea purpurea `Kim's Mop Head` is a selection of a non-induced whole plant mutation from a nursery propagated batch of Echinacea purpurea `Kim's Knee High`, discovered by the inventor, Pierre Bennerup, at a nursery in Kensington, Conn. in the summer of 1996. `Kim's Mop Head` has been propagated at a nursery in Kensington, Conn. by both tissue culture and root cuttings, and has demonstrated that the plant maintains its unique characteristics and is capable of reproducing identical individuals in successive generations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Echinacea supplement and method of manufacture Inventor(s): Barton, Richard E.; (Richmond, CA), Chang, Chuck C.; (Vancouver, CA), Gahler, Roland J.; (North Vancouver, CA), Slama, Jan V.; (West Bank, CA) Correspondence: Christensen, O'connor, Johnson, Kindness, Pllc; 1420 Fifth Avenue; Suite 2800; Seattle; WA; 98101-2347; US Patent Application Number: 20030152653 Date filed: November 22, 2002 Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention provides Echinacea compositions including standardized amounts of at least two Echinacea components. More preferably the Echinacea compositions of the present invention include standardized amounts of at least three Echinacea components. Presently preferred Echinacea components are cichoric acid, Echinacea alkylamides and Echinacea polysaccharides. In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for preparing Echinacea compositions, the methods including the step of combining amounts of at least two Echinacea components, preferably three Echinacea components, sufficient to yield an Echinacea composition including standardized amounts of each of the combined Echinacea components. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides Echinacea extracts, and methods for preparing Echinacea extracts. Presently preferred Echinacea extracts are enriched in one or more members of the group consisting of polysaccharides, alkylamides and cichoric acid. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides methods for enhancing immune system activity in a mammal. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation of co-pending International Patent Application Number PCT/CA00/00931, filed Aug. 11, 2000, which relates to and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/157,194, filed Sep. 30, 1999, the benefit of which is hereby claimed under 35 U.S.C.sctn.sctn. 119 and 120. The present invention relates to nutritional supplements prepared from plants of the genus Echinacea. Numerous studies attest to the health-promoting properties of extracts derived from plants of the genus Echinacea. See, e.g., A. Awang & D. Kindack, Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal, 124: 512-516 (1991). There is a strong commercial market for Echinacea compositions containing biologically active components that are believed to promote good health. Further, it is desirable to formulate Echinacea compositions to contain standardized amounts of biologically active components derived from Echinacea plants. Such standardized, Echinacea compositions provide the consumer with a consistent, effective dose of one or more, biologically active, Echinacea components. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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HEATED ALCOHOL EXTRACTION OF HERBS Inventor(s): Brovelli, Ernesto A.; (Corona, CA), Menon, Gopi R.; (Riverside, CA), Vergel de Dios, Luis I.; (Walnut, CA) Correspondence: Warner Norcross & Judd Llp; 900 Fifth Third Center; 111 Lyon Street, N.W.; Grand Rapids; MI; 49503-2487; US Patent Application Number: 20020146473 Date filed: December 19, 2000

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Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for the extraction of herbs and plant materials. More particularly, the present invention relates to extraction methods for Echinacea. The extraction methods of the present invention provide a higher soluble solids content and a higher level of desired marker compounds, such as alkylamides, than conventional extraction procedures. Thus, the extraction methods of the present invention result in a greater yield at a lower cost from a given amount of starting material. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel methods for the extraction of herbs and plant materials. More particularly, the present invention relates to extraction methods for Echinacea. The extraction methods of the present invention provide a higher soluble solids content and a higher level of desired marker compounds, such as alkylamides, than conventional extraction procedures. Thus, the extraction methods of the present invention result in a greater yield at a lower cost from a given amount of starting material. Typical processes for the extraction of nutrients from herbs use water or alcohol. In traditional processes, however, ambient temperature water or alcohol is generally used for the extraction. Typical processes involve taking the herb, milling it, and extracting the herb with alcohol and water at some strength of alcohol, generally 70% to 90%, for a few hours to extract soluble solids and nutrients. Echinacea contains numerous active phytochemicals that have immunomodulatory and other beneficial activities. There is a long tradition of the use of Echinacea preparations in the adjuvant therapy of inflammations, skin damage, and, more typically, infections. The Echinacea plant is a popular herbal immunostimulant. The ability of Echinacea to stimulate the immune system in a nonspecific manner is exemplified in the enhancement of phagocytosis seen in cells treated with Echinacea (see, Sun et al., The American coneflower: a prophylactic role involving nonspecific immunity, J. Altern. Complement Med., 5(5): 437-446 (1999)). Echinacea's immunomodulatory activity has been attributed to various actives, including alkylamides, phenolics, polysaccharides, alkaloids, glycoproteins, and flavonoids (see, Bauer, R. and Wagner, H., Echinacea species as potential immunostimulatory drugs, in Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Ch. 8, p.253, Wagner, H. and Farnsworth, N. R. (Editors), Academic Press Limited, New York, N.Y., (1991)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Herbal formulation for stimulating the immune system to prevent colds and the flu and method of using same Inventor(s): Shaner, Edward O.; (Ocean City, MD) Correspondence: Lowe Hauptman Gilman & Berner, Llp; 1700 Diagonal Road, Suite 310; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20010018077 Date filed: December 19, 2000 Abstract: A herbal formulation that is orally administered and which affects colds or the flu in a human subject comprises beta glucans, olive leaf extract, Echinacea, goldenseal, una de gato, pao d'arco, elderberry dried berries and cayenne pepper. The formulation can also include zinc lozenges if symptoms of a sore throat are present in the subject. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of applicant's pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/488,590 filed Jan. 24, 2000. The present invention relates generally to a method of and/or formula for reducing the effects of colds and the flu

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and, more particularly, to a combination of herbs for reducing the effects of colds and the flu. The most powerful and versatile biological defense system in humans is the immune system. It is the system humans depend upon to protect against winter colds and the flu. Cold and flu viruses are predators that enter the cells that line the nose and throat, proliferate, and inflame the host cell. The immune defense system consists of specialized cells called lymphocytes which have the unique ability to recognize, evaluate, and destroy foreign invaders. With advancing age, the immune system declines in effectiveness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Immunostimulant compositions and associated methods Inventor(s): Cooper, Raymond; (Mountain View, CA), Mitscher, Lester A.; (Lawrence, KS), Pillai, Segaran P.; (Miami, FL) Correspondence: Thorpe North Western; 8180 South 700 East, Suite 200; P.O. Box 1219; Sandy; UT; 84070; US Patent Application Number: 20020028258 Date filed: May 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides immunostimulant compositions and methods for the preparation and use thereof which contain a therapeutically effective amount of an active polysaccharide containing Echinacea extract. In one aspect, the method for making an immunostimulant composition may include the steps of: providing an Echinacea source, extracting an active polysaccharide from the Echinacea source into an aqueous solution, precipitating a water precipitate containing the active polysaccharide from the aqueous solution; and recovering the water precipitate. Excerpt(s): This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/203,028, filed May 9, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to immunostimulant compounds and methods for making such compounds. More particularly, it concerns an immunostimulant composition having a high concentration of an active polysaccharide and other active agents which are extracted from Echinacea. Echinacea has been used as a remedy for a variety of ailments in traditional folk medicinal, and has been moderately used in modern medicine since about 1870. While a variety of Echinacea species exists, the species which have been most widely used as a medicinal treatment, or health supplement have been the species Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea angustafolia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for treating nicotine addiction and deterring tobacco use with hypericum perforatum Inventor(s): Friedman, Richard A.; (New York, NY), Rosenthal, Norman E.; (Rockville, MD) Correspondence: Shanks & Herbert; Transpotomac Plaza; 1033 N. Fairfax ST., Suite 306; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20010036486 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating nicotine addiction or deterring tobacco use in a subject by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of Hypericum perforatum or at least one active component thereof is disclosed. As disclosed, the composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may also comprise a supplementary compound such as L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, tryptophan, 5-hydroxy tryptamine, serotonin, calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide, kava-kava, a kava alkaloid, valerian, hops, a passion flower extract, vitamin C, or Echinacea. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/202,823, filed May 8, 2000, naming Norman E. Rosenthal, and Richard Friedman, which is herein incorporated by reference. The invention relates to a method of deterring, tobacco use, ending tobacco use, treating nicotine addiction, or a combination thereof in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Hypericum perforatum, or at least one active component thereof or both. Tobacco use is the number one source of preventable death, primarily due to cardiovascular disease and cancer, in the United States. Approximately one-half of the 50 million smokers try to quit each year, but only about 6% of those who attempt to quit succeed in the long term. See MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (1993) 42:504-507. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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USE OF ARTICHOKE (CYNARA) EXTRACTS Inventor(s): RUEPP, MICHEL O.; (REMSCHEID, DE) Correspondence: Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison, Llp; Attn: Intellectual Property Department; 1333 H Street, N.W. Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20020012708 Date filed: January 5, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel use of artichoke (Cynara) extracts, especially dry extracts, optionally in combination with Echinacea extracts and/or nettle (Urtica) extracts, for the preparation of medicaments, and to orally applicable medicaments.In particular, the invention relates to the use of artichoke (Cynara) dry extracts, also in combination with Echinacea and/or Urtica extracts, for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of diseases of the small intestine (damages from medicaments or infections), of the bone marrow (aplasia and insufficiency, for example, as a consequence of agranulocytosis caused by medicaments or radiation), thymus (dysfunction, aplasia or hypoplasia), spleen (dysfunction), lymph nodes (aplasia or hypoplasia due to damage from medicaments or radiation), for the adjuvant treatment,

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also in combination with chemopharmaceuticals, of analgesia, liver, pancreas and kidney diseases, of hypertension, of malignant tumors, especially of carcinomas of the mamma, cervix, colon or prostate gland. Cynara dry extracts are further suitable for cellular immunostimulation, for the therapy of leucocytopenia, granulocytopenia, lymphocytopenia, erythrocytopenia, and immunoglobulin deficiencies; in addition, it is suitable for bacterially or virally induced diseases, such as inflammatory diseases of the small intestine, pancreas and kidneys, hepatitis A, B and C, skin lesions (Ulcus cruris), Herpes simplex I and II, as well as Herpes zoster. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of International Application PCT/EP97/03561, filed Jun. 6, 1997, designating the U.S., the text of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to a novel oral use of artichoke (Cynara) extracts, optionally in combination with Echinacea extracts and/or nettle (Urtica) extracts, especially dry extracts. Since about the 16th century, the wide-spread use of herbal books has provided a general knowledge of the utility of artichoke as a medicament. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Use of Echinacea as a hematinic agent Inventor(s): Baker, John D.; (Ontario, CA), Clarke, Andrew; (Victoria, AU), O'Neill, Wendy P.; (Ontario, CA) Correspondence: John S. Pratt, Esq; Kilpatrick Stockton, Llp; 1100 Peachtree Street; Suite 2800; Atlanta; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20030152652 Date filed: November 1, 2002 Abstract: A method, wherein a composition comprising Echinacea and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is administered to an animal or a human, in an amount effective to cause a hematinic effect in the animal or the human. The Echinacea composition of the present invention has minimal or no side effects and is effective, simple to prepare and relatively inexpensive. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of the dietary supplement Echinacea as a hematinic agent. Echinacea (coneflower) is a member of the family Asteracease. The genus Echinacea contains 9 currently accepted species, 3 of which thus far, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida and Echinacea augustifolia have been used as medicinals. Active components of Echinacea include, but are not limited to, alkaloids, cichoric acid derivatives, complex polysaccharides, fatty acids, glycoproteins, glycosides, flavonoids, monoterpenes, caffeic acid derivatives, N-alkanes, alkylamides, isobutylamides, cynarin, polyacetylenes, echinolone and echinacoside. Because the chemistry of Echinacea is so complicated, the Echinacea component known as "echinacoside" is used as a marker to standardize both the maturity of the Echinacea plants and the potency of the extracts prepared from the Echinacea plants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 97

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Echinacea, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Echinacea. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Echinacea. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ECHINACEA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Echinacea. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Echinacea include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Echinacea” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Echinacea” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Echinacea” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

All About Echinacea & Goldenseal (Frequently Asked Questions) by Laurel Vukovic, et al; ISBN: 0895299372; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895299372/icongroupinterna

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DK Pocket Healers: Echinacea: Amazing Immunity (DK Pocket Healers Healers) by Stephanie Pederson; ISBN: 0751331511; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751331511/icongroupinterna

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Echinacea by Daniel, Ph D Mowrey, Daniel B. Mowrey; ISBN: 0879836105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879836105/icongroupinterna

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Echinacea by Mark Stengler; ISBN: 1890694258; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890694258/icongroupinterna

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Echinacea - Indian Medicine for the Immune System by Desmond Corrigan (1994); ISBN: 0951772376; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0951772376/icongroupinterna

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Echinacea (Woodland Health Series) by Rita Elkins (1996); ISBN: 1885670133; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670133/icongroupinterna

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Echinacea: Echinacea Angustifolia Echinacea Purpurea (In a Nutshell, Healing Herbs Series) by Jill Rosemary Davies; ISBN: 1862045038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862045038/icongroupinterna

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Echinacea: Everything You Need to Know About the Most Versatile of All Medicinal Herbs by the Nation's Leading Expert by Roy Upton; ISBN: 0879837721; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879837721/icongroupinterna

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Echinacea: How to Grow, Harvest, & Use This Amazing Flower to Fight Colds, Flu, & Infection by Boosting Your Immune System by Bryce Finley, Richard Walker (1996); ISBN: 1896245005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1896245005/icongroupinterna

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Echinacea: Nature's Immune Enhancer by Steven Foster (1991); ISBN: 0892813865; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892813865/icongroupinterna

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Echinacea: The Immune Herb (Herbs and Health Series) by Christopher Hobbs, et al; ISBN: 1884360033; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884360033/icongroupinterna

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Echinacea: The Plant That Boosts Your Immune System by Douglas Schar; ISBN: 1556433301; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556433301/icongroupinterna

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Herbs to Boost Immunity: Herbal Tonics to Keep You Healthy and Strong Including Echinacea, Siberian Ginseng, Astragalus, and More (Keats Good Herb Guide Series) by Gail Ulrich (1997); ISBN: 0879838647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879838647/icongroupinterna

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Natural Care Library Echinacea: Safe and Effective Self-Care for Colds, Infection, and Skin Conditions by Stephanie Pedersen; ISBN: 0789451999; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789451999/icongroupinterna

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Natural Cold and Flu Defense: Using Echinacea, Zinc, Vitamin C and Other Supplements by C. W. Hawken, Remi Cooper (1998); ISBN: 1885670907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670907/icongroupinterna

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Pocket Healers: Echinacea (Bca) by None; ISBN: 0751343838; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751343838/icongroupinterna

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Secrets of Echinacea by Winifred Conkling; ISBN: 0312970862; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312970862/icongroupinterna

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The Healing Power of Echinacea, Goldenseal, and Other Immune System Herbs by Paul Bergner (1997); ISBN: 0761508090; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761508090/icongroupinterna

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The Natural Pharmacist: Your Complete Guide to Echinacea and Immunity by Elizabeth Collins, et al; ISBN: 0761515585; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761515585/icongroupinterna

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Users Guide to Echinacea and Other Cold & Flu Fighters: How Vitamins and Herbs Can Get You Back on Your Feet Safely and Quickly by Laurel Vukovic (2004); ISBN: 1591200849; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200849/icongroupinterna

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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Echinacea: the purple coneflowers Author: Foster, Steven,; Year: 1999; Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, c1999

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Echinacea, the immune herb Author: Hobbs, Christopher,; Year: 1990; Capitola, CA: Botanica Press, c1990 (1992 printing); ISBN: 0961847018 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961847018/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Echinacea In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Echinacea, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Echinacea using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ECHINACEA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Echinacea.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Echinacea is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Echinacea. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Echinacea” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Echinacea: •

Echinacea supplements often mislabeled Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 24, 2003

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Buyer beware: Echinacea supplements may vary widely Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 24, 2003

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Echinacea offers no relief from the common cold Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 16, 2002

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Echinacea capsules may not fight colds: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 16, 2002

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Atopic patients commonly react to Echinacea skin tests Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 31, 2002

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Study: Allergic individuals may react to Echinacea Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 22, 2002

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Echinacea use in early pregnancy appears safe Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 17, 2000

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Study: Echinacea use safe during pregnancy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 15, 2000

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Echinacea ineffective in preventing colds or lessening symptoms Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 07, 2000

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Echinacea stimulates immune system Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 05, 1999

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St. John's wort, Echinacea, ginko biloba impair fertilization process in vitro Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 24, 1999 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Echinacea” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Echinacea, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Echinacea” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on Echinacea: •

Herbal Medicine and Lupus Source: Lupus News. 21(4): 1,4-5. Winter 2001. Contact: Available from Lupus Foundation of America. 1300 Piccard Drive, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850-4303. (800) 558-0121 or (301) 670-9292. Fax (301) 670-9486. Website: www.lupus.org/lupus. Summary: This newsletter article discusses the use of herbal medicines by patients with lupus to treat their condition. No herbal medicines have been proven effective in treating lupus. Echinacea, thought to be effective in treating upper respiratory tract ailments, has caused kidney problems and lupus flares in patients with lupus.

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Thundergod vine, sometimes helpful in improving joint tenderness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, has caused rashes, gastrointestinal problems, and menstrual irregularities in patients with lupus. Wild yams, containing DHEA, a weak male hormone, is thought to modify immune response. A study in which lupus patients took DHEA in a purified form did result in modest improvement in lupus symptoms. Patients with lupus should discuss using alternative therapies and herbal supplements with their rheumatologist. 14 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Echinacea Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Echinacea. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Echinacea that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “Echinacea” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Echinacea Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This report consists primarily of excerpts from a book on the pharmacological uses of the perennial herb Echinacea. The author discusses the ethnobotanical aspects of the plant, such as its many medical uses among Native Americans and early European settlers. He traces modern pharmacological and clinical findings suggesting that Echinacea is anti-inflammatory, stimulates the immune system, and is effective against certain viral and bacterial infections such as candidiasis, skin diseases, and upperrespiratory tract infections. Recent research has focused on the use of Echinacea as a nonspecific immune system stimulant, and results indicate that it helps stimulate the body's own defense system of cellular immunity. The author refers to research showing that Echinacea seems to stimulate a complement of nonspecific mechanisms such as phagocytes and macrophages, and increases the activity of leukocytes. Various components demonstrate mild bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity, allaying the spread of pathogens. By increasing fibroblasts, it helps to stimulate new tissue development. Echinacea extracts may increase the serum protein complexes that help activate aspects of the immune system. However, the author states that he does not imply that the use of Echinacea could be useful to HIV-positive individuals. In a discussion on the safety of the preparations from the plant, he points out contraindications for internal use in cases of autoimmune diseases, and emphasizes problems resulting from inappropriate selfadministration. The report also includes a fact sheet on Echinacea, and a formula for an Echinacea-based salve to aid the healing of herpes sores.

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

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(NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 311 9 486 4 0 810

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “Echinacea” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

19

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.

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more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

22

After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Echinacea can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Echinacea. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Echinacea. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Echinacea”:

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Common Cold http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/commoncold.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html Prostate Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatediseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Echinacea. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Herbal Medicines Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health. 2001. 3 p. Contact: Available from National Toxicology Program. National Institute of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD B3-10, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. PRICE: Free. Summary: This fact sheet from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences reviews the herbs currently under study by the NTP. The fact sheet discusses the 1998 workshop on herbal medicines, in which recommendations were made for more research. The fact sheet includes a table that provides information about the herbs and active or toxic ingredients under study by the NTP, including aloe vera gel, black walnut extract, comfrey, Echinacea purpurea extract, ginkgo biloba extract, ginseng and ginsenosides, goldenseal, grape seed extract, kava kava, milk thistle extract, pulegone, and thujone. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Echinacea. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not

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organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Echinacea. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Echinacea. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Echinacea. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.

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Simply type in “Echinacea” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Echinacea”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Echinacea” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Echinacea” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

124 Echinacea

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

125

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

126

ECHINACEA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the

Index 127

tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agranulocytosis: A decrease in the number of granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils). [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as

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standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU]

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Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IgG whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU]

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Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition,

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or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is

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conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts. [NIH]

Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH]

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Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calendula: Genus of annuals in the family Asteraceae that contains carotenoids, essential oils (oils, volatile), flavonoids, mucilage, saponins, and sterols. It is used both topically and internally. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and

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become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU]

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Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]

Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic

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engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coccidia: A subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. Its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise two orders: Eimeriida and Eucoccidiida. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile), glycosides, mucilage, resin, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, vitamin B12, and zinc. Comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and

Index 137

C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU]

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Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cucumovirus: A genus of plant viruses of the family Bromoviridae, which infect cucurbits and solanaceous plants. Transmission occurs via aphids in a non-persistent manner, and also via seeds. The type species cucumber mosaic virus, a Cucumovirus, should not be confused with cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, a Tobamovirus. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups

Index 139

and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can

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use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dormancy: The period when an organism (i. e., a virus or a bacterium) is in the body but not producing any ill effects. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Douche: A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix. [NIH] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Echinacea: A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, glycosides, inulin, isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion

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applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local

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anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU]

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Feverfew: Aromatic perennial Tanacetum parthenium used to treat migraines, arthritis, and as a febrifuge. It contains tannins, volatile oils (oils, essential), and sesquiterpene lactones, especially parthenolide. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid.

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[NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH]

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Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]

Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth Substances: Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH]

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Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeopathic remedies: Small doses of medicines, herbs, or both that are believed to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Household Products: Substances or materials used in the course of housekeeping or personal routine. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydroxy Acids: Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals. [NIH]

Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH]

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Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family Clusiaceae (Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Contains flavonoids, glycosides, mucilage, tannins, and volatile oils (oils, essential). [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idoxuridine: An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent, particularly in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH]

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Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intermittent Claudication: A symptom complex characterized by leg pain and weakness brought on by walking, with the disappearance of the symptoms following a brief rest. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]

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Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH]

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Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latent period: A seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. [EU] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for

Index 151

measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU]

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Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Methyl salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU]

Index 153

Myeloid Cells: Cells which include the monocytes and the granulocytes. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic

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cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organic Chemicals: A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH]

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Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU]

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Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched

Index 157

or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyethylene Glycols: Alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: An acute or sub-acute (i. e. more slowly occurring) failure of the lung function. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Poultice: That made by mixing mustard and flour with water. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propolis: Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins

A:

(13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic

acid

(PGA(1));

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(5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not

Index 159

sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]

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Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Renal tubular acidosis: A rare disorder in which structures in the kidney that filter the blood are impaired, producing using that is more acid than normal. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes the human strains associated with common colds. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic,

Index 161

and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]

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Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

Index 163

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of

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homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and

Index 165

other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH]

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Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei

Index 167

(cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

169

INDEX A Abdominal, 58, 126, 155 Acceptor, 126, 155 Acidosis, 126 Acne, 58, 81, 126 Acne Vulgaris, 81, 126 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 50, 126 Acyclovir, 82, 126 Adenocarcinoma, 126, 146 Adenosine, 126, 133, 156 Adjuvant, 93, 95, 126, 144 Adjuvant Therapy, 93, 126 Adolescence, 126, 155 Adrenergic, 126, 140, 141 Adverse Effect, 4, 126, 149, 161 Affinity, 126, 127, 150, 162 Agar, 127, 156 Agonist, 127, 140, 141, 153 Agranulocytosis, 95, 127 Airway, 10, 127 Alanine, 87, 127 Alertness, 127, 133 Algorithms, 127, 132 Alkaline, 126, 127, 128, 133, 155 Alkaloid, 95, 127, 131, 136, 153, 160 Alkylating Agents, 127, 166 Allylamine, 127, 128 Aloe, 4, 81, 87, 116, 127 Alopecia, 58, 127, 138 Alpha Particles, 127, 159 Alternative medicine, 5, 44, 105, 127 Alveoli, 128, 139 Ambulatory Care, 128 Ameliorated, 91, 128 Amine, 128 Amino acid, 127, 128, 129, 144, 146, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 165 Ammonia, 128 Amyloid, 128, 144 Anaesthesia, 128, 148 Anal, 14, 29, 31, 89, 128 Analgesic, 88, 128 Analog, 126, 128, 147 Anaphylatoxins, 128, 137 Anaphylaxis, 46, 59, 128 Anatomical, 87, 128, 135, 147 Anemia, 129, 143

Anesthesia, 127, 129 Anions, 129, 149 Antagonism, 129, 133 Antibacterial, 83, 129, 162 Antibiotic, 129, 162 Antibodies, 129, 147, 151, 161 Antibody, 50, 127, 129, 136, 147, 148, 149, 151, 159 Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, 50, 129, 149 Anticoagulant, 129, 158 Antifungal, 32, 51, 129, 162 Antigen, 33, 50, 55, 127, 128, 129, 137, 147, 148, 151 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 129, 137 Anti-infective, 129, 146 Anti-inflammatory, 28, 32, 40, 50, 69, 76, 81, 83, 112, 129, 133, 152, 160 Antimetabolite, 126, 129 Antimicrobial, 50, 52, 76, 88, 89, 129, 157, 164 Antimycotic, 130, 157 Antineoplastic, 127, 130, 138 Antioxidant, 56, 130, 161 Antiviral, 28, 40, 89, 126, 130, 147 Anus, 128, 130, 133, 136, 159 Anxiety, 4, 130, 149 Aphids, 130, 138 Aplasia, 95, 130 Apoptosis, 51, 130 Aqueous, 77, 82, 87, 89, 94, 130, 131, 139, 146, 151 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 130, 150 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 130, 150 Arachidonic Acid, 80, 130, 150, 157 Aromatic, 130, 143, 156 Arterial, 127, 130, 147, 158, 164 Arteries, 130, 132, 138, 152, 164 Arterioles, 130, 132, 134 Articular, 130, 154 Astringents, 130, 142 Atrophy, 130, 142 Atropine, 131, 160 Autoimmune disease, 112, 131 Autonomic, 131, 154 Autonomic Nervous System, 131

170 Echinacea

B Bacteria, 82, 87, 89, 129, 131, 142, 150, 152, 156, 162, 166 Bacterial Infections, 6, 112, 131 Bactericidal, 131, 142 Bacteriophage, 131, 156 Bacteriostatic, 112, 131 Bacterium, 131, 140 Base, 7, 81, 82, 131, 149 Basophils, 127, 131, 145, 150 Belladonna, 89, 131 Benign, 4, 87, 131, 143, 145, 153 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 4, 131 Benzene, 88, 131 Benzoic Acid, 131, 162 Berylliosis, 132 Beryllium, 78, 132 Bilateral, 132, 142 Bile, 132, 143, 150 Bioavailability, 6, 14, 132 Biochemical, 57, 129, 132, 154, 161 Biomarkers, 10, 132 Biomass, 5, 9, 132 Biopsy, 87, 132 Biotechnology, 14, 15, 101, 105, 111, 132 Bladder, 87, 131, 132, 148, 158, 166 Blood Coagulation, 132, 133, 164 Blood Platelets, 132, 161 Blood pressure, 132, 134, 147, 162 Blood vessel, 132, 134, 135, 151, 162, 163, 164, 166 Body Fluids, 132, 162, 165 Bone Marrow, 29, 42, 95, 131, 132, 147, 151 Bowel, 128, 133, 140, 148, 150, 163 Bowel Movement, 133, 140, 163 Branch, 123, 133, 151, 155, 162, 164 Breakdown, 133, 139, 143 Bromelain, 78, 133 Bronchitis, 59, 133, 142 Buccal, 133, 151 Burns, 83, 133 Burns, Electric, 133 Bursitis, 80, 133 C Caffeine, 87, 90, 133 Calcium, 77, 95, 133, 135, 136, 164 Calcium Carbonate, 95, 133 Calculi, 133, 145 Calendula, 64, 76, 85, 133 Candidiasis, 59, 112, 133 Candidosis, 133 Capillary, 13, 134, 166

Capsules, 104, 134, 144 Carbohydrate, 41, 56, 134, 144, 157 Carcinogenic, 88, 127, 131, 134, 158 Carcinoma, 134 Cardiac, 127, 133, 134, 141, 153 Cardiovascular, 95, 134, 150, 161 Cardiovascular disease, 95, 134 Carotene, 134, 136, 160 Carotenoids, 64, 133, 134 Castor Oil, 81, 134 Cations, 134, 149 Causal, 82, 134 Cell Count, 77, 134 Cell Death, 130, 134 Cell Division, 131, 134, 152, 156 Cellulose, 134, 143, 156 Central Nervous System, 127, 131, 133, 134, 141, 143, 144, 145, 150, 160, 161 Cerebrovascular, 134 Cervix, 96, 135, 140, 160 Chamomile, 38, 64, 81, 135 Chemotactic Factors, 135, 137 Chemotherapy, 50, 52, 53, 64, 126, 135 Chin, 135, 152 Chlorophyll, 135, 143 Choline, 135 Cholinergic, 135, 154 Chondroitin sulfate, 80, 135 Chromatin, 130, 135, 141 Chromosome, 8, 135, 145, 150 Chronic, 41, 44, 50, 59, 87, 126, 135, 148, 149, 163, 167 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 50, 135 Citric Acid, 86, 135 Citrus, 135 Clear cell carcinoma, 135, 139 Clinical Medicine, 6, 135, 157 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 30, 46, 47, 71, 72, 111, 135, 138, 140, 159 Cloning, 132, 135 Coal, 131, 136 Coccidia, 42, 136 Cochlear, 136, 164, 166, 167 Cochlear Diseases, 136, 164 Cofactor, 136, 158, 164 Colchicine, 48, 136 Collagen, 30, 46, 128, 133, 136, 143, 144, 157 Collapse, 128, 133, 136 Colloidal, 136, 141 Colon, 96, 136, 149 Colorectal, 52, 83, 136

Index 171

Colorectal Cancer, 52, 83, 136 Comfrey, 116, 136 Communis, 134, 136 Complement, 29, 33, 42, 93, 112, 128, 129, 136, 137 Complementary and alternative medicine, 6, 37, 38, 39, 68, 137 Complementary medicine, 38, 137 Computational Biology, 111, 137 Cone, 48, 137, 163 Congestion, 137, 142 Conjugated, 132, 137, 138, 144 Conjunctiva, 89, 137, 148 Connective Tissue, 80, 132, 136, 137, 143, 144, 151, 160, 164 Connective Tissue Cells, 137 Consciousness, 128, 137, 139 Contact dermatitis, 90, 137 Contamination, 90, 137 Contraindications, ii, 112, 138 Controlled study, 54, 56, 138 Cornea, 89, 138, 144, 149, 160, 167 Coronary, 134, 138, 152 Coronary heart disease, 134, 138 Coronary Thrombosis, 138, 152 Coumarins, 135, 138 Craniocerebral Trauma, 138, 145, 164 Cucumovirus, 31, 48, 138 Cues, 8, 138 Curative, 138, 153, 164 Cutaneous, 59, 81, 133, 137, 138, 151 Cyclic, 9, 133, 138 Cyclophosphamide, 33, 52, 55, 65, 83, 138 Cytochrome, 7, 138 Cytokine, 12, 29, 41, 46, 139 Cytoplasm, 130, 131, 139, 141, 145 Cytotoxic, 77, 139 Cytotoxicity, 51, 127, 139 D Data Collection, 8, 139 Defense Mechanisms, 78, 139 Degenerative, 139, 145, 154 Deletion, 130, 139 Dementia, 4, 126, 139 Dentition, 87, 139 Dentures, 139, 164 Dermatitis, 139 DES, 128, 139 Deuterium, 139, 146 Diagnostic procedure, 75, 105, 139 Diaper Rash, 90, 139 Diarrhea, 139, 142

Diastolic, 139, 147 Digestion, 31, 50, 132, 133, 139, 148, 150, 163 Digestive system, 72, 139 Digestive tract, 140, 161 Diploid, 140, 156 Direct, iii, 29, 42, 135, 140, 159 Discrete, 140, 164, 167 Disinfectant, 140, 142 Diuresis, 133, 140 Dopamine, 140, 153, 156 Dormancy, 31, 140 Double-blind, 30, 31, 32, 33, 45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 56, 57, 140 Douche, 81, 140 Dross, 140, 157 Drug Interactions, 7, 38, 140 Duodenum, 132, 140, 163 Dysplasia, 80, 140 E Edema, 137, 140, 149 Effector, 129, 136, 140, 149 Effector cell, 129, 140, 149 Efficacy, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 38, 47, 56, 90, 91, 140 Elastic, 140, 163 Elastin, 136, 141 Electrolyte, 141, 162 Electrophoresis, 13, 55, 141 Emaciation, 126, 141 Embryo, 141, 148 Emodin, 127, 141 Endocarditis, 60, 133, 141 Endotoxins, 137, 141 Enhancers, 11, 12, 141 Environmental Health, 110, 112, 116, 141 Enzymatic, 47, 128, 133, 134, 137, 141, 160 Enzyme, 90, 130, 133, 140, 141, 144, 149, 150, 152, 158, 164, 167 Eosinophils, 127, 141, 145, 150 Ephedrine, 90, 141 Epidemiological, 6, 141 Epidermal, 89, 141 Epidermis, 141, 158 Epigastric, 141, 155 Epinephrine, 126, 140, 141, 153, 154, 165 Epithelial, 126, 136, 142, 146 Epithelial Cells, 136, 142, 146 Epithelium, 142, 149, 167 Erythema, 54, 137, 142, 166 Erythema Nodosum, 54, 142 Erythrocytes, 129, 132, 142

172 Echinacea

Esophagus, 140, 142, 156, 163 Ethanol, 49, 142 Ether, 85, 142 Eucalyptus, 80, 81, 88, 142 Excrete, 142, 160 Exocrine, 142, 155 Expiration, 9, 142 Extracellular, 128, 137, 142, 143, 162 Extracellular Matrix, 137, 142, 143 Extraction, 7, 8, 13, 56, 78, 93, 142 F Family Planning, 111, 142 Fat, 130, 132, 134, 138, 142, 150, 160, 161, 162, 163 Fatigue, 135, 142, 145 Fatty acids, 96, 142, 150, 157, 164 Feces, 139, 142, 163 Feverfew, 38, 143 Fibroblasts, 112, 137, 143 Fibrosis, 10, 59, 127, 143 Filtration, 86, 143 Flavoring Agents, 142, 143 Folate, 143 Folic Acid, 77, 143 Free Radicals, 130, 143 Fungi, 34, 129, 130, 143, 145, 152, 164, 167 Fungistatic, 112, 131, 143 Fungus, 82, 133, 143 G Gallbladder, 126, 140, 143 Ganglion, 143, 166, 167 Gas, 48, 128, 143, 146, 154, 163 Gasoline, 131, 143 Gastrin, 143, 146 Gastrointestinal, 76, 106, 141, 142, 144, 150, 161, 163, 165 Gastrointestinal tract, 76, 142, 144, 150, 161, 165 Gelatin, 144, 163 Gene, 11, 54, 101, 132, 144 Gene Expression, 54, 144 Genital, 29, 42, 81, 82, 135, 144 Gestational, 54, 144 Ginger, 37, 38, 81, 144 Gingivitis, 60, 81, 85, 144 Ginkgo biloba, 4, 116, 144 Ginseng, 3, 4, 38, 50, 56, 64, 65, 67, 100, 116, 144 Gland, 87, 144, 151, 155, 158, 161, 162, 164 Glucans, 93, 144 Glucose, 134, 144, 160, 162 Glucuronic Acid, 144, 145

Glutamic Acid, 143, 144, 153, 157 Glutathione Peroxidase, 144, 161 Glycine, 87, 128, 132, 144, 153 Glycoproteins, 84, 93, 96, 144 Glycosaminoglycan, 135, 144 Gout, 80, 136, 145 Governing Board, 145, 157 Graft, 145, 146 Granulocytes, 79, 127, 145, 153, 167 Granulocytopenia, 96, 145 Grasses, 143, 145, 146 Growth Substances, 145 H Hair follicles, 145, 167 Haploid, 145, 156 Headache, 62, 133, 145, 148 Heart attack, 134, 145 Heart failure, 141, 145 Heme, 138, 145 Hemodialysis, 133, 145 Hemorrhage, 138, 145, 163 Hemostasis, 145, 161 Heparin, 29, 42, 145 Hepatic, 7, 145 Hepatitis, 96, 145 Hepatocellular, 33, 55, 146 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 33, 55, 146 Hepatocytes, 145, 146 Hepatotoxic, 136, 146, 158 Herbicides, 9, 48, 146 Heredity, 126, 144, 146 Herpes, 28, 29, 40, 42, 60, 63, 81, 82, 88, 89, 96, 112, 126, 146, 147 Herpes virus, 89, 146 Herpes Zoster, 60, 63, 146 Heterotrophic, 143, 146 Hoarseness, 88, 146, 149 Homeopathic remedies, 88, 146 Hormone, 52, 106, 126, 139, 141, 143, 146, 160, 164 Hormone therapy, 126, 146 Host, 10, 89, 94, 131, 134, 146, 147, 150, 167 Household Products, 90, 146 Housekeeping, 146 Hybrid, 91, 146 Hydrogen, 11, 126, 128, 131, 134, 139, 144, 146, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158 Hydrogen Peroxide, 11, 144, 146 Hydroxy Acids, 90, 91, 146 Hydroxylysine, 136, 146 Hydroxyproline, 128, 136, 146 Hypericum, 6, 8, 13, 32, 50, 95, 147

Index 173

Hypersensitivity, 128, 147, 150, 160 Hypertension, 96, 134, 147, 149 Hypertrophy, 87, 131, 147 Hyperuricemia, 145, 147 Hypoplasia, 95, 147 I Id, 34, 58, 117, 122, 124, 147 Idoxuridine, 82, 147 Immune function, 52, 56, 147 Immune response, 32, 33, 52, 55, 106, 126, 129, 131, 147, 161, 163, 167 Immune Sera, 147 Immune system, 4, 12, 79, 92, 93, 94, 104, 112, 140, 146, 147, 150, 151, 156, 166, 167 Immunity, 42, 45, 51, 93, 99, 100, 112, 126, 127, 147, 165 Immunization, 33, 56, 147, 161 Immunodeficiency, 126, 147 Immunoglobulin, 96, 129, 147 Immunologic, 10, 135, 147 Immunology, 13, 39, 50, 126, 127, 147 Immunomodulator, 47, 147 Immunosuppressive, 138, 147 Impairment, 147, 152 In vitro, 7, 11, 13, 32, 50, 104, 147, 165 In vivo, 7, 50, 145, 147, 164 Incision, 148, 149 Incontinence, 90, 141, 148, 160 Incubation, 89, 148 Incubation period, 89, 148 Indicative, 99, 148, 155, 166 Induction, 51, 69, 148 Infarction, 138, 148, 152 Infiltration, 148, 167 Inflammation, 10, 58, 61, 62, 63, 80, 81, 87, 126, 129, 133, 137, 139, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 156, 158, 160, 166, 167 Influenza, 61, 86, 89, 148 Ingestion, 81, 148, 156 Inlay, 148, 160 Inorganic, 148, 151, 152, 154 Insecticides, 148, 156 Intermittent, 4, 148 Intermittent Claudication, 4, 148 Intestinal, 134, 136, 148 Intestine, 96, 133, 136, 148, 149 Intracellular, 133, 148, 159, 161 Intracranial Hypertension, 145, 149, 164 Inulin, 140, 149 Invasive, 82, 147, 149 Invertebrates, 136, 149 Ions, 11, 131, 141, 146, 149

Iris, 138, 149, 158 Isoenzyme, 7, 149 J Joint, 33, 80, 106, 130, 149, 154, 163 K Kava, 3, 4, 56, 88, 95, 116, 149 Kb, 110, 149 Keratitis, 82, 147, 149 Kidney Disease, 72, 96, 110, 149 Killer Cells, 44, 51, 149 L Labile, 136, 149 Large Intestine, 136, 140, 148, 149, 159, 161 Laryngitis, 61, 88, 149 Larynx, 149 Latency, 89, 150 Latent, 77, 150 Latent period, 77, 150 Laxative, 127, 141, 150, 151, 162 Leukemia, 31, 47, 61, 150 Leukocytes, 112, 131, 132, 135, 141, 145, 150 Leukopenia, 32, 53, 150 Leukotrienes, 10, 80, 130, 150 Library Services, 122, 150 Life cycle, 143, 150 Ligament, 150, 158 Linkages, 144, 150 Lipid, 11, 90, 135, 150 Lipophilic, 31, 48, 83, 150 Lipoxygenase, 32, 50, 80, 130, 150 Liver, 96, 126, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 150, 152, 162 Localized, 139, 148, 150, 156, 165, 166 Locomotion, 150, 156 Lubricants, 150, 156 Luciferase, 11, 150 Lupus, 61, 62, 80, 105, 151 Lymph, 77, 95, 151 Lymph node, 95, 151 Lymphadenopathy, 77, 151 Lymphatic, 148, 151, 162, 164 Lymphatic system, 151, 162, 164 Lymphocyte, 13, 51, 77, 126, 129, 149, 151 Lymphocyte Count, 126, 151 M Macrophage, 13, 28, 39, 45, 51, 129, 151 Magnesium Hydroxide, 151 Magnesium Oxide, 95, 151 Malignant, 96, 126, 130, 151, 153 Malignant tumor, 96, 151 Mannans, 143, 151

174 Echinacea

Meat, 87, 133, 151 Mediate, 140, 149, 151 Mediator, 151, 161 Medicament, 96, 151, 163 MEDLINE, 111, 151 Megaloblastic, 143, 151 Melanin, 149, 152, 156, 165 Membrane, 137, 142, 149, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 160, 161 Memory, 4, 139, 152 Mental, iv, 4, 73, 110, 113, 135, 139, 142, 152, 158 Mental Disorders, 73, 152 Menthol, 85, 152 Metabolic disorder, 145, 152 Methyl salicylate, 85, 152 MI, 83, 84, 125, 152 Microbe, 76, 89, 152, 165 Microorganism, 136, 152, 155, 167 Milk Thistle, 38, 116, 152, 161 Mitosis, 130, 152 Modification, 128, 152, 158 Molecular, 6, 28, 40, 111, 114, 132, 137, 145, 152, 157, 159, 163 Molecule, 129, 131, 135, 137, 140, 144, 152, 155, 159 Monocyte, 11, 13, 129, 152 Mononuclear, 31, 50, 152 Morphological, 141, 143, 152 Motility, 152, 161 Mucins, 144, 152 Mucosa, 82, 89, 151, 152 Mucus, 12, 152 Myalgia, 148, 152 Myeloid Cells, 29, 42, 153 Myocardium, 152, 153 N Narcolepsy, 141, 153 Nasal Mucosa, 148, 153 Natural killer cells, 52, 83, 153 NCI, 1, 72, 109, 153 Need, 3, 7, 14, 46, 52, 86, 90, 91, 100, 101, 105, 112, 118, 153 Neoplasms, 126, 130, 153 Nephropathy, 149, 153 Nerve, 126, 129, 135, 143, 151, 153, 160, 162, 166, 167 Nervous System, 131, 134, 151, 153, 163, 164, 166 Neurologic, 77, 153 Neurons, 153, 154, 163, 166 Neurotic, 153, 166

Neurotransmitter, 126, 128, 140, 144, 153, 154, 163, 164 Neutrons, 127, 153, 159 Neutrophil, 12, 153 Niacin, 153, 165 Nicotine, 95, 153 Nitrogen, 11, 127, 128, 138, 154, 165 Nitrogen Oxides, 11, 154 Norepinephrine, 126, 140, 141, 153, 154 Nucleic acid, 154 Nucleus, 130, 131, 135, 138, 139, 141, 152, 153, 154, 158, 167 O Ointments, 135, 154 Opportunistic Infections, 126, 154 Oral Health, 154 Oral Hygiene, 76, 85, 154 Organ Culture, 154, 165 Organic Chemicals, 85, 154 Organoleptic, 8, 154 Osmosis, 154 Osmotic, 9, 154 Osteoarthritis, 80, 154 Outpatient, 155 Oxidation, 11, 126, 130, 138, 144, 155 Oxidative metabolism, 150, 155 Oxides, 154, 155 Oxygenation, 80, 155 P Palliative, 155, 164 Pancreas, 96, 126, 132, 140, 155, 165 Parasitic, 136, 155, 156 Patch, 81, 155 Pathogen, 148, 155 Pathogenesis, 10, 155 Pathologic, 126, 130, 132, 134, 138, 147, 155 Pathologic Processes, 130, 155 Patient Education, 37, 116, 120, 122, 125, 155 Patient Satisfaction, 12, 155 Pediatrics, 5, 10, 28, 57, 155 Pelvic, 61, 155, 158 Peptide, 128, 155, 158 Perception, 137, 155 Perennial, 83, 91, 112, 136, 140, 143, 147, 155, 165 Periodontitis, 144, 156 Peripheral blood, 31, 50, 51, 156 Pesticides, 9, 146, 148, 156 Petroleum, 90, 143, 156 Phagocyte, 40, 156 Phagocytosis, 93, 156

Index 175

Pharmaceutical Preparations, 134, 142, 144, 156, 162 Pharmacologic, 129, 156, 165 Pharynx, 148, 156 Phenylalanine, 95, 156, 165 Phosphorus, 88, 133, 154, 156 Physiology, 9, 10, 156 Pilot Projects, 6, 156 Pilot study, 53, 156 Placebo Effect, 12, 71, 156 Plant Viruses, 138, 156 Plants, 8, 9, 11, 12, 32, 33, 49, 50, 53, 78, 79, 84, 90, 91, 92, 96, 127, 130, 131, 135, 138, 141, 144, 146, 147, 149, 154, 156, 158, 160, 165, 166 Plaque, 81, 85, 156 Plasma, 77, 127, 129, 144, 145, 156, 161 Pneumonia, 138, 156 Poisoning, 132, 156 Polyethylene, 156, 157, 163 Polyethylene Glycols, 157, 163 Polyposis, 136, 157 Polysaccharide, 51, 94, 129, 134, 144, 157 Polyvalent, 86, 157 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, 46, 157 Posterior, 128, 149, 155, 157, 160 Poultice, 81, 157 Practice Guidelines, 113, 157 Precipitation, 41, 157 Precursor, 130, 135, 138, 140, 141, 154, 156, 157, 165 Progression, 77, 157 Progressive, 80, 139, 145, 154, 157 Projection, 139, 154, 157 Proline, 136, 146, 157 Prophylaxis, 10, 77, 157 Propolis, 76, 85, 157 Prostaglandins, 80, 130, 157, 158 Prostaglandins A, 80, 157 Prostaglandins D, 158 Prostate, 47, 62, 86, 87, 96, 116, 131, 132, 158, 160, 165 Prostate gland, 47, 86, 87, 96, 158 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 158 Prostatitis, 62, 86, 87, 158 Protein C, 112, 131, 158 Protein S, 101, 132, 158 Proteins, 33, 55, 128, 129, 133, 135, 136, 152, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 165 Proteolytic, 137, 158 Protons, 127, 146, 158, 159

Psychic, 152, 158 Public Policy, 111, 158 Pulmonary, 132, 150, 158, 163 Pupil, 138, 158 Pustular, 126, 158 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 136, 158 Q Quality of Life, 12, 87, 158 R Race, 57, 158 Radiation, 62, 95, 126, 143, 159 Radiation therapy, 126, 159 Radioactive, 146, 159 Random Allocation, 159 Randomization, 12, 159 Randomized, 3, 5, 9, 12, 30, 31, 33, 38, 45, 46, 49, 54, 56, 57, 71, 140, 159 Randomized clinical trial, 3, 159 Reagent, 41, 150, 159 Receptor, 129, 137, 140, 159, 161 Receptors, Serotonin, 159, 161 Recombinant, 31, 47, 159 Rectal, 159, 163 Rectum, 130, 133, 136, 140, 143, 148, 149, 158, 159, 163 Refer, 1, 133, 136, 143, 144, 146, 150, 153, 159 Refraction, 159, 162 Regimen, 140, 156, 159 Renal tubular, 41, 160 Renal tubular acidosis, 41, 160 Reproductive system, 158, 160 Restoration, 80, 160, 167 Retinal, 137, 160 Rheumatism, 80, 160 Rheumatoid, 106, 160 Rheumatoid arthritis, 106, 160 Rhinitis, 58, 141, 160 Rhinovirus, 10, 14, 50, 160 Rigidity, 156, 160 Rodenticides, 156, 160 S Saccharin, 85, 160 Salicylate, 135, 160 Salivary, 140, 160 Salivary glands, 140, 160 Saponins, 133, 136, 160 Sclera, 137, 160 Scopolamine, 131, 160 Screening, 135, 161 Sebaceous, 161, 167 Sebum, 126, 161

176 Echinacea

Secretion, 87, 126, 152, 161 Sedative, 149, 161, 166 Selenium, 87, 161 Semen, 158, 161 Seroconversion, 77, 161 Serologic, 161 Serotonin, 95, 153, 159, 161, 165 Serum, 10, 112, 128, 136, 147, 161 Shock, 128, 161 Side effect, 4, 6, 38, 85, 96, 126, 138, 147, 161, 165 Silymarin, 152, 161 Skeleton, 149, 161 Skin test, 104, 161 Small intestine, 95, 140, 146, 148, 161 Smooth muscle, 127, 128, 133, 137, 162, 163 Social Environment, 158, 162 Sodium, 85, 145, 162 Sodium Benzoate, 85, 162 Soft tissue, 132, 161, 162 Solvent, 77, 89, 131, 142, 154, 162 Sorbitol, 85, 162 Specialist, 117, 162 Spectrum, 82, 84, 162 Sperm, 87, 135, 162 Spleen, 29, 42, 45, 95, 151, 162 Standard therapy, 87, 162 Standardize, 96, 162 Sterile, 77, 89, 162 Sterility, 138, 162 Stimulant, 41, 112, 133, 162 Stimulus, 140, 150, 162, 164 Stomach, 83, 126, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 156, 161, 162, 163 Stool, 136, 148, 149, 163 Stress, 8, 9, 12, 131, 160, 163, 166 Stroke, 73, 110, 134, 163 Subacute, 57, 148, 163 Subclinical, 148, 163 Subspecies, 162, 163 Substance P, 161, 163 Suction, 143, 163 Sulfur, 154, 163 Supplementation, 42, 163 Suppositories, 32, 53, 144, 163 Suppository, 81, 157, 163 Surfactant, 77, 89, 163 Survival Rate, 40, 163 Symphysis, 135, 158, 163 Symptomatic, 77, 82, 163 Symptomatic treatment, 82, 163

Synaptic, 153, 154, 163, 164 Synaptic Transmission, 154, 164 Synergistic, 12, 164 Systemic, 40, 53, 62, 87, 128, 132, 133, 141, 148, 149, 159, 164, 165 Systolic, 147, 164 T Tartar, 85, 164 Tea Tree Oil, 66, 81, 164 Tendon, 133, 136, 143, 164 Therapeutics, 48, 164 Threshold, 147, 164 Thrombin, 158, 164 Thrombomodulin, 158, 164 Thrombosis, 158, 163, 164 Thromboxanes, 130, 164 Thrush, 133, 164 Thymus, 88, 95, 147, 151, 164 Thyroid, 164, 165 Thyroxine, 156, 164 Tinnitus, 4, 164, 167 Tissue Culture, 91, 165 Tone, 154, 165 Topical, 76, 81, 82, 88, 130, 142, 146, 164, 165 Toxic, iv, 38, 76, 90, 116, 127, 131, 139, 145, 146, 147, 153, 161, 165 Toxicity, 8, 57, 140, 141, 165 Toxicology, 29, 48, 112, 116, 165 Toxins, 87, 129, 141, 144, 148, 165 Transcutaneous, 81, 165 Transfection, 132, 165 Transfer Factor, 147, 165 Translation, 128, 165 Transplantation, 147, 165 Trees, 142, 165 Tryptophan, 95, 136, 161, 165 Tumor marker, 132, 165 Tunica, 152, 165 Tyrosine, 95, 140, 165 U Ulcer, 165, 166 Ulceration, 89, 166 Unconscious, 139, 147, 166 Uracil, 48, 166 Ureters, 166 Urethra, 87, 131, 158, 166 Uric, 145, 147, 166 Urinary, 62, 83, 87, 133, 141, 148, 160, 166 Urinary tract, 83, 166 Urinary tract infection, 83, 166 Urine, 87, 131, 132, 139, 140, 148, 166

Index 177

Urticaria, 128, 166 Uterus, 135, 160, 166 V Vaccine, 126, 166 Vagina, 133, 135, 139, 140, 160, 166 Vaginal, 63, 81, 163, 166 Vaginitis, 63, 133, 166 Valerian, 9, 37, 38, 95, 166 Vascular, 127, 128, 148, 166 Vegetative, 132, 166 Venous, 158, 166 Venules, 132, 134, 166 Vesicular, 89, 146, 166 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 164, 166, 167 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 164, 167 Veterinary Medicine, 111, 167

Viral, 77, 81, 82, 96, 112, 147, 148, 167 Viremia, 46, 77, 167 Virulence, 165, 167 Virus, 10, 28, 40, 46, 60, 76, 77, 82, 88, 89, 126, 130, 131, 138, 140, 141, 156, 167 Vitro, 32, 50, 145, 167 Vivo, 32, 50, 167 Vulgaris, 88, 167 W White blood cell, 129, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 167 Wound Healing, 35, 136, 167 Y Yeasts, 133, 143, 167 Z Zoster, 96, 167 Zymogen, 158, 167

178 Echinacea

Index 179

180 Echinacea

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