Zinc - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P ARKER , M...

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A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Zinc: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84317-1 1. Zinc-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on zinc. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ZINC .......................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Zinc............................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 59 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 81 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ZINC .............................................................................................. 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Finding Nutrition Studies on Zinc............................................................................................ 129 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 138 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 138 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ZINC ........................................................................ 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 145 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 146 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 171 General References ..................................................................................................................... 190 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ZINC .......................................................................................... 191 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 191 Dissertations on Zinc................................................................................................................. 191 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 202 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ZINC .................................................................................... 203 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 203 Recent Trials on Zinc................................................................................................................. 203 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 204 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ZINC..................................................................................................... 207 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 207 Patents on Zinc.......................................................................................................................... 207 Patent Applications on Zinc ...................................................................................................... 245 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 282 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ZINC ........................................................................................................ 283 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 283 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 283 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 286 Chapters on Zinc........................................................................................................................ 298 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ZINC .......................................................................... 309 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 309 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 309 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 313 Academic Periodicals covering Zinc .......................................................................................... 315 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 317 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 317 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 317 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 318 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 319 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 323 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 323 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 323 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 325 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 327

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The Genome Project and Zinc.................................................................................................... 327 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 343 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 343 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 343 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 345 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 347 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 347 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 347 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 347 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 347 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 353 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 356 ZINC DICTIONARY ..................................................................................................................... 357 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 467

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with zinc is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about zinc, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to zinc, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on zinc. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to zinc, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on zinc. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ZINC Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on zinc.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and zinc, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Rapid Induction of Alzheimer Abeta Amyloid Formation by Zinc Source: Science. 265(5177): 1464-1467. September 2, 1994. Summary: This article examines the effect of physiological concentrations of zinc on the stability of human Abeta amyloid(1-40) (AB 1-40), a major component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cerebral amyloid, in solution. It compares the effects to those of the ratmouse species of the peptide. Specifically, researchers examined the binding affinity of zinc to rat AB 1-40 in a zinc competitive assay system used to measure the binding affinity of zinc to human AB 1-40. Human AB 1-40 specifically and saturably binds zinc. Here, concentrations of zinc above 300 nanomolar rapidly destabilized human AB 1-40 solutions, inducing tinctorial amyloid formation. However, rat AB 1-40 binds to zinc less avidly and is immune to these effects perhaps explaining the scarcity with which these

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animals form cerebral AB. These data suggest a role for cerebral zinc metabolism in the neuropathogenesis of AD. 4 figures, 36 references. (AA-M). •

Zinc Takes the Center Stage: Its Paradoxical Role in Alzheimer's Disease Source: Brain Research, Brain Research Reviews. 41(1): 44-56. January 2003. Summary: This article reviews current evidence for abnormal metal interactions in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have implicated redox active metals such as copper, iron, and zinc as key mediating factors in the pathophysiology of AD. There is also evidence that drugs with metal chelating properties could produce a significant reversal of beta-amyloid plaque deposition in vitro and in vivo. This article focuses on studies that show an etiologic involvement of zinc in AD, but it also addresses the role of copper and iron in AD pathology. In addition, it discusses recent in vitro reports indicating that zinc may protect against beta-amyloid cytotoxicity. Finally, it explains how the apparent effect of zinc on AD pathology may be paradoxical. The authors propose that complex pathologic stressors inherent to the AD brain dictate whether zinc will be neuroprotective or neurodegenerative. 1 figure, 161 references.

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Several Questions About Zinc: the Role of Zinc in Alzheimer's Disease Source: Research and Practice in Alzheimer's Disease. 41-50. 1998. Summary: This article reviews the conflicting evidence on possible links among zinc, visual loss, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The authors discuss the fact that current knowledge about the pathogenesis of AD remains fragmented. Researchers have studied the possible association between zinc and AD, and the physiological importance of zinc is well-documented; but contradictory findings exist about the effect of zinc on neurological function. Zinc has been shown to have a possible role in amyloid accumulation, a pathological feature of AD. However, zinc also has been used as therapy for the visual deterioration associated with macular degeneration. The authors pose two questions that may provide clues to zinc's possible role in AD: is cognitive impairment more readily observed in macular degeneration patients who receive zinc supplements than in those who do not?, and is the synthesis of amyloid in patients with macular degeneration and/or AD affected by zinc supplements? 88 references.

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Topical Zinc Cream Blocks Latex Dermatitis Source: Skin and Allergy News. 28(12):14; December 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals reports on preliminary results of efficacy studies of a topical zinc cream containing a mix of both soluble and insoluble zinc. The study tested the cream on 20 individuals who were not sensitive to latex and on 20 subjects sensitive to latex. The study found that the topical cream protected hands against latex contact dermatitis.

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Venoms, Copper, and Zinc in the Treatment of Arthritis Source: Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 25(4): 919-928. November 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the use of venoms, copper, and zinc in the treatment of arthritis. The article reviews the history and effectiveness of viper, bee, and ant venoms to determine whether incorporating these natural ingredients into anti-inflammatory medications helps relieve rheumatologic symptoms. Data from animal experiments indicate that treatment with cobra venom prevents or delays the onset of arthritis in various models but fails to

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reduce inflammation or alter the course of established arthritis; however, the effects appear to be short lived. There is no clinical evidence that bee stings or purified bee venom has any antiarthritic activity in humans. Although the study of venom fractions in animal models demonstrates several anti-inflammatory substances, the doses required to suppress arthritis are so large that the possibility that one or multiple stings are useful for arthritis treatment can be excluded. Although the findings of a study on the efficacy of ant venom seemed to demonstrate some clinical improvement, the results are difficult to interpret because of the reintroduction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy 2 weeks after the initiation of ant venom injections. Although studies of copper and zinc show that these compounds may offer therapeutic benefits, there is still no consensus on the potential role of these elements in treating arthritis. 38 references.

Federally Funded Research on Zinc The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to zinc. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to zinc. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore zinc. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for zinc: •

Project Title: A NOVEL ZINC FINGER TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODULATOR OF T CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Avram, Dorina A.; Ctr/Cell Biology & Cancer Res; Albany Medical College of Union Univ Albany, Ny 12208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's abstract): T lymphocytes are important regulators of mammalian immune response to pathogens and tumor cells, and are important effectors in allergenic reactions, transplant rejection and autoimmunity. Transcription factors regulate T cells differentiation from progenitors to mature cells, as well as quiescence, activation and programmed cell death. Therefore, alteration in transcription factor function may result in dysfunction of immune system responses and disease. A program of supervised training in immunology is proposed to elucidate the role that CTIP2, a novel transcriptional modulator, plays in T cells and to characterize the molecular basis of the transcriptional mechanisms underlying this function. The long term objectives of this proposal are to understand how nuclear transcriptional modulators regulate gene expression in T lymphocytes and determine their role in

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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differentiation, quiescence and activation. To this end, they recently isolated a novel family of C2H2 zinc finger proteins, CTIP1 and CTIP2, highly and differentially expressed in the immune system. Transcriptional repression mediated by CTIPs is independent of trichostatin A sensitive histone deacetylation. CTIP2 is highly expressed in the thymus and mature T cells and they propose to study the role of this protein in T cell differentiation and function. Recently, it has been shown that dysfunctional expression of CTIP1 results in leukemia in mice. They expect that, similarly, dysfunction in expression of CTIP2 will affect normal differentiation and function of T cells. The first aim of this proposal is to confirm that CTIP2 is a transcriptional modulator in T cells and identify target genes that are regulated by CTIP2 in T cells. Another goal is to determine what role CTIP2 plays during T cell development by studying the expression profiles of CTIP2 and its target genes during T cell differentiation. The next goal is to determine what role CTIP2 plays in resting and activated T cells and to decipher the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation mediated by CTIP2. All these goals will be pursued under the direct mentoring and supervision of Dr. Anthony Vella and Dr. Mark Leid. Dr. Vella will supervise the candidate's training in immunology. Experiments addressing transcriptional regulation, gene expression, yeast two hybrid screening, cloning, etc. will be conducted in Dr. Leid's laboratory and under his supervision. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ALS, SOD AND PEROXYNITRITE Principal Investigator & Institution: Beckman, Joseph S.; Professor, Dept. of Biochem. & Biophys.; None; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Over 60 different dominant missense mutations to the Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The apparent gain-of-function conferred by these SOD mutations remains elusive. Four broad theories have been proposed to account for the gain-of-function: an amyloid effect due to aberrant protein folding unrelated to free radicals; toxicity due to reactions of SOD with hydrogen peroxide; the loss of zinc leading to altered redox reactions by SOD; and increased tyrosine nitration. Our preliminary data suggests that zinc-deficient SOD causes increased tyrosine nitration and apoptosis in motor neurons. In the present application, we propose to test these four general theories utilizing new lines of ALS- SOD transgenic mice where mutant ALS SOD expression is controlled by a tetracycline- inducible promoter. The inducible expression will allow us to determine how long expression of mutant SOD is necessary to induce motor neuron death and whether down regulating expression of ALS SOD allows motor neurons to be rescued. Other transgenic lines expressing ALS-SODs with additional mutations to eliminate zinc and copper binding will be made to determine the roles of these metals in the development of motor neuron disease. We have developed novel assays to measure formation of hydrogen peroxide, accumulation of zinc-deficient SOD and tyrosine nitration in vivo, which will be used to determine whether expression of these mutant SODs affects these factors as mice develop disease. From in vitro expression experiments, we have discovered that one cysteine residue renders the ALS-SOD mutant proteins vulnerable to aggregation. We will determine whether mutation of this cysteine residue increases or decreases the toxicity of ALS-SODs in transgenic mice and how it affects intracellular aggregation. These experiments will critically test the contributions of protein aggregation, metal ions and oxidative stress in SOD-induced degeneration of motor neurons in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BIOMATERIALS (MG/ZN/F-BCPS)FOR OSTEOPOROSIS THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Legeros, Racquel Z.; Biomaterials and Biomimetics; New York University 15 Washington Place New York, Ny 10003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Osteoporosis is a 'silent' progressive and debilitating disease characterized by bone loss, thinning cortical bone and disorganized trabecular bone leading to bone fragility and fracture. Osteoporosis results when the processes of bone formation and bone resorption become uncoupled and the rate of bone resorption becomes much greater than that of bone formation. FDA-approved pharmaceutical interventions have antiresorptiive properties. Some of these drugs have serious side effects. Fluoride (F) therapy as sodium fluoride is the only one shown to consistently increase bone mass, but was also reported to increase fracture risk. The goal of the proposed research is to develop novel materials incorporating magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), F ions in a calcium (Ca) phosphate system (Mg/Zn/F-BCP). Separately, these ions have been associated with bone formation, biomineralization and osteoporosis therapy. Specific aims are to: (1) prepare and characterize the crystallographic, morphologic, and chemical properties of a series of Mg/Zn/F-BCP materials; (2) determine the short and long term initial dissolution rates and release of Ca, Mg, Zn, P and F ions of the materials prepared in Aim 1; (3) determine in vitro response of bone forming (osteoblasts) and bone resorbing (osteoclasts) cells to Mg/Zn/F-BCPs of various compositions using human osteoblast-like cells and rat osteoclast-like cells; (4) determine the effect of orally administered various Mg/Zn/F-BCPs on (a) bone properties (mechanical strength, density, quality, composition, and histomorphometric parameters and bone mineral (crystallinity, composition and dissolution) of adult and aged female and male rats; and (b) on the development of osteoporosis (deficient-diet induced) in adult rats; and (5) determine therapeutic effect of various injected Mg/Zn/F-BCPs on ovariectomized rats using biomechanical, histomorphometric measurements and chemical analyses on bone and plasma analyses. Hypothesis: Biomaterials with Zn, Mg and F ions in a calcium phosphate matrix (used as dietary supplement and ion releasing injectible 'implants') will improve bone health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CADMIUM & PANCREATIC CANCER: A PILOT CASE-CONTROL STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartz, Gary G.; Associate; Cancer Biology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Little is known about the etiology of pancreatic cancer, which causes more than 29,000 deaths per year in the U.S. The P.I. recently proposed that cadmium is a cause of pancreatic cancer (Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Prevention, 9:139-145, 2000). Cadmium is a non-essential metal that accumulates in the human pancreas. Cadmium is known to cause pancreatic cancer in animals and is a plausible cause of pancreatic cancer in humans. We will conduct a pilot, hospital-based case-control study to determine whether exposure to cadmium, as measured by questionnaire data on dietary, occupational and recreational exposure to cadmium, and by measurements of cadmium in urine, predicts risk for pancreatic cancer. We hypothesize that, controlling for age and smoking history, reported exposure to cadmium and cadmium levels in urine will be higher from persons with pancreatic cancer than from persons without pancreatic cancer. Our Specific Aims are to: 1. Recruit

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50 patients with incident cancer of the exocrine pancreas (cases) seen at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center (WFUBMC). 2. Recruit two sets of control patients: a. 50 patients matched on race, gender, smoking history, and age (4- 5 years) without cancer seen inthe Department of Gastroenterology (G.I.) at WFUBMC (the clinic referral population) b. 50 patients matched on race, gender, smoking history, and age (4-5 years) without cancer seen at General Internal Medicine clinics at WFUBMC (the hospital referral population). 3. Obtain informed consent, urine samples, and questionnaire data for cases and controls. 4. Analyze these data to determine risk of pancreatic cancer from: cadmium in urine, corrected for creatinine levels (a biomarker of exposure to cadmium), reported exposure to cadmium, and retinol binding protein in urine (a measure of biological effect of exposure to cadmium). 5. Secondarily, analyze urine specimens for zinc and copper and compare tile patient groups with respect to the zinc:cadmium ratio, and to the concentrations of copper. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CATALYTIC MECHANISM OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Silverman, David N.; Professor; Pharmacology and Therapeutics; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1978; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): The reaction of physiological significance catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase (CA) is the hydration of carbon dioxide: CO(2) + H(2)O HCO(3-) + H(+). This catalysis requires attack on CO2 by zinc-bound hydroxide followed by rate-limiting proton transfers from the active site to solution to regenerate the zinc-bound hydroxide. The efficient isozymes of the animal CA's utilize His64 as an intramolecular proton shuttle; this residue accepts protons from the zinc-bound water through a network of hydrogen-bonded waters at a turnover rate of 106 s(-1) and transfers them to solution. The unifying goal of this proposal is to expand the study of the carbonic anhydrases to understand rate-limiting proton steps in a way that can be extended to other proteins. A concurrent goal is to apply Marcus rate theory both to understand the proton transfers in carbonic anhydrase and to elucidate the significance of the parameters of the Marcus theory for proton transfer in an enzyme or protein. Dr. Silverman will use site-specific mutagenesis and chemical modification to place proton transfer groups at strategic locations in three broad and genetically distinct classes of CA's: the alpha (animal), beta (plant), and gamma (archaeal) CA's. Dr. Silverman will also utilize exogenous proton donors from solution to expand the work to intermolecular proton transfer. Stopped-flow spectrophotometry and 18O exchange between CO2 and water measured by mass spectrometry will be used to obtain rate constants for inter- and intramolecular proton transfer. Crystal structures of important mutants will be determined. A goal is to determine specifically how distances, location, and environment in the active site influence the rate of proton transfer. Dr. Silverman will apply Marcus rate theory to determine and interpret the intrinsic energy barriers and thermodynamic components for the proton transfers and relate them to the structural and chemical features of the CA active site. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CDF-1 REGULATION OF ZINC HOMEOSTASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kornfeld, Kerry; Assistant Professor; Molecular Biol & Pharmacology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this proposal is to characterize the mechanisms of zinc metabolism and the regulation of Zn2+homeostasis in multicellular animals. Zn2+ metabolism has important implications for human health because zinc deficiencies caused by inadequate diet or inborn errors of metabolism result in many pathologies. Zn2+ also regulates important processes such as cell proliferation, and Zn2+ metabolism may affect diseases such as cancer. The first specific aim is to characterize the role of the C. elegans cdf-1 gene in Zn2+ metabolism in an intact animal. cdf-1 encodes a cation diffusion facilitator protein that promotes Zn2+ efflux across the plasma membrane. The research design and methods include developing assays of zinc content, distribution, uptake and excretion in nematode worms. These assays will be used to determine how changes in dietary zinc affect Zn2+homeostasis. The role of cdf-1 in Zn2+ metabolism will be determined by analyzing mutants that lack CDF-1 activity, overexpress CDF-1, or express CDF-1 in specific tissues. The regulation of CDF-1 activity will be characterized by analyzing cdf-1 mRNA and protein in intact animals and determining how these products are regulated by dietary zinC. The final part of the first specific aim is to characterize the biochemical mechanism of action of CDF-1 in promoting Zn2+ transport across the plasma membrane. The research design and methods include developing assays of Zn2+ transport using purified components or cellular systems and characterizing the role of CDF-1 in Zn 2+ transport. Proteins that bind to CDF-1 will be identified using the yeast two-hybrid system and the role of CDF-l-interacting proteins in Zn2+ transport will be analyzed. The role of CDF-1-interacting proteins in intact animals will be investigated using genetic approaches. The second specific aim is to identify a network of genes that regulate Zn2+- homeostasis. The research design and methods include conducting genetic screens for mutations that affect C. elegans Zn2+ metabolism. Genetic methods will be used to determine the specific role of newly identified genes in Zn2+ metabolism. The role of these genes in cell fate specification will be determined to characterize the relationship between Zn2+ metabolism and Ras-mediated signaling. Molecular approaches will be used to clone the affected genes and reveal the mechanisms used by these proteins to regulate Zn2+ metabolism. These studies are likely to provide significant new insights into Zn2+ metabolism by establishing the role of CDF-1 in an intact animal, elucidating the biochemical mechanism of CDF-1, and identifying and characterizing new proteins that regulate Zn2+. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHROMATIN REMODELING IN TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODELS OF HD Principal Investigator & Institution: Cha, Jang-Ho J.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease for which there is currently no effective treatment. Although a number of pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed, transcriptional dysregulation has emerged as a potential critical aspect. In transgenic mouse models of HD, numerous alterations in the steady state levels of mRNA have been described. However, the mechanisms underlying mRNA perturbation are undefined. Elucidation of such mechanisms will have significant relevance to the understanding and development of future treatment of HD. In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated through modification of chromatin and association with specific transcription factors. While alteration of steady state mRNA levels in transgenic HD mouse (R6/2) brain is de facto evidence of transcriptional

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Zinc

dysregulation, it is yet unknown whether there are specific alterations in chromatin structure. In this project, we will explore chromatin remodeling in a transgenic HD mouse model. First, we will determine if mithramycin--an aureolic antibiotic that binds to GC-rich regions of DNA and which has been shown to extend lifespan in R6/2 mice-corrects mRNA expression abnormalities that we have previously described in these mice. We will use receptor binding autoradiography and in situ hybridization to perform these analyses. Next, we will seek to determine the role of a fatnily of transcription factors, the Sp family, with a set of genes whose expression is known to be altered in R6/2 mice. We will explore the interactions of Sp and related zinc finger transcription factors by using Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation (CHIP) assays with realtime PCR detection. Finally, we will explore the ability of mithramycin to reverse chromatin abnormalities in the R6/2 mice. Taken together, these experiments will elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional dysregulation in a model of Huntington's disease. Such elucidation of a central pathogenic mechanism will open the way towards rational, mechanism-targeted therapy for this devastating disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--TRACE METALS FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Graziano, Joesph H.; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The primary purpose of the Trace Metals Facility Core is to provide Center investigators with the capability to obtain analyses of biological samples for a broad array of metals including: lead, mercury, arsenic, iron, manganese, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, sodium, cobalt, platinum, potassium and others. In addition, the facility provides method development for these analyses, standardization, and quality control. Biochemical analyses that help in the assessment of the physiological status of the subjects that are exposed to these metals are also conducted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DE NOVO DESIGN OF ALPHA HELICAL BUNDLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Degrado, William F.; Professor; Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: De Novo Design of alpha-Helical Bundles Protein folding is a remarkable process of molecular recognition in which a random coil with an astronomically large number of rapidly interconverting conformers assembles into a functional, fully folded unique three-dimensional structure. De novo design, in which one attempts to design proteins from scratch, has recently emerged as an attractive approach for investigating this process. In the previous period, we designed and characterized the structures of several three and four-helix bundle proteins that mimic the properties of natural proteins. This work led to a greater understanding of the balance of forces that are required for the stabilization of uniquely folded proteins. The current proposal focuses on the extension of these principles to the design of very large helical bundles as well as functional polypeptides. Specifically, we will design and characterize hexameric assemblies of three-helix bundles. Further, helical bundles will be designed to tightly and specifically associate with the alpha-subunit of the IL-4 receptor. Finally, we will use de novo design to understand how proteins bind and tune the properties of

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transition metal ions. In particular, proteins that bind dinuclear zinc, manganese, and iron will be prepared, and the influence of the protein matrix on the physical and chemical properties of the metal ions will be characterized. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETERMINANTS OF CALCIUM BINDING IN NON EF HAND PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Berliner, Lawrence J.; Professor and Chair; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver Box 101562 Denver, Co 80208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Biochemists and structural biologists have learned a tremendous amount about a common group of calcium-binding proteins containing the "EF-han motif" (troponin C, parvalbumin, calmodulin, etc.) from which there is a relative wealth on information on their structures and function. However another unique group of proteins exist, the calcium-binding a-lactalbumins and lysozymes, which are "non-classical" calcium-binding proteins which have a unique and distinct coordination geometry. The overall topography and role of the cation binding loop in the calcium-binding alphalactalbumins has yet to b fully understood. Furthermore, the alpha-lactalbumins are unique in their high propensity to form the intermediate "molten globule" folding state. They also bind the metal ion zinc at another distinct site, which modulates the conformational properties of the calcium bound form. The aims of this project are to unravel the structural and functional properties of the calcium binding properties of this milk protein, which modifies the specificity of the enzyme galactosyl transferase in lactose biosynthesis. The specific aims of this project are to: 1. Unravel the determinants involved in calcium binding (and in the folding an structural integrity of the protein). 2. Determine which residues of the protein are buried in membranes. 3. Determine the role of the amino acids involved in zinc binding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DETERMINATION OF SOLUTION STRUCTURES FROM NMR Principal Investigator & Institution: Case, David A.; Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The principal goals of this project are the development of algorithms that allow one to make the best use of NMR data to determine solution structures of biomolecules, to assess in a systematic fashion their accuracy and precision, and to explore the extent to which dynamical information can be extracted from NMR data. This will involve the following components: Studies of conformation-dependent chemical shifts and anisotropies. Earlier empirical treatments of shifts in proteins will be extended to the non-exchangeable protons in nucleic acids; ab initio quantum chemistry and empirical calculations will be used to explore patterns of shift anisotropies in peptide and nucleic acid fragments. Updated refinement methods. Refinement models will be developed that incorporate conformational disorder through the "locally enhanced sampling" model that uses multiple copies of portions of the macromolecule. Studies on protein and nucleic acid dynamics. Models for calculating rates of both homonuclear and heteronuclear relaxation, with increased attention to anisotropic tumbling and to conformational disorder, will be studied, along with contributions from internal motions to chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) relaxation and to CSA-dipolar crosscorrelated relaxation. Applications to important biological macromolecules. In

12

Zinc

collaborative experimental/theoretical efforts, these ideas will be applied to systems of significant interest to biochemistry, including: (a) studies of conformational heterogeneity and disorder in thioredoxin and zinc- finger/DNA complexes; (b) studies of the binding of duocarmycin analogues to DNA; (c) work on LFA1 integrin-ligand domains and on the interactions of zinc fingers with 5S RNA; (d) use of direct dipolar couplings and chemical shift analysis for structure elucidation in small RNA and RNA/protein interactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIMERIC CYS2HIS2 ZINC FINGER PROTEINS FOR GENE TARGETING Principal Investigator & Institution: Wolfe, Scot A.; Biochem & Molecular Pharmacol; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cys2His2 zinc finger proteins can be engineered to recognize a particular DNA sequence, such as a site in the promoter of a particular gene of interest. These proteins, when fused to activation or repression domains, can function as artificial transcription factors. They can be used as tools for the study of gene function in model organisms and potentially as gene therapy reagents for the treatment of disease. However, fundamental questions remain regarding the specificity of these proteins in vivo. This proposal describes the development of dimeric zinc finger proteins that can regulate a single endogenous gene. Dimeric zinc finger proteins should be superior to monomeric zinc finger proteins with regards to sequence specificity and in vivo utility, and they offer a unique system for dissecting the importance of specificity and affinity in in vivo function: Their specificity can be changed by adding or subtracting fingers and their affinity can be varied by increasing or decreasing the strength of the dimerization domain. In Aim #1, we will develop dimeric zinc finger proteins that can regulate a single gene in S. cerevisiae. The in vivo specificity of a series of different dimeric proteins will be characterized, and in conjunction with the analysis of their in vitro specificity and affinity, we will deconvolute the requirements for regulating a single gene in budding yeast. In Aim #2, we will investigate the same question in D. melanogaster. This organism provides unique tools, such as polytene chromosomes, for analyzing the role of specificity and affinity in gene regulation. By defining the increases in specificity and affinity required when moving from yeast to flies to regulate a single endogenous gene, these results should allow us to extrapolate to even more complex organisms such as mice. In Aim #3, we will develop dimeric zinc finger proteins capable of discriminating between two alleles based on single base pair differences. This study should define the limits of single base pair discrimination for zinc finger proteins, and in the future could provide a method for targeting cancer cells by tailoring a therapy specifically to their genotype. Our long-term goal is to develop tools for the regulation of a single gene or allele in a complex genome by understanding the relationship between specificity and affinity and in vivo function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN SALMONELLA PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fang, Ferric C.; Associate Professor; Microbiology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Phagocytic cells inhibit microbes through production of genotoxic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) produced by the NADPH phagocyte oxidase (phox) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Salmonella typhimurium must repair DNA damage to resist killing by phagocytederived ROS/RNS and cause lethal infection in mice. The specific aims of this project are to: A) Determine effects of ROS/RNS on DNA repair-deficient Salmonella in vitro; B) Characterize DNA damage and essential DNA repair mechanisms during Salmonella infection in vivo; C) Identify specific DNA-binding zinc metalloproteins targeted by RNS/ROS. Preliminary observations suggest the hypothesis that inhibition of DNA replication is the final common pathway of DNA damage during infection. Replication arrest can be caused by multiple mechanisms including blocking lesions, strand breaks, nucleotide depletion or inhibition of the primosome apparatus required to restart collapsed replication forks. In the absence of the RecBC repair proteins, replication arrest can result in lethal double-strand breaks. Mobilization of zinc by RNS strongly correlates with cytostasis in vitro, suggesting that RNS inhibit DNA replication by targeting DNA-binding zinc metalloproteins. To test the central hypothesis of this proposal, strains of S. typhimurium deficient in excision repair, homologous recombination, or translation DNA synthesis will be constructed and examined for susceptibility to ROS/RNS. Measurement of DNA synthesis, strand breaks, and mutagenesis will clarify mechanisms of ROS/RNS-mediated DNA damage. Wild-type and congenic phox/iNOS knock-out macrophages and mice will be used to identify repair mechanisms required for Salmonella virulence and characterize host-derived mediators responsible for DNA damage and replication arrest during host-pathogen interactions in vivo. Biochemical strategies and site-specific mutagenesis will be utilized to identify zinc metalloproteins modified by RNS. These studies will provide novel insights into mechanisms by which innate host defenses limit microbial replication by targeting DNA synthesis and establish critical mechanisms of microbial resistance to ROS/RNS-related DNA damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DOES NITRIC OXIDE CONTROL SYNAPTIC ZINC RELEASE? Principal Investigator & Institution: Frederickson, Christopher J.; Chief Executive Officer; Neurobiotex, Inc. 101 Christopher Columbus Blvd Galveston, Tx 77550 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Synaptically-released zinc has toxic impact in seizure, ischemia, and trauma, contributing to neuronal injury in all three conditions. Conversely, blockade of the excitotoxic synaptic zinc flux with zinc chelators can reduce neuronal degeneration markers by as much as 80%. We have recently discovered evidence indicating that Nitric Oxide (NO) may control the synaptic release of zinc. Should NO prove to be the controlling factor, this would open completely new avenues for management of zinc-induced brain damage in stroke, ischemia, trauma, and seizure. Moreover, prophylactic control of the Zn2+ toxicity via NO modulation could be used as therapeutic pretreatment in cardiac bypass and carotid endarterectomy procedures. Our pilot data indicate that NO infused into the brain simultaneously depletes presynaptic boutons of their zinc while releasing zinc into dialysates, and we have complementary data from brain slice preparations indicating that NO causes the release of Zn2+ into the bath. Perhaps more compelling, additional data suggest that zinc-induced neuronal injury after head trauma is decreased by up to 50% after blockade of NO* synthesis. The objective of the present proposal is to establish with certainty whether, in fact, NO controls Zn2+ release during excitotoxicity.

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Zinc

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DYNAMIC NEUROTOXINS

DRUG

DESIGN

TARGETING

BOTULINUM

Principal Investigator & Institution: Briggs, James M.; Assistant Professor; Biology and Biochemistry; University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Rd Houston, Tx 77004 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a dangerous bioterrorism threat due to their extreme potency and lethality, as well as their ease of production and transport. If untreated, poisoning by the BoNTs can progress to flaccid paralysis and death due to respiratory failure. However, timely post-exposure intervention can limit the effects of the circulating toxin. Our overall, long-term research objective is to generate a novel class of therapeutics that can be administered to individuals who have been poisoned by BoNT. Each BoNT is composed of a catalytic light chain whose entry into neurons is mediated by the heavy chain. Our strategy is based on the model that botulism-related flaccid paralysis is a downstream consequence of the zinc-dependent endopeptidase activity elaborated by the BoNT light chain. One of the most powerful approaches to inactivate the endopeptidase function of the BoNT light chains is rational design of inhibitors targeting the active site. To achieve this, we wilt combine computational and experimental approaches to develop lead inhibitor templates. In Specific Aim 1, we will use a powerful computational approach called dynamic pharmacophore modeling to identify computational leads to block the endopeptidase activities of the BoNTs. In this approach, the conformational flexibility of the protein and active site are taken into account through molecular dynamics simulations and the generation of a consensus, or dynamic, pharmacophore model using an ensemble of molecular dynamics-generated protein conformations. The dynamic pharmacophore model is then used to search databases of commercially available small molecules to generate computational lead compounds. In Specific Aim 2, we will test each computational lead for inhibitory activity using enzyme assays and in vitro cellular assays. A milestone of this work will be the identification of one or more lead inhibitor templates that block the action of wild type toxin using in vitro model systems. The results from this research will establish the groundwork and justification for future development and in vivo testing of these novel inhibitors using established animal models. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENDOGENOUS ANGIOGENESIS

GENE

REGULATION

FOR

CANCER

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Barbas, Carlos F.; Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The proliferation of vasculature, at levels that are either excessive or insufficient, is key in many diseases including arthritis, diabetes, cancer, and diseases of the heart and eye. The ability to selectively manipulate the transcription of genes controlling angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors and receptors is, therefore, anticipated to have a significant impact on the treatment of disease. The study proposed here capitalizes on our development of designed transcription factors that enable the transcription of endogenous genes to be either activated or repressed. Polydactyl zinc finger proteins can now be prepared that specifically bind 18 bp DNA target sequences.

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When fused to activation or repression domains, these proteins become potent regulators of the transcriptional activity of the target gene. This proposal focuses on the development of transcriptional regulators of genes that have been identified to be key in either the promotion or inhibition of angiogenesis. We aim to explore the potential of targeted angiogenic gene modulation in cancer. The efficacy of this approach will be studied using in vivo assays of angiogenesis and coregulation of genes will be studied in order to optimize the desired anti- angiogenic effect. We will address the therapeutic potential of Controlling angiogenesis in several murine cancer models. In collaborative studies angiogenic gene modulation will be applied to diseases of the eye, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular disease. It is anticipated that the results of this work will provide researchers with novel tools to study the molecular mechanisms of disease as well as a new strategy to treat it. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTECTOR

EXPERIMENTAL

RADIOTHERAPY--CARCINOGENESIS,

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Grdina, David J.; Professor; Radiation & Cellular Oncology; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: While the ultimate goal of this investigation continues to be the characterization of chemopreventive strategies to reduce the genotoxic damage to normal tissues by ionizing radiation during the treatment of potentially curable neoplastic disease, the focus of this application is directed to the investigation of the inhibitory effects of thiols on the process of spontaneous metastasis development. This study will utilize the SA-NH sarcoma that is capable of being grown in C3H mice as a model of spontaneous metastasis formation. SA-NH cell lines are also available for growth under in vitro conditions. The thiols chosen for study are amifostine, Nacetylcysteine (NAC), and captopril because each is currently in clinical use and each has been observed to have an inhibitory effect on metastases development in rodent tumor models. It is anticipated that if any or all of these thiols are found effective in inhibiting metastases formation in mice, their use as anti-metastatic agents could rapidly be translated to clinical protocols for cancer treatment. This study will focus only on thiol related properties that can affect certain well characterized steps in the metastatic process. Three hypotheses will be tested. First, because thiols are sulfhydryl doners they can stimulate the intracellular production of angiostatin, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, from plasminogen. Second, by virtue of their ability to chelate zinc, thiols can inhibit zinc binding to the zinc requiring matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this manner MMP activities required for tumor cell invasion into normal tissues are inhibited. And third, thiols can enhance gene expression and enzyme activity of MnSOD in tumor cells which in turn leads to a reduced metastatic phenotype. Techniques to be used include Northern blot analysis to assess MnSOD gene expression; Western blot analysis to assess angiostatin production; zymogram analysis to measure MMP activities; a spontaneous metastases assay involving the assessment of pulmonary metastases formed following the surgical removal of the primary tumor; and an artificial metastasis assay involving the assessment of pulmonary tumors formed following the injection of viable tumor cells treated under in vitro conditions and then injected into the lateral tail veins of recipient animals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Zinc

Project Title: FANCONI ANEMIA--ROLE OF THE C PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoatlin, Maureen E.; Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a cancer susceptibility syndrome associated with developmental abnormalities and bone marrow failure. Because of the unique cellular hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents FA is considered to be a DNA repair disorder. The first (of at least eight) of the known FA complementation group genes, FANCC, was cloned more than seven years ago. Despite substantial efforts to discover the function of the FANCC protein, and functions of the proteins encoded by the other more recently cloned FA genes (FANCA and FANCG), the basic defect is still unknown. We used a yeast two hybrid screen to identify a new POZ-zinc finger protein (termed FAZF) which interacts with FANCC. We recently showed that FAZF is a transcriptional repressor similar to the promyelocytic zinc finger protein (PLZF). PLZF represses transcription of target genes by recruitment of histone deacetylase through the SMRTmSin3-HDAC co-repressor complex and tethering the complex to specific DNA target sequences. The FANCC/FAZF interaction is intriguing because it suggests that the FANCC protein may be interacting with components of the histone deacetylase complex. We propose to investigate FAZF and its relationship to FA by: (1) Analyzing FAZF/FANCC interaction in response to DNA damage, determine if FAZF is an FA complementing protein, compare the expression of FAZF and FANCC in primary hematopoietic cells (2) Analyze the consequences of enforced expression of FAZF, identify FAZF's binding partners, determine if FAZF is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage (3) Produce and examine the phenotype of FAZF nullizygous mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FLUORESCENT NEUROCHEMISTRY

SENSORS

TO

INVESTIGATE

ZINC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lippard, Stephen J.; Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this research is to provide bright fluorescent sensors for zinc to investigate its neurochemistry. Zinc occurs at high concentrations in vesicles located in presynaptic neurons of the hippocampus and is released into the synaptic cleft in response to a physiological signal. We hypothesize that such zinc release can be used to map neural networks by following the temporal and positional pattern of fluorescence changes that occur following stimulation. Uncontrolled release of neuronal zinc, for example in response to ischemia, leads to Zninduced death of cortical neurons. The sensors devised here will provide a powerful tool for tracking zinc levels suspected to correlate with such events as well as neurological diseases, including familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheizemer's disease. The proposal focuses on the design and synthesis of three classes of ligands for selective zinc binding, each giving rise to a fluorescent response. The sensors are all derivatives of fluorescein, chosen for its high quantum yield, long wavelength excitation and emission properties, and ability to be manipulated chemically. The first class of ligands improves the brightness of the fluorescence upon Zn2+-binding, which is quenched by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) until zinc binding restores it. This kind of sensor is typified by preliminary work with the "Zinpyr" family of molecules, which contain fluorescein functionalized at the 4' and 5' positions with bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-

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aminomethyl zinc-binding moieties. A second approach affords ratioable fluorophores by coordination of zinc to the nitrogen atom of a hybrid rhodamine/fluorescein skeleton that we designate as "rhodafluor" ligands. Here, both the unbound and bound sensors fluoresce, but emit at different wavelengths. The third class of molecules to be synthesized and investigated positions the zinc-binding moiety as a spacer between pendant fluorescent donor/acceptor pairs that undergo resonance energy transfer (ET) more efficiently upon zinc binding. All the synthetic routes are modular and convergent, allowing for systematic variation of the Zn2+-binding unit to access a wide range of dissociation constants and solubility properties. The structures, formation constants, rates of formation and dissociation, solubility, solution stability, and fluorescence lifetimes of the zinc complexes of these sensors will be investigated. Their cellular localization will be studied by one- and two-photon microscopic methods. A strategy for attaching the sensors to the extracellular surface of post-synaptic neurons to monitor zinc arrival after synaptic firing will be pursued. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF A LEAD/CADMIUM/ZINC ATPASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mitra, Bharati; Associate Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The superfamily of P-type ATPases catalyzes the energy-dependent transport of charged substrates across membranes. These ubiquitous pumps transport different cations and carry out a wide variety of functions, for example, they generate the transmembrane ion gradients necessary for nutrient uptake, signal transduction, and maintenance of suitable pH and ion concentrations as well as maintain the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids across plasma membranes of animal cells. Soft-metal P-type ATPases maintain homeostasis of the essential metals, Cu(I), Zn (II) and Co(II) and also mediate resistance to Ag(I), Pb(II), Cd(II), and other highly toxic metal cations. The human Cu(I)-transporting ATPases associated with Menkes and Wilson diseases, are examples of monovalent soft-metal ATPases whereas ZntA from Escherichia coli, the focus of this application, is a divalent soft-metal ATPase. The objective of this proposal is to use ZntA as a prototype to study the mechanism by which soft-metal ATPases recognize and transport specific metal ions. ZntA is ideal for this study because it has been cloned, overexpressed, solubilized and purified. An ATPdependent transport assay has been developed for ZntA. A soft-metal dependent ATP hydrolysis assay has been optimized; ZntA is the first soft-metal ATPase for which this activity has been demonstrated. The specific aims include biochemical characterization of ZntA and analysis of the contributions of conserved residues and different domains, including the cysteine-rich amino-terminal domain of soft-metal ATPases, towards metal recognition and transport. The interaction between the metal-binding and transport domains with the ATP hydrolysis domain will be examined. The coordination and geometry adopted by different metal ions will be studied. Efforts to address these specific aims will include transport, ATP hydrolysis and phosphoenzyme formation assays, site-specific mutagenesis, and fluorescence EXAFS and x-ray structural studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE HAIRLESS PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Christiano, Angela M.; Associate Professor; Dermatology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032

18

Zinc

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) - In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the understanding of the morphogenic aspects of hair follicle biology, nevertheless, the cellular, molecular and genetic aspects of hair growth control remain largely unknown, Our previous studies implicate the mouse hairless (hr) gene as a key factor in coordinating basic cellular processes during hair follicle catagen, including club hair formation, maintenance of dermal papilla-epithelial integrity, inner root sheath disintegration, and particularly, keratinocyte apoptosis in the hair matrix cells. In the hair follicle, hairless appears to function in the cellular transition to the first adult hair cycle. In its absence, in hairless (hr/hr) or rhino (rh/rh) mice, hair growth completely ceases, a new hair is never induced, and the result is a complete form of inherited atrichia. We have established that the disorder papular atrichia represents the human counterpart of the hairless and rhino mouse phenotypes, resulting from mutations in the hairless gene. However, at the molecular and cellular level, the mechanism(s) of function of the hairless protein remains largely unknown. Hairless is a single zinc-finger protein which is thought to function as a putative transcription factor. We have recently shown unequivocally that hairless is localized to the nucleus, and interestingly, that it is associated with the nuclear matrix. Protein analysis software has identified three LXXLL motifs, known as NR (nuclear receptor) boxes, which are signatures of the transcriptional coactivator family of proteins. We have compiled several lines of new evidence which implicate hairless in a pathway of genes regulated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR). These include the clinical and histological similarities between hairless mice and both VDR and retinoid X receptor (RXRa) null mice. In addition, we provide evidence that the human papular atrichia is clinically and histologically indistinguishable from vitamin D dependent rickets, with mutations in the VDR. Finally, we have identified a putative target pathway for hairless regulation which involves the upregulation of ornithine decarboxylase. We have combined our preliminary studies with several emerging lines of biological data to formulate a hypothesis which asks three questions. First, is hairless a DNA-binding protein, and if yes, what is its signature sequence? Secondly, is hairless a transcriptional coactivator, and if yes, what are its interaction partners? Finally, what are the downstream targets of hairless gene regulation? We anticipate that this approach will allow us to gain novel insights into the function of the hairless protein for the first time. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FUNCTIONS ONCOGENESIS

OF

THE

SNAG

REPRESSION

DOMAIN

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rauscher, Frank J.; Deputy Director; Wistar Institute Philadelphia, Pa 191044268 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Snail-GFI1 (SNAG) subfamily of eukaryotic zinc finger (ZF) proteins encodes key regulators of developmental and homeostatic pathways in metazoans. The SNAG-ZF family in vertebrates share a COOH-terminal DNA binding domain composed of 5 -7 Cys2-His2 zinc fingers and a highly conserved NH2- terminus which contains the 21 amino acid SNAG repression domain. This domain is a potent, transferable repression domain. Nothing is known about the mechanisms of SNAG domain-mediated repression. The prototype SNAG domaincontaining oncogene, GFI1 (growth-factor independence-1) is responsible for development of T-cell thymomas. We used the GFI1 SNAG domain and first performed a comprehensive mutagenic analysis of SNAG-mediated repression and used this set of

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19

mutations to distinguish candidate SNAG-corepressor proteins in a yeast two hybrid screen. We discovered a novel, LIM domain containing protein AJUBA which binds to wild-type SNAG domain but not to mutants which lack repression activity. The SNAGAJUBA interaction occurs in vivo and enhances SNAG domain mediated repression. Remarkably, the AJUBA protein shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and may represent a novel signaling system which utilizes the SNAG repression domain as the nuclear receptor. We will further characterize the GFI1-AJUBA interaction by performing the following specific aims: Specifically we will: 1. Identify and characterize an endogenous GFI1-AJUBA complex, reconstitute, map and determine the specificity of the SNAG domain-AJUBA interaction in vitro and in vivo. 2. Define the mechanism of GFI1-AJUBA mediated repression, the molecular characteristics of the repressed locus and the influence of Ras signaling on AJUBA co-repression. 3. Define the biological relevance of SNAG domain-AJUBA interactions using in vivo cell proliferation and differentiation systems which are dependent upon SNAG-ZFs and AJUBA function. 4. Purify an endogenous GFI1 and AJUBA complex and define the components and their regulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GABA-A EPILEPTOGENESIS

RECEPTOR

GENE

TRANSFER

TO

PREVENT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Russek, Shelley J.; Pharmacol & Exper Therapeutics; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: Destabilization of the delicate balance between inhibition and excitation in the nervous system may underlie many neurological disorders, including temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major transmitter at inhibitory chemical synapses in the central nervous system. Alteration in type A GABA receptor (GABA/AR) function due to change in subunit composition has been hypothesized to be a critical component of epileptogenesis. Little is known, however, about the genetic mechanisms that regulate granule cells of adult rats following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), it has yet to be demonstrated that these changes are either necessary or sufficient for the development of epilepsy. The presence of an alpha4 subunit (GABRA4) and the lack of an alpha1 subunit (GABRA) in the GABAalphaR complex has been associated with a decrease in benzodiazepine sensitivity and a heightened sensitivity to blockade by zinc. Both of these features are also seen in adult rats with TLE following pilocarpine-induced SE. The broad objective of this project is to test the hypothesis that alterations in GABAA4 subunit gene expression play a critical role in the process of epileptogenesis by re- establishing normal levels of GABRA4 and GABRA1 following pilocarpine-induced SE and determining whether development of spontaneous seizures is subsequently prevented. To accomplish this objective we will further characterize the 5'flanking region of the GABRA4 gene to identify the boundaries of the promoter and its regulatory sequences that are critical for transcriptional activity in primary cultures of dentate granule cells. Adeno-associated parvovirus (AAV) vectors will then be designed to contain the GABRA4 promoter driving the transcription of GABRA1 transgene to up-regulate alpha1 subunit levels, or a GABRA4 antisense RNA, to down-regulate alpha4 levels. GABA/AR subunit levels will be examined following viral delivery of these vectors to dentate granule cells in culture and in vivo. An alternative strategy of decoy oligonucleotides containing regulatory sequences found in the GABRA4 promoter will also be tested in vitro and in vivo for its ability to down-regulate endogenous GABRA4 promoter will also be tested

20

Zinc

in vitro and in vivo for its ability to down- regulate sequences found in the GABRA4 promoter will also be tested in vitro and in vivo for its ability to down-regulate endogenous GABRA4 gene expression. These vectors will then be introduced into dentate granule cells of pilocarpine-treated rats to determine whether GABA/AR alphasubunit expression can be normalized, and if so whether subsequent development of epilepsy can be prevented. Results of these studies should enhance our understanding of GABA/AR subunit gene regulation, establish if subunit changes are a necessary component of epileptogenesis and provide a basis for novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention or cure of epilepsy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC MECHANISMS OF B CELL LYMPHOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Chaganti, Raju S.; Member and Professor, William E. Snee c; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The goal of this Program Project is in-depth analysis of normal and deregulated function of two novel genes recently cloned by us from IG gene-associated chromosome translocations in diffuse lymphoma with a large cell component (DLLC), clinically the most significant form of NHL. One, BCL6, is a zinc finger transcription factor mapped to chromosome band 3q27. BCL6 is altered by rearrangement in its 5' non-coding region in about 30% of DLLC and about 50% of follicular lymphomas (FL). Recent studies showed that in about 70% of DLLC and about 50% of FL, the BCL6 gene is also altered by multiple, often bi-allelic, mutations clustering in its %' non-coding region. These mutations are somatic in origin and independent of rearrangement by chromosome translocation. Our goals for BCL6 studies are represented by three projects in this Program Project which address the following issues: (1) mechanism, consequence, and role in NHL development of BCL6 and cytokine signaling, and (3) POK proteins in ontogenesis, lymphopoiesis, and lymphomagenesis. BCL8 has just been identified by virtue of its rearrangement with IGH gene in a DLLC by way of a chromosome translocation. It maps to 15q11-13. The goal of the final project in this Program Project is to investigate the structure and function of normal BCL8 and the mechanism and consequence of its alteration to NHL development. The studies proposed are designed to gain insights into the normal and abnormal function of BCL6 and BCL8 genes. Such insights are essential to understand the roles of these genes in normal mammalian development and human tumorigenesis. The four projects will be aided by an Administrative Core and a Mouse Molecular Pathology Core. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENISTEIN AS MODULATOR OF ANTIOXIDANT PROTEIN EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuo, Shiu-Ming; Exercise and Nutritional Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Flavonoids represent a family of phytochemicals found in many human food items. Among them, genistein (Gn) is found especially at high concentration in soybeans, an important element of Oriental diet. Epidemiological studies, in vivo animal studies and in vitro cell studies all suggested that Gn could play a role in the prevention of cancer. More work at the molecular level is needed to define the mechanism. This proposal addresses one potential mechanism: the ability of Gn to increase the expression

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of an antioxidant protein, metallothionein (MT). We have found that Gn increased the levels of MT protein and mRNA in human intestinal cells, Caco-2. The induction was synergistic with the stimulatory effect of zinc. Based on these observations, the proposal is designed to determine the physiological significance of MT induction; and the mode of Gn-MT gene interaction. We will compare the level of oxidative byproduct after tertbutylhydroperoxide challenge in cells with and without Gn treatment. In addition, animal study will be conducted to show that Gn feeding leads to an increase in the organ MT level and a decrease in the organ oxidative byproduct level. The mode of GnMT gene interaction will be investigated indirectly through the combination treatment of cells with Gn and other inducers of MT expression like copper, cadmium or cytokines. We will also perform nuclear run-on experiment and mRNA stability analysis in cells to directly confirm the effect of Gn at the transcriptional level. Reporter gene assays will then be conducted to determine the site of Gn-MT gene interaction on the cloned sequence of human MTIIA promoter. The results from the proposed studies will help to assess the essentiality of Gn in the human diet for reduction of cancer risk. These studies may also lead to the identification of a previous unknown pathway for Gn to regulate mammalian genes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HR-MAS-PATHOLOGIC CORRELATION OF PROSTATE TISSUE MARKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Swanson, Mark G.; Radiology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposed research career award builds on the principal investigator's work as an NIH fellow involving the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the improved characterization of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is a disease that afflicts one in five American men; however, it is difficult to predict those cancers that will spread (metastasize) and become life threatening from those that will remain indolent. Combined Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopic Imaging (MRI/3D-MRSI) has demonstrated the ability to: improve the localization of prostate cancer within the gland; assess the extracapsular spread of the disease; and provide a measure of therapeutic response. As an NIH postdoctoral fellow, the principal investigator used MRI/3D-MRSI to study the metabolic effects of hormone ablation therapy in prostate cancer patients, and developed high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) techniques for the analysis of ex vivo prostate cancer tissues. The goal of this study is to better characterize the metabolic changes observed in vivo by MRSI and ex vivo by HR-MAS by improving their correlation with the underlying biochemical, morphologic, and genetic changes associated with the disease. To achieve these goals, we will use multidimensional HR-MAS techniques to identify new metabolic markers which can be exploited in vivo, and diffusion based experiments to learn more about the intracellular vs. extracellular distribution of prostate metabolites. Further, we will combine our HR-MAS findings with improved pathologic analysis to more accurately correlate specific metabolic profiles with prostate tissue type. Immunohistochemical assays will be performed to correlate metabolic profiles with other markers for cellular proliferation and apoptosis. We will also investigate the impact of zinc changes on citrate metabolism by assaying zinc levels in prostate tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and zinc transporter gene expression using real-time reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. These methods will then be used to learn more about changes in citrate metabolism under hormone dependent and

22

Zinc

independent conditions, using the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. The completion of the specific aims of this study will provide the principal investigator with the additional tools needed to develop his own independent cancer imaging research program. UCSF is a leading prostate cancer research center, with an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center and prostate SPORE program. This excellent research environment combined with the extensive research experience of the mentor will greatly facilitate the completion of the goals set out in this proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MATERIALS

IMPROVEMENT

OF

PREVENTIVE

AND

RESTORATIVE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bowen, Rafael L.; American Dental Assn Health Fdn 211 E Chicago Ave Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1977; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Objectives are to develop scientific information and to advance materials technology in permanent adhesive bonding of protective coatings and composites to both dentin and enamel with a practicable method. Success in these objectives will result in less drilling, loss of tooth structure, and need for injections of local anesthetics. Much needed protective coatings of exposed root surfaces could prevent root decay and provide a quick, durable treatment for hypersensitive dentin. The experimental design is to make systematic comparisons of the effectiveness in adhesive bonding of chemical analogues of the compounds now known to give unprecedented strong bonding: an acidic solution containing NPG (N-phenylglycine) and a solvent solution of PMDM (the reaction product of hydroxyethyl methacrylate and pyromellitic dianhydride). Synthesis and evaluation of analogs that are predicted to function more effectively than NRG and PMDM will be used to test hypotheses relating to the spontaneous polymerization of the monomers by molecular species bound to the substrate surfaces. The model substrates will be human dentin and enamel, and the origination of free radicals by the experimental compounds will be identified using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Pulse radiolysis techniques will augment this determination of conditions required for radical generation. Improved and standardized methods will be developed for testing adhesion to dentin and enamel in both tensile and shear stress orientations to allow for more decisive statistical comparisons. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INHALED PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS AND EARLY LUNG EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Beckett, William S.; Professor; Environmental Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disabling condition produced by chronic bronchitis (airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion) and emphysema (loss of alveolar surface area). Epidemiologic studies of the workplace have consistently shown an excess of COPD associated with dusty work environments, yet only a few substances (coal, silica, cadmium) causing COPD in the workplace have been characterized based on chemical composition and respirable particle size. These findings suggest that the much broader range of workplace dusts may in certain conditions contribute to COPD based on characteristics other than chemical composition alone. Pulmonary inflammation plays a

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role in early events leading to COPD. Particles less than 10 micron aerodynamic diameter are considered to be able to penetrate the upper airways and reach the respiratory tract, and are thus designated as being in the respirable range. Ambient fine particles (<2.5um) consist of two fractions: ultrafines (0.01 to 0.1 um) and accumulation mode particles (0.1 to 1.0 um). Recent studies of ambient particulates indicate that ultrafine particles may be more harmful than other fine particles on an equal mass exposure basis. In animal models, ultrafine particles have a higher alveolar deposition fraction, translocate more easily from the airways to the interstitium, induce greater activation of macrophages and cytokine release, and cause greater impairment of macrophage clearance function.One reason for the greater toxicity of equal masses of these smaller particles is their much greater surface area. We hypothesize that the size of inhaled fine particles, in addition to their chemical and other physical characteristics, plays a critical role in determining occupational health effects. To test this we will study early lung and systemic inflammatory responses as well as cardiac effects in adults after carefully controlled inhalation exposure to ultrafine and accumulation mode zinc oxide, a particle we have previously characterized for the dose-response relationship of its short term pulmonary and systemic inflammatory effects. Studies will be conducted in the Environmental Exposure Facility of the Adult General Clinical Research Center. We will compare ultrafine to larger, accumulation mode particles (on an equal mass exposure basis) in their ability to produce symptoms, fever, markers of airway inflammation, antioxidants, systemic acute phase proteins, and alterations in the blood clotting cascade, cytokine release, heart rate, rhythm, and repolarization. We anticipate that the results will help to determine whether there are differential effects for equal mass exposures to fine particles of different size fractions in the pathogenesis of COPD Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERFERON-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF MMP-9 GENE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN GLIOMAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Benveniste, Etty N.; Professor and Chair; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and common brain tumor. The diffusively infiltrative nature of GBMs is one of the major causes of mortality in patients afflicted with this form of cancer. Studies to assess the invasiveness of glioma cells in vitro have demonstrated a strong correlation between glioma invasion and high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression; in this regard, selective inhibition of MMP-9 represents an important therapeutic target for treatment of GBMs. Interferons (IFNs) are multi-functional cytokines that have anti-viral, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and immunomodulatory effects. We have made the novel observation that IFN-gamma and IFN-beta potently inhibit MMP-9 gene expression in human glioma cells. We hypothesize that IFNs will have an inhibitory influence on glioma cells, leading to the arrest of tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis via the suppression of MMP-9 expression. We will identify, for the first time, the molecular mechanisms underlying the in vitro inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma and IFN-beta, and investigate the involvement of two transcription factors, STAT-1alpha and CIITA, in this response (Specific Aims #1 and #2). These data will further our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of MMP-9 gene transcription and identify important therapeutic targets to abrogate MMP-9 expression. In vivo studies will follow to validate the effectiveness of IFN suppression of MMP-9. The efficacy of IFN-gamma and IFN-beta gene therapy on the growth, invasion and angiogenic properties of human glioma cells transplanted into

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Zinc

the brains of immunocompromised mice will be examined (Specific Aim #3). Lastly, we have the unique opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of IFN-beta gene transfer in patients with GBMs (Specific Aim #4). The combination of in vitro basic science experiments and translational in vivo studies will lead to a comprehensive understanding of the role of MMP-9 in glioma cell biology, and the potential of IFNs to ameliorate the detrimental effects of MMPs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTESTINAL METALLOTHIONEIN?

ENDOGENOUS

ZINC:

ROLE

FOR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Krebs, Nancy F.; Pediatrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a public health problem of global proportions, and is of clinical significance in many disease states. Our understanding of Zn homeostasis remains, however, far from complete, especially in the regulation of the major route of loss of Zn from the body: secretion into the intestine and excretion via the feces. A large database from human whole body Zn metabolism studies now indicates that endogenous fecal Zn is related to the amount of absorbed dietary Zn, to Zn "status" of the host, and to the size of rapidly exchanging zinc pools (EZP). The proposed pilot studies examine the potential role of metallothionein (MT) in pancreaticobiliary secretions as a modulator of Zn secretion into the human gastrointestinal tract. Metallothionein is proposed for this process on the basis of animal data indicating that the pancreas is a site of MT gene expression and synthesis that is responsive to parenteral and enteral Zn, and that MT is a normal constituent of pancreaticobiliary secretions. The specific aims are to determine in pancreaticobiliary secretions if: (1) the amount of MT is directly related to endogenously secreted Zn; (2) the amount of MT is responsive to changes in dietary Zn intake, absorbed Zn, and EZP size; and (3) the amount of MT is increased with "stress" in pancreaticobiliary secretions, and thereby associated with increased endogenous Zn secretion. Proposed methods include gastroduodenal intubation and aspiration of pancreaticobiliary secretions, in which MT and Zn will be measured, and Zn stable isotope techniques by which key variables of Zn homeostasis will be measured. One study will be conducted in 10 normal adult subjects on their habitual Zn intake and repeated after either Zn restriction or Zn supplementation. A second study will examine the effects of cytokine stimulation by interferon-7 on MT and endogenous Zn secretion while Zn intake is constant. Measurement of MT will be made using the well established but indirect cadmiumhemoglobin affinity assay and by a proposed new immunoassay, which will yield more accurate and precise measurements of human MT. Proposed data analyses include correlations between total flow of MT and endogenous Zn to determine temporal and quantitative relationships between these 2 variables within and between subjects; stepwise multiple regression to examine effects on MT and variables of Zn homeostasis; and paired comparisons between MT and endogenous Zn secretion on habitual Zn intake and either Zn restricted or supplemented diets, and before and after interferon-y administration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IRON SUPPLEMENTS AND ZINC IN PREGNANCY AND LACTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: King, Janet C.; Professor of Nutrition; Nutrition; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: It is a common practice to give supplemental iron to all pregnant women world-wide. The dose can vary from 60 mg/d to as much as 240 mg/d. When therapeutic doses of iron are prescribed, it is rare to also prescribe supplemental zinc. Studies in experimental animals and humans show that supplemental iron interferes with zinc absorption. In a recent longitudinal study of zinc absorption during pregnancy done by us, four of the 14 women studied were prescribed supplemental iron by their physicians. Although zinc absorption increased during pregnancy reaching a significant change during lactation, this adjustment was not observed in the four women taking supplemental iron. The need for absorbed zinc increases by 0.7 mg/d during pregnancy and 1.4 mg/d during early lactation. Our study showed that this need is met by upregulating zinc absorption if supplemental iron is not given. Administration of supplemental iron may impair this change in zinc use during pregnancy and lactation. The purpose of this proposed study, therefore, is to define the effect of supplemental iron on the metabolic adjustments in zinc utilization in healthy women during pregnancy and lactation. We hypothesize that a daily supplement of 100 mg iron inhibits zinc absorption and reduces the net uptake of zinc from the gastro-intestinal tract during late pregnancy and early lactation when the additional need for zinc is the greatest. Two groups of 15 women each will be recruited in early pregnancy and will be studied at 12-14, 32-34 weeks of gestation, and at 4-6 weeks postpartum. One group will receive 100 mg supplemental iron daily; the other group will be unsupplemented. All women will be given a prenatal vitamin supplement plus 8 mg iron and 5 mg zinc to assure a stable basal intake of the micronutrients throughout the study. Using stable isotopes, iron and zinc absorption and zinc kinetics will be measured. Biochemical measures of iron and zinc status will also be determined. All women will reside in a metabolic unit for 6 days during each test. Results from this comprehensive, longitudinal study will provide new data on the effects of iron supplementation on zinc utilization during pregnancy and lactation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LIBERATION OF INTRACELLULAR ZINC AND NEURONAL CELL DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Aizenman, Elias; Professor; Neurobiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant) Vesicular Zn2+ is known to be toxic to neurons following its translocation from presynaptic release sites into the cytoplasm of postsynaptic cells that are destined to die. In addition to this extracellular source of Zn2+, we have observed that this metal can be released from intracellular metal binding proteins by thiol axidants. We have shown further that intracellularly liberated Zn2+ is a powerful apoptotic stimulus in neurons. Here, using molecular, cellular, and whole animal approaches, we propose to evaluate whether the release of intracellular Zn2+ represents a common feature in neuronal cell death following oxidative stress. The Specific Aims of this proposal are: 1. To determine whether peroxynitrite and nitric oxide trigger a neurotoxic cascade that results from the intracellular release of zinc in

26

Zinc

vitro. 2. To identify molecular components of the cell death pathway that are associated with the intracellular release of zinc in vitro. 3 To evaluate whether the intracellular release of zinc triggers apoptosis in an axotomy-induced in vivo model of neuronal cell death. Experiments described within these aims will test the hypothesis that the liberation of intracellular Zn2+ represents an important and ubiquitous trigger for cell death in neuronal injury. The long-term goal of this research program is to provide additional therapeutic targets to prevent or minimize neuronal cell death in the large number of neurological disorders associated with oxidative injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LONG-TERM IMPACT AND INTERVENTION FOR DIARRHEA IN BRAZIL Principal Investigator & Institution: Guerrant, Richard L.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1989; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Having defined the magnitude, major new etiologies, key novel mechanisms and short-term impact of persistent diarrheal illnesses and even certain "asymptomatic" enteric infections in a model collaboration and cohort of children born into active prospective surveillance in an urban shantytown in Northeast Brazil, we are now have a unique opportunity to define for the first time the long-term DALY (disability adjusted life years) impact of early childhood enteric infections on nutritional status defined by anthropometry, physical activity and fitness, and cognitive function over extended periods (even years later). We postulate, based on our short-term impact data, that the greatest long-term impact will occur in children with persistent diarrheal illnesses and in those with low height-for-age Z (HAZ) scores. Having also shown the potential shortterm benefits of a new glutamine-based oral rehydration and nutrition therapy (ORNT) and of vitamin A (with studies of zinc pending) on speeding the repair of damaged intestinal barrier function, we can now determine the potential long-term benefits of glutamine-based ORNT, with vitamin A and zinc therapy (targeting children with persistent diarrhea or reduced HAZ, as noted above). We shall also examine the intermediate (ie 1- 6 months) and long-term (greater than 6 months) effects of specific emerging enteric infections we have found to be important, enteroaggregative E. coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Coupled with our new developments of stable glutamine derivatives, the above data on full long-term DALY impact of persistent diarrhea, enteric infections and malnutrition, and the data on benefits of glutaminebased ORNT with vitamin A and zinc will ultimately allow us to calculate a much more meaningful cost-effectiveness (in "dollars per DALY averted) of selected treatment of high risk children (ie any with a persistent diarrheal illness that extends greater than 14 days, or a height for age Z score of less than 0.5). This model, longstanding collaboration and prospective field cohort surveillance will also enable the use of molecular tools currently being developed to define the epidemiology and microbiology of such newly recognized major agents as enteroaggregative E. coli as well as opening new opportunities to train both US and international scientists in highly relevant bench and field investigation. This pioneering work builds on our unique opportunity to define for the first time the potentially huge (developmental and economic) burden of early childhood enteric infections, as well as holding promise for demonstrating a key intervention targeted at the most vulnerable subset of the population in greatest need. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MARINE AND FRESHWATER BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Walsh, Patrick J.; Marine Biology and Fisheries; University of Miami Coral Gables Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33134 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) This proposal is to provide continued funding of an NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center at the University of Miami. Based at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences campus, the Center is it collaborative effort of 19 investigators from three University of Miami campuses and 6 external organizations. Two principal research themes form the basis for interdisciplinary Research Cores: "Marine and Freshwater Toxins and Human Health " and "Marine and Freshwater Animal Models Toxins and Human Health ". Both research themes are within the scope of NIEHS-sponsored research and contribute to the overall mission of the University of Miami Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center: to evaluate the impact of the oceans and freshwater bodies on human health, by assessing and understanding risks, and by seeking remedies. The first research core includes: Toxin Biosynthesis and Probe Development, Metabolism, Molecular Pharmacology, Molecular Modeling, Electrophysiology Receptor Binding, Separation Techniques and Assay Methods, and Epidemiology and Public Health. The second research core includes several marine and freshwater (and human) models in various stages of development: Damselfish Neurofibromatosis, Cultured Human Schwann Cells, Aplysia Neurophysiology, Toadfish Hyperammonemia, Transgenic Fishes, Squirrelfish Zinc Metabolisin/Transport, Fish Immunology arid Sentinel Species. A vigorous Pilot Project Program is represented by four recently selected applications on: "Functional Analysis of Zinc Regulatory Genes in Transgenic Zebrafish"; "Red Tide Toxin Effects on Hearing: a Vertebrate Model"; "Molecule-Based Sensors for Carcinogenic Pollutants"; and "Microbial Recreational Water Indicators in the Subtropical Marine Environment". In support of existing individual and collaborative programs, 4 Facilities and Service Cores are proposed based on the investigators? evaluation of utilization and overall value to programs in the past five years: Toxin Probes, supplying brevetoxins, saxitoxin, okadaic acid, domoic acid, ciguatoxins and application-related toxin derivatives, as well as cultures of toxin organisms, and DNA-based materials from these organisms; In vitro and In vivo Fish Culture supplying facilities and expertise or the maintenance of, and experimentation with, fish and invertebrate cell cultures and live organisms; Analytical Chemistry and Electron Microscopy, which provides NMR, MS and analytical separation techniques assistance, and access to several EM methodologies; Neurophysiology, which provides two separate fully-equipped electrophysiology rigs, as well as additional tissue culture support capability. A well developed Community Outreach and Education Program will continue, including a poison-control hotline for seafood intoxication, an NIEHS-sponsored K-12 education program, and an NIEHSsponsored postdoctoral training program. University of Miami will continue its commitment to the Center in the form of cost-share for salary support, instrumentation matching funds, and a faculty start-up package. Through the combined proposed NIEHS support and UM cost share, the investigators will continue to perform basic research on toxins and animal models, and to communicate the NIEHS message to the scientific and lay communities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Zinc

Project Title: MECHANISM OF DNA DAMAGE RECOGNITION IN HIGHER EUKARYOTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Suk-Hee; Assistant Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Cisplatin is widely used anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drug that induces DNA damage by forming Cisplatin-DNA abducts in cells. In vivo and in citron studies strongly suggest that most of the Cisplatin-DNA abducts are repaired through nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. Due to extensive efforts, we now have significant knowledge about the mechanism of NER and the proteins involved. Recognition of DNA damage is a critical step in the early stage of repair. Xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein (XPA), replication protein A (RPA), XPC-hHR23B, and XPE can independently bind damaged DNA. However, it is still in debate how the damaged recognition proteins function at the damaged DNA site. In this proposal, we will use biochemical and molecular approaches to address the following specific questions: 1) how multiple damage recognition factors function at the damaged DNA site? 2) do zinc-finger proteins (RPA and XPA) cause structural distortion at the damaged site? If so, is it necessary for dual incisions? 3) how do the damaged recognition factors affect the efficiency and accuracy of 3' and 5'- incisions? In the first aim, binding kinetics of individual damage recognition proteins to damaged DNA, interactions between damaged recognition factors, and assembly of a preincision complex will be analyzed using purified repair proteins (RPA,XPA,XPC-hHR23B, and TFIIH) and Cisplatin-induced intra strand crossed-linked DNA. In the second aim, we will analyze the molecular basis for structural dissertation of Cisplatin-damaged DNA. Conformational charges of damage recognition proteins following their interment with amazed DNA and the role of the zinc-finger motif of RPA and XPA in this event will be analyzed. We will use a foot printing assay to analyze the structural distortion of damaged DNA induced by damage recognition factors. In addition, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) method will be utilized to simultaneously monitor both the conformational change of damage recognition proteins and distortion of the damaged DNA. In the third aim, we will attempt to functionally define the role of damage recognition factors in 3' and 5' incision activity by XPG and ERCCI-XPF will be examined. Both the accuracy and efficiency of the 3' and 5' incisions will be analyzed in advance with the kinetics of incision activity. Various mutants of damage recognition factors (RPA and XPC) will be used to examine any unique role these proteins possess in 3' and 5' incising. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISM OF SELECTIVE TOXICITY OF SOD1 MUTANTS IN ALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Crow, John P.; Anesthesiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): In 1993, it was first reported that a mutation to the gene coding for Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) was associated with a form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since that time, more than 70 single amino acid mutations to SOD1 have been found to cause ALS in humans. Mice transgenic for any one of several of the human SOD1 mutants develop progressive and ultimately

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lethal paralysis in a time-dependent manner reminiscent of human ALS. Studies in transgenic mice clearly indicate that SOD1 is toxic via a gained function because the mutant produces disease even in the presence of marked increases in total SOD1 enzyme activity. Despite the overwhelming evidence for a gained toxic function, the exact nature of that function has remained elusive. Equally puzzling has been the fact that SOD1 mutants are toxic only to motor neurons even though they are expressed in all cell types. Based on published results, in vitro characterizations of SOD1 mutants, studies in cultured motor neurons, and preliminary data from transgenic mice, we have formulated a hypothesis which may explain how all ALS-associated SOD1 mutations can be toxic via a common mechanism and why toxicity is manifested only in motor neurons. HYPOTHESIS: We are proposing that zinc-deficient (copper-containing) SOD1 is the common toxic phenotype of ALS-associated SOD1 mutants, that zinc-deficient SOD1 is injurious via its ability to utilize ascorbate, oxygen, and nitric oxide to catalyze the formation of the cytotoxin peroxynitrite, and that neurofilament proteins--which avidly bind zinc and are very abundant in motor neurons--contribute to the formation of zinc-deficient SOD1 preferentially in motor neurons. This study proposes: Specific Aim 1) to measure zinc-deficient SOD1 in the most widely used animal model of ALS (G93A transgenic mice) and determine the factors responsible for its accumulation, Specific Aim 2) to determine the conditions which lead to SOD1-mediated oxidant generation and its potential relationship to toxic protein aggregation, and Specific Aim 3) to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of two classes of compounds which protect cultured motor neurons from the toxic effects of zinc-deficient SOD1 and which enhance survival in G93A mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS MODULATION

OF

INHIBITORY

GLYCINE

RECEPTOR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Thio, Kwee L.; Neurology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: K. Liu Lin Thio, MD, PhD is a pediatric epileptologist who is interested in developing a research career in ion channel modulation because of its importance to understanding and treating neurological diseases such as epilepsy. He has extensive experience with cellular neurophysiology but would like to probe the molecular mechanisms underlying ion channel modulation. This requires that he learn the basic techniques of molecular biology, which is one of the goals of this proposal. Several neurological disorders including epilepsy may result, in part, from cortical inhibitory glycine receptor (GlyR) dysfunction. Thus, GlyR modulation is important to understanding and treating neurological disease. Although several modulators of GlyR have been identified, their mechanisms of action are unknown because quantitative pharmacological and electrophysiological studies have not been performed. This study proposes to test three hypotheses regarding the mechanism by which three known GlyR modulators act: 1) GlyR and gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors interact through the cytoskeleton; 2) Sulfhydryl reducing agents inhibit GlyR by chelating extracellular zinc; 3) Potentiation and inhibition of GlyR currents by barbiturates occur at distinct sites. These hypotheses will be tested by studying the electrophysiological properties of native GlyR in cultured embryonic mouse hippocampal neurons and GlyR expressed at Xenopus oocytes and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF TISSUE FACTOR/FACTOR VII ASSEMBLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Morrissey, James H.; Professor; Biochemistry; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1992; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Investigator's abstract) The event that triggers the blood clotting system in thrombotic disease and normal hemostasis is the assembly of the cell surface complex of tissue factor (an integral membrane protein) and factor VIIa (a plasma serine protease). The resulting tissue factor-factor VIIa-phospholipid complex activates factors IX and X by limited proteolysis. The long-term goals of these studies are to understand how the this two-subunit enzyme assembles on membrane surfaces, how tissue factor allosterically activates factor VIIa, and how the membrane participates in catalysis. This proposal will address the following three questions. (1) What governs the topography of the tissue factor-factor VIIa-phospholipid complex? Tissue factor not only allosterically activates factor VIIa, but is also thought to position and orient factor VIIa's active site (relative to the membrane surface) for optimum attack on the scissile bonds of membrane-bound substrates. How it does this is not well understood. This project will employ a number of approaches to understanding how the tissue factor-factor VIIa complex assembles and functions on membrane surfaces. (2) How does the putative macromolecular substrate-binding site on tissue factor contribute to catalysis? A region on tissue factor has been proposed to contribute to catalysis by providing an additional binding/recognition site for macromolecular substrates. This will be studied in detail in this proposal. (3) How do zinc ions inhibit factor VIIa? Zinc ions may be a physiological regulator of factor VIIa function, but the binding site on factor VIIa for zinc is not known, nor is its mechanism of action. This project will study the mechanism of action of zinc and determine the location of the zinc binding site on factor VIIa. These studies are designed to provide new insights in the process by which the blood clotting system is triggered in thrombotic disease, the major cause of disability and death in the United States. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MODULATION OF KAINATE RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dingledine, Raymond J.; Professor and Chairman; Pharmacology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1989; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Adapted from applicant's abstract): The kainate subtypes of glutamate receptor are the last to have been cloned and the least well understood, largely due to a lack of pharmacologic tools. We recently found that several forms of modulation previously thought to mBuence only NMDA receptors (protons, spermine, Zn2+, ifenprodil, dynorphin, redox conditions) also control kainate receptor activation in a subunit-selective manner. The physiological roles of kainate receptors are ill-defined but are likely to include control of interneuron network function in the hippocampus. The following specific aims have the goal of determining the synaptic roles played by kainate receptors in the hippocampal interneuron network, and the secondary objective of elucidating the structural basis for modulation at these newly-discovered allosteric sites. 1) to characterize the subunit-dependence and mechanisms for inhibition of kainate receptors by protons and zinc. 2) to test the hypothesis that zinc released from mossy fiber terminals depresses kainate receptor-mediated EPSCs in a pH and frequency-sensitive manner. 3) to identify noncompetitive, subunit-specific and pH-

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sensitive antagonists of heteromeric kainate and GluR2lacking AMPA receptors. 4) to test the hypothesis that activation of kainate receptors on presynaptic axonal terminals reduces transmitter release, and to determine whether postsynaptic kainate receptors on hippocarnpal pyraimidal cells and different internouron populations contribute to synaptic plasticity or integration. A combination of molecular biological and electrophysiological approaches will be used in these studies. The successful cornpletion of these experiments will substantially in prove our understanding of the synaptic roles of kainate receptors in the hippocampus, will elucidate the subunit-dependence and mechanisms of action of several newly-discovered kainate receptor modulators, will shed light on the physiological function of synaptically-released zinc, and will identify the first noncompetitive antagonists selective for kainate receptors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF TRISTETRAPROLIN FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Blackwell, Thomas K.; Cbr Institute for Biomedical Research 800 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: The immediate early protein tristetraprolin (TTP) is induced by numerous stimuli and during some apoptotic events, and is part of a zinc finger protein family that is generally involved in RNA binding. In mice, lack of TTP causes a systemic inflammatory and myeloproliferative syndrome that is mediated by TNFalpha. Some studies suggest that TTP may bind and destabilize the TNFalpha mRNA directly, but other evidence indicates that TTP influences different pathways that could affect TNFalpha regulation or responses. We have determined that continuous expression of TTP at approximately physiological levels triggers an apoptotic response, apparently analogously to some oncogenes. The closely related TIS11b and TIS11d proteins have similar effects, but low-level TTP expression in particular sensitizes cells to TNFalphainduced apoptosis, suggesting that lack of TTP might lead to an overexuberant response to TNFalpha in vivo. The data suggest that TTP influences critical regulatory pathways when it is induced during growth factor responses, and that the effects of TTP on TNFalpha regulation may be complex. The apoptotic effects of TTP are enhanced by specific binding of 14-3-3 proteins to phosphorylated TTP, suggesting that 14-3-3 binding influences TTP localization or stability, or promotes TTP activity directly. We propose the following series of complementary experiments to investigate how TTP functions at the molecular level. We will conduct structure/function analyses of how TTP triggers apoptosis, is localized within the cell, and sensitizes cells to TNFalphainduced apoptosis. We will also investigate how TTP influences regulatory pathways that are suggested as candidates based upon its effects on the TNFalpha response, and on parallels between TTP and certain oncogenes. We will investigate how 14-3-3 isoforms recognize TTP and promote its apoptotic activity, and we will continue a methodical two-hybrid and biochemical approach to identify additional proteins that interact with TTP and contribute to aspects of its function, particularly its binding to RNA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR FIBRILLATION

GENETIC

BASIS

FOR

FAMILIAL

ATRIAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Brugada-Terradellas, Ramon; Assistant Professor; Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Inc 2150 Bleeker St Utica, Ny 13501

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Zinc

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (the applicant's description verbatim): The overall objective is to identify the gene responsible for familial atrial fibrillation (Afib) located at 10q22, map novel chromosomal loci, and attempt to identify one of the novel genes. Afib, the most common sustained dysrhythm, affects over two million Americans and accounts for one third of all strokes over the age of 65 years. Therapy ineffective in preventing or eliminating Afib is directed at controlling the heart rate and preventing systemic emboli. Financial burden is estimated at $9 billion annually. A molecular basis for Afib has yet to be determined. Accordingly, we identified five families of 83 members, including 36 affected, with Atib segregating as a highly penetrant autosomal dominant trait and mapped the chromosomal locus to 10q22. We have collected data and DNA on 20 additional families, four of which are not linked to 10q22 indicating genetic heterogeneity, and have identified another 100 probands with familial atrial fibrillation but no data has been collected. Initial region of 11.3 cM contained several candidate genes which were sequenced in the family and no mutation was identified. Subsequently, 2 additional families with recombinants narrowed the region to a genetic distance of 0.6 cM and physical distance of 1.2 mb. A continuous contig of the region was assembled with a six-BAC tiling path. There are 38 ESTs present in the region and 2 of the ESTs tested so far show cardiac expression one of which appears to be a zinc finger transcription factor. Aim I is to amplify and sequence both genes represented by these 2 cardiac ESTs in 2 normal and 2 affected family members. If no mutation is found (Aim II), genes represented by the remaining 36 ESTs known to be present in the region will be analyzed and those expressed in the heart will be sequenced in family members for mutations (as in Aim 1). Subsequently, if no mutations are identified, we (Aim 3) will attempt to identify sequences that code for unknown genes by methods such as analyzing additional BAG sequences using computerized homology searches against DNA, protein and EST databases and also using gene prediction software. After identification, these novel genes will be characterized and sequenced as in Aims 1 and 2. Concurrently, additional pedigrees segregating familial atrial fibrillation (Afib) will be collected and the phenotypes of affected individuals carefully characterized by clinical and electrocardiographic analysis. DNA isolated from individuals will be analyzed for known DNA markers and subjected to genetic linkage analysis to determine if the disease in any of these families is linked to the 10q22 locus and if so, the responsible mutations will be identified. We will also map novel chromosomal loci responsible for Afib in those families not linked to 10q22. For the novel locus with the smallest critical region, we will initially pursue the responsible gene by sequencing candidate genes located in the region and subsequently, if necessary, will pursue positional cloning as in Aims 1-3 to identify the responsible gene. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR RECOGNITION IN FACTOR VIIA INDUCED COAGULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bajaj, S Paul.; Professor; Internal Medicine; St. Louis University St. Louis, Mo 63110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: This application is based upon the conviction that activation of factor X by the tissue factor/factor VIIa (TF/VIIa) complex represents a key step in the initiation of coagulation by the extrinsic pathway. Further, factor VIIa has virtually no enzymatic activity prior to its complexation with TF. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) contains two functional Kunitz domains (K1 and K2) and it first inhibits factor Xa via its

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K2 domain. The resulting Xa TFPI complex then inhibits TF/VIIa via its K1 domain; the light chain of factor Xa also appears to be important for this interaction. Detailed molecular bases for these interactions are only partially understood. In the first two specific aims, we will define the structural basis for the K2 domain to inhibit factor Xa and for the K1 domain to inhibit factor VIIa. By molecular modeling, we have identified the putative residues to be mutated, and the expression systems for factor VII, factor X and TFPI are well established in the applicant's laboratory. Further, we hypothesize that EGF1 domain contained in the light chain of factor Xa plays an important role in binding of Xa TFPI to TF/VIIa. This will be evaluated in this proposal. In Specific Aim 3, we will define the linkage between TF binding, Na+ binding, Ca2+ binding, and Zn2+ binding in the protease domain, as well as occupancy of the S1 site in the TF induced development of catalytic efficiency in factor VIIa. In Specific Aim 4, we will crystallographically determine the structure of zymogen VII complexed with soluble TF (sTF), variously active-site inhibited factor VIIa/sTF (e.g., occupancy of S1 site, S1 and S3/S4 sites, S1, S2 and S3/S4 sites, and isolated K1 domain bound to VIIa), and of Gla domainless Xa-K2 complex. We have crystals of zymogen VII/sTF and several variously active-site inhibited VIIa/sTF complexes (including reversible inhibitors). We have collected x-ray intensity data on several of these crystals and are in the processes of refining some of the structures. Since our crystals are obtained in Ca2+/Mg2+/Zn2+containing solution, we have located and are refining these sites in factor VIIa as well. The crystallographic studies will complement the biochemical studies proposed in the first three specific aims. Our integrated approach is expected to provide new valuable information regarding the assembly of the extrinsic coagulation complex and its regulation by TFPI. The knowledge gained from such studies is essential for developing new generations of antithrombotics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOSSY FIBER-GRANULE CELL SYNAPSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Nadler, J Victor.; Professor; Pharmacology and Cancer Biology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Recurrent mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampal dentate gyrus is a unique feature of temporal lobe epilepsy. The formation of new mossy fiber-granule cell synapses creates complex circuitry that is presumably capable of supporting reverberating excitation and thereby diminishing the normally high resistance of the dentate gyrus to seizure propagation. The overall objective of this project is to characterize properties of mossy fiber-granule cell synapses that regulate circuit function. Pilocarpine-treated rats, which become epileptic and also develop a consistently dense recurrent mossy fiber pathway, will be used to investigate three unusual features of recurrent mossy fiber circuitry about which little information is currently available: namely, hilar ectopic granule cells, expression of GABA and neuropeptide Y, and release of zinc. Pilocarpine- induced status epilepticus increases the production of new dentate granule cells, some of which are found in the hilus. Hilar ectopic granule cells possess several unique features that suggest they play a key role in triggering synchronous granule cell activity. These features include reciprocal connections with other granule cells, abnormal excitatory innervation, apparent paucity of inhibitory innervation, and spontaneous bursting in association with CA3 pyramidal cells. Whole cell patch clamp recording and electron microscopy will be used to characterize the innervation of these cells and test the hypothesis that differences between the innervation of hilar ectopic and normally-situated granule cells accounts in

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large part for their differences in excitability. GABA and NPY are inhibitory transmitters that are strongly expressed in mossy fibers after a seizure; NPY continues to be strongly expressed during the interictal period. Studies will test the hypothesis that these transmitters are released at mossy fiber-granule cell synapses and serve mainly to reduce the further release of glutamate. In this way, they are proposed to limit the ability of the recurrent mossy fiber pathway to enhance seizure propagation. Release of zinc from recurrent mossy fiber boutons has been proposed to increase granule cell excitability. However, recent data suggest that it may instead act as a brake on reverberating excitation by opposing the activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors. To investigate this issue, the effects of zinc chelators will be tested on granule cell epileptiform activity that depends, at least in part, on NMDA receptor activation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SHRINKAGE

NO-INDUCED

NEUROTOXICITY

AND

APOPTOTIC

CELL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bossy-Wetzel, Ella R.; Burnham Institute 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla, Ca 920371005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Excessive stimulation of glutamate receptors of the NMDA sub-type result in the activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the generation of nitric oxide (NO), and neuronal cell death. The apoptotic signaling pathway by which NO exerts its neurotoxic effects remains poorly understood. Events such as protein nitrosylation, mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of stress-activated p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase have been proposed to act as downstream effectors of NO-induced neurotoxicity. Affected neurons are thought to die by apoptosis, a form of cell death that involves the activation of cell death proteases, known as caspases. However, caspase inhibition often only delays neuronal cell death. Thus cell death determining events, upstream of casr ase activation, are likely to contribute to the commitment to cell death. Cell shrinkage is a universal event of all apoptotic cell death and involves the efflux of intracellular K+ ions. The molecular mechanism that drives K+ efflux during apoptosis is unclear. The purpose of this project will be to explore the possibility whether activation of outward voltage-gated K+ channels and subsequent cell shrinkage and mitochondrial injury via a pathway mediated by free Zn+ may constitute early events that commit neurons irreversibly to NO-induced neurotoxicity. To pursue these goals, primary cerebrocortical neurons will be analyzed using approaches such as time-lapse deconvolution microscopy, whole cell patch-clamp recording, transient transfections, biochemistry, and cell-free systems of apoptosis with isolated mitochondria. Among the specific questions that will be addressed in this project are: (1) Does NO provoke K+ efflux, enhancement of voltage-gated K+ channels, and apoptotic cell shrinkage? (2) Does stress-activated p38 MAP kinase regulate the activity of voltage-gated potassium channels and cell shrinkage? (3) Does NO provoke Zn2+ release from metallothionein (MT) which in turn results in mitochondrial damage, generation of reactive oxygen species, and p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation? Because NO plays an important role in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases including stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and AIDS dementia, results obtained from this project could provide broad implications for the development of new therapeutic drugs to mitigate or even prevent neuronal cell loss during neurodegeneration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NOVEL RECEPTORS OF VITAMIN A IN THE CYTOPLASM Principal Investigator & Institution: Hammerling, Ulrich G.; Member; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: During a century of vitamin A research in nutrition much detailed knowledge on the mechanism of action has accrued. Yet several aspects of nutritional vitamin A deficiency remain unexplained by the reigning paradigm of transcription control via retinoic acid. In particular, the regulation of cytoplasmic events by vitamin A and metabolites, postulated by many, has remained elusive. We have identified a family of likely receptors by showing that retinol and the metabolite, 14-hydroxy-retro-retinol (14HRR), bind the cysteine-rich, zinc-finger subdomains of the regulatory domains of several PKC isoforms and other serine/threonine kinases. Our hypothesis is that the retinoid/zinc-finger complex functions as reversible switch during redox activation of the kinase. The primary event is oxidation of selected cysteine residues tagged by a retinoid bound nearby. The retinoid acts as catalyst to facilitate oxidation. Release of zinc from cysteines and loss of coordination of an otherwise rigid structure leads to the changed conformational state in PKC that ushers in its activation. Thus, a zinccoordinated structure with its bound retinoid could serve as a sensor and actuator, directly linked to the redox state of the cytoplasm, allowing cells to maintain a steadystate level of active PKC as well as to respond quickly to oxidative stress. It is proposed to determine the influence of retinol on the redox potential and the reversibility of redox activation of PKC alpha (Aim #1); to study the chemistry of the zinc finger with respect to redox changes that cause Zn2+ release/binding (Aim # 2); to investigate the finetuning of redox potential by different retinoids bound to the zinc-finger (Aim # 3); to verify by imaging techniques the binding of retinoids to PKC in vivo (Aim # 4). The study will move the field of vitamin A forward. Furthermore, a new paradigm would be created how redox regulation, an every-day requirement for cells, connects to the general signalling apparatus and on to the actuators of metabolism and transcription. These fundamental insights, will impact on inflammatory processes and contribute to understand how reactive oxygen promotes cancer progression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NUTRITION IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Stallings, Virginia A.; Professor; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Current nutrition studies of children with sickle cell disease at CHOP reveal a pattern of poor growth and nutritional status. Chronic energy deficiency is a likely cause of the observed growth failure. Studies of resting energy expenditure indicate that energy requirements are increased 15-20% in children with SCD compared to unaffected controls. In addition, low energy intake during periods of acute illness, documented in children 0 to 5 years of age, contribute to energy deficiency. Intakes of other nutrients, particularly zinc and calcium, may not be adequate to meet the special of children of SCD. The proposed study consists of three projects to determine whether nutritional supplementation and educational intervention improves growth, bone density and dietary intake in children with SCD. The first project is a double blind randomized trial of zinc supplementation to determine whether improvements in growth and body composition (amount of muscle, fat and bone) occur in a twelve month period in prepubertal children with SCD given oral zinc supplements compared to a group of

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Zinc

children with SCD receiving a placebo. The second project involves calcium supplementation in a double blind randomized trial to determine whether increased calcium intake involves bone density in children with SCD compared to a control group of children with SCD receiving a placebo. The third study is a program to develop and test a nutrition educational intervention program. Building on our quantitative data on dietary intake and eating problems in children with SCD, and educational and behavioral modification program will be developed using written and videotaped materials and teaching sessions with a research dietician. The multi-cultural (AfricanAmerican, Caribbean, west African) aspects of the population will be considered in developing and presenting the material. The goal of the program will be to increase caloric intake and weight gain in the group participating in the intervention program. A control group receiving usual care will be assessed for comparative purposes. These three projects will be first of their kind in determining whether nutrition intervention improves growth, nutritional status and dietary intake in children with sickle cell disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OXYGEN RADICALS AND NEURONAL APOPTOSIS IN FOCAL STROKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Chan, Pak H.; Professor; Neurosurgery; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Recent studies have demonstrated that oxygen radicals such as superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide are involved in neuronal cell death following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Other studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a major role in determining neuronal death through the apoptosis pathways after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Numerous cell culture studies have suggested that cytochrome C release from mitochondria initiates a cell death program through apoptosis. We have demonstrated that mitochondrial release of cytocbrome c (but not cytochrome oxidase) occurs in neurons prior to DNA fragmentation after transient focal cerebral ischemia. We also demonstrated that cytochrome C release is associated with oxidative stress, since its release is exacerbated in mice that are deficient in mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD [SOD2]), whereas cytochrome C release is significantly reduced in mice that over express cytosolic human copper/zinc (CuZn) SOD (SOD 1) activity. However, it is not clear whether oxidative stress affects upstream (signaling) pathways of cytochrome C release and downstream caspase(s) activation following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Our hypothesis is that oxidative stress induced by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion is involved in neuronal cell death through a "mitochondrial cytochrome C-dependent neuronal apoptosis pathway," that is initiated by cytochrome C release followed by activation of caspases and subsequent DNA fragmentation. It is our aim to test this hypothesis using transgenic (Tg), knockout and double Tgf knockout mice. Our Specific Aims are: 1) To elucidate the role of excitotoxicity in oxidative signaling of mitochondrial cytochrome C release after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. 2) To elucidate the role of nitric oxide on oxidative signaling in cytochrome C release and subsequent neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. 3) To elucidate the role of oxidative stress on mitochondrial dysfunction in cytochrome C-dependent neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. 4) To elucidate the interplay and compartmentalization of oxidative stress on cytochrome C release, pro- and antiapoptotic protein expression and caspase activation in double Tgf knockout mice

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after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. We believe these are unique and fresh approaches that will provide insights into the oxidative mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of necrosis and apoptosis following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATERNAL RETINOBLASTOMA

EXPOSURE

AND

SPORADIC

BILATERAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bunin, Greta R.; Research Associate Professor; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: We propose to conduct a molecular epidemiologic study of sporadic heritable retinoblastoma (RBL), a cancer of the embryonal retina that occurs in infants and young children. Our knowledge of the molecular events leading to sporadic heritable RBL and certain features of the disease together provide a unique opportunity for this study. In the proposed study, we will investigate sporadic heritable RBL in its own right and as a model for new germline mutation. Sporadic heritable RBL results from a new germline mutation in the RBL gene, which occurs on the father's gene in over 90 percent of cases. The study's major objectives are to investigate the role of paternal occupational, dietary, x-ray and tobacco exposures before the child's conception. Since the RBL gene is well characterized, we will do molecular genetic analyses to identify the mutation in all of the cases. The mutation data will be used with the exposure data to test hypotheses that ionizing radiation and older paternal age are risk factors for specific types of mutation. The study will use a matched case-control design with 250pairs. Cases will be ascertained through seven centers that treat most of the RBL patients in the U.S. and Canada. Controls will be identified by random-digit dialing and matched to cases on birth date, race, and geographic area. Telephone interviews will be conducted with parents of cases and controls. Blood samples will be obtained from cases and case parents, so that DNA can be isolated for mutation analysis. The proposed molecular epidemiologic study will provide new information about the etiology of sporadic heritable retinoblastoma. The study will also contribute to our knowledge of new germline mutation generally, about which very little is known. Sporadic heritable RBL is a childhood cancer worth studying in its own right and an ideal model for the investigation of new germline mutation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHYSIOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF TWO GABAR GAMMA2-SUBUNIT DOMAINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gallagher, Martin J.; Neurology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal describes a 5-year-training program for the development of an academic career in neurology and epilepsy. The principal investigator has completed residency training in neurology at Washington University in St. Louis and will complete a clinical epilepsy fellowship at Washington University in June 2002. He will then expand upon his scientific skills as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the Epilepsy Division at Vanderbilt University Medical School. This program will promote the command of electro physiology, as applied to epilepsy. Robert L. Macdonald, MD, PhD will mentor the principal investigator's scientific development. Dr. Macdonald is a recognized leader in the field of electro physiology.

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He is the Chair of Neurology and has trained numerous K08 recipients, post-doctoral fellows and graduate students. In addition, close interaction with faculty in the Department of Neuroscience will provide additional scientific and career advice. Research will focus on the physiology and pharmacology of the gamma amino butyric acid receptor type A (GABAAR), the main fast inhibitory ion channel in the central nervous system. The GABAAR is the target of several anti-epileptic drugs, is associated with point mutations in at least two forms of human familial epilepsy, and is hypothesized will have an altered modulation by zinc in temporal lobe epilepsy. The proposed experiments entail construction of mutant and chimeric GABAARs, expressing the recombinant receptors in cultured cells, and determining their physiological kinetic parameters by rapid-application of drugs to macropatches and by analysis of single channel currents. The Specific Aims include: 1) evaluating the physiology GABAAR containing the point mutations found in human epilepsy, 2) determining the effect of allosteric modulators on the same GABAAR mutants, 3) determining the binding domains of zinc, and 4) determining the effect of GABAAR modulators on zinc inhibition. The Neurology Department at Vanderbilt University provides an ideal setting for training physician-scientists by incorporating expertise from diverse resources into customized programs. Such an environment maximizes the probability that the principal investigator will establish a scientific niche and embark upon a successful independent academic career. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHYSIOLOGY OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS IN VITRO Principal Investigator & Institution: Coulter, Douglas A.; Associate Professor; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common epileptic syndrome in adults, and also the most intractable. It is considered to be a symptomatic condition, i.e. one associated with a prior insult. For the most part, the mechanisms mediating the pathological alterations causing epilepsy remain to be elucidated. The present proposal wilt explore synaptic circuit, cellular and molecular alterations in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, and assess the effects of these alterations on seizure frequency and severity in intact, epileptic animals. Studies are designed to specifically test our CENTRAL HYPOTHESIS: Cellular and circuit alterations evident in the epileptic dentate gyrus combine to generate a tonic imbalance in function, which compromises the normal 'gatekeeper' function of this region, and results in a hippocampus which is predisposed to generate seizures. To test this hypothesis, the cellular and circuit properties of the dentate gyrus are to be studied in tissue isolated from epileptic animals, and pharmacological and transgenic interventions are to be explored in intact animals, examining effects on seizure frequency and severity. Research directed at testing our central hypothesis will focus on 3 SPECIFIC AIMS: AIM 1: Determine the role played by zinc released from sprouted mossy fiber terminals in dentate gyrus circuit hyperexcitability in epileptic animals. AIM 2: Determine the role played by birth of large numbers of new dentate granule cells triggered by the development of epilepsy in the subsequent emergence of dentate gyrus circuit hyperexcitability characteristic of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy AIM 3. Determine the effects of zinc released from sprouted mossy fiber recurrent collaterals and of the birth of large numbers of new neurons on seizure frequency and severity in epileptic animals. Using a combination of electrophysiological, molecular, and whole animal approaches, the present proposal will attempt to better understand how divergent cellular and

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circuit alterations may interact to predispose the hippocampus to seizure generation in temporal lobe epilepsy. Understanding the nature of epileptogenic changes at the functional, molecular, and whole animal level is necessary to achieve to facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies to better treat and perhaps cure this devastating disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHYSIOLOGY OF ZINC PERMEABLE AMPA/KAINATE RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sensi, Stefano L.; Neurology; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the application) The applicant is strongly committed to an academic career in neurology and ultimately hopes to divide his time between clinical practice and basic science research into mechanisms of neurodegeneration in diseases of the aging brain. His career plan is to use a multi-disciplinary approach to study cellular mechanisms of selective neurodegeneration. To achieve these goals, he will greatly benefit from the protected period provided by a KO1 award, during which he can learn certain new techniques and take relevant course work, while being fully immersed in research. He has chosen Dr. John Weiss as mentor because of his overlapping research interest and expertise and leadership in the field of selective neurodegeneration. He is confident that the combination of intensive research training under his guidance, and the outstanding research environment at UCI (with experts available for technical assistance on any problem) will fully prepare him for launching an independent research career. A critical feature of neuronal damage associated with diseases of the aging brain (including Alzheimer's disease; AD) is a highly selective pattern of neuronal loss. A factor that may contribute to selective neurodegeneration in these diseases is expression of AMPA/kainate type glutamate receptors gating channels that are permeable to Ca2+. A growing body of evidence suggests another possible factor: endogenous Zn2+. Vesicular Zn2+ can be released from pre-synaptic glutamatergic terminals and can translocate into the cytoplasm of postsynaptic neurons where it may trigger degeneration. Prior studies from the lab indicate that Zn2+ permeates Ca2+ permeable AMPA/kainate channels with particular rapidity. This proposal follows from the hypothesis that Zn2+ permeation through these channels contributes to aging related neurodegeneration. Initial experiments will employ histologic, fluorescent imaging and whole cell recording techniques to investigate cellular and subcellular sites of expression of these channels and to characterize their permeability to Zn2+. Subsequent experiments will examine certain consequences of such Zn2+ permeation of relevance to neurodegeneration. Specifically, effects of Zn2+ entry on intracellular Ca2+ handling or influx on oxididative metabolism and mitochondrial function, and interactions between Zn2+ mediated and B-amyloid mediated injury will be assessed. It is hoped that these studies will increase understanding of cell injury mechanisms in diseases of aging and suggest new therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PILOT--NUCLEIC INTERACTIONS W/ METAL NANOPARTICLE SURFACES PROBED BY SERS SPECTR Principal Investigator & Institution: Coyle, Candace M.; University of Texas San Antonio San Antonio, Tx 78249 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006

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Zinc

Summary: Research in bioinorganic chemistry is continuing to reveal how proteins regulate the reactivity of metal ions for ligand binding and catalysis, and reciprocally, how metal ions influence the structure of dynamics of proteins. This research will extend previous work on the involvement of inorganic elements such as iron, cobalt, copper and zinc in biological processes with particular emphasis on copper. The recent discovery of organo-copper complexes in cancerous tissues has intensified studies of the interaction of nucleotides with copper, specifically the mutagenic, carcinogenic or cytotoxic effects that the electrophilic agents (H+, R+ and metal cations) have on the cell. Although studies have been conducted on the interaction between these electrophilic agents and monomeric constituents of nucleic acids, little work has been done regarding the site of attachment of the copper metal to these nucleotides. This study will investigate the interaction of nucleic bases (cytosine, adenine, guanine and thymine), their respective nucleoside and nucleotide forms, DNA and RNA with copper nanoparticles using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. The specific aims of this project are to determine the selectivity of the adsorption sites on the copper surfaces, as well as provide information regarding the site(s) of attachment, molecular forms and orientation of the nucleo-bases on the metal surfaces based on the SERS spectra. This work will incorporate isotopic editing of the nucleic bases in order to determine the vibrational modes associated with the active binding site for the various forms of the nucleotides, as well as the use of other metal substrates to determine metal specificity. These studies will be extended to include the effects of pH, counter ions and concentration. The long term goal of this project is to use the information contained in the SERS data to explain the nature of the nucleic-copper interactions in biological systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: POTENTIAL OF NEURONAL NICOTINIC RECEPTORS BY ZINC Principal Investigator & Institution: Luetje, Charles Ward.; Associate Professor; Molecular and Cellular Pharm; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goals of this project are: (1) to elucidate the structure of the site(s) on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) where zinc binds and potentiates receptor function, and (2) to elucidate the mechanism through which zinc potentiates receptor function. Nicotinic ligands are potentially useful as anxiolytics and analgesics, in the treatment of neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, and are also the sites at which nicotine exerts its psychoactive and addictive effects. Effective pharmacological intervention at neuronal nAChRs requires development of subtype selective ligands. Pursuit of this goal has traditionally been directed toward development of ligands that act at the acetylcholine (ACh) binding sites. We propose to pursue a new class of site on neuronal nAChRs, the site at which zinc potentiates these receptors. The ACh binding sites on neuronal nAChRs are at the interfaces between the extracellular domains of subunits. In many neuronal nAChRs, two agonist-binding sites are formed at interfaces between two pairs of dissimilar subunits, leaving three alternate interfaces with no involvement in ACh binding. We hypothesize that one or more of the alternate interfaces bind zinc, a modulator of neuronal nAChR function. In aim 1, we will use site-directed mutagenesis and functional analysis to identify amino acid residues on neuronal nAChRs that coordinate zinc at the potentiation site. In aim 2, we will explore the larger structure of the potentiation site using Substituted Cysteine Accessibility

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Mutagenesis. Information obtained in aims 1 and 2 will be used to refine a homology model of the extracellular domains of neuronal nAChRs. In aim 3, we will determine whether zinc potentiates neuronal nAChRs through changes in the single channel open probability, the single channel current, and/or the number of channels. Changes in open probability will be characterized in terms of the underlying gating mechanism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RESTRAINTS

PROTEIN

FOLDING

USING

PARAMAGNETIC

DERIVED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosevear, Paul R.; Associate Professor; Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry & Microbiology; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: With the availability of complete genomes, protein structure elucidation becomes increasingly important as a tool for predicting protein function. NMR provides a powerful solution technique for structure determination. However, conventional techniques are often labor and time intensive. New approaches, which minimize the time required to calculate a protein global fold are necessary to increase the effectiveness of NMR in global fold identification. This proposal will develop paramagnetic techniques for rapid protein global fold elucidation. Paramagnetic techniques can provide distance restraints and angular restraints. The use of site-directed spin and isotope labeling can provide distances up to 35A between the covalently attached spin label and backbone protons. Angular restraints obtained from partial alignment of the target protein in the magnetic field can provide a wealth of information on both the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein. Residual dipolar couplings, dipolar shifts, and information obtained from cross-correlation between Curie spin and dipolar relaxation provide restraints for global fold identification. To date, the general utility of these techniques in protein global fold recognition is largely under-appreciated. Finally, a rapid method for introduction of metal binding tags into target proteins will be developed. Initially, the zinc finger domain of the retroviral gag protein will be used. This peptide binds both zinc and cobalt with high affinity. The zinc finger domain is fused to either the or C- terminus of the target protein. Incorporation of cobalt into the metal-tag fusion protein induces partial alignment of the protein in the magnetic field. The proposed methodology offers a number of advantages. Rapid affinity purification protocols can be developed based on the metal binding tag. Finally, introduction of metal binding tags at both the and C- termini of the protein should introduce different orientations of the protein in the magnetic field. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTEOMIC STUDIES OF ZN HOMEOSTASIS BY MASS SPECTROMETRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhu, Haining; Molecular/Cellula/Biochemistry; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) The investigators will develop a novel technology using mass spectrometry coupled with a residue-specific stable isotope labeling technique that has broad applications in various aspects of proteomic research. They have been able to incorporate stable isotope labeled amino acid precursors into proteins in a residue-specific manner. This labeling technique introduces a characteristic mass

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Zinc

splitting pattern that can be readily recognized and be used to determine the existence as well as the number of labeled residues. The researchers have demonstrated that this technique could be employed to improve the identification of unknown proteins and the detection of protein modifications. In this R21 project, they will further develop this technique for high-confidence, high-throughput identification of protein posttranslational modifications. Moreover, this technique will be applied to the accurate quantification of protein expression and modification levels, computational tools will be developed to automate data analysis for this specialized MS. The different tools will then be integrated as a complete bioinformatics package for automated data analysis for this stable isotope labeling mass spectrometry. Proteomic studies of zinc ion homeostasis in S. cerevisiae will be carried out in concert with the methodology development. Zinc is critical for human health and has been implicated in different diseases. A protein network has been known to be involved in zinc homeostasis, but certain critical components are missing. New technologies are needed to achieve a more complete understanding. Data obtained on the known zinc-responsive proteins will first be used to validate the proteomic platform. More importantly, the investigators will employ this proteomic approach to examine the zinc responsive alternations in the yeast proteome. They will focus on the plasma membrane proteins in this R21 project. Zrtlp and Zrt2p are two known zinc transporters on the plasma membrane. A comparison of membrane protein expression levels will be made between wild type and zrtl zrt2 double deletion strains to identify additional unidentified zinc transporter(s). They will also characterize the post-translational modifications of membrane proteins, which will help to elucidate the mechanism by which cells sense the zinc concentration in their environment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF FOLATE METABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Matthews, Rowena G.; Professor; Biological Chemistry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1978; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract):One carbon units bound to tetrahydrofolate are utilized for the de novo biosynthesis of purines and thymidylate and for the provision of methyl groups for the biological methylation reactions that involve adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. The long term goals of this research are to study the catalytic mechanisms of enzymes that use tetrahydrofolate derivatives as cofactors, and to study the regulation of one carbon metabolism. Because the availability of one carbon units is one of the factors that limits the rate of growth of cells, these studies are relevant to the design of chemotherapeutic inhibitors of folatedependent enzymes. They are also relevant to our understanding of the factors that control the level of plasma homocysteine, an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. The proposed studies focus on three folatedependent enzymes: human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), which catalyzes the reduction of methylenetetrahydrofolate to methyltetrahydrofolate in a reaction which commits one-carbon units to provision of methyl groups for adenosylmethionine-dependent methylations, and cobalamin-dependent and cobalamin-independent methionine synthases from Escherichia coli. Methionine synthases catalyze methyl transfer from methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine, to produce tetrahydrofolate and methionine. Based on research with MTHFR from E. coli, a model has been developed in which enzyme activity is regulated by the availability of

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folate derivatives; this model will be tested for its applicability to the regulation of the human MTHFR. Studies of the catalytic mechanisms of cobalamin-dependent and cobalamin-independent methionine synthases from Escherichia coli are also proposed. These studies will focus on the mechanism of activation of the substrate, methyltetrahydrofolate, for transfer of the methyl group and on the catalytic role of the essential zinc ions in these two enzymes, and will employ a wide variety of kinetic, spectroscopic, and stereochemical techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF MDM2 BY THE RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN L11 Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhang, Yanping; Molecular/Cellular Oncology; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The genomic loci for tumor suppressor p53 and ARF are the most frequently mutated in all types of human cancer. On the other hand, the proto-oncoprotein MDM2, a principle negative regulator of p53 in the cell, is frequently overexpressed in many types of human cancer, ARF, MDM2, and p53 constitute an important tumor suppression pathway (ARF-MDM2-p53 pathway) that safeguards cells from aberrant, uncontrolled growth. Recent studies have indicated that the ARF-MDM2p53 pathway is not strictly linear but branches out to other targets and that the pathway crosstalks with other cellular pathways, presumably through the interaction with other cellular proteins. The targets of the branched-out interaction and the mechanisms of the crosstalk regulation, however, are largely elusive. We have recently found that MDM2 interacts with the ribosomal protein L11 through its zinc finger region. L11 forms in vivo complexes with ARF, MDM2, and p53. Enforced expression of L11 prevents MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation, restores MDM2-suppressed p53 transactivation activity and induces a p53-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest. More importantly, studies have shown that human cancer-associated mutations in the MDM2 gene preferentially target the zinc finger domain disrupting L11 binding. One of the cancer-derived MDM2 mutants we have examined, MDM2 (C305F),which has a Cys-toPhe substitution in the central zinc finger motif, exhibited several distinct characteristics including the disruption of L11 binding. MDM2(C305F) retained the E3 ligase activity to ubiquitinate p53 but did not promote p53 degradation. It showed a stronger ability than the wild type MDM2 in suppressing p53's transactivation activity and cells expressing MDM2(C305F) escaped from L11 overexpression-induced growth inhibition. MDM2(C305F) represents a useful mutant to dissect the mechanism of L11-regulated MDM2 and p53 function. Based on our preliminary data, we hypothesize that the L11MDM2-p53 connection constitutes a pathway that monitors the rate of protein synthesis and coordinates cell growth with cell cycle progression. To understand the function and regulation of the LI 1-MDM2-p53 pathway, we propose the following aims: Aim 1.To investigate the mechanism and regulation of the MDM2-L11 interaction. Aim 2. To investigate the in vivo function of the MDM2-L11 interaction using a MDM2 (C305F) knockin. Aim 3. To investigate the mechanism of ARF in the regulation of L11, MDM2, and p53. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REGULATION OF NEURONAL NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Deneris, Evan S.; Associate Professor; Neurosciences; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106

44

Zinc

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-AUG-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Our general long-term objective is to understand the transcriptional mechanisms that control cell-type diversity within the nervous system. To pursue this objective we are investigating cis and trans transcriptional control of genes encoding neuronal nicotinic receptors. These genes encode subunits that can be assembled into a variety of functionally distinct heteromeric excitatory ligand-gated ion channels. Expression patterns of these genes indicates that different heteromers are expressed in adrenal chromaffin cells, peripheral ganglia, retina, and throughout the brain. The focus of our research is a cluster of nAchR genes, beta4, alpha3, and alpha5 that encode subunits assembled into a single receptor subtype in ganglia and possibly central neurons. The basic question driving our research is how are members of this cluster coordinately controlled to generate requisite overlapping patterns of expression for heteromer assembly? Coexpression and the clustered organization suggest that these genes are subject to control by shared cis elements. However, expression patterns of these genes are not entirely concordant and therefore individual genes in the cluster are likely to be controlled by independent cis elements as well. We have identified independent promoters adjacent to the alpha3 and beta4 genes as well as a potential enhancer within the beta4/alpha3 intergenic region. Our interest now is to investigate these cis elements in nAchR expressing PC12 cells to define their functional properties and in transgenic animal to determine their role in neural- specific expression of these nAchR genes. We have also identified trans- acting factors that modulate alpha3 and beta4 promoter activity. The zinc- finger protein Sp1 or an Sp1-related factor transactivates the alpha3 promoter via a G+A-rich motif positioned adjacent to the alpha3 transcription start site region. Sp1 belongs to a differentially expressed gene family and therefore one goal is to identify Sp1 family members that are expressed in PC12 cells and to assess their function in nAchR transcription. Toward this coal we have found that the Sp1-related factor, Sp4, is coexpressed with Sp1 in PC12 cells. Thus we will investigate the expression and function of this second zinc-finger in nAchR gene transcription. We will also extend these studies to the beta4 promoter in order to determine whether alpha3 and beta4 are coordinately controlled by these proteins. We have discovered that a POU-domain transcription factor, SCIP/Tst-1/Oct-6, is a potent and specific activator of alpha3. This represents the first cellular gene identified that is positively modulated by SCIP and it raises the possibility that SCIP controls cholinoceptive phenotype in neurons. Our recent studies in PC12 cells indicate that alpha3 regulation by SCIP is cell-type specific and suggest that activation occurs via a novel mechanism. We are interested in using PC12 cells as a neural model to investigate the potential alternative mechanism of SCIP action on alpha3 and other promoters. Together the proposed work will lead to a better understanding of how cholinergic transmitter systems are built and more generally will help to provide a clear view of the control of gene expression in neurons. Ultimately, these studies are likely to establish a foundation for future investigations of the role of aberrant gene control in specific neurological disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF THE TNF-ALPHA CONVERTING ENZYME (TACE) Principal Investigator & Institution: Milla, Marcos E.; Assistant Professor; Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) is a cytokine secreted by activated macrophages and monocytes. It plays a central role as a signaling molecule during the

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induction of inflammatory response, mediating the establishment of a host of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. It also has a role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activation in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and in tumor regression in certain types of cancer. The applicant's goal is to study the TNFa converting enzyme (TACE), a zinc metalloprotease of the secretory pathway. Its function is to cleave the membrane-bound precursor TNFa (Pro TNFa) to its mature, soluble form. TNFa is then secreted into the extracellular space, where it exerts its preinflammatory activity. They have recently clones TACE's cDNA, which has substantial homology to the disintegrin metalloproteases. This information, as well as preliminary biochemical characterization, indicates that TACE contains several domains with critical regulatory and mutation function. They propose to elucidate the specific roles of those domains in substrate recognition, maturation/activation and intracellular trafficking of TACE through the following specific aims: 1. The expression and maturation of TACE to its active form requires overcoming negative regulatory signals contained within the TACE polypeptide. They will define what those sequence requirements are for the expression of full-length, active TACE. This will complement the previous characterization of functional, recombinant forms of TACE obtained by overexpression in mammalian and insect cells. In addition, they will investigate the role of the cytoplasmic domain of TACE in negative regulation of the activation and subcellular localization of this protein. This will include the identification of cellular regulatory proteins interacting with it. II. The initial studies suggest that the cysteinerich (cys) domain of TACE is essential for displacement of the inhibitory pro domain from the catalytic site, resulting in TACE activation. They plan to investigate the role of the cys domain in TACE activation and in proTNFa substrate recognition/binding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUCLEASES

STIMULATING

GENE

TARGETING

WITH

ZINC

FINGER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Carroll, Dana; Professor and Chair; Biochemistry; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although targeted gene replacement is possible in some organisms, including mouse cells, the low efficiency of this process limits some applications. In addition, no effective gene targeting protocol exists for many experimental organisms. Making a double-strand break in chromosomal DNA stimulates gene targeting. The purpose of this proposal is to test the capabilities of nucleases with zinc finger DNA-binding domains (ZFNs) as targetable DNA cleavage reagents. Zinc fingers that recognize new sequences can be generated by changing the identity of a few amino acids that contact the DNA directly, so they are capable in principle of being directed to arbitrarily selected targets. The approach of stimulating gene targeting by cleaving the target should be applicable to many different organisms and situations, including the generation of animal models of human disease and ultimately to human gene therapy. The application of ZFNs to gene targeting in mammalian cells will be pursued initially at the mouse HPRT gene, which has advantages for genetic analysis. Zinc fingers that recognize a target in exon 3 have been isolated and engineered into the nuclease construct. Various methods for delivering these ZFNs and a marked donor DNA to cultured ES cells will be tested, and the efficiency of targeted recombination measured. The influence of the extent of homology between donor and target DNAs will be assessed, as will the location of the alteration in the donor with respect to the cleavage site. To determine what pathway of

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Zinc

recombination is responsible for targeting with ZFN cleavage, the effects of mutations that affect DNA repair by homologous recombination will be tested. In an attempt to reduce integration of the donor at nonhomologous sites, mutations in genes involved in nonhomologous repair will be investigated. To demonstrate the generality of this approach to gene targeting, it will be applied to another mouse locus, the Rpo2-1 gene. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF FYVE DOMAINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Overduin, Michael J.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Phosphoinositides function as cytoplasmic signaling lipids that are recognized by protein domains. In this proposal we characterize the structure and binding sites of the FYVE domain, a signaling domain that specifically recognizes phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P). The interaction of FYVE domains and PtdIns(3)P is critical for a range of biological processes including membrane trafficking, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal organization. This project focuses on the structure and function of the FYVE domain of early endosome autoantigen (EEA1), the prototypic and best characterized member of the FYVE family of proteins. The fusion of early endosome membranes is mediated by the EEA1 protein, allowing ligand:receptor complexes to be internalized and sorted for degradation or recycling back to the cell surface. Our hypotheses are: l: The FYVE domain has a unique 3D structure: The FYVE domain is defined by a unique and highly conserved sequence of 75 residues of unknown structure. The solution structure of the FYVE domain of human EEA1 is being solved by heteronuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to identify structural and functional features conserved within the FYVE domain family that distinguish it from known folds. 2: A PtdIns(3)P binding site is conserved among FYVE domains: The PtdIns(3)P binding site and kinetic properties of wild type and mutant FYVE domain will be characterized by NMR chemical shifts changes, nuclear Overhauser effects, in vitro liposome binding assays, and in vivo cellular localization assays. The specificity of the interaction will be established by comparing interactions with different phosphoinositides. 3: The FYVE domain's oligomeric state influences its function: EEA1 is known to form parallel dimers, impacting its interactions with PtdIns(3)P-containing membranes and Rab5 protein complexes. We show that the EEA1 FYVE domain dimerizes, and are defining the structure and functional properties of monomers and dimers using pulsed field gradient and half-filtered NMR, sedimentation equilibrium, and activity assays. 4: A unique zinc coordination site stabilizes the PtdIns(3)P site: FYVE domains coordinate two zinc ions through eight conserved cysteines. The specificity and structure of the zinc site is characterized by NMR using chelators, various divalent cations, and cysteine mutations. Zinc's structural importance is demonstrated by FYVE domain refolding experiments, and is related to other zinc binding domains such as RING fingers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND REGULATION OF PRIMASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Godson, G N.; Biochemistry; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2004

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Summary: DNA replication cannot take place without active primase. The broad longterm goal of this proposal is to learn enough about primase to develop it as a target to inhibit DNA replication in cancer cells. This proposal continues our studies of the structure, function and mechanism of primer RNA synthesis by E. coli primase and extends our studies to human primase. In the revised proposal, Specific Aim #1 is to study mechanism of movement of E. coli primase on DNA template. A hypothesis of a periodic, punctuated synthesis of pRNA by E. coli primase will be tested by measuring the processivity of primase and dissociation and rebinding of primase to the template after each step of synthesis (10/11 nt, 21/22 nt and 24/25 nt). A primase elongation mutant will be used for these experiments. Specific Aim #2 is to analyze the active center of pRNA synthesis of E. coli primase. We will use Fe2+ cleavage and site-directed mutagenesis to localize amino acids that bind Mg2+ at the catalytic center and Zn2+ at the zinc finger. The DNA template binding sites will be analyzed using template oligonucleotides containing UV photoreactive nucleotides incorporated in specific positions. The exit pathway of the growing primer RNA chain will be similarly mapped by using photoreactive oligonucleotide primers. Changes in the conformation of primase during pRNA synthesis will be analyzed. In Specific Aim #3, we will continue to study the role of SSB in pRNA synthesis. A primase/SSB physical interaction will be trapped by biochemical methods. The yeast two-hybrid system will be used to further analyze primase/SSB interaction. Interaction sites on both primase and SSB will be identified. In Specific Aim #4, we will establish the domain structure of the human primase P49 and 58 subunits of DNA polymerase alpha. The active center of this twoprotein system will be identified by ATP affinity cross-linking technique plus chemical cleavage. The function of these regions will be explored by site-directed mutagenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURE/FUNCTION STUDIES OF S100 PROTEINS AND P53 Principal Investigator & Institution: Weber, David J.; Associate Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): During the last 3 years, (i) high yields (>30 mg purified protein/liter media) of S 100B, S 100A 1, S 100A3, CAN19, mtsl, p53, p53(324393), p53(303-393), p53(303-367), hepatitis B viral protein X (HBVX), SUMO-1, Cterminal fragment of myosin IIA(1900-1961), and the HMG A box of the high mobility group protein- 1 (HMG-1) were prepared in minimal media as necessary for isotopic labeling (2H, 13C, 15N, etc). (ii) We determined the solution structures of apo-S 100B, apo-S 100A 1, calcium-bound S 100B, and calcium-bound S 100B in a complex with the negative regulatory domain of p53 (residues 367-388). (iii) We showed that dimeric S 100B is the physiologically relevant oligomerization state of S 100B, and that S 100B inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation of p53. (iv) We developed cellularbased assays for p53 and showed that p53 function is inhibited in tumor cell lines as a result of the calcium-dependent p53-S 100B interaction. This interaction includes both the oligomerization and negative regulatory domains at the C-terminus of p53. We plan to continue characterizing the calcium-dependent interaction of S 100B with the tumor suppressor protein p53. The effects that p53 phosphorylation, acetylation, and sumoylation have on S 100B binding will be examined. The binding of zinc to S 100B and heterodimer formation (i.e. S 100A 1/S 100B, CaN 19/S 100B and mts 1/S 100B etc.) will also be characterized. These data are necessary to determine whether covalent modifications of p53 and/or other S100B binding events affect S100B-p53 complex formation and function We will also determine the 3D structure of calcium-bound S100B

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Zinc

complexed with a larger construct of p53 that includes both the oligomerization and the C-terminal regulatory domains of p53 (residues 324-393; Kd=24nM). Heteronuclear relaxation measurements for backbone and sidechain resonances are planned for all of the structures that we solve (or have solved) in order to clarify how calcium and p53 binding affects the dynamics of S100B (and p53). These dynamic data will be used in a search for small molecule inhibitors of the S 100B-p53 interaction. Lastly, the 3D solution structures of other proteins that bind the C-terminus of p53 will be examined including the metastasis protein 1 (mts 1), S100A3, the CaN 19 tumor suppressor, the hepatitis B viral protein (HBVX), the p53 binding domain of BLM, and the A box ofHMG-1. It will be interesting to determine whether these or other p53-binding proteins enhance and/or compete with the S 100B-p53 interaction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TARGETING MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES FOR TUMOR IMAGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Carolyn J.; Associate Professor; Radiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of over 20 types of enzymes, both secreted and membrane-bound zinc endopeptidases, which collectively are capable of degrading all the components of the extracellular matrix. Studies suggest that MMPs are utilized in cancer, and facilitate both local tumor invasion and metastasis. MMP-2 and MMP-9 (also known as gelatinases), in particular, are thought to play critical roles in tumor cell invasion and are frequently coexpressed in human cancers. The goal of this study is to test a hypothesis regarding the ability to image by positron emission tomography (PET) the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a metastatic breast cancer tumor model using radiolabeled MMP-2 and MMP-9 peptide inhibitors. The hypothesis to be tested is that the accumulation of a radiolabeled gelatinase inhibitor will correlate with gelatinase enzyme activity determined in the tumor in an ex vivo assay. It has been demonstrated by Koivunen et al. that the synthetic cyclic peptide, CTTHWGFTLC (CTT), suppressed migration of breast cancer tumor cells in vitro and prevented the growth and invasion of MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer tumors in mice, suggesting that this peptide has potential as an anticancer agent. In preliminary experiments relating to this proposal, we conjugated CTT with the chelator DOTA (1,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N',N",N'"- tetraacetic acid) and initial in vitro assays demonstrated that DOTA-CTT inhibits MMP-2 activity comparably to the broad-range MMP inhibitor, Ilomastat. Preliminary microPET imaging and biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing mice show 64Cu-DOTA-CTT is taken up in three histologically different tumor types. Our preliminary data show that a 64Cu-labeled negative control peptide, DOTA-D-Trp-CTT does not show significant tumor uptake. Our specific aims are as follows: 1) to optimize fluorogenic assays for determining inhibitory activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibitors and for determining MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations in tumors grown in vivo; 2) To confirm specific tumor uptake of 64Cu-DOTA-CTT vs a 64Cu-DOTA-conjngated control peptide in gelatinase-expressing tumor-bearing mouse models from biodistribution studies and/or microPET imaging data and to correlate uptake of 64Cu-DOTA-CTT with gelatinase expression in the tumor using an ex vivo assay; and 3) to synthesis a series of gelatinase inhibitors based upon the lead structure CTT that are conjugated to either DOTA or a cross-bridged macrocyclic chelator, as well as synthesize negative control peptides. If

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successful, the outcome of this study may be a PET tracer for determining the metastatic potential of various types of cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE ANTIAPOPTOTIC EFFECTS ON NO IN PULMONARY ENDOTHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilson, Annette S.; Environ & Occupational Health; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pulmonary endothelium is the locus of early structural and functional changes in hyperoxic lung injury. An imbalance between the production of partially reduced oxygen species and their elimination appears to account for the genesis and/or maintenance of such pathology and evidence exists to suggest that such injury may be exacerbated by partially reduced nitrogen species. Nonetheless, in recent years, it is apparent that in many conditions, nitric oxide (NO) may actually limit endothelial cell injury and act as an anti-inflammatory cytoprotective molecule. From recent reports and preliminary data, we hypothesize that iNOS derived NO may be protective to lung endothelium by its potential antiapoptotic effect via posttranslational mechanisms involving S-nitrosylation. Accordingly, the specific aims of this fellowship application are to determine the role of: (1) iNOS-derived NO in affecting pulmonary endothelial cell structure and function in hyperoxia in iNOS-/mice or in mice that overexpress iNOS in their pulmonary endothelium via somatic gene transfer using a PECAM antibody targeted polyethlyenimine vector containing cDNA to human iNOS; (2) zinc release in NO signaling in the pulmonary endothelium of cultured murine lung endothelial cells and isolated perfused lung using confocal and multiphoton laser scanning microscopy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE ROLE OF ZINC IN FOCAL ISCHEMIC BRAIN INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Jin-Moo; Neurology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is an application for a competitive supplement to the three-year Mentored Clinical Scientist Development (K08) Award. The original K08 grant entitled, "The role of zinc in focal ischemic brain injury," was awarded on 7/1/00. However, in 12/01 (1.5 years into the grant), the applicant's mentor, Dr. Dennis Choi left the institution, prompting a change in mentors (to Dr. Chung Y. Hsu, with comentors, Dr. Mark Goldberg and Dr. David Holtzman) and a change in research direction. For the past 9 months, the applicant has been pursuing this new direction, studying the pathogenesis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In particular, he has found that the amyloid beta peptide induces the expression and activity of the extracellular matrix-degrading protease, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), in cultures of cerebral endothelial cells. Furthermore, vascular MMP-9-like immunoreactivity was found in aged mice carrying the double Swedish mutation of the amyloid precursor protein (APPsw, a rodent model of CAA), but not in younger mice. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that amyloid beta, which accumulates in cerebral blood vessels in CAA, induces vascular MMP-9 activity and contributes to the development of spontaneous hemorrhagic stroke. Due to space limitations a complete application detailing the new proposal is not possible; however,

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Zinc

Specific Aims, preliminary studies, and a brief outline of research design is included in this proposal. The goal of the applicant during this extension is to pursue the project outlined above and to receive additional training in molecular biology, microscopy and in developing animal models for disease. The additional two years of funding will allow protected time to accumulate data and publications that will put the applicant in a position to apply for independent funding (R21 or R01) and, ultimately, develop into an independent investigator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TIMP ENGINEERING AND APPLICATION TO ARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brew, Keith; Professor; Biomedical Sciences; Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Fl 33431 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc metalloproteinases that degrade components of the extracellular matrix. They play major roles in diseases including arthritis, cancer and atherosclerosis. The activities of MMPs are regulated by endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)-1, to -4. Our long-range goals are to understand how TIMPs inhibit MMPs and to use this information to engineer variant TIMPs that selectively inhibit individual or chosen groups of metalloproteinases. These targeted TIMPs will be tested for efficacy in alleviating the progression of diseases associated with increased degradation of the extracellular matrix. Our recent finding that TIMP-3 is a potent inhibitor of two aggrecanases (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5), key enzymes in the degradation of the cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan, leads us to further investigate and test TIMP-3, and other TIMP variants, as inhibitors for preventing the progression of arthritis. To achieve these goals we will elucidate the structural basis of TIMP specificity for aggrecanases and MMPs and engineer TIMPs that are targeted for metalloproteinases involved in cartilage degradation. These inhibitors will be tested for effectiveness in ex vivo and in vivo models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). The Specific Aims are: (1) to investigate the mechanism of inhibition of aggrecanases by TIMP-3 and generate specific inhibitors of these enzymes; (2) to produce TIMP variants that selectively inhibit collagenases (MMP-1 and -13), gelatinase A (MMP-2), or MT1-MMP; (3) identify and characterize low-molecular weight peptide inhibitors employing non-toxic variants of sarafotoxin, an analogue of the unique inhibitory region of TIMPs; (4) characterize the structural and physical basis of strong and specific metalloproteinase binding in TIMPs; (5) test recombinant TIMP-3 and other wild-type and variant TIMPs for their ability to prevent cartilage breakdown using the cartilage explant system; (6) test the efficacy of TIMP-3 and TIMP variants as potential blockers of cartilage degradation in the collageninduced arthritis model of RA, and in the STR/ort mouse OA model; and (7) identify metalloproteases that act in articular cartilage breakdown during the progression of OA in humans. These studies will produce mechanistic and structural information about the interactions of TIMPs and metalloproteinases and new insights into therapeutic approaches for arthritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF GASTRIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Merchant, Juanita L.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The hormone gastrin is secreted from the antrum of the stomach and stimulates acid secretion coordinately with histamine and acetylcholine. Changes in the rate of transcription from the gastrin gene occur with fasting and refeeding, but more dramatically with an increase in gastric pH. Thus, it has been concluded that gastrin gene expression is regulated, albeit indirectly, by changes in gastric pH. With the current understanding that gastrin gene expression increases with H. pylori infection, it has now been proposed that gastrin in regulated by bacterial proteins and/or cytokines. In addition, transcription of the gastrin gene is upregulated during neoplastic transformation, e.g., in gastrinomas and colon cancers. With respect to gastrinomas, mutations in the MEN1 gene product, menin, presumably play a central role in activation of the gastrin gene; the mechanisms by which gastrin is overexpressed in colon cancer are less well defined, but likely involves activated ras mutations. Overall, the studies proposed in the continuation of this grant will further characterize the transcriptional elements and factors that bind the human gastrin promoter, then test these elements in transgenic mouse lines. First, the relationship of two zinc finger transcription factors, Sp1 and ZBP-89, to known cancer pathways, e.g., menin, p53 will be examined. Sp1 and ZBP-89 are both Kruppel-type zinc finger transcription factors that bind to the human gastrin promoter. Whether Sp1 interacts with members of the Jun transcription factor family will be explored in co-precipitation and transfection assays. Recently, ZBP-89 has been shown to interact with Sp1 and p53. Therefore, whether transcriptional repression of gastrin is mediated through the cooperation of ZBP-89 with p53 will be examined. To test directly the role of Sp1 in gastrin gene expression, the Sp1 gene will be disrupted in the antral G cell using Cre-Lox technology. Second, transgenic mouse lines expressing a human gastrin-beta galactosidase reporter in the antral G cell will be studied. The expression of the reporter gene from the wild type human gastrin promoter will be compared to a transgene containing mutations in specific DNA regulatory elements. Third, how components of bacterial colonization stimulate gastrin gene expression will be studied by examining how the H. pylori CagA protein stimulates gastrin. Fourth, how the H. pylori-induced Th1 lymphocyte response with elevated tissue levels of interferon gamma stimulates gastrin gene expression will be explored. Collectively, these studies will dissect the signaling pathways and factors capable of regulating gastrin and further validate these pathways through in vivo studies in transgenic mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSCRIPTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

REGULATION

OF

CARDIOMYOCYTE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Huggins, Gordon S.; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (the applicant's description verbatim): The normal development of the cardiovascular system is regulated by a complex set of molecular pathways that interpret environmental and developmental signals into changes in cardiovascular gene expression. Perturbations of these signaling pathways have been implicated in a number of prevalent human cardiovascular diseases including congenital cardiac malformations, pathologic cardiac hypertrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. During the last ten years we have studied the nuclear transcription factors that regulate the development and function of the mammalian cardiovascular system. In an initial series of experiments we identified a cardiac-specific transcriptional promoter/enhancer in the 5' flanking region

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of the cardiac troponin C (cTnC) gene. We used this promoter to identify a set of nuclear transcription factors that appear to play important roles in regulating early cardiomyocyte development and cardiac morphogenesis. Among these was the GATA4 zinc finger protein that binds to and trans-activates a wide variety of cardiac specific transcriptional regulatory elements. Using a gene targeting approach we showed that GATA4 is necessary for the formation of the primitive ventral heart tube during early murine embryogenesis. More recently, we identified a second zinc finger protein called cardiac friend of GATA (CFOG) that is expressed in the developing heart and that binds specifically to the N-terminal zinc finger of GATA4. Similarly, Olson and coworkers recently demonstrated that GATA4 also interacts with the rel-related protein NFAT3 and that these two proteins appear to be important regulators of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. The long term goal of the studies described in this continuing RO1 proposal is to understand the molecular mechanisms by which GATA proteins, in conjunction with other transcriptionfactors and coactivator/ repressor proteins regulate cardiogenesis and cardiac hypertrophy. Specifically we will (1) map the regions of GATA4 that are required for its central role in the heart tube formation. (2) genetically and biochemically characterize the interaction between GATA4 and CFOG and understand the effects of this interaction on the transcriptional activity of GATA4, (3) Use gene targeting to determine the roles of NFAT3 and CFOG in cardiac development and function in the mouse. Together, the results of these studies should provide novel basic insights into the molecular pathways that regulate normal cardiac development and function. They should also be relevant to understanding the molecular pathophysiology of a number of clinically important inherited and acquired cardiovascular diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS IN CHONDROGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Brendan; Associate Professor; Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Chondrogenesis is a specialized and regulated process of mesenchymal differentiation important in embryogenesis, growth, and homeostasis. Pathologic changes in both regulatory and structural components of this pathway affect cartilage differentiation, maintenance, and renewal with concomitant effects on the skeletal system. Studies of regulatory gene products have been hindered by the dearth of in vivo material as well as the lack of optimal in vitro systems. A basic understanding of the biologic modifiers important in chondrocyte differentiation, especially those which act on the transcriptional level, would further our understanding of developmental cartilage biology, as well as provide insight into pathologic processes including the skeletal dysplasias and osteoarthritides. In an effort to overcome some of these obstacles, a cDNA library derived from in vivo growth plate cartilage has been constructed. Two zinc finger containing human cDNA s, FC63 and FC67, have been isolated. Sequence analysis reveals multiple zinc-finger motifs and their temporalspatial pattern of expression in both human and murine embryonic tissues suggests a role in chondrogenesis. To further delineate their role in development, functional characterization of these putative transcription factors are proposed. These include heterologous expression in dedifferentiated chondrocytes and multipotent C3H/10T1/2 cells, generation and characterization of mutant mice deficient in these components, and characterization of transgenic mice overexpressing these proteins. The human chromosomal location of FC63 is syntenic with the putative map location of an inherited

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acrofacial dysostosis, Nager syndrome, and mutation analysis of affected individuals is proposed. These studies should add to the rapidly increasing amount of information delineating both nuclear and extracellular components which control chondrogenesis and to our understanding of the pathological consequences of mutations in the genes which encode them. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ZINC DEVELOPMENT

AND

IRON

SUPPLEMENTATION:

IMPACT

ON

Principal Investigator & Institution: Black, Maureen M.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The proposed project builds on an existing trial of micronutrient supplementation on children's growth, immune functioning, and morbidity, administered from birth through 9 months among full-term infants born small-forgestational age in a low-income community in India. The trial had four cells: riboflavin with and without zinc, and other micronutrients [riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, folate, and iron] with and without zinc. In April 1999 the children will range in age from 14 to 32 months, providing a unique opportunity to examine the protective effects of early micronutrient supplementation on children's behavior and development during the second and third years of life when the children are consuming community diets. We will use a cross-lag panel design to follow 600 children who participated in the micronutrient supplementation trial and a comparison group of 225 children, born at term with birth weight appropriate for gestational age. Children will be studied in clinical and home settings at 18, 24, 30, and 36 months of age to determine if differences in behavior and development are related to: (i) the micronutrient supplementation they received during infancy and (2) the timing and duration of their micronutrient deficiency during toddlerhood. The project tests the theory of functional isolation which hypothesizes that the lethargy and social isolation that often accompany nutritional deficiency interfere with reciprocal, stimulating interactions with caregivers, thereby leading to developmental and behavioral delays. The design and analysis are based on an ecological model in which behavior and development are influenced by birth weight, supplementation history, growth, temperament, parent-children interaction, and family environment contribute to children's behavior and development. Analysis will be conducted by longitudinal strategies, including multiple regression and hierarchial linear modeling. The results have important public health implications regarding the timing of micronutrient supplementation and the relationship between micronutrient deficiency and children's behavior and development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ZINC METALLOPROTEINS

COORDINATION

AND

REGULATION

OF

ZINC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Giedroc, David P.; Professor; Biochemistry and Biophysics; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: This proposal requests continued support for ongoing studies of the structure, bioinorganic chemistry and allosteric regulation by zinc of selected zinc metalloregulatory transcription factors derived from mammalian and prokaryotic organisms which play roles in zinc homeostasis. Human metal-responsive element

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(MRE)-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) possesses six Cys2-His2 zinc finger domains and activates the expression of metallothionein genes in a zinc-dependent manner. Previous studies led the PI to hypothesize that the N-terminal four fingers play a structural role in mediating high affinity binding to the MRE while the C-terminal finger domains perform a zinc sensor and/or transducer role. The following experiments on MTF-1 are proposed: 1) Define the solution structure of a C-terminal zinc finger fragment (finger domains 4-6) of MTF-1 using multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. These studies will be complemented by equilibrium and kinetic metal binding studies to delineate the unusual metal binding properties of these metalloregulatory domains; and 2) Test the metalloregulatory model of MTF-1 function in vivo by determining the metal-dependent transcriptional activation efficacy of broken-finger mutants of intact MTF-1 by transfection experiments in mammalian and yeast cells. Comparative studies of three evolutionarily related prokaryotic zinc metalloregulatory repressors, Synechococcus SmtB, Synechocystis ZiaR, S. aureus CzrA and a cadmium repressor, S. aureus pI258 CadC are also proposed. These studies will provide a critical test of the metalloregulatory hypothesis which holds that the biological specificity and mechanism of regulation is encoded in the bioinorganic chemistry (metal coordination chemistry, specificity, affinity and stoichiometry) and the thermodynamic linkage relationships between metal binding, DNA binding and protein self-association of these metal switch proteins. Results of the proposed studies will provide new molecular insights into the relationships between structure, coordination chemistry and regulation by metal ions in metalloregulatory transcription factors, which, over the longer term, will permit their systematic re-engineering as templates for metal-site redesign and metal sensors with novel properties, tailored to biomedical and bioremediation uses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ZINC DEFICIENCY AND THL FUNCTIONS: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Prasad, Ananda S.; Professor; Internal Medicine; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: Zinc plays an important role in immune functions in humans. Decreased thymulin activity, decreased production of IL- 2, decreased NK cell lytic activity, decreased cytolytic T cells, anergy, decreased CD4/CD8 and decreased CD4+ CD45RA+/CD4+ CD45RO+ ratios, have been observed in zinc deficient humans and these abnormalities are corrected by zinc supplementation. In order to understand the mechanism of zinc action on IL-2 production, we propose to utilize HUT-78, a ThO human malignant lymphoblastoid cell line for our studies. The human IL-2 gene promoter contains one binding site for genuine Rel/NF-kB factors and binding of NFkB to DNA is specifically blocked by a zinc chelator and is reconstituted by addition of zinc. NF-kB also binds to the regulatory gene of IL-2 receptor alpha. We hypothesize that in zinc deficient HUT-78 cells, the activation and translocation of NF-kB to nucleus and the gene expression of NF-kB will be decreased and this will lead to decreased gene expression of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor alpha and decreased production of IL-2, sIL-2 receptor alpha and total sIL-2 receptors. The effect of different concentrations of zinc on NF-kB activation in HUT-78 cells will be determined by i) nuclear binding of NF-kB by gel shift assay and confocal imaging ii) gene transfection of cells with luciferase reporter gene vector containing NF-kB enhancer element and iii) assays of phosphorylated, unphosphorylated and ubiquitinated forms of IkB (the inhibitory molecule of the NF-kB

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complex) in cellular cytosolic fraction. The functional role of NF-kB on transcriptional activation of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor alpha as affected by zinc will be determined by using antisense p105 expression vector in HUT-78 cells. We are also hypothesizing that NF-kB activation, IL-2 production and IL-2 mRNA will be decreased in PHA stimulated zinc deficient human mononuclear cells and that these abnormalities will be corrected by in vivo and in vitro zinc supplementation. For this study we will select appropriate number of healthy ambulatory elderly subjects from a nursing home. Our previous experience indicates that approximately 30 percent of these healthy elderly are zinc deficient. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ZINC NEUROTOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Sheline, Christian; Neurology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (From the Applicant's Abstract): Glutamate receptor- and Ca2+-mediated neurotoxicity was the focus of study during past grant periods. Recently, we have begun to examine a related form of neurotoxicity, also enhanced by glutamate receptor activation but mediated by Zn2+ rather than Ca2+. Zn2+-mediated neurotoxicity likely contributes to central neuronal death after certain insults, such as transient global ischemia. Our Central Hypothesis is that extracellular Zn2+ can kill neurons by: 1) entering across the plasma membrane, largely through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) in depolarized neurons; 2) increasing intracellular free Zn2+ ([Zn2+]i); 3) interfering with glycolysis, causing ATP levels to fall; 4) triggering apoptosis (at lower Zn2+ levels). The proposed experiments will test aspects of this central hypothesis in cultured murine cortical neurons, delineating mechanisms underlying Zn2+-induced neuronal death to advance efforts to develop therapeutic countermeasures that might be used to reduce brain damage after cardiac arrest. Cultured neurons will be exposed to varying concentrations of extracellular zinc for brief ("fast toxicity") or prolonged ("slow toxicity") time periods. We plan to define the relationships linking transmembrane Zn2+ influx (measured with patch-clamp and radio-isotope flux techniques), [Zn2+]I (measured with dye videomacroscopy), cellular Zn2+ content (measured with atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively-coupled plasma spectroscopy), and cellular apoptosis (v.s. necrosis). We will also measure resultant neuronal levels of ATP, NAD+, NADH and glycolytic intermediates, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (measured with dihydroethidium dye). Finally, we will test genetic perturbations of cellular Zn2+ homeostasis, specifically increased or decreased expression of the key plasma membrane Zn2+ transporter, ZnT-1, or the major neuronal intracellular Zn2+ binding protein, metallothionein-III, will produce the changes in vulnerability to Zn2+ neurotoxicity predicted by the central hypothesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ZINC NEUROTOXICITY IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Prough, Donald S.; Chairman; Anesthesiology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): After traumatic brain injury (TBI), systemic hypotension causes secondary ischemic brain injury that markedly worsens mortality and neurologic outcome. We will test the hypothesis that, as a consequence of TBI and

56

Zinc

posttraumatic hemorrhagic hypotension, neurotoxic concentrations of Zn2+ are released from presynaptic glutamatergic vesicles in association with glutamate, enter postsynaptic neurons through receptor-associated calcium channels (especially AMPA/kainite receptors) and voltage-operated calcium channels, and worsen outcome by accumulating in postsynaptic neurons. Specific aim 1: In rats subjected to TBI with our without hypotension, we will test the hypothesis that neuronal Zn2+ accumulation is related to Zn2+ release, which is proportional to the severity of TBI and hypotension and the interval between TBI and hypotension. Methodologies: microdialysis (Zn2+ and glutamate); staining with the Zn2+-specific dye TSQ (intracellular Zn2+ accumulation); vanadium acid fuchsin (VAF) staining (acute cell injury); staining for DNA fragmentation (TUNEL); ribonuclease protection assays (apoptosis); neuronal counts (histopathologic outcome), and beam walking, beam balance and the Morris water maze (neurobehavioral outcome). Specific aim 2: In rats subjected to moderate TBI with or without hypotension, we will address the hypothesis that after TBI, Zn2+ enters neurons through receptor-associated calcium channels and voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs) and that entry through (VOCCs) is enhanced by posttraumatic brain tissue acidosis. Interventions: the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, the AMPA/kainite receptor antagonist LY300164, the L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine, and increases and decreases in extracellular pH. Methodologies: microdialysis, TSQ staining, and VAF staining. Specific aim 3: In rats subjected to moderate TBI and hypotension, we will address the hypothesis that after, TBI and hypotension, modifying extracellular Zn2+ concentrations will modify neurobehavioral and histopathologic injury. We will test this hypothesis by using intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of Zn2+ and by icv injection of the specific Zn2+-binding apoenzyme of carbonic anhydrase. Methodologies: identical to specific aim 1 plus monitoring for signs of neurologic zinc deficiency. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ZINC THERAPY IN ZINC DEFICIENT HIV+ DRUG USERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Baum, Marianna K.; Professor & Director, International Res; None; Florida International University Division of Sponsored Research and Training Miami, Fl 33199 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Deficiency of zinc is prevalent in HAART and non-HAART treated HIV-1 seropositive males and female drug users and has been shown to have a profound impact on HIV disease status. Low levels of zinc are associated with an increased risk for HIV-1 related mortality, while increasing levels of plasma zinc are associated with slower disease progression. Other investigators have reported that zinc administration in HIV/AIDS patients stabilized weight, increased CD4 cell count, and reduced the number of opportunistic infections. As drug users are particularly susceptible to zinc deficiency (56 percent have low serum zinc levels), zinc therapy in HIV-1 infected drug users with low zinc levels (> 0.35 ug/ml and < 0.75ug/ml), is both timely and warranted. Originally the proposal was to randomize 210 participants into the two study arms but the revised application intends to use stratified randomization based on viral load to balance any potential impact of antiretroviral treatment on CD4 cell count and clinical events. The investigators estimate that only 20 percent of the study population will be on newer therapies such as HAART. Zinc supplements will be given at nutritional doses (15 mg for men and 12 mg for women) and compliance to the intervention and safety will be monitored throughout the trial. Clinical and laboratory markers will be assessed at either 3 or 6 month intervals over the 30 month study.The

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specific aims will determine if zinc therapy in HIV-1 infected men and women who abuse drugs and have low plasma zinc levels will have higher CD4 cell counts, lower viral loads and prolonged time to events, including AIDS defining opportunistic infections, or AIDS-related death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ZINC TRANSPORT RELATIONSHIPS IN PROSTATE CANCER CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Franklin, Renty B.; Professor; Oral & Craniofacial Biol Scis; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ZINC-CARBENOID APPROACH TO PEPTIDE ISOSTERES Principal Investigator & Institution: Zercher, Charles K.; Chemistry; University of New Hampshire Service Building Durham, Nh 038243585 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The application of a new zinc-mediated carbenoid reaction to the preparation of peptide isosteres is described. This new method will be applicable to a wide variety of amino acid systems and will facilitate the preparation of inhibitors to a wide variety of viral proteases. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) serine protease is an attractive target and is specifically addressed in this study. Gamma-Keto esters which are incorporated into peptide skeletons have found great utility as mimics of a scissile peptide bond. These gamma-keto esters will be prepared from beta-keto esters in a single step through treatment with ethyl(iodomethyl)zinc. A two-step protocol is described in which beta-keto esters are incorporated into peptide fragments and then chain-extended to the corresponding gamma-keto esters. The preparation of a wide variety of peptide isosteric replacements should be possible through this methodology. A key feature of the study is the reactivity of the Reformatsky-like intermediate which will allow the incorporation of a variety of side chains that mimic the P1'-side chain of the peptide fragment. Stereocontrol of this side chain is essential to the full utilization of the zinc-mediated methodology. The application of this methodology to hydroxyethylene and difluoroketomethylene isostere systems is described. The approach to the difluoroketomethylene isostere is rapid and, if successful, will become the method of choice for the preparation of this isostere. The preparation of a novel isosteric system, gamma-keto phosphonates as part of an amino acid skeleton, is described. The relationship between peptide chemistry and solid-phase synthesis has continued to grow, mandating that methods which are proposed to impact peptide chemistry accommodate this relationship. The first practical approach to ketomethylene isostere generation on a solid support. Efforts will be made to incorporate this methodology onto a solid support in such a capacity as to make it compatible with peptide solid phase techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ZN DEFICIENCY IMPAIRS BBB INTEGRITY FR OXIDATIVE STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bray, Tammy M.; Dean; Human Nutrition; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) The importance of Zn in brain function and neurobiology is widely acknowledged, and many human neurological diseases have been linked to Zn deficiency. However, the mechanism by which dietary Zn deficiency may lead to pathology in the brain, an organ highly susceptible to oxidative damage, is not yet clear. Investigations into the effect of oxidative stress on brain function are often complicated by the high propensity of brain tissue to develop artifactual indices of oxidative stress in vivo. We will pioneer the application of noninvasive in vivo MRI and 31P-NMR techniques to study the role of Zn nutrition in maintaining the integrity of the blood brain barrier(BBB) and brain energy metabolism under oxidative stress. Further, we will identify possible cellular and molecular mechanisms for Zn deficiency pathology under oxidative stress. Hence the focus of this proposal is to examine the role of Zn nutrition in coping with oxidative stress to prevent brain disorders. The long term goal of this research is to understand the basic mechanism underlying the relationship between dietary Zn and optimal central nervous system(CNS) function. We speculate that sub-optimal Zn nutrition weakens BBB integrity and that oxidative stress superimposed upon Zn deficiency disrupts the protective function of the BBB, an event that may be pivotal in the pathogenesis of many brain disorders. Consequently, perturbations of cerebral homeostasis following loss of BBB integrity may lead to impaired energy metabolism and increased oxidative stress within the brain, a sequence of metabolic and biochemical changes by which Zn deficiency may contribute to the development of brain disorders. Thus, the hypothesis of this project is that Zn protects the BBB against oxidative stress through its antioxidant and membrane stabilization properties and therefore helps to maintain the homeostasis of brain metabolism and prevent brain disorders. To test this hypothesis, we will quantify changes in BBB permeability and brain energy metabolism, assess the balance between free radical defense and free radical generation, and measure the extent of oxidative damage in the brain of Zn deficient rats during exposure to hyperoxia. In addition, the possible underlying mechanisms will be explored. This research will contribute significantly to our understanding of the mechanistic roles of Zn in the etiology of brain disorders and lead to the development of better strategies for disease prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ZN2+ AND CALCIUM PERMEABLE AMPA/KAINATE CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Weiss, John H.; Professor; Neurology; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the application) Since starting at U.C. Irvine in late 1991, the applicant has established a laboratory studying cellular mechanisms of selective neurodegeneration of relevance to the aging brain. He has obtained independent funding (R01 and private grants), and achieved promotion to the rank of Associate professor, with tenure, in August, 1996. To address the sophisticated mechanistic questions which he intends will constitute the core of his research, it will be necessary to supplement toxicity and histology paradigms with techniques of fluorescent imaging and patch clamp electrophysiology, both powerful tools for studying behaviors of living neurons with which he presently has limited experience. Unfortunately, while experts on campus can provide technical assistance, his present heavy teaching, clinical and administrative duties leave insufficient time for mastery of these techniques. The salary support provided by an ISA, by assuring 80% protected time for research, would

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immeasurably aid the applicant s career development. The physiologic basis for the highly selective pattern of neurodegeneration seen in many diseases of the aging brain is largely unknown. Recent studies have revealed a potentially important clue: While most AMPA/kainate receptor-gated channels are Ca2+ impermeable, certain populations of neurons, including many types that preferentially degenerate in Alzheimer's disease or ischemia, express AMPA/kainate receptor gating channels with high direct Ca2+ permeability. The present proposal follows from our preliminary studies indicating that the endogenous synaptically released cation, Zn2+ appears to permeate Ca2+-permeable AMPA channels with particular rapidity selectively damaging neurons expressing these channels. Initial experiments will thus seek to examine the cellular and subcellular distribution of Zn2+ and Ca2+ permeable AMPA/kainate channel on hippocampal neurons. Histologic approaches and fluorescent imaging will be employed to localize these channels, and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques will be used to examine their permeabilities to Zn2+ and Ca2+. Subsequent experiments will examine consequences of Zn2+ permeation through these channels. Both neurotoxic and physiologic effects will be assessed, using histological, fluorescence imaging and electrophysiological techniques. It is hoped that these experiments will provide initial clues to physiological effects of Zn2+ that may be of importance to selective neurodegeneration in disease as well as to normal neuronal functioning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for zinc in the PubMed Central database: •

A 70-Amino Acid Zinc-Binding Polypeptide from the Regulatory Chain of Aspartate Transcarbamoylase Forms a Stable Complex with the Catalytic Subunit Leading to Markedly Altered Enzyme Activity. by Markby DW, Zhou B, Schachman HK.; 1991 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52970

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A baculovirus gene with a novel transcription pattern encodes a polypeptide with a zinc finger and a leucine zipper. by Thiem SM, Miller LK.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251079

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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A chloroplast gene encoding a protein with one zinc finger. by Sasaki Y, Nagano Y, Morioka S, Ishikawa H, Matsuno R.; 1989 Aug 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=318273

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A Chloroplast Processing Enzyme Involved in Precursor Maturation Shares a ZincBinding Motif with a Recently Recognized Family of Metalloendopeptidases. by Vere PS, Bennett TM, Oblong JE, Lamppa GK.; 1995 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41302

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A Cysteine-Rich Motif in Poliovirus Protein 2CATPase Is Involved in RNA Replication and Binds Zinc In Vitro. by Pfister T, Jones KW, Wimmer E.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111544

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A global view of the selectivity of zinc deprivation and excess on genes expressed in human THP-1 mononuclear cells. by Cousins RJ, Blanchard RK, Popp MP, Liu L, Cao J, Moore JB, Green CL.; 2003 Jun 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165811

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A metallothionein containing a zinc finger within a four-metal cluster protects a bacterium from zinc toxicity. by Blindauer CA, Harrison MD, Parkinson JA, Robinson AK, Cavet JS, Robinson NJ, Sadler PJ.; 2001 Aug 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55497

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A new type of Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34 zinc resistance generated by mutations affecting regulation of the cnr cobalt-nickel resistance system. by Collard JM, Provoost A, Taghavi S, Mergeay M.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=196217

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A novel class of plant-specific zinc-dependent DNA-binding protein that binds to A /T-rich DNA sequences. by Nagano Y, Furuhashi H, Inaba T, Sasaki Y.; 2001 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60209

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A novel DNA-binding domain that may form a single zinc finger motif. by Yanagisawa S.; 1995 Sep 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=307217

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A poxvirus protein with a RING finger motif binds zinc and localizes in virus factories. by Upton C, Schiff L, Rice SA, Dowdeswell T, Yang X, McFadden G.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236341

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A Small Single-"Finger" Peptide from the Erythroid Transcription Factor GATA-1 Binds Specifically to DNA as a Zinc or Iron Complex. by Omichinski JG, Trainor C, Evans T, Gronenborn AM, Clore GM, Felsenfeld G.; 1993 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45942

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A Zinc Ion Controls Assembly and Stability of the Major Capsid Protein of Rotavirus. by Erk I, Huet JC, Duarte M, Duquerroy S, Rey F, Cohen J, Lepault J.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149495

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A zinc-sensing receptor triggers the release of intracellular Ca2 + and regulates ion transport. by Hershfinkel M, Moran A, Grossman N, Sekler I.; 2001 Sep 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58801

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Active-site zinc ligands and activated H2O of zinc enzymes. by Vallee BL, Auld DS.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=53233

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Alteration of Zinc-Binding Residues of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus p8NC Results in Subtle Differences in Gag Processing and Virion Maturation Associated with Degradative Loss of Mutant NC. by Yovandich JL, Chertova EN, Kane BP, Gagliardi TD, Bess JW Jr, Sowder RC II, Henderson LE, Gorelick RJ.; 2001 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113904

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An Extracellular Matrix-Associated Zinc Metalloprotease Is Required for Dilauroyl Phosphatidylethanolamine Chemotactic Excitation in Myxococcus xanthus. by Kearns DB, Bonner PJ, Smith DR, Shimkets LJ.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134888

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An improved method for the small scale preparation of bacteriophage DNA based on phage precipitation by zinc chloride. by Santos MA.; 1991 Oct 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=328918

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An Interdigitated Columnar Mosaic of Cytochrome Oxidase, Zinc, and Neurotransmitter-Related Molecules in Cat and Monkey Visual Cortex. by Dyck RH, Cynader MS.; 1993 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47502

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An n-Alkane-Responsive Promoter Element Found in the Gene Encoding the Peroxisomal Protein of Candida tropicalis Does Not Contain a C6 Zinc Cluster DNABinding Motif. by Kanai T, Hara A, Kanayama N, Ueda M, Tanaka A.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111312

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An SmtB-like repressor from Synechocystis PCC 6803 regulates a zinc exporter. by Thelwell C, Robinson NJ, Turner-Cavet JS.; 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27963

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An Unusual Active Site Identified in a Family of Zinc Metalloendopeptidases. by Becker AB, Roth RA.; 1992 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48966

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An Unusual Oxygen-Sensitive, Iron- and Zinc-Containing Alcohol Dehydrogenase from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. by Ma K, Adams MW.; 1999 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93493

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At least three linear regions but not the zinc-finger domain of U1C protein are exposed at the surface of the protein in solution and on the human spliceosomal U1 snRNP particle. by Dumortier H, Klein Gunnewiek J, Roussel JP, van Aarssen Y, Briand JP, van Venrooij WJ, Muller S.; 1998 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=147990

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Biochemical and functional analysis of the YME1 gene product, an ATP and zincdependent mitochondrial protease from S. cerevisiae. by Weber ER, Hanekamp T, Thorsness PE.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275881

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Bovine Leukemia Virus SU Protein Interacts with Zinc, and Mutations within Two Interacting Regions Differently Affect Viral Fusion and Infectivity In Vivo. by Gatot JS, Callebaut I, Van Lint C, Demonte D, Kerkhofs P, Portetelle D, Burny A, Willems L, Kettmann R.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155115

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Changes in stability and allosteric properties of aspartate transcarbamoylase resulting from amino acid substitutions in the zinc-binding domain of the regulatory chains. by Eisenstein E, Markby DW, Schachman HK.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287071

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Characterization of a human cDNA encoding a widely expressed and highly conserved cysteine-rich protein with an unusual zinc-finger motif. by Liebhaber SA, Emery JG, Urbanek M, Wang XK, Cooke NE.; 1990 Jul 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=331088

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Characterization of a zinc blotting technique: evidence that a retroviral gag protein binds zinc. by Schiff LA, Nibert ML, Fields BN.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280393

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Characterization of a zinc-dependent transcriptional activator from Arabidopsis. by de Pater S, Greco V, Pham K, Memelink J, Kijne J.; 1996 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146317

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Characterization of the Zinc Binding Activity of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease. by Liu X, Yang J, Ghazi AM, Frey TK.; 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112091

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Classification of mononuclear zinc metal sites in protein structures. by Karlin S, Zhu ZY.; 1997 Dec 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24919

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Cloning and sequencing of a zinc finger cDNA expressed in mouse testis. by Nelki D, Dudley K, Cunningham P, Akhavan M.; 1990 Jun 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=331039

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Cocatalytic Zinc Motifs in Enzyme Catalysis. by Vallee BL, Auld DS.; 1993 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46166

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Comparative amino acid sequence analysis of the C6 zinc cluster family of transcriptional regulators. by Schjerling P, Holmberg S.; 1996 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146297

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Comparative genomics of bacterial zinc regulons: Enhanced ion transport, pathogenesis, and rearrangement of ribosomal proteins. by Panina EM, Mironov AA, Gelfand MS.; 2003 Aug 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187884

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Contribution by synaptic zinc to the gender-disparate plaque formation in human Swedish mutant APP transgenic mice. by Lee JY, Cole TB, Palmiter RD, Suh SW, Koh JY.; 2002 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124328

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Contribution of the Zinc Finger to Zinc and DNA Binding by a Suppressor of Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing. by van Wezel R, Liu H, Wu Z, Stanley J, Hong Y.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140617

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Control of zinc transfer between thionein, metallothionein, and zinc proteins. by Jacob C, Maret W, Vallee BL.; 1998 Mar 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19863

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Conversion of a maltose receptor into a zinc biosensor by computational design. by Marvin JS, Hellinga HW.; 2001 Apr 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33145

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Conversion of the E1A Cys4 Zinc Finger to a Nonfunctional His2, Cys2 Zinc Finger by a Single Point Mutation. by Webster LC, Zhang K, Chance B, Ayene I, Culp JS, Huang W, Wu FY, Ricciardi RP.; 1991 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52852

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Cooperative, non-specific binding of a zinc finger peptide to DNA. by Nedved ML, Moe GR.; 1994 Nov 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=308521

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Coordination dynamics of biological zinc "clusters" in metallothioneins and in the DNA-binding domain of the transcription factor Gal4. by Maret W, Larsen KS, Vallee BL.; 1997 Mar 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20070

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Copper-Induced Inhibition of Growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20: Assessment of Its Toxicity and Correlation with Those of Zinc and Lead. by Sani RK, Peyton BM, Brown LT.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93230

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Crosstalk of the group IIa and IIb metals calcium and zinc in cellular signaling. by Maret W.; 2001 Oct 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60047

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Crystal structure of a superantigen bound to MHC class II displays zinc and peptide dependence. by Petersson K, Hakansson M, Nilsson H, Forsberg G, Svensson LA, Liljas A, Walse B.; 2001 Jul 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125526

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Crystal structure of LpxC, a zinc-dependent deacetylase essential for endotoxin biosynthesis. by Whittington DA, Rusche KM, Shin H, Fierke CA, Christianson DW.; 2003 Jul 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166197

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Cysteine-dependent zinc binding by membrane proteins of Giardia lamblia. by Zhang YY, Aley SB, Stanley SL Jr, Gillin FD.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302759

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Cysteine-Rich Intestinal Protein Binds Zinc During Transmucosal Zinc Transport. by Hempe JM, Cousins RJ.; 1991 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52780

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Cysteine-Rich LIM Domains of LIM-Homeodomain and LIM-Only Proteins Contain Zinc but not Iron. by Archer VE, Breton J, Sanchez-Garcia I, Osada H, Forster A, Thomson AJ, Rabbitts TH.; 1994 Jan 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42938

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CzcR and CzcD, gene products affecting regulation of resistance to cobalt, zinc, and cadmium (czc system) in Alcaligenes eutrophus. by Nies DH.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207549

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Deletion of stably integrated DNA is suppressed by cadmium and zinc. by Abrams JM, Schimke RT.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298499

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Design of an Effective Mechanism-Based Inactivator for a Zinc Protease. by Mobashery S, Ghosh SS, Tamura SY, Kaiser ET.; 1990 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53308

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Dietary zinc modulates gene expression in murine thymus: Results from a comprehensive differential display screening. by Moore JB, Blanchard RK, Cousins RJ.; 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153017

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Different effects of zinc ions on in vitro susceptibilities of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to imipenem and meropenem. by Cooke P, Heritage J, Kerr K, Hawkey PM, Newton KE.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=163649

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Differential Display of Intestinal mRNAs Regulated by Dietary Zinc. by Blanchard RK, Cousins RJ.; 1996 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38899

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Domains of the Integrase Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Responsible for Polynucleotidyl Transfer and Zinc Binding. by Bushman FD, Engelman A, Palmer I, Wingfield P, Craigie R.; 1993 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46313

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Ebola Virus Transcription Activator VP30 Is a Zinc-Binding Protein. by Modrof J, Becker S, Muhlberger E.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149768

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Effect of cadmium and zinc on attachment and detachment interactions of Pseudomonas fluorescens H2 with glass. by McEldowney S.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201720

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Effect of ferrous sulfate and multivitamins with zinc on absorption of ciprofloxacin in normal volunteers. by Polk RE, Healy DP, Sahai J, Drwal L, Racht E.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172774

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Effect of routine zinc supplementation on pneumonia in children aged 6 months to 3 years: randomised controlled trial in an urban slum. by Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, Strand T, Molbak K, Ulvik RJ, Sommerfelt H, Bhan MK.; 2002 Jun 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115208

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Effect of zinc concentration in Mueller-Hinton agar on susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to imipenem. by Daly JS, Dodge RA, Glew RH, Soja DT, DeLuca BA, Hebert S.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229730

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Effect of zinc ions on the biochemical behavior of simian virus 40 small-t antigen expressed in bacteria. by Goswami R, Turk B, Enderle K, Howe A, Rundell K.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240925

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Effect of zinc supplementation on malaria and other causes of morbidity in west African children: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. by Muller O, Becher H, van Zweeden AB, Ye Y, Diallo DA, Konate AT, Gbangou A, Kouyate B, Garenne M.; 2001 Jun 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33513

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Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhoea on morbidity and mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomised trial. by Baqui AH, Black RE, Arifeen SE, Yunus M, Chakraborty J, Ahmed S, Vaughan JP.; 2002 Nov 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=131175

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Effect of Zinc-Reversible Growth-Inhibitory Activity in Human Empyema Fluid on Antibiotic Microbicidal Activity. by Sohnle PG, Hahn BL.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89640

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Effects of Zinc Deficiency and Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Immunization on Zinc Status and the Risk of Severe Infection in Mice. by Strand TA, Hollingshead SK, Julshamn K, Briles DE, Blomberg B, Sommerfelt H.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152078

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Effects of zinc on stationary-phase phenotype and macromolecular synthesis accompanying outgrowth of Candida albicans. by Anderson JM, Soll DR.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261414

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Effects of zinc, iron, cobalt, and manganese on Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 13616 growth and fusarin C biosynthesis in submerged cultures. by Jackson MA, Slininger PJ, Bothast RJ.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184174

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Efficient production and processing of elastase and LasA by Pseudomonas aeruginosa require zinc and calcium ions. by Olson JC, Ohman DE.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206126

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Electron microscopic study of the effect of zinc on Tritrichomonas foetus. by Benchimol M, Almeida JC, Lins U, Goncalves NR, de Souza W.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192790

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Element of caution: a case of reversible cytopenias associated with excessive zinc supplementation. by Irving JA, Mattman A, Lockitch G, Farrell K, Wadsworth LD.; 2003 Jul 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164980

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Elimination of zinc from synaptic vesicles in the intact mouse brain by disruption of the ZnT 3 gene. by Cole TB, Wenzel HJ, Kafer KE, Schwartzkroin PA, Palmiter RD.; 1999 Feb 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15571

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Erythrocyte Metallothionein as an Index of Zinc Status in Humans. by Grider A, Bailey LB, Cousins RJ.; 1990 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53453

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Evaluation of intestinal protozoan morphology in polyvinyl alcohol preservative: comparison of zinc sulfate- and mercuric chloride-based compounds for use in Schaudinn's fixative. by Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, Shum A, Bruckner DA.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262755

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Evidence for zinc binding by two structural proteins of Plodia interpunctella granulosis virus. by Funk CJ, Consigli RA.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241081

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Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Studies of a Retrovirus: Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Cysteine Arrays are Coordinated to Zinc. by Chance MR, Sagi I, Wirt MD, Frisbie SM, Scheuring E, Chen E, Bess JW Jr, Henderson LE, Arthur LO, South TL, Perez-Alvarado G, Summers MF.; 1992 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50273

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Formation of the peroxisome lumen is abolished by loss of Pichia pastoris Pas7p, a zinc-binding integral membrane protein of the peroxisome. by Kalish JE, Theda C, Morrell JC, Berg JM, Gould SJ.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230892

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Forms of Zinc Accumulated in the Hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri. by Sarret G, Saumitou-Laprade P, Bert V, Proux O, Hazemann JL, Traverse A, Marcus MA, Manceau A.; 2002 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166693

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Functional domains of a zinc metalloprotease from Vibrio vulnificus. by Miyoshi S, Wakae H, Tomochika K, Shinoda S.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179719

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Functional Interactions of the HHCC Domain of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Integrase Revealed by Nonoverlapping Complementation and Zinc-Dependent Dimerization. by Yang F, Leon O, Greenfield NJ, Roth MJ.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104420

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GAL4 Transcription Factor is Not a "Zinc Finger" but Forms a Zn(II)2Cys 6 Binuclear Cluster. by Pan T, Coleman JE.; 1990 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53629

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Genetic analysis of the zinc finger in the Moloney murine leukemia virus nucleocapsid domain: replacement of zinc-coordinating residues with other zinccoordinating residues yields noninfectious particles containing genomic RNA. by Gorelick RJ, Chabot DJ, Ott DE, Gagliardi TD, Rein A, Henderson LE, Arthur LO.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190107

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Genome-wide characterization of the Zap1p zinc-responsive regulon in yeast. by Lyons TJ, Gasch AP, Gaither LA, Botstein D, Brown PO, Eide DJ.; 2000 Jul 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16652

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Heavy Metal Coprecipitation with Hydrozincite [Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6] from Mine Waters Caused by Photosynthetic Microorganisms. by Podda F, Zuddas P, Minacci A, Pepi M, Baldi F.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92425

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High- and Low-Affinity Zinc Transport Systems and Their Possible Role in Zinc Efficiency in Bread Wheat. by Hacisalihoglu G, Hart JJ, Kochian LV.; 2001 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61026

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Histidine Residue in the Zinc-Binding Motif of Aminopeptidase A is Critical for Enzymatic Activity. by Wang J, Cooper MD.; 1993 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45844

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Human papillomavirus type 18 E7 protein requires intact Cys-X-X-Cys motifs for zinc binding, dimerization, and transformation but not for Rb binding. by McIntyre MC, Frattini MG, Grossman SR, Laimins LA.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237652

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Identification and characterization of a zinc metalloprotease associated with invasion by the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. by Norqvist A, Norrman B, Wolf-Watz H.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313721

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Identification and Preliminary Characterization of a Protein Motif Related to the Zinc Finger. by Lovering R, Hanson IM, Borden KL, Martin S, O'Reilly NJ, Evan GI, Rahman D, Pappin DJ, Trowsdale J, Freemont PS.; 1993 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46035

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Identification and zinc dependence of the bovine herpesvirus 1 transactivator protein BICP0. by Fraefel C, Zeng J, Choffat Y, Engels M, Schwyzer M, Ackermann M.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236806

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Identification of a family of zinc transporter genes from Arabidopsis that respond to zinc deficiency. by Grotz N, Fox T, Connolly E, Park W, Guerinot ML, Eide D.; 1998 Jun 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22785

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Identification of a Zinc-Specific Metalloregulatory Protein, Zur, Controlling Zinc Transport Operons in Bacillus subtilis. by Gaballa A, Helmann JD.; 1998 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107652

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Identification of the Zinc-Dependent Endothelial Cell Binding Protein for High Molecular Weight Kininogen and Factor XII: Identity with the Receptor that Binds to the Globular ``Heads'' of C1q (gC1q-R). by Joseph K, Ghebrehiwet B, Peerschke EI, Reid KB, Kaplan AP.; 1996 Aug 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38710

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Identification of the znuA-Encoded Periplasmic Zinc Transport Protein of Haemophilus ducreyi. by Lewis DA, Klesney-Tait J, Lumbley SR, Ward CK, Latimer JL, Ison CA, Hansen EJ.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96853

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In vitro activity of zinc salts against human rhinoviruses. by Geist FC, Bateman JA, Hayden FG.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174791

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In vivo and in vitro Characterization of the B1 and B2 Zinc-Binding Domains from the Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Protooncoprotein PML. by Borden KL, Lally JM, Martin SR, O'Reilly NJ, Solomon E, Freemont PS.; 1996 Feb 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39988

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Inactivation of Vegetative Cells, but Not Spores, of Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. subtilis on Stainless Steel Surfaces Coated with an Antimicrobial Silver- and ZincContaining Zeolite Formulation. by Galeano B, Korff E, Nicholson WL.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165132

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Influence of Iron Status on Cadmium and Zinc Uptake by Different Ecotypes of the Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. by Lombi E, Tearall KL, Howarth JR, Zhao FJ, Hawkesford MJ, McGrath SP.; 2002 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154263

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Influence of zinc on Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibilities to imipenem. by Cooper GL, Louie A, Baltch AL, Chu RC, Smith RP, Ritz WJ, Michelsen P.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265762

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Inhibition of bacterial DNA replication by zinc mobilization during nitrosative stress. by Schapiro JM, Libby SJ, Fang FC.; 2003 Jul 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166257

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Inhibition of Chlamydia trachomatis growth in McCoy, HeLa, and human prostate cells by zinc. by Greenberg SB, Harris D, Giles P, Martin RR, Wallace RJ Jr.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180194

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Inhibitory sites in enzymes: Zinc removal and reactivation by thionein. by Maret W, Jacob C, Vallee BL, Fischer EH.; 1999 Mar 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26715

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Interdomain zinc site on human albumin. by Stewart AJ, Blindauer CA, Berezenko S, Sleep D, Sadler PJ.; 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152985

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Interleukin 1 Regulates Secretion of Zinc-Thymulin by Human thymic Epithelial Cells and its Action on T-Lymphocyte Proliferation and Nuclear Protein Kinase C. by Coto JA, Hadden EM, Sauro M, Zorn N, Hadden JW.; 1992 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49789

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Interleukin 6 Regulates Metallothionein Gene Expression and Zinc Metabolism in Hepatocyte Monolayer Cultures. by Schroeder JJ, Cousins RJ.; 1990 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53849

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Intestinal and Systemic Immune Responses to an Oral Cholera Toxoid B Subunit Whole-Cell Vaccine Administered during Zinc Supplementation. by Karlsen TH, Sommerfelt H, Klomstad S, Andersen PK, Strand TA, Ulvik RJ, Ahren C, Grewal HM.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=162035

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Involvement of the Zinc-Binding Capacity of Sendai Virus V Protein in Viral Pathogenesis. by Huang C, Kiyotani K, Fujii Y, Fukuhara N, Kato A, Nagai Y, Yoshida T, Sakaguchi T.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112313

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Legionella pneumophila zinc metalloprotease is structurally and functionally homologous to Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase. by Black WJ, Quinn FD, Tompkins LS.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208904

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Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase: Determination of the Three Zinc-Binding Ligands by SiteDirected Mutagenesis and Zinc Analysis. by Medina JF, Wetterholm A, Radmark O, Shapiro R, Haeggstrom JZ, Vallee BL, Samuelsson B.; 1991 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52353

70

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Loss of DNA-binding and new transcriptional trans-activation function in polyomavirus large T-antigen with mutation of zinc finger motif. by Bergqvist A, Nilsson M, Bondeson K, Magnusson G.; 1990 May 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=330756

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Low intracellular zinc induces oxidative DNA damage, disrupts p53, NF[kappa]B, and AP1 DNA binding, and affects DNA repair in a rat glioma cell line. by Ho E, Ames BN.; 2002 Dec 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139219

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Mammalian metal response element-binding transcription factor-1 functions as a zinc sensor in yeast, but not as a sensor of cadmium or oxidative stress. by Daniels PJ, Bittel D, Smirnova IV, Winge DR, Andrews GK.; 2002 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135752

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Manipulation of the 'zinc cluster' region of transcriptional activator LEU3 by sitedirected mutagenesis. by Bai YL, Kohlhaw GB.; 1991 Nov 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=329057

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Metal binding properties and secondary structure of the zinc-binding domain of Nup475. by Worthington MT, Amann BT, Nathans D, Berg JM.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19415

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Metal ions and synaptic transmission: Think zinc. by Huang EP.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34100

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Metal-dependent folding of a single zinc finger from transcription factor IIIA. by Frankel AD, Berg JM, Pabo CO.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=305201

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Millimolar concentrations of zinc and other metal cations cause sedimentation of DNA. by Kejnovsky E, Kypr J.; 1998 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=148012

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Mode of Interaction of the Zinc Finger Protein TFIIIA with a 5S RNA Gene of Xenopus. by Churchill ME, Tullius TD, Klug A.; 1990 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54358

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Modulation of alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme levels in Zymomonas mobilis by iron and zinc. by Mackenzie KF, Eddy CK, Ingram LO.; 1989 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=209702

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Modulation of glycine receptors in retinal ganglion cells by zinc. by Han Y, Wu SM.; 1999 Mar 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15925

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Modulation of intestinal gene expression by dietary zinc status: Effectiveness of cDNA arrays for expression profiling of a single nutrient deficiency. by Blanchard RK, Moore JB, Green CL, Cousins RJ.; 2001 Nov 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61071

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Molecular Characterization of a Chromosomal Determinant Conferring Resistance to Zinc and Cobalt Ions in Staphylococcus aureus. by Xiong A, Jayaswal RK.; 1998 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107394

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Molecular Cloning of the Murine BP-1/6C3 Antigen: A Member of the ZincDependent Metallopeptidase Family. by Wu Q, Lahti JM, Air GM, Burrows PD, Cooper MD.; 1990 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53396

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Molecular cloning, sequencing, and mapping of EGR2, a human early growth response gene encoding a protein with "zinc-binding finger" structure. by Joseph LJ, Le Beau MM, Jamieson GA Jr, Acharya S, Shows TB, Rowley JD, Sukhatme VP.; 1988 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=282144

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Molecular determinants of coordinated proton and zinc inhibition of N-methyl-daspartate NR1/NR2A receptors. by Low CM, Zheng F, Lyuboslavsky P, Traynelis SF.; 2000 Sep 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27148

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Mouse genes coding for "zinc-finger"-containing proteins: characterization and expression in differentiated cells. by Passananti C, Felsani A, Caruso M, Amati P.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298507

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Mpe1, a Zinc Knuckle Protein, Is an Essential Component of Yeast Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factor Required for the Cleavage and Polyadenylation of mRNA. by Vo LT, Minet M, Schmitter JM, Lacroute F, Wyers F.; 2001 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99999

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Multiple modes of activation of latent human fibroblast collagenase: evidence for the role of a Cys73 active-site zinc complex in latency and a "cysteine switch" mechanism for activation. by Springman EB, Angleton EL, Birkedal-Hansen H, Van Wart HE.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=53264

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Mutational analysis of a predicted zinc-binding motif in the 26-kilodalton protein encoded by the vaccinia virus A2L gene: correlation of zinc binding with late transcriptional transactivation activity. by Keck JG, Feigenbaum F, Moss B.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237992

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Mutations in a CCHC zinc-binding motif of the reovirus sigma 3 protein decrease its intracellular stability. by Mabrouk T, Lemay G.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236476

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Mutations in Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase that Cause Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Alter the Zinc Binding Site and the Redox Behavior of the Protein. by Lyons TJ, Liu H, Goto JJ, Nersissian A, Roe JA, Graden JA, Cafe C, Ellerby LM, Bredesen DE, Gralla EB, Valentine JS.; 1996 Oct 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=37974

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New supramolecular trigonal prisms from zinc(II) -- 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) complexes and trithiocyanurate in aqueous solution. by Aoki S, Zulkefeli M, Shiro M, Kimura E.; 2002 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122690

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NMR analysis of CYP1(HAP1) DNA binding domain-CYC1 upstream activation sequence interactions: recognition of a CGG trinucleotide and of an additional thymine 5 bp downstream by the zinc cluster and the N-terminal extremity of the protein. by Vuidepot AL, Bontems F, Gervais M, Guiard B, Shechter E, Lallemand JY.; 1997 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146857

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Nuclear Import of Zinc Binuclear Cluster Proteins Proceeds through Multiple, Overlapping Transport Pathways. by Nikolaev I, Cochet MF, Felenbok B.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154843

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Overexpression of a Novel Arabidopsis Gene Related to Putative Zinc-Transporter Genes from Animals Can Lead to Enhanced Zinc Resistance and Accumulation. by van der Zaal BJ, Neuteboom LW, Pinas JE, Chardonnens AN, Schat H, Verkleij JA, Hooykaas PJ.; 1999 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32086

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Oxidation of the zinc-thiolate complex and uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by peroxynitrite. by Zou MH, Shi C, Cohen RA.; 2002 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150913

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Oxidative Metal Release from Metallothionein Via Zinc-Thiol/Disulfide Interchange. by Maret W.; 1994 Jan 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42922

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Papillomavirus polypeptides E6 and E7 are zinc-binding proteins. by Barbosa MS, Lowy DR, Schiller JT.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247840

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Partitioning of zinc and copper within subnuclear nucleoprotein particles. by Bryan SE, Vizard DL, Beary DA, LaBiche RA, Hardy KJ.; 1981 Nov 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=327562

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pH as a variable in free zinc ion concentration from zinc-containing lozenges. by Martin RB.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172234

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Phenotypic analysis of genes encoding yeast zinc cluster proteins. by Akache B, Wu K, Turcotte B.; 2001 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55459

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Phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C requires a cysteine-rich zinc-finger-like sequence. by Ono Y, Fujii T, Igarashi K, Kuno T, Tanaka C, Kikkawa U, Nishizuka Y.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297516

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Physicochemical Evidence that Treponema pallidum TroA Is a Zinc-Containing Metalloprotein That Lacks Porin-Like Structure. by Deka RK, Lee YH, Hagman KE, Shevchenko D, Lingwood CA, Hasemann CA, Norgard MV, Radolf JD.; 1999 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93947

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Plasmid-determined inducible efflux is responsible for resistance to cadmium, zinc, and cobalt in Alcaligenes eutrophus. by Nies DH, Silver S.; 1989 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=209680

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Proposed structure for the zinc-binding domains from transcription factor IIIA and related proteins. by Berg JM.; 1988 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=279490

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Reduced virulence of a Listeria monocytogenes phospholipase-deficient mutant obtained by transposon insertion into the zinc metalloprotease gene. by Raveneau J, Geoffroy C, Beretti JL, Gaillard JL, Alouf JE, Berche P.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257573

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Reduction in duration of common colds by zinc gluconate lozenges in a double-blind study. by Eby GA, Davis DR, Halcomb WW.; 1984 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185426

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Regulation of Carbonic Anhydrase Expression by Zinc, Cobalt, and Carbon Dioxide in the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. by Lane TW, Morel FM.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59008

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Regulation of Metallothionein Genes by Heavy Metals Appears to be Mediated by a Zinc-Sensitive Inhibitor that Interacts with a Constitutively Active Transcription Factor, MTF-1. by Palmiter RD.; 1994 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43128

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Regulation of the zinc transporter ZnT-1 by dietary zinc. by McMahon RJ, Cousins RJ.; 1998 Apr 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20175

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Reversible activation of mouse metal response element-binding transcription factor 1 DNA binding involves zinc interaction with the zinc finger domain. by Dalton TP, Bittel D, Andrews GK.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232129

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Reversible inhibition of the second step of splicing suggests a possible role of zinc in the second step of splicing. by Shomron N, Malca H, Vig I, Ast G.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140552

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Role of the High-Affinity Zinc Uptake znuABC System in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence. by Campoy S, Jara M, Busquets N, Perez de Rozas AM, Badiola I, Barbe J.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128140

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Selenium redox biochemistry of zinc --sulfur coordination sites in proteins and enzymes. by Jacob C, Maret W, Vallee BL.; 1999 Mar 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26710

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Selenoprotein R is a zinc-containing stereo-specific methionine sulfoxide reductase. by Kryukov GV, Kumar RA, Koc A, Sun Z, Gladyshev VN.; 2002 Apr 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123633

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Sequence-Specific DNA Binding by Glucocorticoid Receptor "Zinc Finger Peptides". by Archer TK, Hager GL, Omichinski JG.; 1990 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54787

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Sequence-Specific Transcriptional Repression by KS1, a Multiple-Zinc-Finger -Kruppel-Associated Box Protein. by Gebelein B, Urrutia R.; 2001 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86683

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Simian virus 40 small-t antigen binds two zinc ions. by Turk B, Porras A, Mumby MC, Rundell K.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237723

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Simultaneous zinc and vitamin A supplementation in Bangladeshi children: randomised double blind controlled trial. by Rahman MM, Vermund SH, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO.; 2001 Aug 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=37318

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Spectroscopic studies of wild-type and mutant "zinc finger" peptides: determinants of domain folding and structure. by Parraga G, Horvath S, Hood L, Young ET, Klevit RE.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=53215

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Stability constants of zinc complexes affect common cold treatment results. by Eby GA.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172233

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Structure, expression and chromosomal localization of Zfp-1, a murine zinc finger protein gene. by Chowdhury K, Dietrich S, Balling R, Guenet JL, Gruss P.; 1989 Dec 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=335310

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Structure-Assisted Redesign of a Protein-Zinc-Binding Site with Femtomolar Affinity. by Ippolito JA, Baird TT Jr, McGee SA, Christianson DW, Fierke CA.; 1995 May 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41839

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Synthetic modeling of zinc thiolates: Quantitative assessment of hydrogen bonding in modulating sulfur alkylation rates. by Chiou SJ, Riordan CG, Rheingold AL.; 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152984

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The [final sigma]70 Transcription Factor TyrR Has Zinc-Stimulated Phosphatase Activity That Is Inhibited by ATP and Tyrosine. by Zhao S, Zhu Q, Somerville RL.; 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94382

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The 289-amino acid E1A protein of adenovirus binds zinc in a region that is important for trans-activation. by Culp JS, Webster LC, Friedman DJ, Smith CL, Huang WJ, Wu FY, Rosenberg M, Ricciardi RP.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281990

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The cobalt, zinc, and cadmium efflux system CzcABC from Alcaligenes eutrophus functions as a cation-proton antiporter in Escherichia coli. by Nies DH.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176940

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The effect of zinc on the secondary structure of d(GA.TC)n DNA sequences of different length: a model for the formation *H-DNA. by Martinez-Balbas A, Azorin F.; 1993 Jun 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=309581

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The glutathione redox couple modulates zinc transfer from metallothionein to zincdepleted sorbitol dehydrogenase. by Jiang LJ, Maret W, Vallee BL.; 1998 Mar 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19862

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The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid protein zinc ejection activity of disulfide benzamides and benzisothiazolones: correlation with anti-HIV and virucidal activities. by Tummino PJ, Harvey PJ, McQuade T, Domagala J, Gogliotti R, Sanchez J, Song Y, Hupe D.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163719

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The in vitro Ejection of Zinc from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Nucleocapsid Protein by Disulfide Benzamides with Cellular Anti-HIV Activity. by Tummino PJ, Scholten JD, Harvey PJ, Holler TP, Maloney L, Gogliotti R, Domagala J, Hupe D.; 1996 Feb 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40013

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The leader peptide of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus is a zinc-binding protein. by Chen HH, Kong WP, Roos RP.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189757

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The LIM domains of hic-5 protein recognize specific DNA fragments in a zincdependent manner in vitro. by Nishiya N, Sabe H, Nose K, Shibanuma M.; 1998 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=147841

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The LIM Motif Defines a Specific Zinc-Binding Protein Domain. by Michelsen JW, Schmeichel KL, Beckerle MC, Winge DR.; 1993 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46519

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The NS3 proteinase domain of hepatitis C virus is a zinc-containing enzyme. by Stempniak M, Hostomska Z, Nodes BR, Hostomsky Z.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191414

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The Processing of eIF4GI by Human Rhinovirus Type 2 2Apro: Relationship to SelfCleavage and Role of Zinc. by Glaser W, Triendl A, Skern T.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152162

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The role of zinc in the binding of killer cell Ig-like receptors to class I MHC proteins. by Vales-Gomez M, Erskine RA, Deacon MP, Strominger JL, Reyburn HT.; 2001 Feb 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29326

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The Second Zinc-Finger Domain of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Determines Specificity for Single-Stranded Breaks in DNA. by Gradwohl G, de Murcia JM, Molinete M, Simonin F, Koken M, Hoeijmakers JH, de Murcia G.; 1990 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53819

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The serum and TPA responsive promoter and intron-exon structure of EGR2, a human early growth response gene encoding a zinc finger protein. by Rangnekar VM, Aplin AC, Sukhatme VP.; 1990 May 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=330760

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The Structure of Bacteriophage T7 Lysozyme, a Zinc Amidase and an Inhibitor of T7 RNA Polymerase. by Cheng X, Zhang X, Pflugrath JW, Studier FW.; 1994 Apr 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43717

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The tamA gene of Aspergillus nidulans contains a putative zinc cluster motif which is not required for gene function. by Davis MA, Small AJ, Kourambas S, Hynes MJ.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178106

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The Transcription Factor TFIIS Zinc Ribbon Dipeptide Asp-Glu is Critical for Stimulation of Elongation and RNA Cleavage by RNA Polymerase II. by Jeon C, Yoon H, Agarwal K.; 1994 Sep 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44756

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The transcription factors MTF-1 and USF1 cooperate to regulate mouse metallothionein-I expression in response to the essential metal zinc in visceral endoderm cells during early development. by Andrews GK, Lee DK, Ravindra R, Lichtlen P, Sirito M, Sawadogo M, Schaffner W.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145491

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The Trithorax Gene, a Trans-Acting Regulator of the Bithorax Complex in Drosophila, Encodes a Protein with Zinc-Binding Domains. by Mazo AM, Huang D, Mozer BA, Dawid IB.; 1990 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53636

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The Yeast ZRT1 Gene Encodes the Zinc Transporter Protein of a High-Affinity Uptake System Induced by Zinc Limitation. by Zhao H, Eide D.; 1996 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39818

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The zinc finger region of simian virus 40 large T antigen. by Loeber G, Parsons R, Tegtmeyer P.; 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247661

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The zinc ion in the HNH motif of the endonuclease domain of colicin E7 is not required for DNA binding but is essential for DNA hydrolysis. by Ku WY, Liu YW, Hsu YC, Liao CC, Liang PH, Yuan HS, Chak KF.; 2002 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101835

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The Zinc-Dependent Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Binding Site of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C Is Critical for Maximal Superantigen Function and Toxic Activity. by Tripp TJ, McCormick JK, Webb JM, Schlievert PM.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148863

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Thiolate ligands in metallothionein confer redox activity on zinc clusters. by Maret W, Vallee BL.; 1998 Mar 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19861

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Tightly bound zinc in human immunodeficiency virus type 1, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, and other retroviruses. by Bess JW Jr, Powell PJ, Issaq HJ, Schumack LJ, Grimes MK, Henderson LE, Arthur LO.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240784

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Transcriptional Activities of the Zinc Finger Protein Zac Are Differentially Controlled by DNA Binding. by Hoffmann A, Ciani E, Boeckardt J, Holsboer F, Journot L, Spengler D.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140694

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Transcriptional Activity of Transcription Factor IIE is Dependent on Zinc Binding. by Maxon ME, Tjian R.; 1994 Sep 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44846

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Treble clef finger ---a functionally diverse zinc-binding structural motif. by Grishin NV.; 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31318

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Two randomized controlled trials of zinc gluconate lozenge therapy of experimentally induced rhinovirus colds. by Farr BM, Conner EM, Betts RF, Oleske J, Minnefor A, Gwaltney JM Jr.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174900

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Variant-Specific Surface Proteins of Giardia lamblia are Zinc-Binding Proteins. by Nash TE, Mowatt MR.; 1993 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46746

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Viral RNA annealing activities of the nucleocapsid protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus are zinc independent. by Prats AC, Housset V, de Billy G, Cornille F, Prats H, Roques B, Darlix JL.; 1991 Jul 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=328376

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What does zinc do? by Berger A.; 2002 Nov 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=131177

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X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure as a Monitor of Zinc Coordination Sites during Oogenesis of Xenopus laevis. by Auld DS, Falchuk KH, Zhang K, Montorzi M, Vallee BL.; 1996 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39587

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Yeast DNA-Repair Gene RAD14 Encodes a Zinc Metalloprotein with Affinity for Ultraviolet-Damaged DNA. by Guzder SN, Sung P, Prakash L, Prakash S.; 1993 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46734

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Zap1p, a metalloregulatory protein involved in zinc-responsive transcriptional regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Zhao H, Eide DJ.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232355

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Zinc (II) and the single-stranded DNA binding protein of bacteriophage T4. by Gauss P, Krassa KB, McPheeters DS, Nelson MA, Gold L.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299575

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Zinc- and Iron-Rubredoxins from Clostridium pasteurianum at Atomic Resolution: A High-Precision Model of a ZnS4 Coordination Unit in a Protein. by Dauter Z, Wilson KS, Sieker LC, Moulis J, Meyer J.; 1996 Aug 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38554

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Zinc and mechanical prowess in the jaws of Nereis, a marine worm. by Lichtenegger HC, Schoberl T, Ruokolainen JT, Cross JO, Heald SM, Birkedal H, Waite JH, Stucky GD.; 2003 Aug 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=170886

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Zinc concentration and survival in rats infected with Salmonella typhimurium. by Tocco-Bradley R, Kluger MJ.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263225

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Zinc Deficiency Up-Regulates Expression of High-Affinity Phosphate Transporter Genes in Both Phosphate-Sufficient and -Deficient Barley Roots. by Huang C, Barker SJ, Langridge P, Smith FW, Graham RD.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59154

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Zinc dependent binding of a liver nuclear factor to metal response element MRE-a of the mouse metallothionein-I gene and variant sequences. by Searle PF.; 1990 Aug 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=331918

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Zinc Efficiency Is Correlated with Enhanced Expression and Activity of ZincRequiring Enzymes in Wheat. by Hacisalihoglu G, Hart JJ, Wang YH, Cakmak I, Kochian LV.; 2003 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166835

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Zinc Eluted from Siliconized Latex Urinary Catheters Decreases OprD Expression, Causing Carbapenem Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Conejo MC, Garcia I, Martinez-Martinez L, Picabea L, Pascual A.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161826

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Zinc finger-like motifs in rat ribosomal proteins S27 and S29. by Chan YL, Suzuki K, Olvera J, Wool IG.; 1993 Feb 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=309165

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Zinc Fingers, Zinc Clusters, and Zinc Twists in DNA-Binding Protein Domains. by Vallee BL, Coleman JE, Auld DS.; 1991 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50942

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Zinc folds the N-terminal domain of HIV-1 integrase, promotes multimerization, and enhances catalytic activity. by Zheng R, Jenkins TM, Craigie R.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19383

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Zinc for the common cold. by Godfrey JC.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172232

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Zinc induces a Src family kinase-mediated up-regulation of NMDA receptor activity and excitotoxicity. by Manzerra P, Behrens MM, Canzoniero LM, Wang XQ, Heidinger V, Ichinose T, Yu SP, Choi DW.; 2001 Sep 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58682

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Zinc ions are differentially required for the transcription of ribosomal 5S RNA and tRNA in a HeLa-cell extract. by Wingender E, Dilloo D, Seifart KH.; 1984 Dec 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=320432

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Zinc Modulation of a Transient Potassium Current and Histochemical Localization of the Metal in Neurons of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. by Huang R, Peng Y, Yau K.; 1993 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48073

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Zinc plays a key role in human and bacterial GTP cyclohydrolase I. by Auerbach G, Herrmann A, Bracher A, Bader G, Gutlich M, Fischer M, Neukamm M, Garrido-Franco M, Richardson J, Nar H, Huber R, Bacher A.; 2000 Dec 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17616

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Zinc porphyrins: Potent inhibitors of hematopoieses in animal and human bone marrow. by Lutton JD, Abraham NG, Drummond GS, Levere RD, Kappas A.; 1997 Feb 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19808

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Zinc Rapidly Induces a Metal Response Element-Binding Factor. by Czupryn M, Brown WE, Vallee BL.; 1992 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50345

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Zinc Regulates the Function of Two Superantigens. by Fraser JD, Urban RG, Strominger JL, Robinson H.; 1992 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49321

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Zinc Salts Inactivate Clinical Isolates of Herpes Simplex Virus In Vitro. by Arens M, Travis S.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86580

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Zinc transfer potentials of the [alpha]- and [beta]-clusters of metallothionein are affected by domain interactions in the whole molecule. by Jiang LJ, Vasak M, Vallee BL, Maret W.; 2000 Mar 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15958

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Zinc(II) ions selectively interact with DNA sequences present at the TFIIIA binding site of the Xenopus 5S-RNA gene. by Martinez-Balbas MA, Jimenez-Garcia E, Azorin F.; 1995 Jul 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=307052

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Zinc, a structural component of adenylate kinases from gram-positive bacteria. by Gilles AM, Glaser P, Perrier V, Meier A, Longin R, Sebald M, Maignan L, Pistotnik E, Barzu O.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205078

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Zinc-binding and protein-protein interactions mediated by the polyomavirus large T antigen zinc finger. by Rose PE, Schaffhausen BS.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188979

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Zinc-bundle structure of the essential RNA polymerase subunit RPB10 from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. by Mackereth CD, Arrowsmith CH, Edwards AM, McIntosh LP.; 2000 Jun 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18600

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Zinc-dependent cleavage in the catalytic core of the hammerhead ribozyme: evidence for a pH-dependent conformational change. by Borda EJ, Markley JC, Sigurdsson ST.; 2003 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156031

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Zinc-dependent dimers observed in crystals of human endostatin. by Ding YH, Javaherian K, Lo KM, Chopra R, Boehm T, Lanciotti J, Harris BA, Li Y, Shapiro R, Hohenester E, Timpl R, Folkman J, Wiley DC.; 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27913

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Zinc-Regulated Biosynthesis of Immunodominant Antigens from Aspergillus spp. by Segurado M, Lopez-Aragon R, Calera JA, Fernandez-Abalos JM, Leal F.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115981

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ZitB (YbgR), a Member of the Cation Diffusion Facilitator Family, Is an Additional Zinc Transporter in Escherichia coli. by Grass G, Fan B, Rosen BP, Franke S, Nies DH, Rensing C.; 2001 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95364

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ZnT-3, a putative transporter of zinc into synaptic vesicles. by Palmiter RD, Cole TB, Quaife CJ, Findley SD.; 1996 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26240

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with zinc, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for zinc (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: interactions between iron and zinc. Author(s): Lind T, Lonnerdal B, Stenlund H, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Ekstrom EC, Persson LA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 883-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663287&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of the photophysical and phototoxic properties of octakis(decyloxy)phthalocyaninato zinc(II), incorporated in a hydrophilic polymer, in liposomes and in non-ionic micelles. Author(s): Rodriguez ME, Moran F, Bonansea A, Monetti M, Fernandez DA, Strassert CA, Rivarola V, Awruch J, Dicelio LE. Source: Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences : Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology. 2003 October; 2(10): 988-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14606753&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of sealing capabilities of amalgum, GIC and zinc oxide eugenol cement when used as retro grade filling materials (in vitro study). Author(s): Ansari SR, Qayyum Z, Khitab U. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2003 July-September; 15(3): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14727340&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A global view of the selectivity of zinc deprivation and excess on genes expressed in human THP-1 mononuclear cells. Author(s): Cousins RJ, Blanchard RK, Popp MP, Liu L, Cao J, Moore JB, Green CL. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 June 10; 100(12): 6952-7. Epub 2003 May 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756304&dopt=Abstract

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A macrocyclic zinc(II) fluorophore as a detector of apoptosis. Author(s): Kimura E, Aoki S, Kikuta E, Koike T. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 April 1; 100(7): 3731-6. Epub 2003 March 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646703&dopt=Abstract

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A partial supplementation of pasteurized milk with vitamin C, iron and zinc. Author(s): Biringen Loker G, Ugur M, Yildiz M. Source: Die Nahrung. 2003 February; 47(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653430&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled study of the impact of dietary zinc supplementation in the management of children with protein-energy malnutrition in Lesotho. I: Mortality and morbidity. Author(s): Makonnen B, Venter A, Joubert G. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 December; 49(6): 340-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725411&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled study of the impact of dietary zinc supplementation in the management of children with protein-energy malnutrition in Lesotho. II: Special investigations. Author(s): Makonnen B, Venter A, Joubert G. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 December; 49(6): 353-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725412&dopt=Abstract

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A SWI2/SNF2-type ATPase/helicase protein, mDomino, interacts with myeloid zinc finger protein 2A (MZF-2A) to regulate its transcriptional activity. Author(s): Ogawa H, Ueda T, Aoyama T, Aronheim A, Nagata S, Fukunaga R. Source: Genes to Cells : Devoted to Molecular & Cellular Mechanisms. 2003 April; 8(4): 325-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653961&dopt=Abstract

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A zinc clasp structure tethers Lck to T cell coreceptors CD4 and CD8. Author(s): Kim PW, Sun ZY, Blacklow SC, Wagner G, Eck MJ. Source: Science. 2003 September 19; 301(5640): 1725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14500983&dopt=Abstract

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Absorption of zinc from wheat products fortified with iron and either zinc sulfate or zinc oxide. Author(s): Lopez de Romana D, Lonnerdal B, Brown KH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 78(2): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885709&dopt=Abstract

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Accumulation of manganese superoxide dismutase under metal-depleted conditions: proposed role for zinc ions in cellular redox balance. Author(s): Otsu K, Ikeda Y, Fujii J. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2004 January 1; 377(Pt 1): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14531733&dopt=Abstract

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Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like rash in an exclusively breast fed infant with zinc deficiency. Author(s): Brar BK, Pall A, Gupta RR. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 30(3): 259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692370&dopt=Abstract

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Active-site copper and zinc ions modulate the quaternary structure of prokaryotic Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase. Author(s): Cioni P, Pesce A, Morozzo della Rocca B, Castelli S, Falconi M, Parrilli L, Bolognesi M, Strambini G, Desideri A. Source: Journal of Molecular Biology. 2003 March 7; 326(5): 1351-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595249&dopt=Abstract

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Altered expression of zinc finger proteins, ADAMs, and integrin-related proteins following treatment of cultured human cells with a low concentration of N-methylN'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Author(s): Jin J, Gao Z, Guo L, Yang J, Yu Y. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2003; 41(5): 344-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802805&dopt=Abstract

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An alternative mechanism of bicarbonate-mediated peroxidation by copper-zinc superoxide dismutase: rates enhanced via proposed enzyme-associated peroxycarbonate intermediate. Author(s): Elam JS, Malek K, Rodriguez JA, Doucette PA, Taylor AB, Hayward LJ, Cabelli DE, Valentine JS, Hart PJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 June 6; 278(23): 21032-9. Epub 2003 March 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649272&dopt=Abstract

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An open-label, single-center, phase IV clinical study of the effectiveness of zinc gluconate glycine lozenges (Cold-Eeze) in reducing the duration and symptoms of the common cold in school-aged subjects. Author(s): McElroy BH, Miller SP. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 September-October; 10(5): 324-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12975716&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of zinc transporter, hZnT4 ( Slc30A4), gene expression in a mammary gland disorder leading to reduced zinc secretion into milk. Author(s): Michalczyk A, Varigos G, Catto-Smith A, Blomeley RC, Ackland ML. Source: Human Genetics. 2003 August; 113(3): 202-10. Epub 2003 May 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743795&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of zinc-fingers and homeoboxes (ZHX)-1-interacting proteins: molecular cloning and characterization of a member of the ZHX family, ZHX3. Author(s): Yamada K, Kawata H, Shou Z, Hirano S, Mizutani T, Yazawa T, Sekiguchi T, Yoshino M, Kajitani T, Miyamoto K. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2003 July 1; 373(Pt 1): 167-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659632&dopt=Abstract

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Antimicrobial effects of a novel Triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice against mixed culture oral biofilms. Author(s): Finney M, Walker JT, Marsh PD, Brading MG. Source: Int Dent J. 2003 December; 53(6 Suppl 1): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725381&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-microbial efficacy and mode of action studies on a new zinc/ Triclosan formulation. Author(s): Brading MG, Cromwell VJ, Jones NM, Baldeck JD, Marquis RE. Source: Int Dent J. 2003 December; 53(6 Suppl 1): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725380&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant effects of zinc supplementation in Tunisians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Roussel AM, Kerkeni A, Zouari N, Mahjoub S, Matheau JM, Anderson RA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 August; 22(4): 316-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897047&dopt=Abstract

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Apoptosis in the normal and inflamed airway epithelium: role of zinc in epithelial protection and procaspase-3 regulation. Author(s): Truong-Tran AQ, Grosser D, Ruffin RE, Murgia C, Zalewski PD. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 October 15; 66(8): 1459-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14555222&dopt=Abstract

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Are myo-inositol, glucose and zinc concentrations in amniotic fluid of fetuses with spina bifida different from controls? Author(s): Groenen PM, Wevers RA, Janssen FS, Tuerlings JH, Merkus JM, SteegersTheunissen RP. Source: Early Human Development. 2003 February; 71(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614945&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of concentrations of iron and zinc and bioavailable iron in grains of early-maturing tropical maize varieties. Author(s): Oikeh SO, Menkir A, Maziya-Dixon B, Welch R, Glahn RP. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 June 4; 51(12): 3688-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769546&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of the trace element status of individuals and populations: the example of zinc and copper. Author(s): Hotz C, Lowe NM, Araya M, Brown KH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1563S-8S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730467&dopt=Abstract

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Association between plasma zinc concentration and zinc kinetic parameters in premenopausal women. Author(s): Yokoi K, Egger NG, Ramanujam VM, Alcock NW, Dayal HH, Penland JG, Sandstead HH. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 November; 285(5): E1010-20. Epub 2003 July 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865259&dopt=Abstract

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Association of vitamin A, vitamin C and zinc with laryngeal cancer. Author(s): Kapil U, Singh P, Bahadur S, Shukla NK, Dwivedi S, Pathak P, Singh R. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 2003 April-June; 40(2): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14716121&dopt=Abstract

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Associations among plasma selenium, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations and immunoregulatory cytokine levels in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Author(s): Kocyigit A, Gur S, Erel O, Gurel MS. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 Winter; 90(1-3): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666825&dopt=Abstract

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Availabilities of calcium, iron, and zinc from dairy infant formulas is affected by soluble dietary fibers and modified starch fractions. Author(s): Bosscher D, Van Caillie-Bertrand M, Van Cauwenbergh R, Deelstra H. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 July-August; 19(7-8): 6415. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831951&dopt=Abstract

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Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase: zinc in a distorted barrel. Author(s): Evans JC, Huddler DP, Jiracek J, Castro C, Millian NS, Garrow TA, Ludwig ML. Source: Structure (Cambridge, Mass. : 2001). 2002 September; 10(9): 1159-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12220488&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets. Author(s): Hunt JR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 633S639S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936958&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of iron, zinc, folate, and vitamin C in the IRIS multi-micronutrient supplement: effect of combination with a milk-based cornstarch porridge. Author(s): Kamp F, Jandel D, Hoenicke I, Pietrzk K, Gross R, Trugo NM, Donangelo CM. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2003 September; 24(3 Suppl): S20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14564940&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of zinc in fiber-enriched bread fortified with zinc sulphate. Author(s): Khalil MM. Source: Die Nahrung. 2002 December; 46(6): 389-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577585&dopt=Abstract

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Bioleaching of zinc and aluminium from industrial waste sludges by means of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Author(s): Solisio C, Lodi A, Veglio F. Source: Waste Management (New York, N.Y.). 2002; 22(6): 667-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214978&dopt=Abstract

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Biological levels of cadmium and zinc in the small intestine of non-occupationally exposed human subjects. Author(s): Orlowski C, Piotrowski JK. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2003 February; 22(2): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12693828&dopt=Abstract

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Biotransference and biomagnification of selenium copper, cadmium, zinc, arsenic and lead in a temperate seagrass ecosystem from Lake Macquarie Estuary, NSW, Australia. Author(s): Barwick M, Maher W. Source: Marine Environmental Research. 2003 October; 56(4): 471-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860434&dopt=Abstract

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Blood concentrations of selenium, zinc, iron, copper and calcium in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Chin-Thin W, Wei-Tun C, Tzu-Ming P, Ren-Tse W. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2002 November; 40(11): 1118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521229&dopt=Abstract

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Bond strengths and patterns of failure of a zinc polycarboxylate cement on surfacetreated gold alloys. Author(s): Ogunyinka A. Source: Sadj. 2000 August; 55(8): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608203&dopt=Abstract

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C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism interferes with the effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on sperm concentration. Author(s): Ebisch IM, van Heerde WL, Thomas CM, van der Put N, Wong WY, SteegersTheunissen RP. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 November; 80(5): 1190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14607573&dopt=Abstract

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Cadmium, copper and zinc in tissues of deceased copper smelter workers. Author(s): Gerhardsson L, Englyst V, Lundstrom NG, Sandberg S, Nordberg G. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2002; 16(4): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530590&dopt=Abstract

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Case 4. Transient symptomatic zinc deficiency in a breast-fed premature infant: an acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruption. Author(s): Young HS, Khan AS, Power S, Ehrhardt P, Coulson IH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 January; 28(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558652&dopt=Abstract

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CCHX zinc finger derivatives retain the ability to bind Zn(II) and mediate proteinDNA interactions. Author(s): Simpson RJ, Cram ED, Czolij R, Matthews JM, Crossley M, Mackay JP. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 July 25; 278(30): 28011-8. Epub 2003 May 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736264&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular zinc and redox states converge in the metallothionein/thionein pair. Author(s): Maret W. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1460S-2S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730443&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebellar degeneration and autoimmunity to zinc-finger proteins of the cerebellum. Author(s): Bataller L, Wade DF, Fuller GN, Rosenfeld MR, Dalmau J. Source: Neurology. 2002 December 24; 59(12): 1985-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499499&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in urinary zinc and copper with strenuous physical exercise. Author(s): Kikukawa A, Kobayashi A. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 October; 73(10): 991-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398261&dopt=Abstract

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Changes of total content of magnesium and zinc status in patients with chronic toxoplasmosis. Author(s): Yazar S, Kilic E, Saraymen R. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 April; 92(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721400&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of the interaction of a synthetic human tristetraprolin tandem zinc finger peptide with AU-rich element-containing RNA substrates. Author(s): Blackshear PJ, Lai WS, Kennington EA, Brewer G, Wilson GM, Guan X, Zhou P. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 May 30; 278(22): 19947-55. Epub 2003 March 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639954&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of iron, copper and zinc levels in the colostrum of mothers of term and pre-term infants before and after pasteurization. Author(s): da Costa RS, do Carmo MG, Saunders C, de Jesus EF, Lopes RT, Simabuco SM. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 March; 54(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701367&dopt=Abstract

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Chelating agents stabilize the monomeric state of the zinc binding human papillomavirus 16 E6 oncoprotein. Author(s): Degenkolbe R, Gilligan P, Gupta S, Bernard HU. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 April 8; 42(13): 3868-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667077&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic ingestion of a zinc-based penny. Author(s): Bothwell DN, Mair EA, Cable BB. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 March; 111(3): 689-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612262&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc-lactate on oral halitosis. A dual-center, double-blind placebocontrolled study. Author(s): Winkel EG, Roldan S, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Herrera D, Sanz M. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2003 April; 30(4): 300-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694427&dopt=Abstract

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CNS demyelination associated with copper deficiency and hyperzincemia. Author(s): Prodan CI, Holland NR, Wisdom PJ, Burstein SA, Bottomley SS. Source: Neurology. 2002 November 12; 59(9): 1453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427906&dopt=Abstract

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Column preconcentration and FAAS determination of copper, iron, nickel and zinc using 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol-tetraphenylboratenaphthalene adsorbent. Author(s): Pancras JP, Puri BK. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2002 December; 374(7-8): 1306-11. Epub 2002 November 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474102&dopt=Abstract

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Combined effect of zinc ions and cationic antibacterial agents on intraoral volatile sulphur compounds (VSC). Author(s): Young A, Jonski G, Rolla G. Source: Int Dent J. 2003 August; 53(4): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953892&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative analysis of zinc status, food products' frequency intake and food habits of 11-year-old healthy children. Author(s): Schlegel-Zawadzka M, Zachwieja Z, Huzior-Baajewicz A, Pietrzyk JJ. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 October; 19(10): 963-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12443558&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of magnesium and zinc levels in blood in end stage renal disease patients treated by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Pietrzak I, Bladek K, Bulikowski W. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635877&dopt=Abstract

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Conflicting evidence of iron and zinc interactions in humans: does iron affect zinc absorption? Author(s): Sreedhar B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 December; 78(6): 1226; Author Reply 1226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668289&dopt=Abstract

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Contamination by nickel, copper and zinc during the handling of euro coins. Author(s): Fournier PG, Govers TR. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 April; 48(4): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786720&dopt=Abstract

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Copper and zinc blood levels among children with nonorganic failure to thrive. Author(s): Berkovitch M, Heyman E, Afriat R, Matz-Khromchenko I, Avgil M, Greenberg R, Zimmerman DR, Berman S, Weissgarten J. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 April; 22(2): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706136&dopt=Abstract

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Copper and zinc intake and serum levels in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Silverio Amancio OM, Alves Chaud DM, Yanaguibashi G, Esteves Hilario MO. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 May; 57(5): 706-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771972&dopt=Abstract

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Copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD) is required for the protection of Candida albicans against oxidative stresses and the expression of its full virulence. Author(s): Hwang CS, Rhie GE, Oh JH, Huh WK, Yim HS, Kang SO. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2002 November; 148(Pt 11): 3705-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427960&dopt=Abstract

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Copper deficiency anemia and nephrosis in zinc-toxicity: a case report. Author(s): Hein MS. Source: S D J Med. 2003 April; 56(4): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728841&dopt=Abstract

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Copper enzyme activities in cystic fibrosis before and after copper supplementation plus or minus zinc. Author(s): Best K, McCoy K, Gemma S, Disilvestro RA. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2004 January; 53(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681839&dopt=Abstract

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Copper, zinc, and arsenic in soil surrounding Douglas-fir poles treated with ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA). Author(s): Morrell JJ, Keefe D, Baileys RT. Source: J Environ Qual. 2003 November-December; 32(6): 2095-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14674531&dopt=Abstract

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Copper, zinc, and selenium in human blood and urine after injection of sodium 2,3dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate: a study on subjects with dental amalgam. Author(s): Hol PJ, Vamnes JS, Gjerdet NR, Eide R, Isrenn R. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 January; 91(1): 19-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713026&dopt=Abstract

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Copper, zinc, and the metallobiology of Alzheimer disease. Author(s): Bush AI. Source: Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 2003 July-September; 17(3): 14750. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14512827&dopt=Abstract

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Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase affects Akt activation after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Author(s): Noshita N, Sugawara T, Lewen A, Hayashi T, Chan PH. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 June; 34(6): 1513-8. Epub 2003 May 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738898&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between vitamin A and zinc levels in Ghanaian pre-school children. Author(s): Takyi EE. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 August; 77(8): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12862064&dopt=Abstract

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Debt91, a putative zinc finger protein differentially expressed during epithelial morphogenesis. Author(s): Li Z, Stuart RO, Eraly SA, Gittes G, Beier DR, Nigam SK. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 July 4; 306(3): 6238. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12810064&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased serum magnesium and zinc levels: atherogenic implications in type-2 diabetes mellitus in Nigerians. Author(s): Anetor JI, Senjobi A, Ajose OA, Agbedana EO. Source: Nutr Health. 2002; 16(4): 291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617280&dopt=Abstract

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Delivering zinc fingers. Author(s): Kaminski J, Summers JB. Source: Nature Biotechnology. 2003 May; 21(5): 492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721569&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in some medicinally important leaves by differential pulse anodic stripping analysis. Author(s): Jyothi NV, Mouli PC, Reddy SR. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2003; 17(2): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14531635&dopt=Abstract

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Development of zinc deficiency in 65Zn labeled, fully grown rats as a model for adult individuals. Author(s): Windisch W. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2003; 17(2): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14531637&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic value of the copper/zinc ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma: a case control study. Author(s): Poo JL, Rosas-Romero R, Montemayor AC, Isoard F, Uribe M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003; 38(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560921&dopt=Abstract

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Differential expansion of zinc-finger transcription factor loci in homologous human and mouse gene clusters. Author(s): Shannon M, Hamilton AT, Gordon L, Branscomb E, Stubbs L. Source: Genome Research. 2003 June; 13(6A): 1097-110. Epub 2003 May 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743021&dopt=Abstract

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Direct effect of zinc on mitochondrial apoptogenesis in prostate cells. Author(s): Feng P, Li TL, Guan ZX, Franklin RB, Costello LC. Source: The Prostate. 2002 September 1; 52(4): 311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210492&dopt=Abstract

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Disease progression in a transgenic model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is dependent on both neuronal and non-neuronal zinc binding proteins. Author(s): Puttaparthi K, Gitomer WL, Krishnan U, Son M, Rajendran B, Elliott JL. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2002 October 15; 22(20): 8790-6. Erratum In: J Neurosci. 2003 January 15; 23(2): 1A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388585&dopt=Abstract

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Do thickening properties of locust bean gum affect the amount of calcium, iron and zinc available for absorption from infant formula? In vitro studies. Author(s): Bosscher D, Van Caillie-Bertrand M, Deelstra H. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 July; 54(4): 261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850887&dopt=Abstract

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Do we need zinc to think? Author(s): Li YV, Hough CJ, Sarvey JM. Source: Science's Stke [electronic Resource] : Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment. 2003 May 13; 2003(182): Pe19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746548&dopt=Abstract

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Does oral zinc supplementation promote healing of chronic wounds? Author(s): Gray M. Source: Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / Wocn. 2003 November; 30(6): 295-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14615757&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Bilici M, Yildirim F, Kandil S, Bekaroglu M, Yildirmis S, Deger O, Ulgen M, Yildiran A, Aksu H. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2004 January; 28(1): 181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14687872&dopt=Abstract

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Drug discovery with engineered zinc-finger proteins. Author(s): Jamieson AC, Miller JC, Pabo CO. Source: Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 2003 May; 2(5): 361-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750739&dopt=Abstract

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Dynamic properties of the G93A mutant of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase as detected by NMR spectroscopy: implications for the pathology of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Author(s): Shipp EL, Cantini F, Bertini I, Valentine JS, Banci L. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 February 25; 42(7): 1890-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590575&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a micronutrient fortificant mixture and 2 amounts of calcium on iron and zinc absorption from a processed food supplement. Author(s): Mendoza C, Peerson JM, Brown KH, Lonnerdal B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 February; 79(2): 244-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14749230&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma zinc concentrations of young women. Author(s): Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Whiting SJ, Gibson RS. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 June; 19(6): 522-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781852&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of omeprazole on plasma zinc levels after oral zinc administration. Author(s): Ozutemiz AO, Aydin HH, Isler M, Celik HA, Batur Y. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 November-December; 21(6): 216-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546170&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of silica exposure on urinary excretion of copper and zinc. Author(s): EL-Safty IA, Gadallah M, Shouman AE. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 September; 326(3): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14501226&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc on the tuberculin response of children exposed to adults with smearpositive tuberculosis. Author(s): Cuevas LE, Almeida LM, Mazunder P, Paixao AC, Silva AM, Maciel L, Hart CA, Coulter JB. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2002 December; 22(4): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530280&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation between 1 and 6 mo of life on growth and morbidity of Bangladeshi infants in urban slums. Author(s): Osendarp SJ, Santosham M, Black RE, Wahed MA, van Raaij JM, Fuchs GJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 76(6): 1401-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450909&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation of pregnant women on the mental and psychomotor development of their children at 5 y of age. Author(s): Tamura T, Goldenberg RL, Ramey SL, Nelson KG, Chapman VR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 June; 77(6): 1512-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791632&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhoea on morbidity and mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomised trial. Author(s): Baqui AH, Black RE, El Arifeen S, Yunus M, Chakraborty J, Ahmed S, Vaughan JP. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 November 9; 325(7372): 1059. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424162&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zincum gluconicum nasal gel on the duration and symptom severity of the common cold in otherwise healthy adults. Author(s): Mossad SB. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2003 January; 96(1): 3543. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509647&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of zinc gluconate glycine lozenges (Cold-Eeze) against the common cold in school-aged subjects: a retrospective chart review. Author(s): McElroy BH, Miller SP. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2002 November-December; 9(6): 472-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424502&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral zinc supplementation on serum leptin levels in Ache males of eastern Paraguay. Author(s): Bribiescas RG. Source: American Journal of Human Biology : the Official Journal of the Human Biology Council. 2003 September-October; 15(5): 681-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953180&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of weaning cereals with different phytate contents on hemoglobin, iron stores, and serum zinc: a randomized intervention in infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Author(s): Lind T, Lonnerdal B, Persson LA, Stenlund H, Tennefors C, Hernell O. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 168-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816787&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of zinc histidine and zinc sulfate on natural human keratinocytes. Author(s): Deters A, Schnetz E, Schmidt M, Hensel A. Source: Forschende Komplementarmedizin Und Klassische Naturheilkunde = Research in Complementary and Natural Classical Medicine. 2003 February; 10(1): 19-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624476&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of zinc occupancy on human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Author(s): Rasimas JJ, Kanugula S, Dalessio PM, Ropson IJ, Fried MG, Pegg AE. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 February 4; 42(4): 980-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549918&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of zinc treatment in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Author(s): Orbak R, Cicek Y, Tezel A, Dogru Y. Source: Dent Mater J. 2003 March; 22(1): 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12790293&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of a multi-micronutrient dietary intervention based on haemoglobin, hair zinc concentrations, and selected functional outcomes in rural Malawian children. Author(s): Yeudall F, Gibson RS, Kayira C, Umar E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 56(12): 1176-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12494302&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of zinc-fortified oral rehydration solution in 6- to 35-month-old children with acute diarrhea. Author(s): Bahl R, Bhandari N, Saksena M, Strand T, Kumar GT, Bhan MK, Sommerfelt H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 November; 141(5): 677-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410197&dopt=Abstract

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Element of caution: a case of reversible cytopenias associated with excessive zinc supplementation. Author(s): Irving JA, Mattman A, Lockitch G, Farrell K, Wadsworth LD. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 July 22; 169(2): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12874162&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancement of B-MYB transcriptional activity by ZPR9, a novel zinc finger protein. Author(s): Seong HA, Kim KT, Ha H. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 March 14; 278(11): 9655-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12645566&dopt=Abstract

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97

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Erythrocyte zinc, copper, and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and risk of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based case-control study. Author(s): Vinceti M, Bergomi M, Nacci G, Pietrini V, Ferrari A, Fortini K, Guidetti D, Sola P, Rocchi E, Mancia D, Vivoli G. Source: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders : Official Publication of the World Federation of Neurology, Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases. 2002 December; 3(4): 208-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710510&dopt=Abstract

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Essential roles of zinc ligation and enzyme dimerization for catalysis in the aminoacylase-1/M20 family. Author(s): Lindner HA, Lunin VV, Alary A, Hecker R, Cygler M, Menard R. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 November 7; 278(45): 44496-504. Epub 2003 August 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12933810&dopt=Abstract

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Estimate of oxygen consumption and intracellular zinc concentration of human spermatozoa in relation to motility. Author(s): Henkel RR, Defosse K, Koyro HW, Weissmann N, Schill WB. Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2003 March; 5(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646995&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of iron, copper, zinc and manganese intake from duplicate diets provided by hospitals in Poland, 1993-96. Author(s): Skibniewska KA. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 October; 19(10): 969-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12443559&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a small cadmium zinc telluride detector for scintimammography. Author(s): Mueller B, O'Connor MK, Blevis I, Rhodes DJ, Smith R, Collins DA, Phillips SW. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 April; 44(4): 602-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679406&dopt=Abstract

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Exchangeable zinc pool size in infants is related to key variables of zinc homeostasis. Author(s): Krebs NF, Hambidge KM, Westcott JE, Miller LV, Sian L, Bell M, Grunwald G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1498S-501S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730452&dopt=Abstract

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Excitation ratiometric fluorescent biosensor for zinc ion at picomolar levels. Author(s): Thompson RB, Cramer ML, Bozym R. Source: Journal of Biomedical Optics. 2002 October; 7(4): 555-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421121&dopt=Abstract

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Expression in Xenopus oocytes shows that WT1 binds transcripts in vivo, with a central role for zinc finger one. Author(s): Ladomery M, Sommerville J, Woolner S, Slight J, Hastie N. Source: Journal of Cell Science. 2003 April 15; 116(Pt 8): 1539-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640038&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of a novel Krupple-like zinc-finger gene, ZNF382, in human heart. Author(s): Luo K, Yuan W, Zhu C, Li Y, Wang Y, Zeng W, Jiao W, Liu M, Wu X. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 December 13; 299(4): 606-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459182&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of the zinc transporter ZnT4 is decreased in the progression from early prostate disease to invasive prostate cancer. Author(s): Henshall SM, Afar DE, Rasiah KK, Horvath LG, Gish K, Caras I, Ramakrishnan V, Wong M, Jeffry U, Kench JG, Quinn DI, Turner JJ, Delprado W, Lee CS, Golovsky D, Brenner PC, O'Neill GF, Kooner R, Stricker PD, Grygiel JJ, Mack DH, Sutherland RL. Source: Oncogene. 2003 September 4; 22(38): 6005-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12955079&dopt=Abstract

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Extracellular zinc stimulates ERK-dependent activation of p21(Cip/WAF1) and inhibits proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Author(s): Park KS, Ahn Y, Kim JA, Yun MS, Seong BL, Choi KY. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 November; 137(5): 597-607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381673&dopt=Abstract

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Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutants of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase are susceptible to disulfide reduction. Author(s): Tiwari A, Hayward LJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 February 21; 278(8): 5984-92. Epub 2002 November 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458194&dopt=Abstract

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Flexible metal binding of the metallo-beta-lactamase domain: glyoxalase II incorporates iron, manganese, and zinc in vivo. Author(s): Schilling O, Wenzel N, Naylor M, Vogel A, Crowder M, Makaroff C, MeyerKlaucke W. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 October 14; 42(40): 11777-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14529289&dopt=Abstract

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Functional activities and cellular localization of the ezrin, radixin, moesin (ERM) and RING zinc finger domains in MIR. Author(s): Bornhauser BC, Johansson C, Lindholm D. Source: Febs Letters. 2003 October 9; 553(1-2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14550572&dopt=Abstract

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Functional analysis and the molecular dissection of zinc-fingers and homeoboxes 1 (ZHX1). Author(s): Yamada K, Kawata H, Matsuura K, Shou Z, Hirano S, Mizutani T, Yazawa T, Yoshino M, Sekiguchi T, Kajitani T, Miyamoto K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 September 20; 297(2): 368-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237128&dopt=Abstract

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Functional and spectroscopic characterization of half-liganded iron-zinc hybrid hemoglobin: evidence for conformational plasticity within the T state. Author(s): Samuni U, Juszczak L, Dantsker D, Khan I, Friedman AJ, Perez-Gonzalez-deApodaca J, Bruno S, Hui HL, Colby JE, Karasik E, Kwiatkowski LD, Mozzarelli A, Noble R, Friedman JM. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 July 15; 42(27): 8272-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846576&dopt=Abstract

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Fusion protein of retinoic acid receptor alpha with promyelocytic leukemia protein or promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein recruits N-CoR-TBLR1 corepressor complex to repress transcription in vivo. Author(s): Tomita A, Buchholz DR, Obata K, Shi YB. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 August 15; 278(33): 30788-95. Epub 2003 June 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12794076&dopt=Abstract

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Galvanic interaction between gold and amalgam: effect of zinc, time and surface treatments. Author(s): Walker RS, Wade AG, Iazzetti G, Sarkar NK. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2003 November; 134(11): 14637. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664264&dopt=Abstract

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GFP-linked zinc finger protein sp1. fluorescence study and implication for Nterminal zinc finger 1 as hinge finger. Author(s): Matsushita K, Sugiura Y. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 January 2; 11(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467707&dopt=Abstract

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GLIS3, a novel member of the GLIS subfamily of Kruppel-like zinc finger proteins with repressor and activation functions. Author(s): Kim YS, Nakanishi G, Lewandoski M, Jetten AM. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2003 October 1; 31(19): 5513-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14500813&dopt=Abstract

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HCF-1 functions as a coactivator for the zinc finger protein Krox20. Author(s): Luciano RL, Wilson AC. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 December 19; 278(51): 51116-24. Epub 2003 October 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14532282&dopt=Abstract

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Healing of apical periodontitis after endodontic treatment: a comparison between a silicone-based and a zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealer. Author(s): Huumonen S, Lenander-Lumikari M, Sigurdsson A, Orstavik D. Source: International Endodontic Journal. 2003 April; 36(4): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12702125&dopt=Abstract

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Heritable endogenous gene regulation in plants with designed polydactyl zinc finger transcription factors. Author(s): Guan X, Stege J, Kim M, Dahmani Z, Fan N, Heifetz P, Barbas CF 3rd, Briggs SP. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 October 1; 99(20): 13296-301. Epub 2002 September 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271125&dopt=Abstract

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Highly specific zinc finger proteins obtained by directed domain shuffling and cellbased selection. Author(s): Hurt JA, Thibodeau SA, Hirsh AS, Pabo CO, Joung JK. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 October 14; 100(21): 12271-6. Epub 2003 Oct 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14527993&dopt=Abstract

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Histidine 140 plays a key role in the inhibitory modulation of the P2X4 nucleotide receptor by copper but not zinc. Author(s): Coddou C, Morales B, Gonzalez J, Grauso M, Gordillo F, Bull P, Rassendren F, Huidobro-Toro JP. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 September 19; 278(38): 36777-85. Epub 2003 June 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819199&dopt=Abstract

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Histone deacetylase 6 binds polyubiquitin through its zinc finger (PAZ domain) and copurifies with deubiquitinating enzymes. Author(s): Hook SS, Orian A, Cowley SM, Eisenman RN. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 October 15; 99(21): 13425-30. Epub 2002 September 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354939&dopt=Abstract

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Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. Author(s): Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 April; 133(4): 1075-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672922&dopt=Abstract

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein directly activates neuronal Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptors at an allosteric zinc-sensitive site. Author(s): Song L, Nath A, Geiger JD, Moore A, Hochman S. Source: Journal of Neurovirology. 2003 June; 9(3): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775422&dopt=Abstract

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Human zinc fingers as building blocks in the construction of artificial transcription factors. Author(s): Bae KH, Kwon YD, Shin HC, Hwang MS, Ryu EH, Park KS, Yang HY, Lee DK, Lee Y, Park J, Kwon HS, Kim HW, Yeh BI, Lee HW, Sohn SH, Yoon J, Seol W, Kim JS. Source: Nature Biotechnology. 2003 March; 21(3): 275-80. Epub 2003 February 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592413&dopt=Abstract

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Human ZIP1 is a major zinc uptake transporter for the accumulation of zinc in prostate cells. Author(s): Franklin RB, Ma J, Zou J, Guan Z, Kukoyi BI, Feng P, Costello LC. Source: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2003 August 1; 96(2-3): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12888280&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperzincaemia and hypercalprotectinaemia: a new disorder of zinc metabolism. Author(s): Sampson B, Fagerhol MK, Sunderkotter C, Golden BE, Richmond P, Klein N, Kovar IZ, Beattie JH, Wolska-Kusnierz B, Saito Y, Roth J. Source: Lancet. 2002 November 30; 360(9347): 1742-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480428&dopt=Abstract

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Identification and characterization of two novel human SCAN domain-containing zinc finger genes ZNF396 and ZNF397. Author(s): Wu Y, Yu L, Bi G, Luo K, Zhou G, Zhao S. Source: Gene. 2003 May 22; 310: 193-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801647&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of a human cDNA sequence which encodes a novel membraneassociated protein containing a zinc metalloprotease motif. Author(s): Bao YC, Tsuruga H, Hirai M, Yasuda K, Yokoi N, Kitamura T, Kumagai H. Source: Dna Res. 2003 June 30; 10(3): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886954&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of a novel human zinc finger protein gene ZNF313. Author(s): Ma YX, Zhang SZ, Hou YP, Huang XL, Wu QQ, Sun Y. Source: Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica. 2003 March; 35(3): 230-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621547&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of a secondary zinc-binding site in staphylococcal enterotoxin C2. Implications for superantigen recognition. Author(s): Papageorgiou AC, Baker MD, McLeod JD, Goda SK, Manzotti CN, Sansom DM, Tranter HS, Acharya KR. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004 January 9; 279(2): 1297-303. Epub 2003 October 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14559915&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of Jade1, a gene encoding a PHD zinc finger protein, in a gene trap mutagenesis screen for genes involved in anteroposterior axis development. Author(s): Tzouanacou E, Tweedie S, Wilson V. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2003 December; 23(23): 8553-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612400&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of ZASC1 encoding a Kruppel-like zinc finger protein as a novel target for 3q26 amplification in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Author(s): Imoto I, Yuki Y, Sonoda I, Ito T, Shimada Y, Imamura M, Inazawa J. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 September 15; 63(18): 5691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522885&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging zinc: old and new tools. Author(s): Frederickson C. Source: Science's Stke [electronic Resource] : Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment. 2003 May 13; 2003(182): Pe18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746547&dopt=Abstract

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Immunocytochemical study on the distribution of c-myb in the central nervous system of the transgenic mice expressing a human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase mutation. Author(s): Shin DH, Lee E, Joo KM, Kim J, Bae SR, Chung YH, Cha CI. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 October 30; 350(3): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14550916&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of zinc supplementation on diarrheal morbidity and growth pattern of low birth weight infants in kolkata, India: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, community-based study. Author(s): Sur D, Gupta DN, Mondal SK, Ghosh S, Manna B, Rajendran K, Bhattacharya SK. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 December; 112(6 Pt 1): 1327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14654605&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of zinc supplementation on diarrhoeal morbidity in rural children of West Bengal, India. Author(s): Gupta DN, Mondal SK, Ghosh S, Rajendran K, Sur D, Manna B. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003 May; 92(5): 531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839279&dopt=Abstract

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Improved gelatinase a selectivity by novel zinc binding groups containing galardin derivatives. Author(s): Auge F, Hornebeck W, Decarme M, Laronze JY. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2003 May 19; 13(10): 1783-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729664&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo antitumor activity of pegylated zinc protoporphyrin: targeted inhibition of heme oxygenase in solid tumor. Author(s): Fang J, Sawa T, Akaike T, Akuta T, Sahoo SK, Khaled G, Hamada A, Maeda H. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 July 1; 63(13): 3567-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839943&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo antiviral activity of novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid p7 zinc finger inhibitors in a transgenic murine model. Author(s): Schito ML, Goel A, Song Y, Inman JK, Fattah RJ, Rice WG, Turpin JA, Sher A, Appella E. Source: Aids Research and Human Retroviruses. 2003 February; 19(2): 91-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639244&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and predicting factors of hypozincemia in very-low-birth-weight infants at near-term postmenstrual age. Author(s): Itabashi K, Saito T, Ogawa Y, Uetani Y. Source: Biology of the Neonate. 2003; 83(4): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743451&dopt=Abstract

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Increased content of zinc and iron in human cataractous lenses. Author(s): Dawczynski J, Blum M, Winnefeld K, Strobel J. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 Winter; 90(1-3): 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666821&dopt=Abstract

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Increased scalp skin lipids in response to antidandruff treatment containing zinc pyrithione. Author(s): Rogers JS, Moore AE, Meldrum H, Harding CR. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2003 July; 295(3): 127-9. Epub 2003 June 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811576&dopt=Abstract

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Increased zinc finger protein zFOC1 transcripts in gastric cancer compared with normal gastric tissue. Author(s): Stephen RL, Crabtree JE, Yoshimura T, Clayton CL, Dixon MF, Robinson PA. Source: Molecular Pathology : Mp. 2003 June; 56(3): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782764&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of environmental zinc on the association between environmental and biological measures of lead in children. Author(s): Noonan CW, Kathman SJ, Sarasua SM, White MC. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2003 July; 13(4): 318-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923557&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of metallothioneins on zinc and copper distribution in brain tumours. Author(s): Florianczyk B, Osuchowski J, Kaczmarczyk R, Trojanowski T, StryjeckaZimmer M. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2003; 41(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12862390&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of zinc deficiency on the mRNA expression of zinc transporters in adult rats. Author(s): Pfaffl MW, Windisch W. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2003; 17(2): 97-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14531638&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of invasion and angiogenesis by zinc-chelating agent disulfiram. Author(s): Shian SG, Kao YR, Wu FY, Wu CW. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 November; 64(5): 1076-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14573756&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of orally produced volatile sulfur compounds by zinc, chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride--effect of concentration. Author(s): Young A, Jonski G, Rolla G. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2003 October; 111(5): 400-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12974683&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of willardiine-induced currents through rat GluR6/KA-2 kainate receptor channels by Zinc and other divalent cations. Author(s): Fukushima T, Shingai R, Ogurusu T, Ichinose M. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 October 2; 349(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946564&dopt=Abstract

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Insights into the structural basis for zinc inhibition of the glycine receptor. Author(s): Nevin ST, Cromer BA, Haddrill JL, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Lynch JW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 August 1; 278(31): 28985-92. Epub 2003 May 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740384&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal and systemic immune responses to an oral cholera toxoid B subunit wholecell vaccine administered during zinc supplementation. Author(s): Karlsen TH, Sommerfelt H, Klomstad S, Andersen PK, Strand TA, Ulvik RJ, Ahren C, Grewal HM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 July; 71(7): 3909-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819076&dopt=Abstract

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Iron and zinc absorption from two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes in young women. Author(s): Donangelo CM, Woodhouse LR, King SM, Toffolo G, Shames DM, Viteri FE, Cheng Z, Welch RM, King JC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 August 13; 51(17): 5137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903981&dopt=Abstract

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Iron supplements inhibit zinc but not copper absorption in vivo in ileostomy subjects. Author(s): Troost FJ, Brummer RJ, Dainty JR, Hoogewerff JA, Bull VJ, Saris WH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 November; 78(5): 1018-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594790&dopt=Abstract

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Iron, zinc, and copper concentrations in breast milk are independent of maternal mineral status. Author(s): Domellof M, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Hernell O. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 January; 79(1): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14684406&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of a zinc-containing metalloprotease expressed by Vibrio tubiashii. Author(s): Delston RB, Kothary MH, Shangraw KA, Tall BD. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2003 August; 49(8): 525-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14608388&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of a gene encoding a copper chaperone for the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and characterization of its promoter in potato. Author(s): Trindade LM, Horvath BM, Bergervoet MJ, Visser RG. Source: Plant Physiology. 2003 October; 133(2): 618-29. Epub 2003 August 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12972661&dopt=Abstract

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Lead, copper, zinc, and magnesium levels in hair of children and young people with some disorders of the osteomuscular articular system. Author(s): Lech T. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 November; 89(2): 111-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449235&dopt=Abstract

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Low plasma zinc and iron in pica. Author(s): Singhi S, Ravishanker R, Singhi P, Nath R. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2003 February; 70(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661808&dopt=Abstract

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Malnutrition, zinc supplementation and catch-up growth: changes in insulin-like growth factor I, its binding proteins, bone formation and collagen turnover. Author(s): Doherty CP, Crofton PM, Sarkar MA, Shakur MS, Wade JC, Kelnar CJ, Elmlinger MW, Ranke MB, Cutting WA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 September; 57(3): 391-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201833&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal myo-inositol, glucose, and zinc status is associated with the risk of offspring with spina bifida. Author(s): Groenen PM, Peer PG, Wevers RA, Swinkels DW, Franke B, Mariman EC, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 December; 189(6): 1713-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14710103&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms contributing to antidepressant zinc actions. Author(s): Nowak G, Szewczyk B. Source: Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 November-December; 54(6): 587-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866713&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms of biosynthesis of mammalian copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. Author(s): Bartnikas TB, Gitlin JD. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 August 29; 278(35): 33602-8. Epub 2003 June 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12815046&dopt=Abstract

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Metallothioneins/PARP-1/IL-6 interplay on natural killer cell activity in elderly: parallelism with nonagenarians and old infected humans. Effect of zinc supply. Author(s): Mocchegiani E, Muzzioli M, Giacconi R, Cipriano C, Gasparini N, Franceschi C, Gaetti R, Cavalieri E, Suzuki H. Source: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2003 April; 124(4): 459-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714254&dopt=Abstract

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Mitochondrial dysfunction due to mutant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is reversed by N-acetylcysteine. Author(s): Beretta S, Sala G, Mattavelli L, Ceresa C, Casciati A, Ferri A, Carri MT, Ferrarese C. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 2003 August; 13(3): 213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901835&dopt=Abstract

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MIZIP, a highly conserved, vertebrate specific melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 interacting zinc-finger protein. Author(s): Bachner D, Kreienkamp HJ, Richter D. Source: Febs Letters. 2002 August 28; 526(1-3): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208518&dopt=Abstract

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Modelling zinc-binding proteins with GADGET: genetic algorithm and distance geometry for exploring topology. Author(s): Petersen K, Taylor WR. Source: Journal of Molecular Biology. 2003 January 31; 325(5): 1039-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527307&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) by SUMO-1 conjugation regulates its transcriptional repressor activity. Author(s): Kang SI, Chang WJ, Cho SG, Kim IY. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 December 19; 278(51): 51479-83. Epub 2003 October 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14527952&dopt=Abstract

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Modulatory effects of selenium and zinc on the immune system. Author(s): Ferencik M, Ebringer L. Source: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2003; 48(3): 417-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879758&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular cloning and characteristics of a novel zinc finger protein and its splice variant whose transcripts are expressed during spermatogenesis. Author(s): Ishizuka M, Ohshima H, Tamura N, Nakada T, Inoue A, Hirose S, Hagiwara H. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 February 21; 301(4): 1079-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589823&dopt=Abstract

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Mucocutaneous pigmented macule as a result of zinc deposition. Author(s): Greenberg JE, Lynn M, Kirsner RS, Elgart GW, Hanly AJ. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2002 November; 29(10): 613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453300&dopt=Abstract

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Multifunctional zinc finger proteins in development and disease. Author(s): Ladomery M, Dellaire G. Source: Annals of Human Genetics. 2002 November; 66(Pt 5-6): 331-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485467&dopt=Abstract

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Myelopolyneuropathy and pancytopenia due to copper deficiency and high zinc levels of unknown origin: further support for existence of a new zinc overload syndrome. Author(s): Hedera P, Fink JK, Bockenstedt PL, Brewer GJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 September; 60(9): 1303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12975299&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial infarction risk in relation to zinc concentration in toenails. Author(s): Martin-Moreno JM, Gorgojo L, Riemersma RA, Gomez-Aracena J, Kark JD, Guillen J, Jimenez J, Ringstad JJ, Fernandez-Crehuet J, Bode P, Kok FJ; Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 89(5): 673-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720587&dopt=Abstract

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MZF6D, a novel KRAB zinc-finger gene expressed exclusively in meiotic male germ cells. Author(s): Looman C, Mark C, Abrink M, Hellman L. Source: Dna and Cell Biology. 2003 August; 22(8): 489-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14565865&dopt=Abstract

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NeuroD1/E47 regulates the E-box element of a novel zinc finger transcription factor, IA-1, in developing nervous system. Author(s): Breslin MB, Zhu M, Lan MS. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 October 3; 278(40): 38991-7. Epub 2003 July 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890672&dopt=Abstract

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Neuromuscular expression of the BTB/POZ and zinc finger protein myoneurin. Author(s): Cifuentes-Diaz C, Bitoun M, Goudou D, Seddiqi N, Romero N, Rieger F, Perin JP, Alliel PM. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2004 January; 29(1): 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14694499&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroprotective effects of copper/zinc-dependent superoxide dismutase against a wide variety of death-inducing stimuli and proapoptotic effect of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutations. Author(s): Patel Y, Collaco Moraes Y, Latchman D, Coffin R, de Belleroche J. Source: Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 2002 December 30; 109(1-2): 189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531528&dopt=Abstract

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Nlz belongs to a family of zinc-finger-containing repressors and controls segmental gene expression in the zebrafish hindbrain. Author(s): Runko AP, Sagerstrom CG. Source: Developmental Biology. 2003 October 15; 262(2): 254-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14550789&dopt=Abstract

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Non HFE-related haemochromatosis: exclusion of the 1q21 zinc-iron regulated transporter-like (ZIRTL) gene in juvenile haemochromatosis. Author(s): Sebastiani G, Wallace DF, Lioumi M, Goutos I, Mitchell WA, Bomford AB, Dhillon AP, Dooley JS, Ragoussis J, Walker AP. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2003 March; 38(3): 376-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586309&dopt=Abstract

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Nuclear magnetic resonance structures of the zinc finger domain of human DNA polymerase-alpha. Author(s): Evanics F, Maurmann L, Yang WW, Bose RN. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 September 23; 1651(1-2): 163-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14499601&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional aspect of zinc availability. Author(s): Camara F, Amaro MA. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 March; 54(2): 143-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701371&dopt=Abstract

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Oral lichen planus due to zinc in dental restorations. Author(s): Ido T, Kumakiri M, Kiyohara T, Sawai T, Hasegawa Y. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 July; 47(1): 51; Discussion 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225417&dopt=Abstract

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Overlap of nuclear localisation signal and specific DNA-binding residues within the zinc finger domain of PacC. Author(s): Fernandez-Martinez J, Brown CV, Diez E, Tilburn J, Arst HN Jr, Penalva MA, Espeso EA. Source: Journal of Molecular Biology. 2003 December 5; 334(4): 667-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14636595&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative stress, toxic hepatitis, and antioxidants with particular emphasis on zinc. Author(s): Stehbens WE. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2003 December; 75(3): 265-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14611818&dopt=Abstract

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p53 mutations in L3-loop zinc-binding domain, DNA-ploidy, and S phase fraction are independent prognostic indicators in colorectal cancer: a prospective study with a five-year follow-up. Author(s): Russo A, Migliavacca M, Zanna I, Valerio MR, Latteri MA, Grassi N, Pantuso G, Salerno S, Dardanoni G, Albanese I, La Farina M, Tomasino RM, Gebbia N, Bazan V. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 November; 11(11): 1322-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433709&dopt=Abstract

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Paradigm shift in zinc: metal pathology. Author(s): Onosaka S, Tetsuchikawahara N, Min KS. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2002 January; 196(1): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12498321&dopt=Abstract

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Patch testing with zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate. A multicentre study of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Author(s): Geier J, Lessmann H, Rothe A, Uter W, Brasch J, Schnuch A; Network of Departments of Dermatology and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 April; 48(4): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786726&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric reference ranges for zinc protoporphyrin. Author(s): Soldin OP, Miller M, Soldin SJ. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2003 February; 36(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554055&dopt=Abstract

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Plaque antibacterial levels following controlled food intake and use of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan. Author(s): Hall PJ, Green AK, Horay CP, de Brabander S, Beasley TJ, Cromwell VJ, Holt JS, Savage DJ. Source: Int Dent J. 2003 December; 53(6 Suppl 1): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725382&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma and red blood cell zinc in cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Akanli L, Lowenthal DB, Gjonaj S, Dozor AJ. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2003 January; 35(1): 2-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461732&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma vitamin A and zinc levels in HIV-infected adults in Cape Town, South Africa. Author(s): Visser ME, Maartens G, Kossew G, Hussey GD. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 April; 89(4): 475-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654165&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma zinc and immune markers in runners in response to a moderate increase in training volume. Author(s): Peake JM, Gerrard DF, Griffin JF. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 April; 24(3): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740742&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma zinc levels during pregnancy and its relationship to maternal and neonatal characteristics: a longitudinal study. Author(s): Aydemir F, Cavdar AO, Soylemez F, Cengiz B. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 March; 91(3): 193-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663944&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma zinc levels in early infancy in north India. Author(s): Sriniwas, Awasthi S, Kumar S, Srivastav RC. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 March; 40(3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657757&dopt=Abstract

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Pneumococcal zinc metalloproteinase ZmpC cleaves human matrix metalloproteinase 9 and is a virulence factor in experimental pneumonia. Author(s): Oggioni MR, Memmi G, Maggi T, Chiavolini D, Iannelli F, Pozzi G. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2003 August; 49(3): 795-805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12864860&dopt=Abstract

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Point mutations in BCL6 DNA-binding domain reveal distinct roles for the six zinc fingers. Author(s): Mascle X, Albagli O, Lemercier C. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 January 10; 300(2): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504096&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphisms in the genes encoding members of the tristetraprolin family of human tandem CCCH zinc finger proteins. Author(s): Blackshear PJ, Phillips RS, Vazquez-Matias J, Mohrenweiser H. Source: Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. 2003; 75: 43-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14604009&dopt=Abstract

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Prediagnostic toenail cadmium and zinc and subsequent prostate cancer risk. Author(s): Platz EA, Helzlsouer KJ, Hoffman SC, Morris JS, Baskett CK, Comstock GW. Source: The Prostate. 2002 September 1; 52(4): 288-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210489&dopt=Abstract

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Prostatic zinc and prostate specific antigen: an experimental evaluation of their combined diagnostic value. Author(s): Vartsky D, Shilstein S, Bercovich A, Huszar M, Breskin A, Chechik R, Korotinsky S, Malnick SD, Moriel E. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 December; 170(6 Pt 1): 2258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14634392&dopt=Abstract

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Protease inhibitors: synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase and bacterial collagenase inhibitors incorporating 5-amino-2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole zinc binding functions. Author(s): Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2002 October 7; 12(19): 2667-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217351&dopt=Abstract

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Putative zinc-sensing zinc fingers of metal-response element-binding transcription factor-1 stabilize a metal-dependent chromatin complex on the endogenous metallothionein-I promoter. Author(s): Jiang H, Daniels PJ, Andrews GK. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 August 8; 278(32): 30394-402. Epub 2003 May 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12764133&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid reduction of Staphylococcus aureus populations on stainless steel surfaces by zeolite ceramic coatings containing silver and zinc ions. Author(s): Bright KR, Gerba CP, Rusin PA. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2002 December; 52(4): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473478&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. Author(s): Krone CA, Harms LC. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 October 15; 95(20): 1556; Author Reply 1556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14559884&dopt=Abstract

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Reaction of irofulven with zinc and acid. Author(s): McMorris TC, Moon SS, Kelner MJ. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2003 February; 66(2): 310-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608875&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced potency of zinc to interact with NMDA receptors in hippocampal tissue of suicide victims. Author(s): Nowak G, Szewczyk B, Sadlik K, Piekoszewski W, Trela F, Florek E, Pilc A. Source: Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 May-June; 55(3): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506326&dopt=Abstract

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Reference ranges of copper and zinc and the prevalence of their deficiencies in an Arab population aged 15-80 years. Author(s): Abiaka C, Olusi S, Al-Awadhi A. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 January; 91(1): 33-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713027&dopt=Abstract

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Regulated cell surface pro-EGF ectodomain shedding is a zinc metalloproteasedependent process. Author(s): Le Gall SM, Auger R, Dreux C, Mauduit P. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 November 14; 278(46): 45255-68. Epub 2003 August 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12947092&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of metallothionein and zinc transporter expression in human prostate cancer cells and tissues. Author(s): Hasumi M, Suzuki K, Matsui H, Koike H, Ito K, Yamanaka H. Source: Cancer Letters. 2003 October 28; 200(2): 187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14568174&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of myeloid zinc finger protein 2A transactivation activity through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases. Author(s): Ogawa H, Murayama A, Nagata S, Fukunaga R. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 January 31; 278(5): 2921-7. Epub 2002 November 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427756&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 signalling by A20 zinc finger protein. Author(s): O'Reilly SM, Moynagh PN. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 April 4; 303(2): 586-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659860&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of transgene expression in plants with polydactyl zinc finger transcription factors. Author(s): Ordiz MI, Barbas CF 3rd, Beachy RN. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 October 1; 99(20): 13290-5. Epub 2002 September 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271138&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of zinc metabolism and genomic outcomes. Author(s): Cousins RJ, Blanchard RK, Moore JB, Cui L, Green CL, Liuzzi JP, Cao J, Bobo JA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1521S-6S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730457&dopt=Abstract

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Releases from copper smelters and refineries and zinc plants in Canada: human health exposure and risk characterization. Author(s): Newhook R, Hirtle H, Byrne K, Meek ME. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 January 1; 301(1-3): 23-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493182&dopt=Abstract

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Replacement of a cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase by a novel cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase in crustaceans that use copper (haemocyanin) for oxygen transport. Author(s): Brouwer M, Hoexum Brouwer T, Grater W, Brown-Peterson N. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2003 August 15; 374(Pt 1): 219-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769817&dopt=Abstract

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Requirement of caspase and p38MAPK activation in zinc-induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Author(s): Kondoh M, Tasaki E, Araragi S, Takiguchi M, Higashimoto M, Watanabe Y, Sato M. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2002 December; 269(24): 6204-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473116&dopt=Abstract

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Retention strengths of five luting cements on prefabricated dowels after root canal obturation with a zinc oxide/eugenol sealer: 1. Dowel space preparation/cementation at one week after obturation. Author(s): Hagge MS, Wong RD, Lindemuth JS. Source: Journal of Prosthodontics : Official Journal of the American College of Prosthodontists. 2002 September; 11(3): 168-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237797&dopt=Abstract

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Reversible inhibition of the second step of splicing suggests a possible role of zinc in the second step of splicing. Author(s): Shomron N, Malca H, Vig I, Ast G. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2002 October 1; 30(19): 4127-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364591&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of suboptimal iron and zinc nutriture among adolescent girls in Australia and New Zealand: causes, consequences, and solutions. Author(s): Gibson RS, Heath AL, Ferguson EL. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11 Suppl 3: S543-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492646&dopt=Abstract

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Role of copper, zinc, selenium and tellurium in the cellular defense against oxidative and nitrosative stress. Author(s): Klotz LO, Kroncke KD, Buchczyk DP, Sies H. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1448S-51S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730440&dopt=Abstract

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Role of zinc in eukaryotic cells, zinc transporters and zinc-containing proteins. Review article. Author(s): Fuchs O, Babusiak M, Vyoral D, Petrak J. Source: Sb Lek. 2003; 104(2): 157-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14577126&dopt=Abstract

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Selective dimerization of a C2H2 zinc finger subfamily. Author(s): McCarty AS, Kleiger G, Eisenberg D, Smale ST. Source: Molecular Cell. 2003 February; 11(2): 459-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620233&dopt=Abstract

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Selenium and zinc levels in volatile substance abusers. Author(s): Dundaroz MR, Turkbay T, Sarici SU, Akay C, Sayal A, Denli M. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 August; 88(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12296422&dopt=Abstract

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Selenium, copper, and zinc concentrations in intestinal cancer tissue and in colon and rectum polyps. Author(s): Kucharzewski M, Braziewicz J, Majewska U, Gozdz S. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 April; 92(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721399&dopt=Abstract

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Seminal plasma zinc level in users of gossypol. Author(s): Adekunle AO, Arowojolu AO, Adejuwon CA, Okpara NC, Ladipo OA. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1999 March-June; 28(1-2): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953977&dopt=Abstract

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Serum copper levels and not zinc are positively associated with serum leptin concentrations in the healthy adult population. Author(s): Olusi S, Al-Awadhi A, Abiaka C, Abraham M, George S. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 February; 91(2): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719608&dopt=Abstract

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Serum copper, zinc, ceruloplasmin and superoxide dismutase in Thai overweight and obese. Author(s): Tungtrongchitr R, Pongpaew P, Phonrat B, Tungtrongchitr A, Viroonudomphol D, Vudhivai N, Schelp FP. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 June; 86(6): 543-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12924803&dopt=Abstract

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Serum copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and gastric cancer risk: a casecontrol study. Author(s): Lin Y, Kikuchi S, Obata Y, Yagyu K; Tokyo Research Group on Prevention of Gastric Cancer. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 2002 October; 93(10): 1071-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417035&dopt=Abstract

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Serum iron, zinc and copper levels and lipid peroxidation in children with chronic giardiasis. Author(s): Demirci M, Delibas N, Altuntas I, Oktem F, Yonden Z. Source: J Health Popul Nutr. 2003 March; 21(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751677&dopt=Abstract

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Serum zinc (Zn) level dynamics in blood serum of patients with acute viral hepatitis B and early recovery period. Author(s): Fota-Markowska H, Przybyla A, Borowicz I, Modrzewska R. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 2002; 57(2): 201-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12898840&dopt=Abstract

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Serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase values in pediatric bone marrow transplantation patients. Author(s): Uckan D, Cetin M, Dincer N, Kalkan G, Tuncer M, Tezcan I. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2003 June; 20(4): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746158&dopt=Abstract

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Serum zinc as a factor predicting response to interferon-alpha2b therapy in children with chronic hepatitis B. Author(s): Ozbal E, Helvaci M, Kasirga E, Akdenizoglu F, Kizilgunesler A. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 Winter; 90(1-3): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666823&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual dimorphism of hepatic gene expression: novel biological role of KRAB zinc finger repressors revealed. Author(s): Waxman DJ, Celenza JL. Source: Genes & Development. 2003 November 1; 17(21): 2607-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14597659&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of (45)calcium and (65)zinc uptake by caco-2 cells. Author(s): Etcheverry P, Wallingford JC, Miller DD, Glahn RP. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 23; 50(22): 6287-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381105&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous weekly supplementation of iron and zinc is associated with lower morbidity due to diarrhea and acute lower respiratory infection in Bangladeshi infants. Author(s): Baqui AH, Zaman K, Persson LA, El Arifeen S, Yunus M, Begum N, Black RE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 December; 133(12): 4150-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14652364&dopt=Abstract

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Small-molecule switches for zinc finger transcription factors. Author(s): Lin Q, Barbas CF 3rd, Schultz PG. Source: Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2003 January 22; 125(3): 612-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526643&dopt=Abstract

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Specific recognition of primer tRNA Lys 3 by HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein: involvement of the zinc fingers and the N-terminal basic extension. Author(s): Tisne C, Roques BP, Dardel F. Source: Biochimie. 2003 May; 85(5): 557-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12763315&dopt=Abstract

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Structural aspects of the metzincin clan of metalloendopeptidases. Author(s): Gomis-Ruth FX. Source: Molecular Biotechnology. 2003 June; 24(2): 157-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746556&dopt=Abstract

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Structure, function, and aggregation of the zinc-free form of the p53 DNA binding domain. Author(s): Butler JS, Loh SN. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 March 4; 42(8): 2396-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600206&dopt=Abstract

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Structure, function, and regulation of a subfamily of mouse zinc transporter genes. Author(s): Dufner-Beattie J, Langmade SJ, Wang F, Eide D, Andrews GK. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 December 12; 278(50): 50142-50. Epub 2003 October 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14525987&dopt=Abstract

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Structure/function analyses of human sex hormone-binding globulin: effects of zinc on steroid-binding specificity. Author(s): Hammond GL, Avvakumov GV, Muller YA. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2003 June; 85(2-5): 195-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943704&dopt=Abstract

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Structure-function analysis of HKE4, a member of the new LIV-1 subfamily of zinc transporters. Author(s): Taylor KM, Morgan HE, Johnson A, Nicholson RI. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2004 January 1; 377(Pt 1): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14525538&dopt=Abstract

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Structure-function analysis of LIV-1, the breast cancer-associated protein that belongs to a new subfamily of zinc transporters. Author(s): Taylor KM, Morgan HE, Johnson A, Hadley LJ, Nicholson RI. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2003 October 1; 375(Pt 1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839489&dopt=Abstract

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Substance P induced biosynthesis of the zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 in human glioma cells requires activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase. Author(s): Al-Sarraj A, Thiel G. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 October 31; 332(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384223&dopt=Abstract

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Suggested lower cutoffs of serum zinc concentrations for assessing zinc status: reanalysis of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (1976-1980). Author(s): Hotz C, Peerson JM, Brown KH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 October; 78(4): 756-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522734&dopt=Abstract

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Supplementation with zinc, but not vitamin A, improves seroconversion to vibriocidal antibody in children given an oral cholera vaccine. Author(s): Albert MJ, Qadri F, Wahed MA, Ahmed T, Rahman AS, Ahmed F, Bhuiyan NA, Zaman K, Baqui AH, Clemens JD, Black RE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 March 15; 187(6): 909-13. Epub 2003 Mar 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660937&dopt=Abstract

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Survey of lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc in Kasar cheese. Author(s): Yuzbasi N, Sezgin E, Yildirim M, Yildirim Z. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 May; 20(5): 464-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775465&dopt=Abstract

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Sweat iron and zinc losses during prolonged exercise. Author(s): DeRuisseau KC, Cheuvront SN, Haymes EM, Sharp RG. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2002 December; 12(4): 428-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500986&dopt=Abstract

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Systematic characterization of the zinc-finger-containing proteins in the mouse transcriptome. Author(s): Ravasi T, Huber T, Zavolan M, Forrest A, Gaasterland T, Grimmond S, Hume DA; RIKEN GER Group; GSL Members. Source: Genome Research. 2003 June; 13(6B): 1430-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819142&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic contact dermatitis to zinc in dental fillings. Author(s): Shimizu T, Kobayashi S, Tanaka M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28(6): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616846&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a 2% zinc citrate, 0.3% Triclosan dentifrice on plaque acid production following consumption of a snackfood. Author(s): Green AK, Horay CP, Lloyd AM, Abraham PJ, Cox TF, Holt JS, Savage DJ. Source: Int Dent J. 2003 December; 53(6 Suppl 1): 385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725383&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan on bacterial viability and plaque growth in vivo compared to a toothpaste containing 0.3% Triclosan and 2% copolymer. Author(s): Adams SE, Theobald AJ, Jones NM, Brading MG, Cox TF, Mendez A, Chesters DM, Gillam DG, Hall C, Holt J. Source: Int Dent J. 2003 December; 53(6 Suppl 1): 398-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725385&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan on the glycolysis of plaque bacteria ex vivo after food intake. Author(s): Adams SE, Lloyd AM, Naeeni MA, Cooper YL, Holt JS. Source: Int Dent J. 2003 December; 53(6 Suppl 1): 391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725384&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of zinc supplementation on linear growth, body composition, and growth factors in preterm infants. Author(s): Diaz-Gomez NM, Domenech E, Barroso F, Castells S, Cortabarria C, Jimenez A. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 May; 111(5 Pt 1): 1002-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728080&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of minoxidil, 1% pyrithione zinc and a combination of both on hair density: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Berger RS, Fu JL, Smiles KA, Turner CB, Schnell BM, Werchowski KM, Lammers KM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 149(2): 354-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12932243&dopt=Abstract

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The ERK pathway involves positive and negative regulations of HT-29 colorectal cancer cell growth by extracellular zinc. Author(s): Park KS, Lee NG, Lee KH, Seo JT, Choi KY. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2003 December; 285(6): G1181-8. Epub 2003 June 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816758&dopt=Abstract

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The evidence linking zinc deficiency with children's cognitive and motor functioning. Author(s): Black MM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1473S-6S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730446&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of zinc on the uptake of vitamin B12 by the cerebrospinal fluid. Author(s): Loonen AJ, Schmeets MG, Ter Braak GI, Van Bavel LP. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003 June; 18(6): 540-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789677&dopt=Abstract

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The mouse nac1 gene, encoding a cocaine-regulated Bric-a-brac Tramtrac Broad complex/Pox virus and Zinc finger protein, is regulated by AP1. Author(s): Mackler SA, Homan YX, Korutla L, Conti AC, Blendy JA. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 121(2): 355-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14521994&dopt=Abstract

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The prion protein and neuronal zinc homeostasis. Author(s): Watt NT, Hooper NM. Source: Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2003 August; 28(8): 406-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12932728&dopt=Abstract

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The role of metals in neurodegenerative processes: aluminum, manganese, and zinc. Author(s): Zatta P, Lucchini R, van Rensburg SJ, Taylor A. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2003 November 15; 62(1): 15-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14596888&dopt=Abstract

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The SCAN domain defines a large family of zinc finger transcription factors. Author(s): Sander TL, Stringer KF, Maki JL, Szauter P, Stone JR, Collins T. Source: Gene. 2003 May 22; 310: 29-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801630&dopt=Abstract

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The serum concentrations of zinc, copper and selenium in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Ojuawo A, Keith L. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2002 September-October; 48(9-10): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14562534&dopt=Abstract

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The strong correlation between serum copper level and the copper/zinc ratio to histopathological changes, clinical stage, and prognosis of Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Gozdasoglu S, Akar N. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 February; 91(2): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719614&dopt=Abstract

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The use of 0.25% zinc pyrithione spray does not enhance the efficacy of clobetasol propionate 0.05% foam in the treatment of psoriasis. Author(s): Housman TS, Keil KA, Mellen BG, McCarty MA, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 July; 49(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833013&dopt=Abstract

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The zinc finger protein OZF (ZNF146) is overexpressed in colorectal cancer. Author(s): Ferbus D, Bovin C, Validire P, Goubin G. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 2003 June; 200(2): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754738&dopt=Abstract

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Toxic and biochemical effects of zinc in Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Zodl B, Zeiner M, Sargazi M, Roberts NB, Marktl W, Steffan I, Ekmekcioglu C. Source: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2003 December 1; 97(4): 324-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14568236&dopt=Abstract

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Trace elements in human physiology and pathology: zinc and metallothioneins. Author(s): Tapiero H, Tew KD. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2003 November; 57(9): 399-411. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14652165&dopt=Abstract

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Transcriptional silencing of zinc finger protein 185 identified by expression profiling is associated with prostate cancer progression. Author(s): Vanaja DK, Cheville JC, Iturria SJ, Young CY. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 July 15; 63(14): 3877-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873976&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc. XVIII. Initial treatment of the hepatic decompensation presentation with trientine and zinc. Author(s): Askari FK, Greenson J, Dick RD, Johnson VD, Brewer GJ. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2003 December; 142(6): 385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14713890&dopt=Abstract

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Trypanosoma cruzi poly-zinc finger protein: a novel DNA/RNA-binding CCHC-zinc finger protein. Author(s): Espinosa JM, Portal D, Lobo GS, Pereira CA, Alonso GD, Gomez EB, Lan GH, Pomar RV, Flawia MM, Torres HN. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2003 September; 131(1): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12967710&dopt=Abstract

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Underwood Memorial Lecture: human zinc homeostasis: good but not perfect. Author(s): Hambidge M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1438S-42S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730438&dopt=Abstract

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Utility of formazans and cetylpyridinium chloride in rapid spectrophotometric determination of zinc in biological materials and pharmaceutical formulations. Author(s): Amin AS, Issa YM. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 March 10; 31(3): 491-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615236&dopt=Abstract

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What does zinc do? Author(s): Berger A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 November 9; 325(7372): 1062. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424163&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc absorption by infants. Author(s): Griffin IJ, Abrams SA. Source: Minerva Pediatr. 2003 June; 55(3): 231-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900709&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc amplifies mSOD1-mediated toxicity in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Author(s): Groeneveld GJ, de Leeuw van Weenen J, van Muiswinkel FL, Veldman H, Veldink JH, Wokke JH, Bar PR, van den Berg LH. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 December 11; 352(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14625013&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc and copper in the human placenta membranes. Author(s): Florianczyk B, Baranowski W, Marciniak B, Stryjecka-Zimmer M. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 2002; 57(2): 387-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12898867&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc and copper: proposed fortification levels and recommended zinc compounds. Author(s): Rosado JL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 133(9): 2985S-9S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949397&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc and energy requirements in induction of oxidative stress to retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Author(s): Wood JP, Osborne NN. Source: Neurochemical Research. 2003 October; 28(10): 1525-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14570397&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc deficiency induces oxidative DNA damage and increases p53 expression in human lung fibroblasts. Author(s): Ho E, Courtemanche C, Ames BN. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 August; 133(8): 2543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12888634&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc deficiency: a contributing factor of short stature in growth hormone deficient children. Author(s): Siklar Z, Tuna C, Dallar Y, Tanyer G. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 June; 49(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848213&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc fingers on the pulse of cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Roberts JP. Source: Drug Discovery Today. 2003 August 15; 8(16): 726-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12944088&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc intake of US preschool children exceeds new dietary reference intakes. Author(s): Arsenault JE, Brown KH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 November; 78(5): 1011-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594789&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc octa-n-alkyl phthalocyanines in photodynamic therapy: photophysical properties, accumulation and apoptosis in cell cultures, studies in erythrocytes and topical application to Balb/c mice skin. Author(s): Kaestner L, Cesson M, Kassab K, Christensen T, Edminson PD, Cook MJ, Chambrier I, Jori G. Source: Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences : Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology. 2003 June; 2(6): 660-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859150&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc- or cadmium-pre-induced metallothionein protects human central nervous system cells and astrocytes from radiation-induced apoptosis. Author(s): Cai L, Iskander S, Cherian MG, Hammond RR. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2004 February 2; 146(3): 217-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14687759&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc oxide protects cultured enterocytes from the damage induced by Escherichia coli. Author(s): Roselli M, Finamore A, Garaguso I, Britti MS, Mengheri E. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 December; 133(12): 4077-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14652351&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc pennies in the esophagus. Author(s): Dyleski RA, Siddiqui MS, Mayhew JF. Source: Pediatrics. 2004 January; 113(1 Pt 1): 176-7; Author Reply 176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14702478&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc regulation of food intake: new insights on the role of neuropeptide Y. Author(s): Levenson CW. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 July; 61(7): 247-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918877&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and illicit drug use. Author(s): Baum MK, Campa A, Lai S, Lai H, Page JB. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003; 37 Suppl 2: S117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12942385&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc sulfate in the prevention of radiation-induced oropharyngeal mucositis: a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Author(s): Ertekin MV, Koc M, Karslioglu I, Sezen O. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2004 January 1; 58(1): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14697435&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation: yea or nay? Author(s): Collins N. Source: Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 2003 September-October; 16(5): 226-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14581813&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc, low birth weight, and breastfeeding. Author(s): Hambidge KM, Krebs NF. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 December; 112(6 Pt 1): 1419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14654619&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc-finger protein-targeted gene regulation: genomewide single-gene specificity. Author(s): Tan S, Guschin D, Davalos A, Lee YL, Snowden AW, Jouvenot Y, Zhang HS, Howes K, McNamara AR, Lai A, Ullman C, Reynolds L, Moore M, Isalan M, Berg LP, Campos B, Qi H, Spratt SK, Case CC, Pabo CO, Campisi J, Gregory PD. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 October 14; 100(21): 11997-2002. Epub 2003 September 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14514889&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ZINC Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and zinc.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Zinc The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on zinc: •

For men only: a primer on your unique nutrition concerns. Source: Helm, J. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (June 1997). volume 20(6) page 1, 4-5.

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Lead and nutrition. Source: Rabinowitz, M.B. Nutrition-and-the-M.D (USA). (March 1986). volume 12(3) page 1-2.

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Metabolic interactions between zinc and essential fatty acids in the mammalian organism. Author(s): Laboratory Technologist Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Program, Kuwait University (Kuwait) Source: Adisa, A.O. Odutuga, A.A. Nutrition-and-Food-Science (United Kingdom). (1999). (no.2/3) page 99-104.

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Nutrition and brain function: trace elements. Source: Sandstead, H.H. Nutrition-reviews (USA). (May 1986). volume 44(suppl.) page 37-41.

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Preventing bone loss with trace minerals and calcium supplementation. Author(s): University of California, La Jolla, CA Source: Strause, L.G. Saltman, P.D. Nutrition-and-the-M.D (USA). (June 1993). volume 19(6) page 1-3.

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When taking supplements is a double-edged sword. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (August 1995). volume 13(6) page 1-2.

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Zinc deficiency in premature infants. Source: Nutrition-and-the-M.D (USA). (June 1987). volume 13(6) page 2.

Additional consumer oriented references include: •

Assessment of zinc and copper nutritional status in man. Source: Milne, D.B. Nutrition-and-the-M.D (USA). (May 1987). volume 13(5) page 1-2.

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Biology of zinc and biological value of dietary organic zinc complexes and chelates. Source: Bates, C.J. Heseker, H. Nutr-res-rev. Cambridge [England]; New York : Cambridge University Press, c1988-. 1994. volume 7 page 129-149. 0954-4224

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By the way doctor. I'm 72 and was recently told that I am losing a bit of my sight because of macular degeneration. My doctor assured me that it was progressing very slowly, but also said there wasn't really anything to do about it. But I read that zinc or vitamins might help. Should I be taking them? Source: Lee, Thomas H Harv-Health-Lett. 2002 February; 27(4): 8 1052-1577

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Cellular transporters for zinc. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2128, USA. Source: Harris, Edward D Nutr-Revolume 2002 April; 60(4): 121-4 0029-6643

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Changes in regulation of lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis in the zinc-deficient mouse. Author(s): Michigan State University, USA. Source: Fraker, P King, L Nutr-Revolume 1998 January; 56(1 Pt 2): S65-9 0029-6643

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Clinical, biochemical and nutritional spectrum of zinc deficiency in human subjects: An update. Source: Nutr-Rev. Washington, D.C. : Nutrition Foundation. July 1983. volume 41 (7) page 197-208. 0029-6643

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Common cold. Zinc update. Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 2000 December; 26(2): 4 1052-1577

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Copper, manganese and zinc: micronutrients of 'macroconcern'. Source: Jacobson, H.N. Food-Nutr-News. Chicago, Ill. : National Live Stock and Meat Board. Mar/April 1989. volume 61 (2) page 12-14. charts. 0015-6310

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Fortification strategies to combat zinc and iron deficiency. Author(s): Radioisotope Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Salgueiro, Maria Jimena Zubillaga, Marcela Lysionek, Alexis Caro, Ricardo Weill, Ricardo Boccio, Jose Nutr-Revolume 2002 February; 60(2): 52-8 0029-6643

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From vitamin A to zinc, here's EN's 1996 nutrition guide. Source: Webb, D. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (January 1996). volume 19(1) page 1, 4-5.

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Hyperzincuria in IDDM women--relationship to measures of glycemic control, renal function, and tissue catabolism. Source: Heise, C.C. King, J.C. Costa, F.M. Kitzmiller, J.L. Diabetes-Care. Alexandria, Va. : American Diabetes Association. Nov/December 1988. volume 11 (10) page 780-786. 0149-5992

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Influence of glycemic control on zinc urinary excretion in patients with type 1 diabetes. Source: Pedrosa, L F Ferreira, S R Cesarini, P R Cozzolino, S M Diabetes-Care. 1999 February; 22(2): 362-3 0149-5992

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Interactions of dietary iron and zinc in the chick. Source: Nutrition-reviews (USA). (April 1985). volume 43(4) page 121-122.

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Mild human zinc deficiency produces an imbalance between cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Author(s): Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Source: Solomons, N W Nutr-Revolume 1998 January; 56(1 Pt 1): 27-8 0029-6643

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Mining for minerals--zinc is worth its weight in gold. Source: Shields, D. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. Sept 1994. volume 17 (9) page 1, 6. 0893-4452

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Mining for minerals: zinc is worth its weight in gold. Source: Forman, A. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (September 1994). volume 17(9) page 1, 6.

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Moving toward a plant-based diet: are iron and zinc at risk? Author(s): USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202, USA. Source: Hunt, Janet R Nutr-Revolume 2002 May; 60(5 Pt 1): 127-34 0029-6643

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Mutations in the copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase gene are associated with “Lou Gehrig's disease”. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1993 August; 51(8): 243-5 0029-6643

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Nucleoside phosphorylase: A Zinc metalloenzyme and a marker of zinc deficiency. Source: Nutrition-reviews (USA). (August 1984). volume 42(8) page279-281.

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Nutrition intervention strategies to combat zinc deficiency in developing countries. Source: Parizkova, J. Nutr-res-rev. Wallingford, Oxon, U.K. : CAB International. June 1998. volume 11 (1) page 115-131. 0954-4224

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On call. Last week I received a mailing from a Canadian company that did not support American drugs like Hytrin and Proscar in dealing with enlarged prostates. There were about 30 testimonials in favor of its product. The company says that zinc is an essential ingredient to shrink the prostate. It further states the need for pyridoxine and certain amino acids, Serenoa, repens (saw palmetto), serrulata, Panax extract, and hydrangea extract. Comments from various European magazines are also cited. Source: Simon, H B Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2000 April; 4(9): 8 1089-1102

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Plasma levels of zinc in protein-calorie malnutrition and after nutritional rehabilitation. Source: Prasad, Ananda S. Nutr-Rev. Washington, D.C. : Nutrition Foundation. July 1983. volume 41 (7) page 209-211. 0029-6643

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Possible hazards associated with zinc supplementation. Source: Harris, M.I. Nutr-Today. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins. May/June 1989. volume 24 (3) page 15-18. Ill., charts. 0029-666X

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Role of zinc in enzyme regulation and protection of essential thiol groups. Source: Nutrition-reviews (USA). (September 1986). volume 44(9) page 309-311.

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The emerging roles of zinc in infant nutrition, development, and infectious diseases. 1. Source: Black, R.E. Miguel, S.G. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Nov/December 2001. volume 36 (6) page 281-290. 0029-666X

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The new dietary reference intakes and zinc deficiency: is there a dichotomy. Source: Hambidge, M. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Nov/December 2001. volume 36 (6) page 278-280. 0029-666X

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Therapeutic role of zinc in disease states. Source: Goldfinger, S.E. Nutr-M-D. Van Nuys, Calif. : PM, Inc. May 1991. volume 17 (5) page 1-2. 0732-0167

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Zinc and benign postnatal seizures. Source: Nutr-Rev. Washington, D.C. : Nutrition Foundation. July 1983. volume 41 (7) page 211-213. 0029-6643

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Zinc and fetal alcohol syndrome: another dimension. Source: Beaton, G.H. Nutr-Rev. Washington, D.C. : Nutrition Foundation. November 1986. volume 44 (11) page 359-360. 0029-6643

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Zinc and macular degeneration. Source: Nutr-Rev. New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag New York Inc. July 1990. volume 48 (7) page 285-287. 0029-6643

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Zinc bioavailability of human and cow's milk. Source: Nutrition-reviews (USA). (May 1986). volume 44(5) page 181-183.

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Zinc deficiency in breast-fed infants. Source: Leontos, C. Asgarian, L. Nutr-M-D. Van Nuys, Calif. : PM, Inc. March 1992. volume 18 (3) page 1-3. 0732-0167

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Zinc in human nutrition. Source: Nutr-Res-Rev. Cambridge [England] : Cambridge University Press. 1988. volume 1 page 23-37. 0954-4224

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Zinc nutrition and HIV infection. Author(s): Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Source: Kupka, Roland Fawzi, Wafaie Nutr-Revolume 2002 March; 60(3): 69-79 00296643

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Zinc nutrition in developing countries. Source: Swinkels, J.W.G.M. Kornegay, E.T. Verstegen, M.W.A. Nutr-res-rev. Cambridge [England]; New York : Cambridge University Press, c1988-. 1994. volume 7 page 151173. 0954-4224

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Zinc supplements may affect immune response. Source: Schepers, A. Environ-Nutr. New York, N.Y. : Environmental Nutrition, Inc. Sept 1988. volume 11 (9) page 2. 0893-4452

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Zinc--a precious metal. Source: Prentice, A.M. B-N-F-Nutr-Bull-Br-Nutr-Found. London : The Foundation. January 1989. volume 14 (1) page 23-35. 0141-9684

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Zooming in on zinc. Source: Anonymous Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1998 January; 5(5): 6 1070-910X

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “zinc” (or a synonym): •

Biochemical study on serum content of rats fed on fortified products with zinc. Author(s): Ministry of Health, Cairo (Egypt). Nutrition Inst. Source: Hammam, A.H. El Sayed, S.M.M. Zagazig-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research (Egypt). (March 2001). volume 28 (2) page 425-437. Issued 2002.

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Effect of dietary zinc on growth and immune response of piglets orally challenged with E. coli K88. Author(s): Bologna Univ. (Italy).

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Levels of selected macro- and microelements in goat milk from farms in the Czech Republic. Author(s): Ceska Zemedelska Univ., Prague (Czech Republic). Agronomicka Fakulta Source: Hejtmankova, A. Kucerova, J. Miholova, D. Kolihova, D. Orsak, M. CzechJournal-of-Animal-Science-UZPI (Czech Republic). (June 2002). volume 47(6) page 253260.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A case of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome whose major complaint, taste disturbance, was improved by zinc therapy. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Yoshida, S Tomita, H Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 2002; (546): 154-8 0365-5237

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A new zinc binding fold underlines the versatility of zinc binding modules in protein evolution. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia. Source: Sharpe, B K Matthews, J M Kwan, A H Newton, A Gell, D A Crossley, M Mackay, J P Structure-(Camb). 2002 May; 10(5): 639-48 0969-2126

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Antibacterial cobalt(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) complexes of nicotinic acid-derived Schiff-bases. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Source: Chohan, Z H Rau, A Noreen, S Scozzafava, A Supuran, C T J-Enzyme-InhibMed-Chem. 2002 April; 17(2): 101-6 1475-6366

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Antibacterial effect of intraprostatic zinc injection in a rat model of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Author(s): Department of Urology, St. Vincent Hospital, Catholic University Medical College, 93 Ji-dong, Paldal-gu, Suwon 442-723, Seoul, South Korea. Source: Cho, Y H Lee, S J Lee, J Y Kim, S W Lee, C B Lee, W Y Yoon, M S Int-JAntimicrob-Agents. 2002 June; 19(6): 576-82 0924-8579

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Bioavailability of zinc in fiber-enriched bread fortified with zinc sulphate. Author(s): Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. [email protected] Source: Khalil, M M Nahrung. 2002 December; 46(6): 389-93 0027-769X

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Can zinc be used for the treatment of Microsporum gypseum dermatitis in man as well as in sheep? Source: Xylouri Frangiadaki, E Papadopoulou, C V Bryoni, G Int-J-Antimicrob-Agents. 2002 September; 20(3): 230-1 0924-8579

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Clinical and pathological findings of acute zinc intoxication in a puppy. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Bologna, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 1-40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy. Source: Gandini, G Bettini, G Pietra, M Mandrioli, L Carpene, E J-Small-Anim-Pract. 2002 December; 43(12): 539-42 0022-4510

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Comparative study of adsorption properties of Turkish fly ashes. I. The case of nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II). Author(s): Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Balcali, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Bayat, B J-Hazard-Mater. 2002 December 2; 95(3): 251-73 0304-3894

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Contribution of individual zinc ligands to metal binding and peptide folding of zinc finger peptides. Author(s): Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan. Source: Nomura, A Sugiura, Y Inorg-Chem. 2002 July 15; 41(14): 3693-8 0020-1669

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of zinc picolinate for taste disorders. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Sakai, F Yoshida, S Endo, S Tomita, H Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 2002; (546): 12933 0365-5237

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Effect of zinc ions on caffeine-induced contracture in vascular smooth muscle and skeletal muscle of rat. Author(s): Unit of Cell Signal Transduction, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai, China.

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Source: Cheng, X Y Chen, K Y Zhang, X H Zhu, P H Cell-Physiol-Biochem. 2002; 12(2-3): 119-26 1015-8987 •

Effect of zincum gluconicum nasal gel on the duration and symptom severity of the common cold in otherwise healthy adults. Author(s): Department of Infectious Diseases, S-32, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. [email protected] Source: Mossad, S B QJM. 2003 January; 96(1): 35-43 1460-2725

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Effects of increasing zinc supplementation in drinking water on growth and thyroid gland function and histology in broiler chicks. Author(s): University of Yuzuncu Yil, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Histology Dept., Van, Turkey. Source: Donmez, H H Karsl, M A Meral, I Donmez, N Simsek, N Dtsch-TierarztlWochenschr. 2002 October; 109(10): 438-42 0341-6593

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Effects of thymomimetic drugs and zinc supplementation on the cellular immune response in hydrocortisone-suppressed mice. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland. [email protected] Source: Obminska Domoradzka, B Szczypka, M Debowy, J J-Vet-Med-B-Infect-Dis-VetPublic-Health. 2002 December; 49(10): 469-75 0931-1793

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Enhancing effect of zinc on hepatoprotectivity of epigallocatechin gallate in isolated rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan. Source: Kagaya, N Kawase, M Maeda, H Tagawa, Y Nagashima, H Ohmori, H Yagi, K Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2002 September; 25(9): 1156-60 0918-6158

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IgH PCR of zinc formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded non-lymphomatous gastric samples produces artifactual “clonal” bands not observed in paired tissues unexposed to zinc formalin. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0275, USA. [email protected] Source: Ahrens, K Braylan, R Almasri, N Foss, R Rimsza, L J-Mol-Diagn. 2002 August; 4(3): 159-63 1525-1578

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Infantile tremor syndrome and zinc deficiency. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College & K.E.M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400 012. Source: Vora, R M Tullu, M S Bartakke, S P Kamat, J R Indian-J-Med-Sci. 2002 February; 56(2): 69-72 0019-5359

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Influence of the spatulation of two zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealers on the obturation of lateral canals. Author(s): Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Pecora, J D Ribeiro, R G Guerisoli, D M Barbizam, J V Marchesan, M A PesquiOdontol-Bras. 2002 Apr-June; 16(2): 127-30 1517-7491

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Interaction of zinc and vitamin A on the ocular surface. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan. [email protected]

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Source: Kanazawa, S Kitaoka, T Ueda, Y Gong, H Amemiya, T Graefes-Arch-Clin-ExpOphthalmol. 2002 December; 240(12): 1011-21 0721-832X •

Jejunal transfer rates of 109cadmium chloride increase in rats in vitro and in vivo after oral pretreatment with cadmium or zinc chloride. Author(s): Walther Straub-Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, LudwigMaximilians-Universitat, Nussbaumstr. 26, D-80336 Munchen, Germany. Source: Flaig, K H Schumann, K Elsenhans, B Toxicology. 2003 February 1; 183(1-3): 199209 0300-483X

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Kinetics of poly(propylene fumarate) synthesis by step polymerization of diethyl fumarate and propylene glycol using zinc chloride as a catalyst. Author(s): Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA. Source: Shung, A K Timmer, M D Jo, S Engel, P S Mikos, A G J-Biomater-Sci-Polym-Ed. 2002; 13(1): 95-108 0920-5063

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Moderate zinc deficiency increases cell death after brain injury in the rat. Author(s): Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-4340, USA. Source: Yeiser, E C Vanlandingham, J W Levenson, C W Nutr-Neurosci. 2002 October; 5(5): 345-52 1028-415X

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Paradigm shift in zinc: metal pathology. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 651-2180, Japan. [email protected] Source: Onosaka, S Tetsuchikawahara, N Min, K S Tohoku-J-Exp-Med. 2002 January; 196(1): 1-7 0040-8727

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Rapid reduction of Staphylococcus aureus populations on stainless steel surfaces by zeolite ceramic coatings containing silver and zinc ions. Author(s): University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Source: Bright, K R Gerba, C P Rusin, P A J-Hosp-Infect. 2002 December; 52(4): 307-9 0195-6701

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Requirement of caspase and p38MAPK activation in zinc-induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Kondoh, M Tasaki, E Araragi, S Takiguchi, M Higashimoto, M Watanabe, Y Sato, M Eur-J-Biochem. 2002 December; 269(24): 6204-11 0014-2956

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Secretory function of the salivary gland in patients with taste disorders or xerostomia: correlation with zinc deficiency. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Tanaka, M Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 2002; (546): 134-41 0365-5237

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Selective binding and reversible release of riboflavin by polymer-bound zinc(II) azamacrocycles. Author(s): Institut fur Organische Chemie, Universitat Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. [email protected] Source: Konig, B Gallmeier, H C Reichenbach Klinke, R Chem-Commun-(Camb). 2001 November 21; (22): 2390-1 1359-7345

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Structural requirements for the neuroprotective effects of aspirin analogues against N-methyl-D-aspartate and zinc ion neurotoxicity. Author(s): Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea. Source: Moon, H S Nam, S I Kim, S D Kim, D Gwag, B J Lee, Y Yoon, S H J-PharmPharmacol. 2002 July; 54(7): 935-44 0022-3573

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Sweat iron and zinc losses during prolonged exercise. Author(s): Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1493, USA. Source: DeRuisseau, K C Cheuvront, S N Haymes, E M Sharp, R G Int-J-Sport-NutrExerc-Metab. 2002 December; 12(4): 428-37 1526-484X

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The effects of iron deficiency and iron and zinc supplementation on rat hippocampus ferritin. Author(s): Research Department, Herzog Hospital, Jerusalem. [email protected] Source: Shoham, S Youdim, M B J-Neural-Transm. 2002 October; 109(10): 1241-56 03009564

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The influence of diet on comparative trace metal cadmium, copper and zinc accumulation in Thais clavigera (Gastropoda: Muricidae) preying on intertidal barnacles or mussels. Author(s): Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, SAR, China. [email protected] Source: Blackmore, G Morton, B Mar-Pollut-Bull. 2002 September; 44(9): 870-6 0025-326X

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The role of zinc in management of tinnitus. Author(s): Department of ORL and HNS, Gulhane Medical School, Etlik, 06018 Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Yetiser, S Tosun, F Satar, B Arslanhan, M Akcam, T Ozkaptan, Y Auris-NasusLarynx. 2002 October; 29(4): 329-33 0385-8146

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Toxicity, growth and accumulation relationships of copper, lead and zinc in the grey mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Author(s): School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. [email protected] Source: MacFarlane, G R Burchett, M D Mar-Environ-Res. 2002; 54(1): 65-84 0141-1136

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Tripodal pseudopeptides with three histidine or cysteine donors: synthesis and zinc complexation. Author(s): Institut fur Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universitat Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. Source: Gelinsky, M Vogler, R Vahrenkamp, H Inorg-Chem. 2002 May 6; 41(9): 2560-4 0020-1669

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Zinc inhibits the nuclear translocation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and protects cultured human neurons from copper-induced neurotoxicity. Author(s): Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-4340, USA. Source: VanLandingham, J W Fitch, C A Levenson, C W Neuromolecular-Med. 2002; 1(3): 171-82 1535-1084

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Zinc(II) as an allosteric regulator of liposomal membrane permeability induced by synthetic template-assembled tripodal polypeptides. Author(s): Dipartimento di Chimica Organica and CNR-CMRO, Universita di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1 35131 Padova, Italy. [email protected], [email protected]

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Source: Scrimin, P Tecilla, P Tonellato, U Veronese, A Crisma, M Formaggio, F Toniolo, C Chemistry. 2002 June 17; 8(12): 2753-63 0947-6539

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to zinc; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Vitamin-Mineral Supplements Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin B2 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione, Menaphthone, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Minerals ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biotin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium Acetate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium: Which Form Is Best? Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Copper Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Copper Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,886,00.html Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gabapentin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iodine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Manganese Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sodium Fluoride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html Zinc/Copper Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,938,00.html

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Food and Diet Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html Brazil Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brazil Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,115,00.html Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goose Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hazelnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,307,00.html Honey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,283,00.html Kamut Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lamb Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,90,00.html Lobster Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miso Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Mussels Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Oats Alternative names: Avena sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oats Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,73,00.html Octopus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oysters Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pecans Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pork Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pumpkin Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pumpkin Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,176,00.html Quinoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html Swordfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,92,00.html Variety Meats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,78,00.html Whitefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,178,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ZINC Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to zinc. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “zinc” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •

Zinc and Health Source: Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine. 1998. 285 p. Contact: Available from National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894. (888) 346-3656; INTERNATIONAL: (301) 5945983; E-MAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Summary: This document contains a listing of 3,619 citations about zinc and health. The bibliography was developed from National Library of Medicine databases, dated January 1990 through June 1998.

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Antioxidant Vitamins and Zinc Reduce Risk of Vision Loss from Age-Related Macular Degeneration Source: Bethesda, MD: National Eye Institute. 2001. 5 p.

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Contact: Available from National Eye Institute. National Institutes of Health, 2020 Vision Place, Bethesda, MD 20892. (301) 496-5248. PRICE: Free. Summary: This National Eye Institute (NEI) news release reports on the nationwide clinical trial "Age Related Eye Disease Study," which found that high levels of antioxidants and zinc reduce the risk of advanced age-related macular degeneration and its associated vision loss. It describes the methodology and results of the trial, and includes quotes from the trial investigators and the director of the NEI.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to zinc and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to zinc: •

A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: interactions between iron and zinc. Author(s): Lind T, Lonnerdal B, Stenlund H, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Ekstrom EC, Persson LA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 883-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663287&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of vitamin A and zinc supplementation in persons with tuberculosis in Indonesia: effects on clinical response and nutritional status. Author(s): Karyadi E, West CE, Schultink W, Nelwan RH, Gross R, Amin Z, Dolmans WM, Schlebusch H, van der Meer JW. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 April; 75(4): 720-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916759&dopt=Abstract

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A partial supplementation of pasteurized milk with vitamin C, iron and zinc. Author(s): Biringen Loker G, Ugur M, Yildiz M. Source: Die Nahrung. 2003 February; 47(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653430&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled study of the impact of dietary zinc supplementation in the management of children with protein-energy malnutrition in Lesotho. I: Mortality and morbidity. Author(s): Makonnen B, Venter A, Joubert G. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 December; 49(6): 340-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725411&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled study of the impact of dietary zinc supplementation in the management of children with protein-energy malnutrition in Lesotho. II: Special investigations. Author(s): Makonnen B, Venter A, Joubert G. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 December; 49(6): 353-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14725412&dopt=Abstract

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A zinc-containing mannitol-2-dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides ATCC 12291: purification of the enzyme and cloning of the gene. Author(s): Hahn G, Kaup B, Bringer-Meyer S, Sahm H. Source: Archives of Microbiology. 2003 January-February; 179(2): 101-7. Epub 2003 January 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560988&dopt=Abstract

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A. thaliana TRANSPARENT TESTA 1 is involved in seed coat development and defines the WIP subfamily of plant zinc finger proteins. Author(s): Sagasser M, Lu GH, Hahlbrock K, Weisshaar B. Source: Genes & Development. 2002 January 1; 16(1): 138-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782451&dopt=Abstract

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Accumulation of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in the edible aquatic plants Trapa bispinosa Roxb. and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Author(s): Kumar M, Chikara S, Chand MK, Bhatnagar AK. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002 November; 69(5): 649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375112&dopt=Abstract

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Adaptation of Biscutella laevigata L, a metal hyperaccumulator, to growth on a zinclead waste heap in southern Poland. I: Differences between waste-heap and mountain populations. Author(s): Wierzbicka M, Pielichowska M. Source: Chemosphere. 2004 March; 54(11): 1663-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14675845&dopt=Abstract

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Aggregation of sphalerite: role of zinc ions. Author(s): Mirnezami M, Restrepo L, Finch JA. Source: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2003 March 1; 259(1): 36-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12651131&dopt=Abstract

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Altered zinc homeostasis and caspase-3 activity in murine allergic airway inflammation. Author(s): Truong-Tran AQ, Ruffin RE, Foster PS, Koskinen AM, Coyle P, Philcox JC, Rofe AM, Zalewski PD.

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Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2002 September; 27(3): 286-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204890&dopt=Abstract •

Antioxidant effects of zinc supplementation in Tunisians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Roussel AM, Kerkeni A, Zouari N, Mahjoub S, Matheau JM, Anderson RA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 August; 22(4): 316-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897047&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant properties of chromium and zinc: in vivo effects on digestibility, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant vitamins, and some minerals under a low ambient temperature. Author(s): Onderci M, Sahin N, Sahin K, Kilic N. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 May; 92(2): 139-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746573&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidants and zinc to prevent progression of age-related macular degeneration. Author(s): Jampol LM, Ferris FL 3rd. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 November 21; 286(19): 2466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759670&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of the genotoxicity of resin and zinc-oxide eugenol-based root canal sealers using an in vitro mammalian test system. Author(s): Tai KW, Huang FM, Huang MS, Chang YC. Source: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 2002 January; 59(1): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11745539&dopt=Abstract

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Benefits of zinc supplementation for child growth. Author(s): Martorell R. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 June; 75(6): 957-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036799&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets. Author(s): Hunt JR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 633S639S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936958&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of iron, zinc, folate, and vitamin C in the IRIS multi-micronutrient supplement: effect of combination with a milk-based cornstarch porridge.

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Author(s): Kamp F, Jandel D, Hoenicke I, Pietrzk K, Gross R, Trugo NM, Donangelo CM. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2003 September; 24(3 Suppl): S20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14564940&dopt=Abstract •

Both zinc deficiency and supplementation affect plasma melatonin levels in rats. Author(s): Bediz CS, Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R. Source: Acta Physiol Hung. 2003; 90(4): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14708876&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium supplementation during lactation blunts erythrocyte lead levels and deltaaminolevulinic acid dehydratase zinc-reactivation in women non-exposed to lead and with marginal calcium intakes. Author(s): Pires JB, Miekeley N, Donangelo CM. Source: Toxicology. 2002 June 14; 175(1-3): 247-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12049852&dopt=Abstract

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Can high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc slow the progression of macular degeneration? Author(s): Gordon JE, Schooff M. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 February; 51(2): 105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978202&dopt=Abstract

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Can zinc be used for the treatment of Microsporum gypseum dermatitis in man as well as in sheep? Author(s): Xylouri-Frangiadaki E, Papadopoulou CV, Bryoni G. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 September; 20(3): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385705&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of the increase in bone 66 kDa protein component with healing rat fractures: stimulatory effect of zinc. Author(s): Igarashi A, Yamaguchi M. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2002 May; 9(5): 503-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11956657&dopt=Abstract

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Copper enzyme activities in cystic fibrosis before and after copper supplementation plus or minus zinc. Author(s): Best K, McCoy K, Gemma S, Disilvestro RA. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2004 January; 53(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681839&dopt=Abstract

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Creatine supplementation and riluzole treatment provide similar beneficial effects in copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (G93A) transgenic mice. Author(s): Snow RJ, Turnbull J, da Silva S, Jiang F, Tarnopolsky MA. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 119(3): 661-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809687&dopt=Abstract

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Depletion of intracellular zinc from neurons by use of an extracellular chelator in vivo and in vitro. Author(s): Frederickson CJ, Suh SW, Koh JY, Cha YK, Thompson RB, LaBuda CJ, Balaji RV, Cuajungco MP. Source: The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 2002 December; 50(12): 1659-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486088&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in some medicinally important leaves by differential pulse anodic stripping analysis. Author(s): Jyothi NV, Mouli PC, Reddy SR. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2003; 17(2): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14531635&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary supplementation with zinc and a growth factor extract derived from bovine cheese whey improves methotrexate-damaged rat intestine. Author(s): Tran CD, Howarth GS, Coyle P, Philcox JC, Rofe AM, Butler RN. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 May; 77(5): 1296-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716685&dopt=Abstract

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Differential modulation of zinc-stimulated p21(Cip/WAF1) and cyclin D1 induction by inhibition of PI3 kinase in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. Author(s): Oh SY, Park KS, Kim JA, Choi KY. Source: Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2002 March 31; 34(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989975&dopt=Abstract

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Differential response of synaptic zinc levels to sensory deprivation in the barrel cortex of young and adult mice. Author(s): Czupryn A, Skangiel-Kramska J. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2001 December; 141(4): 567-72. Epub 2001 October 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810150&dopt=Abstract

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Does oral zinc supplementation promote healing of chronic wounds? Author(s): Gray M.

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Source: Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / Wocn. 2003 November; 30(6): 295-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14615757&dopt=Abstract •

EDTA chelation effects on urinary losses of cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, and zinc. Author(s): Waters RS, Bryden NA, Patterson KY, Veillon C, Anderson RA. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 December; 83(3): 207-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794513&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a micronutrient fortificant mixture and 2 amounts of calcium on iron and zinc absorption from a processed food supplement. Author(s): Mendoza C, Peerson JM, Brown KH, Lonnerdal B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 February; 79(2): 244-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14749230&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of chelating agents on the excretion of copper, zinc and iron in the bile and urine of sheep. Author(s): Gooneratne SR, Christensen DA. Source: Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997). 1997 March; 153(2): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463402&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on rat lipid concentrations. Author(s): Khoja SM, Marzouki ZM, Ashry KM, Hamdi SA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2002 January; 23(1): 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11938370&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of digestive site acidity and compatibility on the species, lipopily and bioavailability of iron, manganese and zinc in Prunus persica Batsch and Carthamus tinctorus. Author(s): Shun-xing L, Nan-sheng D, Feng-ying Z. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2004 January 19; 14(2): 505-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14698191&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma zinc concentrations of young women. Author(s): Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Whiting SJ, Gibson RS. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 June; 19(6): 522-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781852&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral zinc supplementation on agents of oropharyngeal infection in patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Author(s): Ertekin MV, Uslu H, Karslioglu I, Ozbek E, Ozbek A.

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Source: J Int Med Res. 2003 July-August; 31(4): 253-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12964500&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of routine zinc supplementation on pneumonia in children aged 6 months to 3 years: randomised controlled trial in an urban slum. Author(s): Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, Strand T, Molbak K, Ulvik RJ, Sommerfelt H, Bhan MK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 June 8; 324(7350): 1358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052800&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc and melatonin supplementation on cellular immunity in rats with toxoplasmosis. Author(s): Baltaci AK, Bediz CS, Mogulkoc R, Kurtoglu E, Pekel A. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 Winter; 96(1-3): 237-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14716103&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation between 1 and 6 mo of life on growth and morbidity of Bangladeshi infants in urban slums. Author(s): Osendarp SJ, Santosham M, Black RE, Wahed MA, van Raaij JM, Fuchs GJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 76(6): 1401-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450909&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation in patients with acute and persistent diarrhoea. Author(s): Roy SK. Source: Glimpse. 1991 May-June; 13(3): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12284314&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation of pregnant women on the mental and psychomotor development of their children at 5 y of age. Author(s): Tamura T, Goldenberg RL, Ramey SL, Nelson KG, Chapman VR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 June; 77(6): 1512-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791632&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation on antidepressant therapy in unipolar depression: a preliminary placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Nowak G, Siwek M, Dudek D, Zieba A, Pilc A. Source: Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 November-December; 55(6): 1143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14730113&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation on clinical course of acute diarrhoea. Author(s): Fontaine O.

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Source: J Health Popul Nutr. 2001 December; 19(4): 339-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11855358&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition in children with sickle cell disease. Author(s): Zemel BS, Kawchak DA, Fung EB, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 February; 75(2): 300-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815322&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation on growth in West African children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso. Author(s): Muller O, Garenne M, Reitmaier P, Van Zweeden AB, Kouyate B, Becher H. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 December; 32(6): 1098-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14681282&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation on intestinal permeability in experimental colitis. Author(s): Sturniolo GC, Fries W, Mazzon E, Di Leo V, Barollo M, D'inca R. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2002 May; 139(5): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032492&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhoea on morbidity and mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomised trial. Author(s): Baqui AH, Black RE, El Arifeen S, Yunus M, Chakraborty J, Ahmed S, Vaughan JP. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 November 9; 325(7372): 1059. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424162&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of arachidonic acid plus zinc on glucose disposal in genetically diabetic (ob/ob) mice. Author(s): Hwang IK, Go VL, Harris DM, Yip I, Song MK. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2002 March; 4(2): 124-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11940110&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary supplements of zinc-methionine on milk production, udder health and zinc metabolism in dairy goats. Author(s): Salama AA, Caja G, Albanell E, Such X, Casals R, Plaixats J. Source: The Journal of Dairy Research. 2003 February; 70(1): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617388&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary zinc supplementation on broiler performance and nitrogen loss from manure. Author(s): Kim WK, Patterson PH.

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Source: Poultry Science. 2004 January; 83(1): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14761081&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of increasing zinc supplementation in drinking water on growth and thyroid gland function and histology in broiler chicks. Author(s): Donmez HH, Karsl MA, Meral I, Donmez N, Simsek N. Source: Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2002 October; 109(10): 438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448974&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral zinc and magnesium supplementation on serum thyroid hormone and lipid levels in experimentally induced diabetic rats. Author(s): Baydas B, Karagoz S, Meral I. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 September; 88(3): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350134&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral zinc supplementation on serum leptin levels in Ache males of eastern Paraguay. Author(s): Bribiescas RG. Source: American Journal of Human Biology : the Official Journal of the Human Biology Council. 2003 September-October; 15(5): 681-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953180&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of rutin supplementation on antioxidant status and iron, copper, and zinc contents in mouse liver and brain. Author(s): Gao Z, Xu H, Huang K. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 September; 88(3): 271-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350136&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of supplementation with vitamins A, C, and E, selenium, and zinc on immune function in a murine sensitization model. Author(s): Albers R, Bol M, Bleumink R, Willems AA, Pieters RH. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 November-December; 19(11-12): 940-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14624943&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of thymomimetic drugs and zinc supplementation on the cellular immune response in hydrocortisone-suppressed mice. Author(s): Obminska-Domoradzka B, Szczypka M, Debowy J. Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2002 December; 49(10): 469-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485356&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of zinc complexes on the distribution of zinc in calcareous soil and zinc uptake by maize. Author(s): Alvarez JM, Rico MI. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 September 10; 51(19): 5760-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12952430&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of zinc deficiency and supplementation on malondialdehyde and glutathione levels in blood and tissues of rats performing swimming exercise. Author(s): Ozturk A, Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Oztekin E, Sivrikaya A, Kurtoglu E, Kul A. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 August; 94(2): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12958407&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of zinc deficiency and supplementation on some hematologic parameters of rats performing acute swimming exercise. Author(s): Baltaci AK, Ozyurek K, Mogulkoc R, Kurtoglu E, Oztekin E, Kul A. Source: Acta Physiol Hung. 2003; 90(2): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903911&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of zinc deficiency and supplementation on the glycogen contents of liver and plasma lactate and leptin levels of rats performing acute exercise. Author(s): Baltaci AK, Ozyurek K, Mogulkoc R, Kurtoglu E, Ozkan Y, Celik I. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 Winter; 96(1-3): 227-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14716102&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of zinc deficiency/zinc supplementation on ammonia metabolism in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Yoshida Y, Higashi T, Nouso K, Nakatsukasa H, Nakamura SI, Watanabe A, Tsuji T. Source: Acta Medica Okayama. 2001 December; 55(6): 349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779097&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of zinc histidine and zinc sulfate on natural human keratinocytes. Author(s): Deters A, Schnetz E, Schmidt M, Hensel A. Source: Forschende Komplementarmedizin Und Klassische Naturheilkunde = Research in Complementary and Natural Classical Medicine. 2003 February; 10(1): 19-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624476&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of zinc supplementation to ration on some hematological parameters in broiler chicks. Author(s): Donmez N, Donmez HH, Keskin E, Celik I.

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Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 Summer; 87(1-3): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117222&dopt=Abstract •

Efficacy of zinc supplementation on the severity and duration of diarrhea in malnourished Turkish children. Author(s): Polat TB, Uysalol M, Cetinkaya F. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2003 October; 45(5): 555-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14521531&dopt=Abstract

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Electrocyte (Na(+),K(+))ATPase inhibition induced by zinc is reverted by dithiothreitol. Author(s): Ribeiro MG, Pedrenho AR, Hasson-Voloch A. Source: The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2002 May; 34(5): 51624. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906822&dopt=Abstract

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Element of caution: a case of reversible cytopenias associated with excessive zinc supplementation. Author(s): Irving JA, Mattman A, Lockitch G, Farrell K, Wadsworth LD. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 July 22; 169(2): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12874162&dopt=Abstract

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Endogenous zinc inhibits GABA(A) receptors in a hippocampal pathway. Author(s): Ruiz A, Walker MC, Fabian-Fine R, Kullmann DM. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2004 February; 91(2): 1091-6. Epub 2003 October 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14561688&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancing effect of zinc on hepatoprotectivity of epigallocatechin gallate in isolated rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Kagaya N, Kawase M, Maeda H, Tagawa Y, Nagashima H, Ohmori H, Yagi K. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 September; 25(9): 1156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230108&dopt=Abstract

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Ethanol inhibition of recombinant NR1/2A receptors: effects of heavy metal chelators and a zinc-insensitive NR2A mutant. Author(s): Woodward JJ, Smothers C. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2003 August-October; 31(1-2): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14615013&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for chelatable zinc in the extracellular space of the hippocampus, but little evidence for synaptic release of Zn. Author(s): Kay AR. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 July 30; 23(17): 6847-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890779&dopt=Abstract

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Excessive oral zinc supplementation. Author(s): Salzman MB, Smith EM, Koo C. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2002 October; 24(7): 582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368702&dopt=Abstract

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Experience-dependent plasticity of zinc-containing cortical circuits during a critical period of postnatal development. Author(s): Land PW, Shamalla-Hannah L. Source: The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2002 May 20; 447(1): 43-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967894&dopt=Abstract

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Experience-dependent regulation of synaptic zinc is impaired in the cortex of aged mice. Author(s): Brown CE, Dyck RH. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 119(3): 795-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809700&dopt=Abstract

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Experience-dependent regulation of the zincergic innervation of visual cortex in adult monkeys. Author(s): Dyck RH, Chaudhuri A, Cynader MS. Source: Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2003 October; 13(10): 1094-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12967926&dopt=Abstract

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Growth of Holstein calves from birth to 90 days: the influence of dietary zinc and BLAD status. Author(s): Arrayet JL, Oberbauer AM, Famula TR, Garnett I, Oltjen JW, Imhoof J, Kehrli ME Jr, Graham TW. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 March; 80(3): 545-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890391&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate (KDO-8-P) synthase is a zinc-metalloenzyme. Author(s): Krosky DJ, Alm R, Berg M, Carmel G, Tummino PJ, Xu B, Yang W.

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Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 February 11; 1594(2): 297-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11904225&dopt=Abstract •

Human ZIP1 is a major zinc uptake transporter for the accumulation of zinc in prostate cells. Author(s): Franklin RB, Ma J, Zou J, Guan Z, Kukoyi BI, Feng P, Costello LC. Source: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2003 August 1; 96(2-3): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12888280&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of a human cDNA sequence which encodes a novel membraneassociated protein containing a zinc metalloprotease motif. Author(s): Bao YC, Tsuruga H, Hirai M, Yasuda K, Yokoi N, Kitamura T, Kumagai H. Source: Dna Res. 2003 June 30; 10(3): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886954&dopt=Abstract

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Immobilized metal affinity chromatography without chelating ligands: purification of soybean trypsin inhibitor on zinc alginate beads. Author(s): Gupta MN, Jain S, Roy I. Source: Biotechnology Progress. 2002 January-February; 18(1): 78-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11822903&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of zinc supplementation on diarrheal morbidity and growth pattern of low birth weight infants in kolkata, India: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, community-based study. Author(s): Sur D, Gupta DN, Mondal SK, Ghosh S, Manna B, Rajendran K, Bhattacharya SK. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 December; 112(6 Pt 1): 1327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14654605&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of zinc supplementation on diarrhoeal morbidity in rural children of West Bengal, India. Author(s): Gupta DN, Mondal SK, Ghosh S, Rajendran K, Sur D, Manna B. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003 May; 92(5): 531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839279&dopt=Abstract

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Interconversion between serine and aspartic acid in the alpha helix of the N-terminal zinc finger of Sp1: implication for general recognition code and for design of novel zinc finger peptide recognizing complementary strand. Author(s): Nagaoka M, Shiraishi Y, Uno Y, Nomura W, Sugiura Y. Source: Biochemistry. 2002 July 16; 41(28): 8819-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102624&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal and systemic immune responses to an oral cholera toxoid B subunit wholecell vaccine administered during zinc supplementation. Author(s): Karlsen TH, Sommerfelt H, Klomstad S, Andersen PK, Strand TA, Ulvik RJ, Ahren C, Grewal HM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 July; 71(7): 3909-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819076&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation by zinc-affinity chromatography of the histidine-proline-rich-glycoprotein molecule associated with rabbit skeletal muscle AMP deaminase. Evidence that the formation of a protein-protein complex between the catalytic subunit and the novel component is critical for the stability of the enzyme. Author(s): Ranieri-Raggi M, Martini D, Sabbatini AR, Moir AJ, Raggi A. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 January 31; 1645(1): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535614&dopt=Abstract

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Kinetic identification of a mitochondrial zinc uptake transport process in prostate cells. Author(s): Guan Z, Kukoyi B, Feng P, Kennedy MC, Franklin RB, Costello LC. Source: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2003 October 1; 97(2): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14512198&dopt=Abstract

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Lead-induced developmental perturbations in hippocampal Sp1 DNA-binding are prevented by zinc supplementation: in vivo evidence for Pb and Zn competition. Author(s): Basha MR, Wei W, Brydie M, Razmiafshari M, Zawia NH. Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience. 2003 February; 21(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12565691&dopt=Abstract

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L-threonine supplementation increases the amplitude of the feed intake cycle of rats fed a low-protein zinc-deficient diet. Author(s): Yamasaki K, Ohyama T, Horikawa Y, Matsuda K, Sakata SF, Tamaki N. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 June; 48(3): 230-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350082&dopt=Abstract

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Malnutrition, zinc supplementation and catch-up growth: changes in insulin-like growth factor I, its binding proteins, bone formation and collagen turnover. Author(s): Doherty CP, Crofton PM, Sarkar MA, Shakur MS, Wade JC, Kelnar CJ, Elmlinger MW, Ranke MB, Cutting WA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 September; 57(3): 391-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201833&dopt=Abstract

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Membrane potential-controlled inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by zinc. Author(s): Mills DA, Schmidt B, Hiser C, Westley E, Ferguson-Miller S.

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Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 April 26; 277(17): 14894-901. Epub 2002 February 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832490&dopt=Abstract •

Metallothioneins (I+II) and thyroid-thymus axis efficiency in old mice: role of corticosterone and zinc supply. Author(s): Mocchegiani E, Giacconi R, Cipriano C, Gasparini N, Orlando F, Stecconi R, Muzzioli M, Isani G, Carpene E. Source: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2002 March 31; 123(6): 675-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850030&dopt=Abstract

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Modulatory effects of selenium and zinc on the immune system. Author(s): Ferencik M, Ebringer L. Source: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2003; 48(3): 417-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879758&dopt=Abstract

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Moving toward a plant-based diet: are iron and zinc at risk? Author(s): Hunt JR. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 May; 60(5 Pt 1): 127-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030275&dopt=Abstract

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Paradigm shift in zinc: metal pathology. Author(s): Onosaka S, Tetsuchikawahara N, Min KS. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2002 January; 196(1): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12498321&dopt=Abstract

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Phenotype of the neural tube defect mouse model bent tail is not sensitive to maternal folinic acid, myo-inositol, or zinc supplementation. Author(s): Franke B, Klootwijk R, Lemmers B, de Kovel CG, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Mariman EC. Source: Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2003 December; 67(12): 979-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14745918&dopt=Abstract

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Phytate from an alternative dietary supplement has no effect on the calcium, iron and zinc status in undernourished rats. Author(s): Siqueira EM, Arruda SF, de Sousa LM, de Souza EM. Source: Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2001 September; 51(3): 250-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11791478&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effects of zinc chelation in traumatic brain injury correlate with upregulation of neuroprotective genes in rat brain.

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Author(s): Hellmich HL, Frederickson CJ, DeWitt DS, Saban R, Parsley MO, Stephenson R, Velasco M, Uchida T, Shimamura M, Prough DS. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 January 30; 355(3): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14732471&dopt=Abstract •

Pyrococcus furiosus alpha-amylase is stabilized by calcium and zinc. Author(s): Savchenko A, Vieille C, Kang S, Zeikus JG. Source: Biochemistry. 2002 May 14; 41(19): 6193-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994016&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. Author(s): Costello LC, Franklin RB, Feng P, Tan M. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 February 4; 96(3): 239-40; Author Reply 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14759997&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. Author(s): Krone CA, Harms LC. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 October 15; 95(20): 1556; Author Reply 1556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14559884&dopt=Abstract

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RESPONSE: Re: Zinc Supplement Use and Risk of Prostate Cancer. Author(s): Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci E. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004 February 4; 96(3): 240-241. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14759998&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of suboptimal iron and zinc nutriture among adolescent girls in Australia and New Zealand: causes, consequences, and solutions. Author(s): Gibson RS, Heath AL, Ferguson EL. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11 Suppl 3: S543-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492646&dopt=Abstract

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Roots of Iron-Efficient Maize also Absorb Phytosiderophore-Chelated Zinc. Author(s): Von Wiren N, Marschner H, Romheld V. Source: Plant Physiology. 1996 August; 111(4): 1119-1125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12226351&dopt=Abstract

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Serum alpha-tocopherol and immune function in yearling ewes supplemented with zinc and vitamin E. Author(s): Hatfield PG, Robinson BL, Minikhiem DL, Kott RW, Roth NI, Daniels JT, Swenson CK.

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Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 May; 80(5): 1329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019622&dopt=Abstract •

Serum response after oral supplementation of different zinc compounds in horses. Author(s): Wichert B, Kreyenberg K, Kienzle E. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 June; 132(6 Suppl 2): 1769S-70S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042522&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Author(s): Rahman MM, Tofail F, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 January; 75(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756064&dopt=Abstract

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Silencing of the tapetum-specific zinc finger gene TAZ1 causes premature degeneration of tapetum and pollen abortion in petunia. Author(s): Kapoor S, Kobayashi A, Takatsuji H. Source: The Plant Cell. 2002 October; 14(10): 2353-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368491&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous weekly supplementation of iron and zinc is associated with lower morbidity due to diarrhea and acute lower respiratory infection in Bangladeshi infants. Author(s): Baqui AH, Zaman K, Persson LA, El Arifeen S, Yunus M, Begum N, Black RE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 December; 133(12): 4150-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14652364&dopt=Abstract

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Substance P induced biosynthesis of the zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 in human glioma cells requires activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase. Author(s): Al-Sarraj A, Thiel G. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 October 31; 332(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384223&dopt=Abstract

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Substantial reduction in severe diarrheal morbidity by daily zinc supplementation in young north Indian children. Author(s): Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, Strand T, Molbak K, Ulvik RJ, Sommerfelt H, Bhan MK. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 June; 109(6): E86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042580&dopt=Abstract

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Substrate-activated zinc binding of importance of mononuclear enzymes.

metallo-beta

-lactamases:

physiological

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Author(s): Wommer S, Rival S, Heinz U, Galleni M, Frere JM, Franceschini N, Amicosante G, Rasmussen B, Bauer R, Adolph HW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 July 5; 277(27): 24142-7. Epub 2002 April 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967267&dopt=Abstract •

Supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet with manganese, copper, and zinc from organic or inorganic sources improves eggshell quality in aged laying hens. Author(s): Mabe I, Rapp C, Bain MM, Nys Y. Source: Poultry Science. 2003 December; 82(12): 1903-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14717548&dopt=Abstract

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Supplementation of infant formula with the probiotic lactobacillus reuteri and zinc: impact on enteric infection and nutrition in infant rhesus monkeys. Author(s): Kelleher SL, Casas I, Carbajal N, Lonnerdal B. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 August; 35(2): 162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187291&dopt=Abstract

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Supplementation with zinc, but not vitamin A, improves seroconversion to vibriocidal antibody in children given an oral cholera vaccine. Author(s): Albert MJ, Qadri F, Wahed MA, Ahmed T, Rahman AS, Ahmed F, Bhuiyan NA, Zaman K, Baqui AH, Clemens JD, Black RE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 March 15; 187(6): 909-13. Epub 2003 Mar 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660937&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression by zinc of AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the retina. Author(s): Zhang DQ, Ribelayga C, Mangel SC, McMahon DG. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2002 September; 88(3): 1245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205145&dopt=Abstract

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Switch time-point for rapid experience-dependent changes in zinc-containing circuits in the mouse barrel cortex. Author(s): Czupryn A, Skangiel-Kramska J. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2003 August 30; 61(4): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909281&dopt=Abstract

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Synergistic effect of zinc and vitamin A on the biochemical indexes of vitamin A nutrition in children. Author(s): Rahman MM, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 January; 75(1): 92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756065&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of five-year zinc supplementation on serum zinc, serum cholesterol and hematocrit in persons randomly assigned to treatment group in the age-related eye disease study: AREDS Report No. 7. Author(s): Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) Research Group. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 April; 132(4): 697-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925463&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of zinc supplementation on linear growth, body composition, and growth factors in preterm infants. Author(s): Diaz-Gomez NM, Domenech E, Barroso F, Castells S, Cortabarria C, Jimenez A. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 May; 111(5 Pt 1): 1002-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728080&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of iron deficiency and iron and zinc supplementation on rat hippocampus ferritin. Author(s): Shoham S, Youdim MB. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2002 October; 109(10): 1241-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373558&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc and cholesterol concentrations in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Chevalier CA, Liepa G, Murphy MD, Suneson J, Vanbeber AD, Gorman MA, Cochran C. Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition : the Official Journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 July; 12(3): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12105816&dopt=Abstract

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The ERK pathway involves positive and negative regulations of HT-29 colorectal cancer cell growth by extracellular zinc. Author(s): Park KS, Lee NG, Lee KH, Seo JT, Choi KY. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2003 December; 285(6): G1181-8. Epub 2003 June 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816758&dopt=Abstract

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The ferric uptake regulator of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has no essential cysteine residues and does not contain a structural zinc ion. Author(s): Lewin AC, Doughty PA, Flegg L, Moore GR, Spiro S. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2002 August; 148(Pt 8): 2449-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177338&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of zinc and copper supplementation in feed on the concentrations of certain metals in rats' skin. Author(s): Pasternak K, Bielak E, Bulikowski W, Lingas W. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 2002; 57(1): 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12898915&dopt=Abstract

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The need for maternal zinc supplementation in developing countries: an unresolved issue. Author(s): Osendarp SJ, West CE, Black RE; Maternal Zinc Supplementation Study Group. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 March; 133(3): 817S-827S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612160&dopt=Abstract

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Uptake of cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in mushrooms (Boletaceae) from Croatian forest soil. Author(s): Blanusa M, Kucak A, Varnai VA, Saric MM. Source: J Aoac Int. 2001 November-December; 84(6): 1964-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767169&dopt=Abstract

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Uptake of intact zinc-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid from soil is dependent on plant species and complex concentration. Author(s): Collins RN, Merrington G, McLaughlin MJ, Knudsen C. Source: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry / Setac. 2002 September; 21(9): 19405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206435&dopt=Abstract

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Use of vitamin and zinc supplements and age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Author(s): Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Flood VM, Wang JJ. Source: Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2002 October; 9(4): 283-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187426&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc and immune function. Author(s): Dardenne M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 56 Suppl 3: S20-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142956&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc biosorption from aqueous solution by a halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica. Author(s): Incharoensakdi A, Kitjaharn P. Source: Current Microbiology. 2002 October; 45(4): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192523&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc deficiency, infectious disease and mortality in the developing world. Author(s): Black RE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1485S-9S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730449&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc enhances the expression of interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptors in HUT-78 cells by way of NF-kappaB activation. Author(s): Prasad AS, Bao B, Beck FW, Sarkar FH. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2002 October; 140(4): 272-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389026&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc fingers and thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activities of chaperone DnaJ. Author(s): Tang W, Wang CC. Source: Biochemistry. 2001 December 11; 40(49): 14985-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732919&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc in cancer prevention. Author(s): Prasad AS, Kucuk O. Source: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 2002; 21(3-4): 291-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549767&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B activation and sensitizes prostate cancer cells to cytotoxic agents. Author(s): Uzzo RG, Leavis P, Hatch W, Gabai VL, Dulin N, Zvartau N, Kolenko VM. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2002 November; 8(11): 3579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429649&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc ion effects on individual Ssp DnaE intein splicing steps: regulating pathway progression. Author(s): Nichols NM, Benner JS, Martin DD, Evans TC Jr. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 May 13; 42(18): 5301-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12731871&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc is involved in the expression of a nuclear-encoded alternative oxidase gene in the yeast Hansenula anomala. Author(s): Minagawa N, Kariya H, Kumaraswami NS, Kamimura I, Sakajo S, Yoshimoto A. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2002 December; 66(12): 2645-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12596861&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc mediates assembly of the T1 domain of the voltage-gated K channel 4.2. Author(s): Jahng AW, Strang C, Kaiser D, Pollard T, Pfaffinger P, Choe S.

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Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 December 6; 277(49): 47885-90. Epub 2002 October 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372826&dopt=Abstract •

Zinc released from metallothionein-iii may contribute to hippocampal CA1 and thalamic neuronal death following acute brain injury. Author(s): Lee JY, Kim JH, Palmiter RD, Koh JY. Source: Experimental Neurology. 2003 November; 184(1): 337-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14637104&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and illicit drug use. Author(s): Baum MK, Campa A, Lai S, Lai H, Page JB. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003; 37 Suppl 2: S117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12942385&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc status influences zinc transport by porcine brain capillary endothelial cells. Author(s): Lehmann HM, Brothwell BB, Volak LP, Bobilya DJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2763-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221242&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. Author(s): Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Wu K, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 July 2; 95(13): 1004-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12837837&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation alleviates heat stress in laying Japanese quail. Author(s): Sahin K, Kucuk O. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 133(9): 2808-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949369&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation and growth of the fetus and low birth weight infant. Author(s): Castillo-Duran C, Weisstaub G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1494S-7S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730451&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy in children with measles accompanied by pneumonia: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Mahalanabis D, Chowdhury A, Jana S, Bhattacharya MK, Chakrabarti MK, Wahed MA, Khaled MA.

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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 76(3): 604-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198006&dopt=Abstract •

Zinc supplementation at conventional doses does not improve the disturbance of taste perception in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Matson A, Wright M, Oliver A, Woodrow G, King N, Dye L, Blundell J, Brownjohn A, Turney J. Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition : the Official Journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 July; 13(3): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12874748&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation at the time of ethanol exposure ameliorates teratogenicity in mice. Author(s): Carey LC, Coyle P, Philcox JC, Rofe AM. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2003 January; 27(1): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544014&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation attenuates thioacetamide-induced liver injury and hyperglycemia in mice. Author(s): Song YM, Chen MD. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 May; 92(2): 173-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746576&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation decreases total thyroid hormone concentration in small ruminants. Author(s): Kececi T, Keskin E. Source: Acta Vet Hung. 2002; 50(1): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061240&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation does not inhibit basal and metoclopramide-stimulated prolactinemia secretion in healthy men. Author(s): Castro AV, Mendonca BB, Bloise W, Shuhama T, Brandao-Neto J. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2002; 16(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195728&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation during pregnancy and effects on mental development and behaviour of infants: a follow-up study. Author(s): Hamadani JD, Fuchs GJ, Osendarp SJ, Huda SN, Grantham-McGregor SM. Source: Lancet. 2002 July 27; 360(9329): 290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12147372&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation has no effect on circulating levels of peripheral blood leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets in healthy adult men. Author(s): Bonham M, O'Connor JM, Alexander HD, Coulter J, Walsh PM, McAnena LB, Downes CS, Hannigan BM, Strain JJ. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 89(5): 695-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720590&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation has no effect on lipoprotein metabolism, hemostasis, and putative indices of copper status in healthy men. Author(s): Bonham M, O'Connor JM, McAnena LB, Walsh PM, Downes CS, Hannigan BM, Strain JJ. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 Summer; 93(1-3): 75-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835492&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation in Brazilian children with acute diarrhoea. Author(s): Al-Sonboli N, Gurgel RQ, Shenkin A, Hart CA, Cuevas LE. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2003 March; 23(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648318&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation in infants born small for gestational age reduces mortality: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Sazawal S, Black RE, Menon VP, Dinghra P, Caulfield LE, Dhingra U, Bagati A. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 December; 108(6): 1280-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731649&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation in oral rehydration solutions: experimental assessment and mechanisms of action. Author(s): Altaf W, Perveen S, Rehman KU, Teichberg S, Vancurova I, Harper RG, Wapnir RA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 February; 21(1): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838884&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Su JC, Birmingham CL. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2002 March; 7(1): 20-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930982&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation increases bone alkaline phosphatase in healthy men. Author(s): Peretz A, Papadopoulos T, Willems D, Hotimsky A, Michiels N, Siderova V, Bergmann P, Neve J.

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Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2001; 15(2-3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787985&dopt=Abstract •

Zinc supplementation saves the lives of children living in poverty. Author(s): Castillo-Duran C, Uauy R. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 December; 108(6): 1366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731661&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation: time for public health intervention. Author(s): Sharan R, Modi GK. Source: Natl Med J India. 2002 September-October; 15(5): 280-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502142&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc supplementation: yea or nay? Author(s): Collins N. Source: Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 2003 September-October; 16(5): 226-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14581813&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc transformations in acidic soil and zinc efficiency on maize by adding six organic zinc complexes. Author(s): Lopez-Valdivia LM, Fernandez MD, Obrador A, Alvarez JM. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 March 13; 50(6): 1455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879020&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc translocation accelerates infarction after mild transient focal ischemia. Author(s): Lee JM, Zipfel GJ, Park KH, He YY, Hsu CY, Choi DW. Source: Neuroscience. 2002; 115(3): 871-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435425&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc, magnesium and copper profiles in three experimental models of epilepsy. Author(s): Doretto MC, Simoes S, Paiva AM, Osorio-Neto E. Source: Brain Research. 2002 November 22; 956(1): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426059&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc-dependent interaction between dishevelled and the Drosophila Wnt antagonist naked cuticle. Author(s): Rousset R, Wharton KA Jr, Zimmermann G, Scott MP. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 December 13; 277(50): 49019-26. Epub 2002 September 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354775&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc-dependent intermembrane space proteins stimulate import of carrier proteins into plant mitochondria. Author(s): Lister R, Mowday B, Whelan J, Millar AH. Source: The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology. 2002 June; 30(5): 555-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047630&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to zinc; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Abdominal Wall Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acne Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Zinc

Acne Vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acrodermatitis Enteropathica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Attention Deficit Disorder Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Alternative names: Prostate Enlargement Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Birth Defects Prevention Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com BPH Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brittle Nails Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cataracts (Prevention) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Zinc

Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cold Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cold Sores Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold/Sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjunctivitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 175

Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eye Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fever of Unknown Origin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

176

Zinc

Gestational Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hay Fever Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Simplex Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Immune System Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Impotence Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Influenza Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Laryngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

178

Zinc

Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Male Infertility Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menkes' Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mumps Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Night Blindness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Night Vision (Impaired) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osgood-Schlatter Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osteomyelitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Alternative Medicine 179

Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Periodontal Disease Alternative names: Gum Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peritonitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pharyngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pink Eye Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Enlargement Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

180

Zinc

Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Radiation Damage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roseola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 181

Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexual Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinus Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sore Throat Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sprains and Strains Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tinnitus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

182

Zinc

Tuberculosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Urethral Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection in Women Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com UTI Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wilson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wilson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 183

Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wounds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Chelation Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,679,00.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Chinese Medicine Chonglou Alternative names: Paris Root; Rhizoma Paridis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengmi Alternative names: Honey; Mel Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luganshi Alternative names: Calamine; Luganshi (Lu Gan Shi); Calamina Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Homeopathy Zincum Metallicum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Herbs and Supplements Alfalfa Alternative names: Medicago sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

184

Zinc

Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox , Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com American Scullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria lateriflora Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antacids Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Anticonvulsants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Antioxidants and Free Radicals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Apium Graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aspirin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com AZT Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benazepril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benzamycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bloodroot Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bone-Building Formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

Alternative Medicine 185

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,838,00.html Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Captopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chlorhexidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ciprofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clindamycin Topical Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colestipol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyclophosphamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Doxycycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

186

Zinc

Estrogen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Estrogens (combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ethambutol Alternative names: Myambutol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Fluoroquinolones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Gotu Kola Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10031,00.html H2 Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Histamine H2 Antagonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inositol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lisinopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 187

Loop Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Medroxyprogesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methylsulfonylmethane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methyltestosterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metronidazole (Vaginal) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Minocycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,809,00.html N-Acetyl Cysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

188

Zinc

Ofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pau D’arco Alternative names: Tabebuia avellanedae, Tabebuia impestiginosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillamine Alternative names: Cuprimine, Depen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenobarbital Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phosphorus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Proton Pump Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Quinapril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ramipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Risedronate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 189

Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sanguinaria Alternative names: Bloodroot; Sanguinaria canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Silybum Alternative names: Milk Thistle; Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tetracycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracyclines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracyclines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Topical Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trace Minerals Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10061,00.html Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Valproic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

190

Zinc

Valproic Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

191

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ZINC Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to zinc. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “zinc” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on zinc, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Zinc ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to zinc. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Factor Approach to Modeling Mineral Market Structures: an Application to Aluminum, Copper, Lead, and Zinc. (Volumes I and II) by Hannan, Michael Joseph, PhD from West Virginia University, 1988, 571 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8905149

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A Frequency Domain Analysis of the U.s. Copper, Lead and Zinc Markets (United States) by Afrasiabi, Ahmad, PhD from West Virginia University, 1985, 291 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8523758

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A Lead Isotope Study of Lead-Zinc Mineralization Associated with the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Grenville Province by Fletcher, Ian Robert; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK40904

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A Positron Annihilation Study of the Electronic Structure of Zirconium-Zinc(2) by Yarbrough, John-Michael, Ms from The University of Texas at Arlington, 2003, 54 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414788

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A Study of Factors Influencing Plasma and Liver Copper and Zinc Concentrations in Beef Cattle by Smart, Marion E; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45029

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A Study of the Acidic Aerosol Resulting from Zinc Electrowinning Operations by Kaliva-Papachristodoulou, A; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL39198

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A Study of the Mechanism and Kinetics of the Synthesis of Methanol and Higher Alcohols over Alkali Promoted Copper/Zinc-Oxide/Chromia Catalysts by Calverley, Edward Michael; PhD from McMaster University (Canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL57938

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A Tale of Two Families: the Metzincins and Their Native Inhibitors Timps by Wei, Shuo, PhD from University of Miami, 2003, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3096363

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Alternating Copolymerization of Epoxides and Carbon Dioxide Using Single-Site Beta-Diiminate Zinc Catalysts: Subtle Modifications Resulting in Superior Activities and Evidence for a Bimetallic Epoxide Enchainment by Moore, David Roger, PhD from Cornell University, 2003, 302 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087671

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An Econometric Analysis of Mine Production Fluctuations: A Study of Historic Wisconsin Zinc Mining by Koplos, Jonathan J., PhD from The University of Wisconsin Madison, 1991, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9133400

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An Econometric Model of the World Zinc Industry in the Twentieth Century. by Bush, William Robert, Jr., PhD from Stanford University, 1979, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7917215

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An Investigation of the Zinc Based Coupling of Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides to Form Polycarbonates/Cyclic Carbonates by Lewis, Samuel Jason, PhD from Texas A&M University, 2003, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088159

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An Investigation of the Discontinuous Coarsening Reaction Taking Place in the LeadCadmium, Zinc-Cadmium and the Copper-Magnesium-Copper Lamellar Eutectic Materials by Kaya, Mustafa; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL42299

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An Isotopically and Thermochronologically Constrained Model for Lead-Zinc and Barium Mineralization Related to Carboniferous Basin Evolution in Nova Scotia, Canada by Ravenhurst, Casey Edward; PhD from Dalhousie University (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40233

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An Xafs Study of Zinc and Cadmium Sorption Mechanisms on Montmorillonite and Hydrous Ferric Oxide over Extended Reaction Times by Lee, Shinwoo, PhD from Illinois Institute of Technology, 2003, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087847

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Anodic Zinc Oxidation Processes in Aqueous Alkaline and Carbonate Solutions by Kannangara, D. C. W.; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL20920

Dissertations 193

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Artificial Zinc(II) Ribonucleases: Understanding the Role of Two Metal Ions in RNA Cleavage and Thionucleosides As Metal Ion Binding Sites by Iranzo, Olga, PhD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2003, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3102372

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Aspects of the Functional Role of Zinc in Metabolism by Griffith, Peter Richard; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14007

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Association of Native Soil Zinc with Iron and Aluminum Oxides and Reaction Products of Zinc Banded in Soil by Kalbasi-Ashtari, Mohmond; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35847

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Asymmetric Construction of Carbon-Carbon Bonds Via Bifunctional and Organic Catalysts: Part A. Development of Tertiary Amine-zinc Catalysts for the Direct Aldol Reaction. Part B. in Situ Formation and Dimerization of Ketenes with Cinchona Alkaloids by Orr, Robert Kevin, PhD from The University of Rochester, 2003, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3102293

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Australian Lead and Zinc Exports from 1910 to 1939: A Study in Transaction Cost Economics by Burn, Peter, PhD from University of New South Wales (Australia), 1996 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2338626

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Cadmium and Zinc Levels in the Human Kidney and Vertebra, Within-tissue Variation and Their Relation to Donor Information and Mortality by Lebaron, Gregory J; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK33491

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Characterization and Plant Availability of Zinc in British Columbia Orchard Soils by Neilsen, Denise; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34452

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Characterization of Nickel-Zinc Batteries by Tredeau, Frank Paul, Ms from University of Massachusetts Lowell, 2003, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412972

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Characterization of Photoconductors Containing Deep Impurities Applied to Zinc in Silicon by Rabie, Sameh A; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK29428

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Chelate-Exchange Reactions of Beta-Diketonates of Zinc, Cadmium and Several Transition Metals in Benzene and Methanol : Thermodynamic Properties and Titrimetric Applications by Amboise, Marius D'; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK18134

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Continuous Microbiological Leaching of a Zinc Sulphide Concentrate by Gormely, Lynton Spencer; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17177

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Co-removal of Chromium(VI) during Precipitation of Copper, Nickel and Zinc by Sun, Jingmei, PhD from Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and Tech. (People's Republic of China), 2003, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3094773

194

Zinc

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Crystal Structure Studies of Alloys Indium-Manganese(3), Gamma Copper-indium, Delta Copper Indium and Gamma(3) Gold-Zinc by Kim, Hwang Su; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK49799

•

Effect of Low Dietary Zinc Supply during Pregnancy and Lactation on the Sow and the Neonatal Piglet by Kalinowski, Juan; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL20888

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Effect of Zinc Oxide Particle Size on the Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Nitrile and Carboxylated Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers by Hua, Kuo-Chih, PhD from The University of Akron, 2003, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083397

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Effects of Iron and Zinc Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Achievement and Behavior of Lead-Exposed Mexican School Children by Kordas, Katarzyna, PhD from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080701

•

Effects of Nutritional Calcium-Phosphorus Imbalance on the Metabolism of Calcium, Phosphorus Zinc and Alkaline Phosphatase by McCuaig, Larry W; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20132

•

Effects of Zinc on Branchial Adenosine Triphosphatases and Blood Constituents of Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri by Watson, Tom A; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK37478

•

Electrodeposition of Copper Indium Selenide and Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films for Solar Cells by Kemell, Marianna, PhD from Helsingin Yliopisto (Finland), 2003, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f100513

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Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of Cobalt-doped Zinc Oxide and CobaltDoped Titanium Dioxide for Spintronic Applications by Tuan, Allan C., PhD from University of Washington, 2003, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091085

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Equilibrium and Kinetics of Zinc Complexation with Dissolved Natural Organic Matter in Fresh Water by Cheng, Tao, PhD from University of Delaware, 2003, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085455

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Evaluation of a Model for Zinc Transport in Neocosmospora Vasinfecta by Paton, William Henry Northcote; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK39543

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Extrusion of Zinc at High Temperatures and Strain Rates Gérald; AdvDeg from McGill University (Canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03125

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Facies Relations and Ore Genesis of the Newfoundland Zinc Mines Deposit, Daniel's Harbour, Western Newfoundland by Coron, Cynthia R; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK55767

by

Gagnon,

Dissertations 195

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Factors Influencing the Acute Lethality of Zinc to Rainbow Trout by Bradley, Richard W; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65607

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Fatigue Deformation of a Superplastic Aluminum-Zinc Eutectoid Alloy by Bowden, John W; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46351

•

Genesis of the Lead-Zinc Mineralization at Gays River, Nova Scotia, Canada a Geologic, Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotopic Study by Akande, Samuel Olusegun; PhD from Dalhousie University (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK63697

•

Geological and Stable Isotope Studies of Carbonate-hosted Lead Zinc Deposits in Nanisivik, Northern Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada by Ghazban, Fereydoun; PhD from Mcmaster University (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL47038

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Geology and Genesis of Zinc-lead Deposits Within a Late Proterozoic Dolomite, Northern Baffin Island, N. W. T. by Olson, Reginald Arthur; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK32540

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Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of Montauban Lead - Zinc Deposits by Prabhu, Mohan Keshav; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL10290

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Hyperfine Magnetic Fields at Tantalum-181 Impurity Nuclei in Ferromagnetic Zirconium Zinc(2) by Barrett, John Stephen; PhD from McMaster University (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22574

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Investigating Chemical Change in the Laboratory: a Curriculum Resource for Introductory Chemistry Teachers Based on the Synthesis, Decomposition and Analysis of Zinc Iodide. (Volumes I and II) by Demeo, Stephen, EDD from Columbia University Teachers College, 1994, 387 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9432506

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Investigation of Cadmium and Zinc Complexes Using Solid-State NMR and AB Initio Calculations by Kidambi, Srikanth Srinivasan, PhD from University of Michigan, 2003, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079471

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Investigation to Optimize the Energy Resolution and Efficiency of Cadmium(Zinc)Telluride for Photon Measurements by Kim, Hadong, PhD from University of Massachusetts Lowell, 2003, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083325

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Investment in the Zinc Industry, 1950-1970. by Hillman, Barry Arthur, PhD from The Pennsylvania State University, 1977, 318 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7723238

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Iron Plaque of Phragmites Australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steudel and Bioavailability of Iron, Manganese, Copper, Zinc and Nickel by St-Cyr, Louise; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL53488

196

Zinc

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Kinetics of the Zinc Slag Fuming Process by Richards, Gregory George; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK64960

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Lime-Phosphorus-Zinc Interactions and Nutrient Balance in Two Nigerian Ultisols by Friesen, Dennis Keith; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK38928

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Magnetic Structure Factor for Manganese Telluride/Zinc Telluride Semiconductor Superlattices by Stumpe, Laura Elizabeth, PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2003, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3099642

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Mannan Oligosaccharide As an Alternative to Pharmacological Supplementation of Copper and Zinc in Swine Diets: an Assessment of Growth and Immunological Parameters by Davis, Mari Ellen, PhD from University of Arkansas, 2003, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3097305

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Market Structure and Econometric Modeling a Case Study of the World Zinc Industry by Gupta, Satyadev; PhD from McMaster University (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK46872

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Market Structure and Econometric Modeling: a Case Study of the World Zinc Industry by Gupta, Satyadev, PhD from McMaster University (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f959718

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Mechanisms Leading to and Consequences of Increased Susceptibility to Oxidative Damage in Microsomes from Zinc or Copper Deficient Rats by Hammermeller, Jutta Dorithea; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL57074

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Mechanisms of Ligand Exchange in Complexes of Cobalt, Nickel and Zinc by Zaw, Kyaw; PhD from Mcmaster University (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20355

•

Melt Crystallization of Bisphenol a Polycarbonate in PC/Zinc Sulfonated Polystyrene Ionomer Blend by Xu, Liang, PhD from The University of Connecticut, 2003, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080933

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Metallothionein Is Implicated in Zinc(2+) Neuroprotection of Cultured Rat Dopaminergic Neurons by Gauthier, Michelle Ann, MSC from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 2003, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ81068

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Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Growth and Characterizations of Epitaxial Magnesium Zinc Oxide Films on R-aluminum Oxide Substrates by Muthukumar, Sriram, PhD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2003, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092975

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Microanalytical Study of Discontinuous Precipitation in Aluminium-Zinc Alloys by Solorzano-Naranjo, Ivan Guillermo; PhD from McMaster University (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65489

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Microbiological Leaching of a Zinc Sulfide Concentrate by Torma, Arpad E; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06952

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Molecular Factors Involved in the Formation of Secondary Vascular Tissues and Lignification in Higher Plants: Studies of Copper Zinc-Superoxide Dismutase and

Dissertations 197

Members of MYB and Zinc-Finger Transcription Factor Families (pinus Sylvestris, Populus Tremula) by Karlsson, Marlene, FilDr from Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (Sweden), 2003, 47 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f70625 •

Non-Spherical Zinc Sulfide Colloids As Building Blocks for Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals by Liddell, Chekesha Miata, PhD from Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095736

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements of Some Species Absorbed on Zinc Oxide by Whitney, Alan Gordon; PhD from Simon Fraser University (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK25681

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Optical Pumping and Collision Broadening in Zinc by Cook, Douglas W; AdvDeg from University of Toronto (Canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01787

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Origin of the Boleo Copper-cobalt-zinc Deposit, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Implications for the Interaction of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluids in a LowTemperature Hydrothermal System by Conly, Andrew George, PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 2003, 433 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78364

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Ortho- and Pyrophosphate Sorption Effects on Zinc Transformations in Three Quebec Soils by Xie, Rongjing; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL52332

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Picosecond Time-Resolved Photoluminescence of Zinc Oxide Single Crystals, Films and Nanoparticles by Wilkinson, John Henry, Iv, PhD from Wake Forest University, the Bowman Gray School of Medicine, 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3094428

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Positron Annihilation in Single Crystals of Copper, Zinc and Magnesium by Senicki, Eugene M. D; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK10991

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Power Scaling Feasibility of Chromium-doped Ii-vi Laser Sources and the Demonstration of a Chromium-Doped Zinc Selenide Face-Cooled Disk Laser by Mckay, Jason B., PhD from Air Force Institute of Technology, 2003, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066924

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Prevention of Cadmium Induced Immunopathology by Zinc in Mice by Chowdhury, Badrul Alam; PhD from Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45089

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Quantum Mechanical Study of Zinc-67 and Nitrogen-14 Electric Field Gradient Tensors by Ida, Ramsey, MSC from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 2003, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ81079

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Raman Study of Relaxor Ferroelectrics Potassium Tantalum Niobium Oxide, Lead Magnesium Niobate and Lead Zinc Niobate by Svitelskiy, Oleksiy Vasyl, PhD from Lehigh University, 2003, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073963

198

Zinc

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Refolding and NMR Structures of Cd4-lck and CD8ALPHA-LCK Complexes: a Novel Zinc-Mediated Dimerization Motif by Kim, Peter Whangsik, PhD from Harvard University, 2003, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076900

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Regulatory Mechanisms in the Stabilization OFP53 Tumor Suppressor Gene in Zinc Depleted Hepatoblastoma Cells by Alshatwi, Ali A., PhD from The University of Arizona, 2003, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089901

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Relationships of Zinc, Copper, Cholesterol and Erythrocyte Oxidant Stress in Sickle Cell Anemia by Bereza, Ulana Lydia, PhD from The University of Michigan, 1985, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8520868

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Reproducibility of the Electrical Properties of Amorphous Thin Films of Zinc Telluride, Zinc Selenide and Silicon by Moore, Christopher John Lawrence; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK61387

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Self-Assembled Thin Films of Semiconducting Zinc (II) and Terbium (III) Chelates for Optoelectronics Applications by Mwaura, Jeremiah Kamau, PhD from The University of Connecticut, 2003, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078047

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Some Neutron Separation Energies for Isotopes of Titanium, Iron and Zinc by Barnard, John Wesley; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK30026

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Spectroscopic Determination of the Thermodynamics of Lead, Zinc, and Cobalt Interactions with GATA Proteins by Ghering, Amy Beth, PhD from Northwestern University, 2003, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087913

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Statistical Analysis of Lead, Zinc, Copper and Cadmium Concentrations in the Sediment of the Jordan River, Utah by Konya, Gabor, PhD from The University of Utah, 2003, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084575

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Stoichiometry Control Mechanisms of Bias Sputtered Zinc Oxide Films by Brett, Michael Julian; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL24150

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Stratigraphic Aspects of the Silurian-Devonian Sequence Hosting Zinc and Lead Mineralization Near Robb Lake, Northeastern British Columbia by Manns, Francis T; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL07929

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Stratigraphy and Petrochemistry of the Host Rocks of Copper-Zinc Deposits in the Flin Flon-Snow Lake Greenstone Belt by Mwanang'onze, Elimelech Hanakumbo Bulowa; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK37814

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Structural Modifications of Copper-Zinc Oxide-Based Commercial and Model Catalysts during Methanol Reforming by Raimondi, Fabio, DrScTech from Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule Zuerich (Switzerland), 2003, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f111649

Dissertations 199

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Studies on the Biogeochemistry of Zinc in the Subarctic North East Pacific Ocean by Lohan, Maeve Carroll, PhD from University of Southampton (united Kingdom), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f24913

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Superplasticity in a New Dispersion Strengthened Zinc Alloy by Lee, John Davidson; AdvDeg from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK09069

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Synthesis and Optical Properties of Strongly-Scattering Zinc Oxide Powders by Seelig, Eric W., PhD from Northwestern University, 2003, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087974

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Synthesis and Studies of Models for Two Zinc-containing Metallo-Enzymes Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Carbonic Anhydrase by Curtis, Neville J; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK51456

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Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Reactivity of Trisimidazolyl Complexes: Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium Species by Voo, Janis K., PhD from University of Delaware, 2003, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077917

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Techniques to Facilitate the Fabrication of Zinc Oxide-Based Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Devices by Pinkett, Shawn L., PhD from Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3095752

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Ternary Spinel Cadmium Stannate, Cadmium Indate, and Zinc Stannate and Binary Tin Oxide and Indium Oxide Transparent Conducting Oxides As Front Contact Materials for Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Tellurium Photovoltaic Devices by Mamazza, Robert, Jr., PhD from University of South Florida, 2003, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079995

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Testing of MU Opioid Receptor Models Using Site-Directed Mutagenesis and ZincBinding Site Engineering by Fowler, Carol Bernice, PhD from University of Michigan, 2003, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079444

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The Absorption and Metabolism of Zinc in the Zinc Deficient and Replete Mouse and Interactions with Cadmium and Copper by Chanin-Olson, Barbara Eloise; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66299

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The Carbonate Complex and Lead-Zinc Ore Bodies, Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada by Jackson, Stewart Albert; AdvDeg from University of Alberta (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK08086

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The Cerro Colorado Copper Project: Panama, Multinational Corporations and the Guaymi Indians (Texasgulf, Inc., Rio Tinto - Zinc, Ltd., Ethnic Organization/Struggle, Social Impact Assessment, Catholic Church Activism) by Gjording, Chris N., PhD from New School for Social Research, 1985, 408 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8607154

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The Choice of Trading Partners: an Analysis of International Trade in Aluminum, Bauxite, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Tin, and Zinc by Tilton, John Elvin, PhD from Yale University, 1966, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6604937

200

Zinc

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The De Haas Van Alphen Effect in a Zinc Alloy Having a Resistance Minimum by Muir, W. Burnett; AdvDeg from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1963 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK04395

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The Deformation Characteristics of Zinc and Cadmium by Risebrough, N. R; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1965 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00480

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The Determinants of the Restructuring of the United States Zinc Smelting Industry by Cruickshank, Walter Dearborn, PhD from The Pennsylvania State University, 1985, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8516014

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The Dimerization Zinc Finger Domain by McCarty, Aaron Steven, PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, 2003, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081193

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The Distribution, Mobility and Accumulation of Nickel, Copper and Zinc in a River System Draining the Eastern Part of the Metal-Polluted Sudbury Smelter Area by Fitchko, J; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK38717

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The DNA Binding Properties of Semisynthetic Zinc Finger Proteins by Jantz, Derek Neil, PhD from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080688

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The Effect of Dietary Zinc Deficiency on the Structure and Function of the Rat Erythrocyte Membrane by Paterson, Phyllis; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37916

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The Effect of Endotoxin Shock on Blood Zinc Levels and Plasma Protein Concentrations by Gunter, Bobby Jack, PhD from The University of Oklahoma, 1967, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6709949

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The Effect of Iron Supplementation on Fractional Zinc Absorption during Early Lactation by Chung, Carolyn Sue, PhD from University of Maryland College Park, 2003, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3094469

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The Effect of Temperature on the Toxicity of Zinc to Fish of the Genus Salmo by Hodson, Peter Vernon; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17995

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The Mechanical Properties of Dilute Zinc-titanium Alloys by Waldron, Robert James; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06066

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The Mechanism of Aqueous Intergranular Corrosion in Zinc-Aluminium Alloys by Devillers, L. P; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK21598

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The Metalation of Terminal Alkynes by Zinc(II) and Their Addition to Nitrones and Aldehydes by Fassler, Roger, Drscnat from Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule Zuerich (Switzerland), 2003, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f106897

Dissertations 201

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The Plasticity of Beta 'Gold Zinc Single Crystals by Schulson, E. M; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK02395

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The Role of Dietary Zinc and Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Gene Expression in Response to Oxidative Stress in the Lung and Brain by Levy, Mark A., PhD from The Ohio State University, 2003, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093673

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The Salmo Lead-Zinc Deposits : A Study of Their Deformation and Metamorphic Features by Macdonald, A. S.; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17204

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The Spark Spectra of Zinc by Dick, K. A; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00460

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The Structure and Deformation Characteristics of Beta' Gold Zinc by Causey, A. R; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01804

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The Structure of the Zinc Oxide-Electrolyte Interface in the Presence of Various Fatty Acids by Mukheja, Om Parkash; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14193

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The U.S. Zinc Industry: an Econometric Study. by Cavander, David C., PhD from The University of Iowa, 1976, 291 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7713066

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The Zinc Fertility of Saskatchewan Soils by Singh, Jai Pal; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL33656

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Toxic Interactions among Lead, Zinc and Cadmium with Varying Levels of Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D in Rats by Thawley, David G; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22726

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United States Demand for Copper, Iron and Steel, Lead, and Zinc: An Input-output Analysis by Martin, John Patrick, PhD from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1991, 319 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9202195

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Vascular, Nutritional and Systemic Aspects of Zinc Physiology Interactions with Prostaglandins, Essential Fatty Acids and the Pineal by Cunnane, Stephen Cosgrave; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK50422

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Weak-Coupling Model (WCM): Applications to Even Zinc & Germanium Isotopes by Vo-Van, Thanh; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK36858

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Zinc and Temperature Effects on Growth and Nutrient Composition of Tomato and Sweet Orange by Fawusi, Matthew Oladokun Adebayo; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20906

202

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Zinc Metabolism in the Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes Americanus) by Shears, Margaret Ann; PhD from Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK63618

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Zinc Oxide and Magnesium Zinc Oxide-Based Multilayer Structures for Tunable Surface Acoustic Wave Devices by Emanetoglu, Nuri William, PhD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2003, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092934

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Zinc Uptake in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri (Richardson), As Affected by Dietary and Waterborne Zinc, and Waterborne Calcium by Spry, D. J; PhD from McMaster University (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40270

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ZINC Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning zinc.

Recent Trials on Zinc The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to zinc.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Zinc Sulfate in Preventing Loss of Sense of Taste in Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer Condition(s): Head and Neck Cancer; oral complications of cancer and cancer therapy; radiation toxicity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): North Central Cancer Treatment Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: It is not yet known whether zinc sulfate is effective in preventing the loss of ability to taste food in cancer patients who are undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase III trial to determine the effectiveness of zinc sulfate in preventing loss of sense of taste in patients who are undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00036881

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Study of Zinc for Wilson Disease Condition(s): Wilson Disease Study Status: This study is completed.

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); University of Michigan Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Establish the safety and efficacy of extended maintenance zinc therapy in 200 patients with Wilson disease. II. Establish further the role of zinc in the prophylactic treatment of presymptomatic patients by increasing the current cohort from 80 to at least 100 patients. III. Establish further the role of zinc therapy in pregnant patients with Wilson disease. IV. Establish further the role of zinc therapy in children with Wilson disease. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004338

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “zinc” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ZINC Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “zinc” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on zinc, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Zinc By performing a patent search focusing on zinc, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will

9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on zinc: •

Assemblies and methods for processing zinc-bearing materials Inventor(s): Bratina; James E. (Greenwood, IN), Frame; Scott W. (Anniston, AL), Wilson; Shannon R. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Heritage Environmental Services, Llc. (indianapolis, In) Patent Number: 6,682,586 Date filed: October 9, 2001 Abstract: A process for separating and recovering a desired metal as metal oxide from raw material is provided. The process includes placing the raw material and a reductant in a container to form a reducing microclimate within the container. A housing having an oxidizing atmosphere is heated to maintain a temperature zone within the housing at a heating temperature sufficient to expose the raw material in the container to a reaction temperature. The container containing the raw material is conveyed through the temperature zone in the housing to expose the raw material and the reductant to the reaction temperature wherein the metal oxide is reduced to a gaseous metal that exits the container. Once outside the container, the gaseous metal is exposed to the oxidizing atmosphere of the temperature zone wherein the desired metal is oxidized to metal oxide and the metal oxide is collected. In preferred embodiments, the raw material is EAF dust and the desired metal is zinc. In one specific embodiment, the process also includes maintaining a second temperature zone in the housing at a metal halide vaporization temperature, which is lower than the heating temperature. A flow of air is applied through the housing in a direction that is opposite to a direction of travel of the container during the conveying step, whereby a metal halide in the raw material is volatilized to a volatilized metal halide when the container is conveyed through the second heating zone. The volatilized metal halide is then collected. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to separating, collecting and processing materials, and more specifically to treatment of electric arc furnace dust. One way to produce steel is to refine iron in an electric arc furnace (EAF), in which heat is supplied by arcs struck through the molten metal between carbon electrodes. Melting and refining proceed simultaneously after the solid charge is submerged below a layer of molten metal. This procedure is used primarily for refining steel scrap and direct reduced iron. Very high temperatures are generated in the arc plasma and volatile species are effectively removed from the metal. Dust, called EAF dust, is generated during the process, and collected by a baghouse. In a recent market research survey of 76 EAF shops in the U.S., a total of 1,069,457 tons of EAF dust were generated by the plants surveyed in 1999. For all EAF shops in the US and Canada, it was estimated 1.2 million tons of EAF dust were generated in 1999. Overall, 82% of the EAF shops responded that between 25 to 44 pounds of EAF dust per ton of steel is produced. The amount of EAF dust generated is expected to increase each year as increasing amounts of steel is produced from galvanized steel scrap in EAF shops. The increasing use of galvanized steel scrap has resulted in higher levels of zinc in the EAF dust. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682586__

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Battery reclamation system Inventor(s): Burgess; Kristine (Salt Lake City, UT), Leonard; Todd (Reno, NV), Martin; Douglas (Carson City, NV) Assignee(s): Secor International Inc. (carson City, Nv) Patent Number: 6,686,086 Date filed: June 29, 2001 Abstract: A reclamation system is used for mercury-zinc and mercury-cadmium battery disassembly. The mercury-zinc/mercury-cadmium reclamation system has a cooling station, a cracking station, a disassembly station and a shredder station. The cooling station freezes the batteries to facilitate cracking of the housing by the cracking station. The cracked batteries are then disassembled and the battery cells are shredded. The shredded cells are placed in the retort oven, for recovery of mercury. In an alternative embodiment, the reclamation system is used for silver-zinc battery disassembly. The silver-zinc reclamation system has a staging and draining station, cracking station, and disassembly station. At the staging and draining station, wet batteries are separated out and drained. The batteries are then cracked, disassembled and washed. The washed cells are placed in the retort oven, for recovery of mercury. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a battery reclamation system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a battery reclamation system for recycling batteries, and especially batteries having mercury-zinc, mercury-cadmium or silver-zinc. Mercury-zinc and mercury-cadmium batteries contain mercury, which is a land-banned hazardous waste. These batteries are constructed of multiple button cells that are encased in metal, cardboard or epoxy-filled plastic casings or housings. Mercury-zinc batteries include the 9.8-volt, Mark 95, Mark 130, Mark 131, Mark 135 and Mark 141 batteries. The mercury-zinc button cells are primary, non-rechargeable batteries that operate based on the zinc-mercuric oxide system. Mercury-cadmium batteries include the Mark 117 and Mark 121 batteries. The mercury-cadmium button cells are primary batteries that operate based on the cadmium-mercuric oxide system. Silver-zinc battery cells contain significant amounts of silver and small amounts of mercury. However, the battery owner is not compensated for the silver that is in the batteries, and the owner must purchase new silver for replacement batteries. Mercury-containing silver-zinc batteries include the Mark 53 Modification (Mod) 1, Mark 46 and LR 190 batteries. Each cell has a plastic case with a series of silver and zinc electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686086__

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Battery separator with fluoride-containing inorganic salt Inventor(s): Cheiky; Michael (Santa Barbara, CA), Hago; Wilson (Ventura, CA) Assignee(s): Zinc Matrix Power, Inc. (santa Barbara, Ca) Patent Number: 6,682,854 Date filed: April 19, 2001 Abstract: Separator for silver-zinc batteries made of cellulose and containing insoluble fluoride ions which when placed next to the cathode slowly release and retard silver deposition thereon.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a separator for an alkaline battery and, more particularly for a separator for a zinc-based battery. Separators are a crucial component in alkaline batteries. They keep the positive and negative sides of the battery separate while letting certain ions pass through while blocking other ions. The separator is a passive element that has to perform the same task unchanged for the life of the battery while withstanding a strongly alkaline environment at ambient and elevated temperatures. For an alkaline battery, a separator should conduct hydroxyl ions at a rate sufficient to meet the high current demands of modern electronics. Films of cellulose in the form of regenerated cellulose have been used since World War II as the separator of choice for this purpose because of the superior ability of cellulose to conduct hydroxyl ion in strongly alkaline media. The low electrical resistance of 10 milliohm-in.sup.2 has also contributed to the favor among battery manufacturers for use of cellulose separators in zinc-based batteries, such as silver-zinc, zinc-nickel, and zinc manganese dioxide batteries. Additionally, the separator acts as a physical barrier to migration of other ions in the battery, such as zincate ions and silver ions in a silver-zinc battery. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682854__ •

Catalyst system for producing carbon fibrils Inventor(s): Levinson; Lionel Monty (Schenectady, NY), Singh; Navjot (Clifton Park, NY), Sun; Xiao-Dong (Schenectady, NY) Assignee(s): General Electric Company (niskayuna, Ny) Patent Number: 6,686,311 Date filed: December 11, 2002 Abstract: A catalyst system and method for making carbon fibrils is provided which comprises a catalytic amount of an inorganic catalyst comprising nickel and one of the following substances selected from the group consisting of chromium; chromium and iron; chromium and molybdenum; chromium, molybdenum, and iron; aluminum; yttrium and iron; yttrium, iron and aluminum; zinc; copper; yttrium; yttrium and chromium; and yttrium, chromium and zinc. In a further aspect of the invention, a catalyst system and method is provided for making carbon fibrils which comprises a catalytic amount of an inorganic catalyst comprising cobalt and one of the following substances selected from the group consisting of chromium; aluminum; zinc; copper; copper and zinc; copper, zinc, and chromium; copper and iron; copper, iron, and aluminum; copper and nickel; and yttrium, nickel and copper. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a catalyst system for preparing carbon fibrils. More specifically, the invention is related to carbon fibrils and new catalysts which have been found useful for the synthesis of carbon fibrils. Carbon fibrils, also known as carbon nanotubes, are microscopic fibers of carbon which are either tubes or dense fibers (i.e. not hollow) with a typical diameter in a range between about 1 nanometer and about 500 nanometers. In particular, it is often preferable to synthesize carbon fibrils with a diameter in a range between about 10 nanometers and about 50 nanometers. The aspect ratio of length of the carbon fibril to the diameter of the carbon fibril is typically greater than about 100. Production of carbon fibrils is a well known synthetic process. They are typically synthesized using a catalytic vapor decomposition process, in which an organic vapor is flushed over dispersed metal catalysts at temperatures ranging from 400.degree. C. to 1300.degree. C. to form carbon fibrils. The chemical nature of the metal catalysts influences the yield and morphology of the synthesized carbon fibrils.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686311__ •

Coating structure of a metal pipe and method of coating a metal pipe Inventor(s): Yoshida; Yuichiro (Okazaki, JP) Assignee(s): Maruyasu Industries Co., Ltd. (nagoya, Jp) Patent Number: 6,686,058 Date filed: October 4, 2002 Abstract: On the outer surface of a metal pipe 10 there is formed a zinc plating layer 20 having a predetermined thickness by electroplating method. A coating layer 30 predominantly composed of a chromium compound and a phosphoric acid compound is formed by dipping the metal pipe 10 with layers up to the zincplating layer 20 formed thereon in a coating liquid containing chromium (a source of chromium) and at least one substance selected from the group consisting of oxyacid of phosphorus, oxysalt of phosphorus, anhydride of oxyacid of phosphorus, and anhydride of oxysalt of phosphorus. A fluorocarbon resin layer 40 is formed by coating, with polyvinyl fluoride, the metal pipe 10 with layers up to the coating layer 30 formed thereon and baking at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time. Thus offered is the coating structure of the metal pipe in which the coating layer 30 comprised of a chromium compound and a phosphoric acid compound prevents brittleness caused by thermal degradation and blocks occurrence of fine cracks, enhancing its anti-corrosivity. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a coating structure formed on the outer surface of a metal pipe, and to a method for coating the surface of the metal. There has been a known anti-corrosive coating structure for metal pipes, as disclosed in Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication No.8-75084. In this anti-corrosive coating structure, a zinc plating layer is formed on the outer surface of a metal pipe, and on the zinc plating layer there is formed a coating layer comprised of a trivalent chromium compound. On the coating layer there is formed a resin layer such as polyvinyl fluoride layer, polyvinylidene fluoride layer, or epoxy resin layer. Metal pipes with such coating structure are resistant not only to chemical corrosion but also to chipping and impact. Because of such properties, the metal pipes having the coating structure have been used as pipelines for conveying a brake fluid and fuel in a motor vehicle. In the abovementioned coating structure, however, the coating layer is comprised of only a chromium compound. Therefore, the heat treatment conducted in order to bake a resin layer on a metal pipe causes thermal degradation to the coating layer, making the coating layer brittle. This brittleness, which is brought by the ouster of moisture from the coating layer, can cause defects (e.g., fine cracks). Moreover, when metal pipes with brittle coating layer undergo a secondary treatment involving plastic deformation such as termination process or bending process, the risk of causing more defects increases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686058__

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Composition for controlling spangle size, a coated steel product, and a coating method Inventor(s): McDevitt; Erin T. (Bethlehem, PA) Assignee(s): Isg Technologies, Inc. (richfield, Oh) Patent Number: 6,689,489 Date filed: September 27, 2002 Abstract: A method of coating of steel products such as plate and sheet using an aluminum-zinc coating alloy includes modifying the coating bath with a particulate compound constituent in effective amounts to control the spangle facet size of the coated product, improve tension bend rust stain performance, and improve coated product paintability. Constituents include borides such as titanium boride and aluminum borides, carbides such as titanium carbide, and aluminides such as titanium aluminide. The method produces a coated steel product that does not require temper rolling for painting. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a coating composition, a coated steel product, and a method of making, and in particular, to an aluminum-zinc coating composition employing effective amounts of a particulate compound constituent to enhance tension bend rust stain performance and the appearance of the sheet when painted and reduce spangle facet size. The coating of steel components with aluminumbased coating alloys, commonly referred to a hot dip coating, is well known in the prior art. One particular type of coating is trademarked as Galvalume.RTM., which is owned by BIEC International, Inc., and is representative of an aluminum-zinc coating alloy. These materials are advantageous as building materials, particularly wall and roof construction due to their corrosion resistance, durability, heat reflection, and paintability. Typically, these materials are manufactured by passing a steel product such as a sheet or plate through a bath of a melted alloy coating composition comprising aluminum, zinc, and silicon. The amount of coating applied to the steel products is controlled by wiping, and then the products are cooled. One characteristic of the coating applied to the steel product is its grain size or spangle facet size. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689489__

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Compound semiconductor device manufacturing method Inventor(s): Anayama; Chikashi (Yamanashi, JP), Furuya; Akira (Yamanashi, JP), Sugiura; Katsumi (Yamanashi, JP) Assignee(s): Fujitsu Quantum Devices, Limited (yamanashi, Jp) Patent Number: 6,686,217 Date filed: January 16, 2002 Abstract: A method of forming a compound semiconductor device. The method includes the steps of depositing a film that contains zinc oxide and silicon oxide to contain the zinc oxide by 70 wt % or more on compound semiconductor layer as a diffusion source, and diffusing zinc from the diffusion source into the compound semiconductor layer by annealing. Accordingly, there can be provided a compound semiconductor device manufacturing method containing the step of diffusing zinc into compound semiconductor layers, capable of deepening a Zn diffusion position from a

Patents 213

ZnO/SiO.sub.2 film to such extent that COD endurance of laser end face window structures can be increased rather than the prior art. Excerpt(s): This application is based upon and claims priority of Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-011885, filed in Jan. 19, 2001, the contents being incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a compound semiconductor device manufacturing method. In the semiconductor laser, since the active layer has a narrow energy band gap and its end face is exposed to the high optical density state in the laser oscillation, the optical absorption due to the nonluminous recombination is ready to occur at the end face. Then, when the operating output of the semiconductor laser is increased, an amount of optical absorption at the end face of the active layer is increased to then raise the temperature, and then the energy band gap is further reduced because of such temperature rise and thus an amount of optical absorption is increased further. In the end, the COD (Catastrophic Optical Damage) destruction is caused. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686217__ •

Contact structure for group III-V semiconductor devices and method of producing the same Inventor(s): Huang; Wingo (San Jose, CA), Li; Youming (San Jose, CA) Assignee(s): Emitronix Inc. (cupertino, Ca) Patent Number: 6,693,352 Date filed: June 5, 2000 Abstract: A contact structure for group III-V and group II-VI compound semiconductor devices, generally used as a light emitting diode (LED), a laser diode (LD), or a photodiode (PD), comprising p-type and/or n-type conduction is disclosed. The contact structure comprises a stack of multiple layers of metals and transparent conducting oxide. The first layer of the contact structure is in direct contact to the semiconductor and comprises at least one of indium, tin, nickel, chromium and zinc, or an alloy or combination of layers thereof. The second layer of the structure is in direct contact to the first layer and comprises at least one of Indium Tin Oxide, Indium oxide, and Tin oxide, or a combination thereof. The optional third layer of the structure contacts the second layer and comprises at least one of Au, Al, Pt, Pd, Mo, Cr, Rh, Ti. The third layer may be a contact pad contacting a smaller portion of the second layer. A preferred thermal anneal of one or more layers of the contact structure further improves semiconductor device performance. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a contact structure for compound semiconductor device, and particularly to a group III-V compound semiconductor device generally used as a light emitting diode (LED), a laser diode (LD), or a photodiode (PD), and more specifically to a contact structure for group III-nitride, group III-phosphide, and group III-arsenide based LED, LD, and PD. The compound semiconductors satisfy the following general formula: Al.sub.x Ga.sub.y In.sub.1-x-y N, wherein 0<=x<=1, 0<=y<=1, and 0<=x+y<=1 inclusive; Al.sub.x Ga.sub.y In.sub.1-x-y As.sub.z P.sub.1-z, wherein 0<=x<=1, 0<=y<=1, 0<=x+y<=1, 0<=z<=1 inclusive. Group III-V compound semiconductors have been used to make many electro-optic and opto-electronic devices including LED, LD, and PD. For these devices, in addition to the desire to have good crystal quality, it is recognized in the invention that there is a desire to have contact electrodes with both low contact resistance to the semiconductor and a conductive layer having low sheet resistance substantially over the area of the semiconductor. Lower

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contact resistances allow reduced energy dissipation at the contact region. Lower sheet resistances ensure an even spreading of current in the lateral direction of the semiconductor surface such that substantially the entire active region of the device may be utilized. When III-V compound semiconductors are used for such light-sensitive devices as LED, LD, and PD, the spread out conductive layer of the contact should also allow light emitted in the active region to propagate out of the device by substantially passing through the layer with minimum loss. It is desired then to have a contact structure for allowing substantially the entire active region of the semiconductor to be utilized for light emission, while still allowing the generated light to escape from being blocked or absorbed by the contact as it tries to exit the device. It is therefore a first object of the invention to provide a contact structure with both low contact resistance and low sheet resistance such as to utilize a substantial portion of an active region for compound semiconductor, preferably of group III-V type, LED, LD and PD devices having p-type and/or n-type conduction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06693352__ •

Copper-containing catalyst and a process for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Chen; Yuzhuo (Fushun, CN), Wang; Yuliang (Fushun, CN), Zhang; Lijuan (Fushun, CN), Zhao; Leiping (Fushun, CN) Assignee(s): China Petrochemical Corporation (cn), Fushun Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals (sinopec, Cn) Patent Number: 6,689,713 Date filed: November 12, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to a copper-containing catalyst, a process for the preparation thereof and uses of the catalyst. The catalyst includes copper oxide of 30-70 wt %, zinc oxide of 30-70 wt %, alumina of 0-30 wt % and no sodium, and has a specific surface area of 30-50 m.sup.2 /g, a pore volume of 0.10-0.25 ml/g, and an average pore diameter of 10-25 nm and has a uniform crystallite distribution wherein the crystallites having a diameter of less than 1.0 nm account for 0-10%, thoseof 1.0-2.0 nm account for 80-95%, and those of more than 2.0 nm account for 0-10%. The process includes a coprecipitation method using an organic acid and/or an ammonium salt thereof as precipitant to provide a copper-containing catalyst having a relatively large specific surface area and pore volume, and a uniform crystallite distribution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a copper-containing catalyst, a process for the preparation thereof and uses of the same. Copper-containing catalysts, for example, catalysts containing copper and zinc oxide or catalysts containing copper, zinc oxide and alumina, have been used widely in industries as conventional catalysts in many processes such as low temperature transformation, methanol synthesis, hydro/dehydrogenation processes and so on. Copper-containing catalysts are generally prepared by a coprecipitation method, that is, by adding a basic coprecipitant, for example, an alkali metal salt such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate, to a mixed solution of a soluble copper salt, zinc salt and aluminum salt to precipitate out copper, zinc and aluminum as insoluble subcarbonates, which is then filtered, washed, dried, calcined, and pressed and moulded into a catalyst. EP 125,689 discloses a process for preparing a copper-containing catalyst used in methanol synthesis process, wherein the catalyst has an atomic ratio of copper to zinc of 2.8-3.8 (corresponding to 26.9-36.5 parts of zinc oxide per 100 parts of copper oxide), and the parts of alumina is 8-12. In the preparation process, copper and zinc are introduced

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into the catalyst by a coprecipitation method by adding such a precipitant as sodium carbonate to a solution of the metal salts, and alumina is introduced in the form of aluminum hydroxide sol into the catalyst. U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,402 discloses a process for preparing a catalyst containing copper and zinc oxide for the hydrogenation of aldehydes in gas phase by using sodium carbonate as coprecipitant. In the preparation process of the catalyst the resultant precipitate needs to be pulped, washed and filtered for 4 times in order to remove the sodium salt from the coprecipitate. Nevertherness, as admitted in the prior arts including U.S. Pat. No. 3,303,001 have recognized, copper oxide/zinc oxide catalysts prepared by the standard coprecipitation technique of the prior art will still contain a small amount of sodium. However, the presence of sodium in the catalysts is undesirable because alkali metals, in particular sodium, will diminish the activity of the catalysts. In addition, in the prior arts, copper-containing catalysts are prepared by a coprecipitation method with a basic substance, especially, sodium carbonate, as coprecipitant. Such a preparation process is carried out under a basic condition and zinc compound was precipitates first followed by copper compound, thus it is liable to form inhomogeneous coprecipitates, resulting in non-uniform catalyst crystallite sizes (1.0-10 nm) in irregular crystal shapes, of which the larger crystallites are 10 times the size of the smaller. In order to obtain catalysts of excellent activity and stability, the crystallites of copper oxide should be evenly separated by zinc oxide, but this cannot be achieved by the sodium carbonate method of the prior art. Another disadvantage of using sodium carbonate as coprecipitant is that, since the resulting coprecipitate shall be pulped, washed and filtered repeatedly to remove the undesired sodium salt, it consumes large amounts of pure water and as a result, a large quantity of waste water is discharged and needs to be treated or otherwise will pollute the environment, so the complexity of preparation and the production costs of the catalyst are further increased. The last point, but not least in importance, to be mentioned is that, the specific surface area of the catalysts prepared according to the prior art process is not large enough, and the pore volume and bulk specific weight are all relatively low, so, with respect to the catalytic performance, the catalysts exhibit unsatisfactory activity and selectivity and poor stability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689713__ •

Corrosion-and chip-resistant coatings for high tensile steel Inventor(s): Daly; Andrew T. (Sinking Spring, PA), Grubb; Tina L. (Sinking Spring, PA), Kleckner; Catherine A. (Bethel, PA), Muthiah; Jeno (Wernersville, PA), Siminski; Michael C. (Sinking Spring, PA), Wertz; William E. (Reading, PA) Assignee(s): Rohm and Haas Company (philadelphia, Pa) Patent Number: 6,677,032 Date filed: November 1, 2000 Abstract: Corrosion- and chip-resistant coatings for high tensile steel components, such as automotive coil springs, are formed from a coating powder composition of "toughened" epoxy resin. In a single coat embodiment, the entire coating is loaded with at least 75 phr zinc powder. In a dual coat embodiment, an inner coat is loaded with at least 75 phr zinc and an outer, zinc-free coating is reinforced by the addition of fibers and/or by a foaming agent which renders it porous. Excerpt(s): Steel coil springs in the wheel assemblies of automobiles and other vehicles are subjected to very corrosive conditions. Conventional steel springs were expected to rust, and to allow for such rusting, conventional coil springs were formed of

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appropriately thick steel. To improve the steering and ride control of automobiles, it is desirable to move the wheels outward, toward the corners of the vehicle. This increases torsional stress on the automobile body structure which must be nullified using a stronger frame assembly or weight reduction of the suspension components moved toward the comers. Reduced diameter, high tensile steel, coil springs weigh less than conventional automotive suspension coil springs, so they offer means to reduce the weight of these components. Super high tensile steel offers the promise of further weight reduction. Herein, high tensile steel is defined as having MPa) (megapascal (N/m.sup.2) ranging from 1800 Mpa to 2100 Mpa; this includes super high tensile steel from 1950 Mpa to 2100 Mpa or above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677032__ •

Electroplated aluminum parts and process for production Inventor(s): Molnar; Angie Kathleen (Edmonton, CA), Morin; Louis Charles (Edmonton, CA) Assignee(s): The Westaim Corporation (fort Saskatchewan, Ca) Patent Number: 6,692,630 Date filed: August 9, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a pretreatment process for electroplating aluminum parts or strip, in which the zincating solution is modified to improve the adhesion of the subsequent electroplate to the substrate. The aluminum part or strip, such as an aluminum coin blank or strip for coin blanks, is pretreated with an improved zincate solution which provides hydroxide ions in an amount in the range of 75-175 gpl, zinc ions in an amount in the range of 15-40 gpl, nickel ions in an amount in the range of 2-10 gpl and copper ions in an amount in the range of 1.5-5 gpl. The pretreatment process preferably includes a copper strike applied from a copper cyanide strike bath at a pH in the range of 8.5-11.0, using a current density in the range of 0.1-10 A/dm.sup.2. The pretreatment and electroplating steps are preferably conducted by barrel plating, in accordance with another aspect of the invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to process for the electroplating of aluminum parts, including the electroplating of coinage blanks. The invention also extends to electroplated aluminum parts, including coinage products. Electroplating of aluminum or aluminum alloy substrates is more difficult than on many other materials because an oxide film coats aluminum immediately when exposed to air or water. This oxide film results in uneven deposition of electroplates, and poor adhesion of the plate. Several approaches exist for the pretreatment of aluminum and aluminum alloys substrates for electroplating. Those include a) etching, in which the substrate is pitted with an attacking solution, b) anodizing, in which an oxide film is thickened by anodizing and then etched to roughen the surface; c) electroless nickel plating, in which nickel is deposited from solution without the use of an applied current, and d) precoating, in which the oxide film is first removed with cleaners or acid, and then immediately coated with tin or zinc, more typically zinc, by immersion deposition. When zinc is used, this precoating process is known as zincating, the immersion solution is termed a zincate or zincating solution, and the coating is often termed a zincate coating or zincate layer. Kodak developed and patented zincating solutions in about 1927. It was a simple solution of sodium hydroxide and zinc chloride. Later, in 1953, W. G. Zelley proposed three zincating solutions that are referred to as "simple" zincating solutions. The three "simple" zincating solutions, together with typical substrate cleaning, conditioning, and

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post-zincating strike layers, are discussed in ASTM B253-87 "Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Electroplating." The drawbacks of the simple zincating solutions were that they had to be operated differently for different aluminum alloys and that the adhesion of the electroplated layer to the aluminum was inconsistent. Subsequent improvements to zincating aluminum included using zincate solutions containing elements such as copper, nickel and iron, with complexing agents such as cyanide and tartrate, to keep the metals in solution, and double dipping in which a first zincate immersion coating was stripped off in a suitable acid prior to forming a second zincate immersion coating. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692630__ •

Expanded zinc mesh anode Inventor(s): Beets; Randy (Bulls Gap, TN), Dyer; Jim (Greeneville, TN), Giles; Albert H. (Greeneville, TN), Headrick; Jon (Greeneville, TN), Smelcer; Johnny (Midway, TN), West; Jack T. (McFarland, WI) Assignee(s): Alltrista Zinc Products, L.p. (greeneville, Tn) Patent Number: 6,673,494 Date filed: February 15, 2002 Abstract: An anode comprises one or more sheets of expanded zinc mesh. The thickness and mesh size of the expanded zinc mesh may vary. A single sheet of zinc mesh may be coiled, forming continuous electrical contact with itself. Alternatively, a single sheet of zinc mesh may be folded into layers, each layer in electrical contact with its adjacent layers. A third alternative is the use of two or more sheets of zinc mesh, layered on top of each other so that each layer is in electrical contact with adjacent layers. These zinc mesh anodes are combined with a casing, a cathode, an electrolyte solution, and a separator between the cathode and anode to manufacture electrochemical cells. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of electrochemical power cells, and in particular to zinc anodes in such cells. In today's world of portable electronics and electric power tools, batteries are more important to our daily lives than ever before. Along with the growth of the portable consumer electronics market, the demand for inexpensive, long-lasting, powerful batteries has increased dramatically. Battery manufacturers continue to look for new ways to pull more power, for a longer duration, and more efficiently from their products. In addition to the drive for more powerful and longer lasting batteries, manufacturers are aware of the need to be environmentally conscious and the need to eliminate or minimize the use of harmful additives, such as mercury (Hg), from their products. Many of the batteries marketed today are alkaline cells. A typical alkaline cell includes a cathode, an anode, an alkaline electrolyte, and a container. Generally speaking, the cathode is usually composed of manganese dioxide (MnO.sub.2), and the anode is typically made of zinc or a mixture of zinc and other compounds. The electrolyte usually consists of mainly potassium hydroxide (KOH), but often contains other additives. These components are usually encapsulated in a container. There are currently several shapes of containers, but two of the most common are cylinder shapes in varying sizes such as in the well known "AA", "C", and "D" cells, and smaller flat button cell batteries that are used in such devices as cameras and hearing aids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06673494__

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Fluorescent CWX lamp with reduced mercury Inventor(s): Carter; Brett A. (Salina, KS) Assignee(s): Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.v. (eindhoven, Nl) Patent Number: 6,683,405 Date filed: June 26, 2001 Abstract: An electric lamp has an envelope with an inner surface and two electrodes located at each end of the envelope. The electrodes transfer electric power to generate ultraviolet radiation in the envelope which is filled with mercury and a charge sustaining gas. The inner surface of the envelope is pre-coated with an aluminum oxide layer to reflect ultraviolet radiation back into the envelope. A phosphor layer is formed over the aluminum oxide to convert the ultraviolet radiation to visible light. The phosphor layer is a mixture of four phosphors, namely, blue-luminescing Blue Halophosphate (BH), red-luminescing Yittrium Oxide (YOX), 2900K-luminescing Calcium Halophosphate, also referred to as Warm White Halophosphate (WW), and green-luminescing Zinc Silicate (ZS). Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to low pressure mercury vapor lamps, more commonly known as fluorescent lamps, having a lamp envelope with phosphor coating, and more particularly, to a coating with four phosphors over an alumina precoat. Low pressure mercury vapor lamps, more commonly known as fluorescent lamps, have a lamp envelope with a filling of mercury and rare gas to maintain a gas discharge during operation. The radiation emitted by the gas discharge is mostly in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the spectrum, with only a small portion in the visible spectrum. The inner surface of the lamp envelope has a luminescent coating, often a blend of phosphors, which emits visible light when impinged by the ultraviolet radiation. Special fluorescent lamps known as cool white deluxe (CWX) have high color rendering and simulate natural light. CWX lamps are used in places where it is desired to simulate natural light, such as in retail stores for clothing and furniture. The phosphors of conventional CWX lamps are high mercury consumers and cannot pass the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test without sacrificing lamp life. Accordingly, there is a drive to reduce mercury consumption in conventional CWX fluorescent lamps without a significant reduction in the lamp life or change in the color characteristics of the emitted light. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683405__

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Golf ball, and golf ball printing ink Inventor(s): Isogawa; Kazuhiko (Kobe, JP), Sasaki; Takashi (Kobe, JP) Assignee(s): Sumitomo Rubber Industries Limited (kobe, Jp) Patent Number: 6,676,538 Date filed: August 1, 2001 Abstract: A golf ball bearing a mark having superior durability and glittering in a gold color is provided. The mark is obtained by printing with use of the ink having a resin and a metal powder including particles each having a main body of copper and a copper-zinc alloy portion on a surface of the main body. The preferable metal powder has a mean particle diameter of at most 50.mu.m.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a highly fashionable golf ball bearing a mark that glitters in a gold color and to an ink used for printing such a mark. Golf balls generally bear printed marks representing a brand name (or a trademark), a play number and the like on a surface thereof. Such marks have heretofore been blackcolored to contrast with white balls. In recent years, however, a golfer tends to prefer a fashionable golf ball and, hence, it is desired that marks of a brand name and the like printed on a surface of its ball body be colorful instead of being black-colored. Such colorful marks include chromatically colored marks containing pigments, and metalliclustered marks. Recent golfers tend to prefer metallic-lustered marks to the chromatically colored ones. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676538__ •

High brightness orange-yellow-emitting electroluminescent phosphor and method of making Inventor(s): Belinski-Wolfe; Judy A. (Towanda, PA), Chen; Xianzhong (Sayre, PA), Fan; Chen Wen (Sayre, PA), Huang; Fuqiang (Evanston, IL), Maxwell; Michael A. (Corning, NY), Stevens; Robert L. (Towanda, PA) Assignee(s): Osram Sylvania Inc. (danvers, Ma) Patent Number: 6,682,664 Date filed: September 5, 2002 Abstract: An orange-yellow-emitting zinc sulfide-based electroluminescent phosphor is described wherein the phosphor has a brightness of greater than 10 foot-Lamberts. More particularly, the phosphor has a brightness of at least about 13 foot-Lamberts and an x color coordinate from about 0.51 to about 0.56 and a y color coordinate from about 0.42 to about 0.48. The zinc sulfide phosphor is activated with manganese, copper, chlorine, and a metal selected from gold and antimony. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to zinc sulfide-based electroluminescent phosphors. More specifically, it relates to orange-yellow-emitting zinc sulfide-based electroluminescent phosphors co-activated with manganese and copper. Orange-yellowemitting zinc sulfide electroluminescent phosphors co-activated with manganese and copper ions (ZnS:Mn,Cu) are well known. Examples of these phosphors and their methods of manufacture are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,859,361 and 5,009,808. These phosphors are significantly lower in brightness than other ZnS-based phosphors. For example, the brightness of commercially available Zn:Mn,Cu phosphors is under 10 foot-Lamberts (ft-L) whereas the brightness of commercial blue-green emitting ZnS:Cu,Cl electroluminescent phosphors is greater than 30 ft-L. U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,643 and JP 4-270780 describe improving the half-life of copper-activated zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu) phosphors by incorporating small amounts of gold into the phosphor. U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,196 describes increasing the half-life of a ZnS:Cu electroluminescent phosphor by heating the finished phosphor in a closed vessel in the presence of antimony vapor. However, these techniques are insufficient to achieve the brightness levels needed to meet current market requirements. In particular, higher brightness orange-yellowemitting electroluminescent phosphors are needed for forming white-emitting phosphor blends which could be used in electroluminescent lamps for backlighting color LCD displays. Therefore, it is desirable to improve the brightness of orange-yellow-emitting zinc sulfide electroluminescent phosphors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682664__

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Hose for fuel transportation Inventor(s): Nagashima; Masako (Kanagawa, JP), Nishi; Eiichi (Kanagawa, JP), Sasaki; Toru (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Asahi Glass Company, Limited (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,679,297 Date filed: August 6, 2001 Abstract: A hose for fuel transportation including an inner layer which is a fluororesin layer having electrical conductivity, and an outer layer which is a fluororesin layer having no electrical conductivity, wherein the fluororesin layer in the inner layer includes a material having electrical conductivity, and the material having electrical conductivity comprises a metallized inorganic compound having a surface portion including one of zinc oxide, glass beads and titanium oxide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a laminated hose for fuel transportation (hereinafter sometimes referred to simply as a fuel hose) made of a fluororesin laminate excellent in heat resistance, antistatic properties and fuel impermeability. More specifically, it relates to a fuel hose wherein an inner layer and an outer layer are both made of a fluororesin. Further, the present invention relates to a fuel hose which has a corrugated region midway and thus is capable of warping, shrinking or twisting, whereby it can be mounted in an engine room of an automobile without being subjected to bend processing. Fluororesins such as ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymers (hereinafter referred to also as ETFE), tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymers (hereinafter referred to also as FEP) or vinylidene fluoride polymers (hereinafter referred to also as PVdF), are excellent in chemical resistance, weather resistance and surface properties and thus are used in a wide range of fields. For example, films of such fluororesins are used as surface coating materials for substrates made of an inorganic material such as metal or glass or made of an organic material such as a synthetic resin. Further, a laminate of a fluororesin sheet and a sheet of other base material, is used for e.g. a hose for fuel transportation for automobiles, or a hose for transportation of an industrial reagent, which requires chemical resistance, and the fluororesin layer is employed usually as a barrier layer to prevent permeation of the fuel component to be transported, as the inner layer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06679297__

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Hydrocarbon fuel reformer Inventor(s): Hirabayashi; Takeshi (Nishikamo-gun, JP) Assignee(s): Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha (toyota, Jp) Patent Number: 6,692,707 Date filed: February 7, 2000 Abstract: Monolith catalyst 42 is disposed in the reaction layer 40 of reformer 20, the monolith catalyst 42 carrying a copper-zinc catalyst which accelerates a water vapor reforming reaction and an oxidation reaction of methanol on a monolith carrier with a ratio of the length to the diameter between 5 and 18, more preferably 8 and 15, 600 to 3400 cells per square inch, more preferably 900 to 3000 cells per square inch, and formed from ceramics of low thermal conductivity at the region within 15 mm from the flow-in end of the mixture gas and from a metal of high thermal conductivity at the other

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portions. As a result, the degree of freedom of design and the efficiency of the water vapor reforming reaction can both be improved. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to a hydrocarbon fuel reformer and more particularly to a reformer for reforming hydrocarbon fuel to a hydrogencontaining gas. Conventionally, it has been proposed to use a type of reformer which is filled with alumina pellets carrying a partial oxidation reaction catalyst for oxidizing a portion of hydrocarbon fuel and other alumina pellets carrying a water vapor reforming reaction catalyst for reforming hydrocarbon fuel to hydrogen-containing gas with water vapor (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 4-313339 etc.). In this type of reformer, by filling one reaction layer with both alumina pellets carrying partial oxidation reaction catalyst and alumina pellets carrying water vapor reforming reaction catalyst, the necessary heat for the water vapor reforming reaction, which is an endothermic reaction, is obtained by oxidizing a portion of the hydrocarbon fuel to efficiently perform the water vapor reforming reaction. When methanol is used as the hydrocarbon fuel, the water vapor reforming reaction is represented by equation 1 and the partial oxidation reaction is represented by equations 2 to 4. In addition, reactions represented by equations 5 and 6 may also be present in the reformer. However, because these reformers were filled with alumina pellets carrying the catalysts, there was a problem that the area and resistance of flow path for the gas which affect the reaction efficiency of the oxidation reaction and water vapor reforming reaction of hydrocarbon fuel cannot be freely designed. This problem can be solved to some extent by considering the shape and size of alumina pellets, but the degree of freedom is still limited. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692707__ •

Ink-jet recording material Inventor(s): Kondo; Noboru (Tokyo, JP), Onishi; Hiroyuki (Nagano, JP), Ono; Atsushi (Tokyo, JP), Otani; Teiichi (Tokyo, JP), Shibatani; Masaya (Nagano, JP), Sugiyama; Jun (Nagano, JP), Yamagata; Shinya (Nagano, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp), Seiko Epson Cororaton (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,677,006 Date filed: July 19, 2001 Abstract: An ink-jet recording material having on a support at least an ink-receiving layer, with the ink-receiving layer being comprised of a light resistance-imparting layer as a lower layer and a coloration layer as an upper layer. Herein, the light resistanceimparting layer comprises a light-resistance imparting chemical constituted of 1 to 10 parts by weight of a benzotriazole compound as ultraviolet absorbent, 1 to 8 parts by weight of magnesium sulfate and 1 to 10 parts by weight of zinc oxide in combination with 100 parts by weight of an ink absorbing pigment, and besides, the coloration layer contains no light resistance-imparting chemicals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a recording material for ink-jet printing process. In particular, the invention is concerned with an ink-jet recording material that can ensure very excellent light-resistant properties in images recorded therein and can provide images of excellent coloration quality when ink-jet printing in color is done thereon by the use of not only dye ink but also pigment ink. Ink-jet recording methods can easily achieve full-color recording and reduction of printing noises. In recent years,

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therefore, the utilization of ink-jet recording methods has been spreading at a rapid rate. According to such a method, fine drops of ink are jetted from nozzles at a high speed so as to direct toward a recording material, and a large quantity of solvent is contained in the ink used. As a result, recording materials for ink-jet recording are required to absorb ink promptly. The recent years have also seen rapid proliferation of personal computers and digital cameras. Under these circumstances, printers as apparatus for outputting such digital image information have come to be required to produce images having qualities on a level similar to those attained by silver salt photography. Thus, it has also become necessary for ink-jet recording materials used in such printers to ensure colors of higher densities, higher resolution and more excellent color reproduction than usual in the images printed thereon. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677006__ •

Insulin analogs with enhanced zinc binding Inventor(s): Ertl; Johann (Bremthal, DE), Geisen; Karl (Frankfurt, DE), Habermann; Paul (Eppstein, DE), Seipke; Gerhard (Hogheim, DE), Wollmer; Axel (Aachen, DE) Assignee(s): Aventis Pharma Deutschland Gmbh (de) Patent Number: 6,686,177 Date filed: May 14, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to insulin analogs exhibiting enhanced zinc binding capacity and to stable zinc complexes thereof having a retarded activity in comparison with human insulin. The invention further relates to a method for the production of said insulin analogs and to their use, particularly in pharmaceutical preparations for therapy of type I and type II diabetes mellitus. Excerpt(s): This application is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP99/03490, filed May 21, 1999, which claims priority to German Application No. 198 25 447.4, filed Jun. 6, 1998. The present invention relates to insulin analogs which have an increased zinc binding ability, and to stable zinc complexes thereof which, in comparison with human insulin, have a delayed profile of action, to a process for their preparation and to their use, in particular in pharmaceutical preparations for the therapy of diabetes mellitus of type I and also type II. Worldwide, approximately 120 million people suffer from diabetes mellitus. Among these, approximately 12 million are type I diabetics, for whom the substitution of the lacking endocrine insulin secretion is the only possible therapy at present. Those affected are prescribed insulin injections, as a rule several times daily, for life. Unlike type I diabetes, in type II diabetes there is not fundamentally a lack of insulin, but in a large number of cases, especially in the advanced stage, treatment with insulin, if appropriate in combination with an oral antidiabetic, is regarded as the most favorable form of therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686177__

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Lipidic zinc compounds and use for treatment of prostatic hypertrophy Inventor(s): Avram; Elena (545 W. End Ave., Apt 8E, New York, NY 10024) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,686,392 Date filed: October 1, 2002 Abstract: A method for making a composition containing a fatty acid or fatty ester compound and zinc. The compositions produced by the method. Administration of these compositions to a patient to increase the zinc content of cells or tissue having a zinc deficiency or to treat at least some of the symptoms of diseases or adverse effects caused by this zinc deficiency. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method to treat various conditions resulting from zinc deficiency and preparation of the same. In particular, the invention relates to the administration of novel zinc-in-oil or lipidic zinc reaction products for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. While zinc has heretofore been referred to as a trace element in human nutrition, in reality its concentration in humans is second only to that of iron in the metals. Zinc concentration in a prostate gland is much higher than in other human tissues. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is a common disorder of elderly men, affecting about 80% of men by the age of 80. It is a common histologic condition which conveys its morbidity through lower urinary tract symptoms and complications, such as acute urinary retention, obstructive uropathy, and urinary tract infections. Until recently, therapeutic options were limited, and transurethral surgery was the most common remedy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686392__

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Metal organic precursors for transparent metal oxide thin films and method of making same Inventor(s): Bacon; Jeffrey W. (Colorado Springs, CO), Celinska; Jolanta (Colorado Springs, CO), Cuchiaro; Joseph D. (Colorado Springs, CO), McMillan; Larry D. (Colorado Springs, CO), Paz de Araujo; Carlos A. (Colorado Springs, CO) Assignee(s): Symetrix Corporation (colorado Springs, Co) Patent Number: 6,686,489 Date filed: November 9, 2001 Abstract: A liquid precursor for forming a transparent metal oxide thin film comprises a first organic precursor compound. In one embodiment, the liquid precursor is for making a conductive thin film. In this embodiment, the liquid precursor contains a first metal from the group including tin, antimony, and indium dissolved in an organic solvent. The liquid precursor preferably comprises a second organic precursor compound containing a second metal from the same group. Also, the liquid precursor preferably comprises an organic dopant precursor compound containing a metal selected from the group including niobium, tantalum, bismuth, cerium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, silicon, aluminum, zinc and magnesium. Liquid precursors containing a plurality of metals have a longer shelf life. The addition of an organic dopant precursor compound containing a metal, such as niobium, tantalum or bismuth, to the liquid precursor enhances control of the conductivity of the resulting transparent conductor. In a second embodiment, a liquid precursor for forming a

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transparent metal oxide nonconductive thin film comprises an organic precursor compound containing a metal from the group including cerium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, silicon, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, and bismuth. Liquid precursors of the invention preferably comprise a metal organic precursor compound, such as an ethylhexanoate, an octanoate, or a neodecanoate, dissolved in a solvent, such as xylenes, n-octane and n-butyl acetate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to metal oxides useful in making transparent electrodes and conductive layers, protective layers for such conductive layers and dielectric layers in flat panel displays, fluorescent lamps and other electrooptical devices, and more particularly to liquid precursors for making such transparent metal oxides and methods for making such precursors. A typical fluorescent lamp comprises a cylindrical glass tube or envelope containing mercury vapor and a phosphor layer covering the inside of the tube wall. Many fluorescent lamps, in particular rapid-start fluorescent lamps, usually comprise one or more transparent metal oxide layers; for example, an electrically conductive metal oxide layer on the inner surface of the glass tube, and a metal oxide protective layer between the conductive layer and the phosphor layer of the lamp. A conventional technique of the art of forming transparent metal oxide layers in fluorescent lamps involves: dispersing a solid powder of the desired oxide in a liquid medium to make a colloidal suspension of the oxide; applying a coating of the suspension onto a surface of the lamp; and drying the coating to form the oxide layer. Generally, it is difficult to achieve a uniform, continuous thin film by applying a colloidal suspension of powdered particles. Another technique involves dissolving a precursor compound in a solvent and spraying the precursor solution onto a hot surface having a temperature above the crystallization temperature of the desired oxide, whereby the precursor compound is immediately pyrolyzed. A typical conventional precursor for a conductive layer contains tin tetrachloride, SnCl.sub.4, and hydrogen fluoride, HF, in butanol. The chlorine and fluorine are highly electronegative, salt-forming atoms that may lead to lamp defects called "measles", as described below. Further, highly reactive precursor compounds such as SnCl.sub.4 and HF are toxic and difficult to handle, and do not store well. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686489__ •

Method and composition for delivering zinc to the nasal membrane Inventor(s): Davidson; Robert Steven (Woodland Hills, CA), Hensley; Charles (Woodland Hills, CA) Assignee(s): Zicam Llc (phoenix, Az) Patent Number: 6,673,835 Date filed: September 1, 1999 Abstract: A viscous gel for delivering minor effective amounts of active substances through the nasal membrane into the body. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for delivering minor effective amounts of a substance to the blood in a body. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and composition for delivering a minor effective amount of a substance to the nasal membrane. In a further respect, the invention relates to a composition which maintains zinc in an ionic state for delivery to the nasal membrane. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06673835__

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Method for recovery of metals from metal-containing materials using medium temperature pressure leaching Inventor(s): Baughman; David R. (Golden, CO), Brewer; Robert E. (Safford, AZ), Hazen; Wayne W. (Lakewood, CO), Marsden; John O. (Phoenix, AZ), Robertson; Joanna M. (Thatcher, AZ), Schmidt; Roland (Golden, CO), Thompson; Philip (West Valley City, UT) Assignee(s): Phelphs Dodge Corporation (phoenix, Az) Patent Number: 6,676,909 Date filed: July 25, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a process for recovering copper and other metal values from metal-containing materials using controlled, super-fine grinding and medium temperature pressure leaching. Processes embodying aspects of the present invention may be beneficial for recovering a variety of metals such as copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, rhenium, zinc, uranium, and platinum group metals, from metal-bearing materials, and find particular utility in connection with the extraction of copper from copper sulfide ores and concentrates. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a process for recovering copper and other metal values from metal-containing materials, and more specifically, to a process for recovering copper and other metal values from metal-containing materials using controlled, super-fine grinding and medium temperature pressure leaching. Smelting is a well-established approach for recovering a metal, such as copper, from a metal-bearing sulfide material. Due to the high cost of smelting, however, the copper sulfide minerals in an ore body typically are first concentrated by flotation techniques to provide a smaller volume for smelting. The concentrate is then shipped to a smelter, which processes the concentrate pyrometallurgically at high temperatures to form a crude copper product that is subsequently refined to a highly pure metal. The recovery of copper from copper sulfide concentrates using pressure leaching has proven to be a potentially economically attractive alternative to smelting. Pressure leaching operations generally produce less fugitive emissions than smelting operations, and thus, environmental benefits may be realized. Further, pressure leaching circuits may be more cost-effectively constructed on-site at a concentrator, eliminating the expense associated with concentrate transportation that smelting operations may require. Further, any byproduct acid produced in the pressure leaching circuit may be used in adjacent heap leaching operations, thus offsetting some of the costs associated with purchased acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676909__

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Method of fabricating emitter of field emission display Inventor(s): Chen; Lai-Cheng (Taipei, TW), Fran; Yui-Shin (Hsinchu, TW), Liu; WenTsang (Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): Delta Optoelectronics, Inc. (hsinchu, Tw) Patent Number: 6,672,926 Date filed: December 19, 2001 Abstract: A method of fabricating an emitter of a field emission display. A mixture of metal and silver paste with glass material is screen printed on a substrate as a silver electrode. The metal is selected from a hard solder alloy such as Al/Si alloy containing

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tin, zinc, aluminum or other low melting point metal. Alternatively, the metal and the silver paste with the glass material are separately screen printed on the substrate. The metal is selected from tin, zinc, aluminum, or an alloy with a low melting point such as aluminum/silicon alloy. A carbon nano-tube layer is formed on the silver electrode by coating the carbon nano-tube material with the electric arc. Alternately a catalyst layer can be formed on the silver electrode prior to the formation of the carbon nano-tube layer. A metal layer such as nickel and copper is formed on the carbon nano-tube layer to prevent the carbon nano-tube layer from absorbing gas. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority benefit of Taiwan application serial no. 90113302 and 90113302A01, filed Jun. 1, 2001 and Aug. 29, 2001. This invention relates in general to a method of fabricating an emitter of a field emission display (FED). More particularly, this invention relates to a method of fabricating a carbon nano-tube (CNT) type emitter of a field emission display. The current flat panel display includes the conventional cathode ray tube (CRT), the thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFTLCD), the plasma display panel (PDP) and the field emission display. As the field emission display has a short optical response time for switching operation of the pixel circuit that fabricates the image, a better quality of display is obtained. The field emission display further has the properties of small thickness (about 2-10 cm), light weight (smaller than about 0.2 kg), wide vision angle (slightly large than 80.degree.), high brightness (about 150 Cd/cm.sup.2), flexible working temperature (about 0.degree. C. to about 80.degree. C.), and low power consumption (slightly smaller than 1 Watt). Thus, field emission display is one of the techniques with the most potential in the flat panel display industry in 21.sup.st century. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06672926__ •

Method of protecting teeth against erosion Inventor(s): Baig; Arif A. (Mason, OH), Faller; Robert V. (Loveland, OH), White, Jr.; Donald J. (Fairfield, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (cincinnati, Oh) Patent Number: 6,685,920 Date filed: December 13, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are methods of treating and protecting teeth against erosion by use of oral compositions comprising polymeric mineral surface active agents, metal ions such as stannous and zinc and combinations thereof. The present methods provide improved resistance of teeth to erosive demineralization or dissolution and prevention of tooth damage by subsequent exposure of teeth to erosive chemicals such as acidic foods and beverages. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treating and protecting teeth against erosion by use of oral compositions comprising polymeric mineral surface active agents, metal ions such as stannous and zinc and combinations thereof. The present methods provide improved resistance of teeth to erosive demineralization or dissolution and prevention of tooth damage by subsequent exposure of teeth to erosive chemicals such as acidic foods and beverages. Oral care products such as toothpastes are routinely used by consumers as part of their oral care hygiene regimens. It is well known that oral care products can provide both therapeutic and cosmetic hygiene benefits to consumers. Therapeutic benefits include caries prevention which is typically delivered through the use of various fluoride salts; gingivitis prevention by the use of an antimicrobial agent

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such as triclosan, stannous fluoride, zinc citrate or essential oils; or hypersensitivity control through the use of ingredients such as strontium chloride or potassium nitrate. Cosmetic benefits provided by oral products include the control of plaque and calculus formation, removal and prevention of tooth stain, tooth whitening, breath freshening, and overall improvements in mouth feel impression which can be broadly characterized as mouth feel aesthetics. In addition to the above mentioned therapeutic and cosmetic benefits oral care products can be used as a vehicle to deliver other benefits. The present inventors have surprisingly discovered additional important benefits of oral compositions comprising certain chemical agents that have affinity for the tooth surface. These agents either bind to the tooth surface or form insoluble compounds or complexes on the tooth surface, thereby forming a protective film or coating on the tooth surface. As a result of these protective coatings, teeth are provided with remarkable resistance and protection against dental erosion challenges for extended periods of time following use of the composition containing these agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06685920__ •

Methods of obtaining photoactive coatings and/or anatase crystalline phase of titanium oxides and articles made thereby Inventor(s): Finley; James J. (Pittsburgh, PA) Assignee(s): Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. (cleveland, Oh) Patent Number: 6,677,063 Date filed: August 30, 2001 Abstract: Hydrophilic and/or rutile and anatase titanium oxide are obtained by sputter depositing titanium metal oxide on a film of zirconium oxide in the cubic phase. Another technique is to deposit a titanium metal on a film of zinc oxide in the cubic phase and heating the coating in an oxidizing atmosphere to provide an anatase and/or rutile phase(s) of titanium oxide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to photoactive coatings and to methods of changing or obtaining the phase of a material, e.g., an anatase crystalline phase of titanium oxide from an amorphous phase of titanium oxide or from titanium metal and, more particularly, to methods of obtaining a photoactively hydrophilic and/or photocatalytic coating, and/or to articles made thereby. For many substrates, e.g., glass substrates such as architectural windows, automotive transparencies, and aircraft windows, it is desirable that the surface of the substrate is substantially free of surface contaminants, such as common organic and inorganic surface contaminants, for as long a duration as possible. Traditionally, this has meant that these surfaces are cleaned frequently. This cleaning operation is typically performed by manually wiping the surface with or without the aid of chemical cleaning solutions. This approach can be labor, time, and/or cost intensive. Therefore, a need exists for methods to clean glass substrates that reduce the frequency and/or need for such manual cleaning operations. It is known that certain semiconductor metal oxides provide a photoactive (hereinafter "PA") coating. The terms "photoactive" or "photoactively" refer to the photogeneration of a hole-electron pair when illuminated by electromagnetic radiation of a particular frequency, typically ultraviolet ("UV") light. Above a certain minimum thickness, these PA coatings are typically photocatalytic (hereinafter "PC"). By "photocatalytic" is meant a coating which upon exposure to certain electromagnetic radiation, such as UV, interacts with organic contaminants on the coating surface to degrade or decompose the organic contaminants. With sufficient PC activity, these PC coatings are also self-cleaning. By "self-cleaning" is

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meant having sufficient PC activity to decompose organic contaminants fast enough that manual wiping to remove organic contaminants is not required. In addition, PC coatings are also typically hydrophilic. By "hydrophilic" is meant water wetting with a contact angle with water of generally less than 20 degrees. The hydrophilicity of the PC coatings helps reduce fogging, i.e., the accumulation of water droplets on the coating, which may decrease visible light transmission and visibility through the coated substrate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677063__ •

Mixed-metal-neutralized-copolymer-resins for metal coating powder applications Inventor(s): Chou; Richard Tien-Hua (Hockessin, DE), Kelly; Mark Bernard (Beaumont, TX) Assignee(s): E. I. DU Pont DE Nemours and Company (wilmington, De) Patent Number: 6,680,082 Date filed: October 3, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to neutralized copolymer resins having at least two different metals with one of the metals being zinc. These mixed metal resins are transformed into particulate or powder form for application to metal objects. The powder composition has a good balance of properties including all the advantages associated with neutralized ethylene acid copolymers while also having good powder coating behavior for coatings applied to metal objects. The invention also relates to coated metal objects containing the powder composition and metal. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to mixed-metal neutralized alphaolefin/carboxylic acid copolymer powder coating materials for coating and protecting metal objects. Thermoset powder coatings for materials or objects of metal are known. The success of powder coating in coatings of metals is mainly due to their functional and/or decorative performance as well as the reduction or elimination of noxious byproducts in the production of coated substrates. Powder coatings are utilized for either decorative purposes or protective purposes. For the former, color, gloss, and appearance may be the primary attributes. Most decorative coatings are thin coatings mainly using thermoset coatings. For protective purposes, the coatings should have longevity, corrosion protection, impact resistance properties and serve as insulation. In this latter role, the coatings should be thick and can be applied in powder form. The bulk of powder coatings are thermoset coatings. These coatings typically chemically react during baking to form a polymer network that will generally not remelt. Materials utilized in thermoset powder coatings include epoxies, polyesters and acrylics. Crosslinking agents typically employed include amines, anhydrides and isocyanates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06680082__

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Multi-layered golf ball and composition Inventor(s): Cavallaro; Christopher (Lakeville, MA), Dalton; Jeffrey L. (North Dartmouth, MA), Harris; Kevin M. (New Bedford, MA), Ladd; Derek A. (New Bedford, MA), Rajagopalan; Murali (South Dartmouth, MA) Assignee(s): Acushnet Company (fairhaven, Ma) Patent Number: 6,673,859 Date filed: January 22, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a multi-layer golf ball which comprises a core, a cover layer and at least one intermediate layer disposed between the core and cover, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a polyether-type polyurethane and optionally, a second thermoplastic component such as polyetherester block copolymer, polyesterester block copolymer, polyetheramide block copolymer, dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer, functionalized styrene-butadiene elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic polyesters, metallocene polymer or blends thereof and a density-modifying filler such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide or blends thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to golf balls, and more specifically, to a multi-layer golf ball and a composition therefore. In particular, this invention relates to a golf ball having a core, a cover and at least one intermediate layer disposed between the core and cover, wherein the cover or intermediate layer is formed from a blend comprising polyether-type thermoplastic polyurethane. The multi-layer golf balls of the present invention have been found to provide good distance, durability, and desirable playing characteristics. Conventional golf balls can be divided into two general types or groups: solid balls or wound balls. The difference in play characteristics resulting from these different types of constructions can be quite significant. Balls having a solid construction are generally most popular with the average recreational golfer because they provide a very durable ball while also providing maximum distance. Solid balls are made with a solid core, usually formed of a crosslinked rubber, which is encased by a cover material. Typically the solid core is formed of polybutadiene which is chemically crosslinked with zinc diacrylate and/or similar crosslinking agents and is covered by a tough, cut-proof blended cover. The cover is generally formed of a material such as SURLYN, which is a trademark for an ionomer resin produced by DuPont of Wilmington, Del. The combination of the core and cover materials provide a ball that is virtually indestructible by golfers. Further, such a combination imparts a high initial velocity to the ball which results in improved distance. Because the materials of which the ball is formed are very rigid, solid balls generally have a hard "feel" when struck with a club. Likewise, due to their hardness, these balls have a relatively low spin rate which provides greater distance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06673859__

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Non-hardenable aluminum alloy as a semi-finished product for structures Inventor(s): Davydov; Valentin Georgijevich (Moskau, RU), Filatov; Yuri (Moskau, RU), Lenczowski; Blanka (Neubiberg, DE), Yelagin; Viktor (Moskau, RU), Zakarov; Valeri (Moskau, RU) Assignee(s): Eads Deutschland Gmbh (munchen, De) Patent Number: 6,676,899 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: A chemical composition of alloys, in particular naturally hard semifinishedmaterial alloys, which are intended to be used in this form as material for semifinished materials. A naturally hard aluminum alloy for semifinished materials which, in addition to magnesium, titanium, beryllium, zirconium, scandium, and cerium, is also made of manganese, copper, zinc, and an element group containing iron and silicon, the ratio of iron to silicon being in the range of 1 to 5. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition of alloys, such as naturally hard semifinished-material alloys, which are intended to be used in this form as material for structures. This alloy, however, does not have adequate physical properties, in particular a low 0.2% yield strength in the case of cold-formed and hot-formed semifinished materials. This alloy does not have sufficient static and dynamic strength, while having high processibility during the manufacturing process, high corrosion resistance, good weldability, and a high readiness for operation under low-temperature conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676899__

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Oxidic aluminum/zinc catalysts and a process of producing unsaturated fatty alcohols Inventor(s): Demmering; Guenther (Solingen, DE), Friesenhagen; Lothar (Duesseldorf, DE), Heck; Stephan (Pulheim, DE), Kubersky; Hans Peter (Solingen, DE) Assignee(s): Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien (duesseldorf, De) Patent Number: 6,683,225 Date filed: April 16, 2001 Abstract: Oxidic catalysts containing 20 to 25% by weight of aluminum and 40 to 50% by weight of zinc which are suitable for the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms by hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid lower alkyl esters or unsaturated fatty acid glycerides are disclosed. A process for the production of the oxidic aluminum/zinc catalysts is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to oxidic aluminum/zinc catalysts, to processes for their production and to their use as catalysts for the production of unsaturated fatty alcohols. Unsaturated fatty alcohols, i.e. predominantly linear monohydric primary alcohols containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms and 1, 2 or 3 double bonds, are inter alia important raw materials for the production of cosmetic products, such as for example bath oils, make-up creams or intensive hair tonic emulsions [Seifen-Ole-Fette-Wachse, 109, 225 (1983)]. Unsaturated fatty alcohols are generally produced from native fats and oils with high iodine values, for example rapeseed oil or sunflower oil. The natural triglycerides are converted into mixtures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters of corresponding chain length either by pressure hydrolysis and subsequent esterification or by direct transesterification with methanol and are subsequently

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subjected to catalytic high-pressure hydrogenation at 200 to 350.degree. C./250 to 300 bar. The reaction has to be controlled in such a way that only the ester group and not the double bond is hydrogenated. In practice, this high selectivity is normally achieved by using modified Adkins catalysts, for example copper-chromium or zinc-chromium spinels doped with barium or cadmium [W. Keim, Grundlagen der industriellen Chemie, Verlag Salle+Sauerlander, 1986, page 250]. To produce these spinels, copper oxide or zinc oxide is reacted with chromic acid. Since the handling of chromium(VI) compounds imposes stringent demands on work safety and waste disposal, there is a need for catalysts which, for the same selectivity, are less problematical in regard to their production and use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683225__ •

Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of diabetes mellitus Inventor(s): Lee; Seung Young (A-101, Geoboong Heiz Villa, 77-5, Yeonhee-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, KR 120-110) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,692,777 Date filed: January 22, 2002 Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing herbal ingredients for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and more particularly, to the antidiabetic composition comprising 1) 15 herbal ingredients (i.e., Shinseng Radix, Coptis Rhizoma, Ligustri Fructus Semen, Salix spp. Cortex, Rhei coreani Rhizoma, Anemarrhena Rhizoma, Salviae Radix, Scrophulariae Radix, Lycii Cortex Radicis, Reynoutriae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Astragali Radix, Puerariae Radix, Atractylis Rhizoma, and Morus alba Radix Cortex), 2) vitamins such as Bi and B6, and 3) zinc, manganese, chromium, germanium as inorganic materials. The antidiabetic herbal composition of this invention for the prevention and treatment of diabetes serves to lower the glucose level in diabetic patients and prevent the destruction of beta-cell in the pancreas, while increasing insulin secretion based on the mechanism of recovering the function of damaged beta-cell. Further, the antidiabetic herbal composition of this invention is quite effective in the treatment of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes and non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes, since it shows the constant therapeutic effect due to better stability of therapeutic effect among individual patients. Diabetes with its complications is a disease showing a high mortality worldwide in line with other diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders. The mortality of diabetes has persisted and there are many reports that the diabetic patients have a high risk of having some related complications in eye, kidney and heart. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692777__

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Plate for a plasma display panel (PDP), method for fabricating the plate, and a PDP having the plate Inventor(s): Choi; Chaun-gi (Suwon, KR), Do; Young-rag (Suwon, KR), Lee; Joon-bae (Kyungki-do, KR), Park; Chang-won (Suwon, KR) Assignee(s): Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. (suwon, Kr) Patent Number: 6,674,237 Date filed: September 10, 2001 Abstract: A plate for a plasma display panel includes a plate member formed of a transparent material, a series of electrodes formed in a predetermined pattern on the plate member, and a dielectric layer formed on the plate member to cover the electrodes, wherein the electrodes are formed of a dielectric first component, and a metallic second component of at least one metal selected from a group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), yttrium (Y), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), copper (Cu), and platinum (Pt). Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of Korean Application No. 2001-24376, filed May 4, 2001, in the Korean Industrial Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a plasma display panel (PDP), and more particularly, to a plate for a PDP on which discharging electrodes are formed, a method of fabricating the plate, and a PDP using the plate. Plasma displays generate a desired visual image by exciting a predetermined phosphor pattern with ultraviolet (UV) light generated by a plasma discharge occurring between two substrates in which a plasma gas is sealed. Such plasma displays are generally classified into a DC type and an AC type according to the corresponding driving voltage, (i.e., the discharging mechanism). AC type PDPs are further classified into two types: one is a double-substrate, two-electrode type, and the other is a surface discharge type. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06674237__

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Porphyrin compound, and electrophotographic photosensitive member, processcartridge and apparatus using the compound Inventor(s): Tanaka; Masato (Suntoh-gun, JP) Assignee(s): Canon Kabushiki Kaisha (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,683,175 Date filed: April 10, 2002 Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a sensitivity to a short semiconductor laser light in a wavelength range of 380-500 nm is provided by incorporating a specific porphyrin compound in a photosensitive layer. The porphyrin compound is characterized by having a heterocyclic substituent, preferably 4 heterocyclic substituents each of a pyridyl group. The porphyrin compound includes a 5,10,15,20-tetrapyridyl-21H,23H-porphyrinato-zinc compound having a novel crystal form characterized by certain peaks in a CuK.sub.alpha. -characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a porphyrin compound inclusive of a porphyrinato-zinc compound having a novel crystal form, an electrophotographic photosensitive member using such a porphyrin compound, and a process-cartridge and

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an electrophotographic apparatus including the photosensitive member. Lasers currently used as exposure light sources in electrophotographic apparatus are predominantly semiconductor lasers having an oscillating wavelength around 800 nm or 680 nm. In recent years, various approaches for realizing higher resolutions have been made so as to comply with increasing demands for output images of a higher image quality. The laser wavelengths are also concerned with realizing of the high resolution, and a shorter laser oscillation wavelength allows a smaller laser spot diameter facilitating a higher resolution electrostatic latent image formation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683175__ •

Positive electrode material and nickel-zinc battery Inventor(s): Honda; Kazuo (Fukushima, JP), Oya; Kuniyasu (Fukushima, JP), Takahashi; Osamu (Miyagi, JP), Yamamoto; Kenta (Fukushima, JP) Assignee(s): Sony Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,686,091 Date filed: April 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a nickel-zinc battery of an inside-out structure, that is, a battery comprising a positive electrode containing beta-type nickel oxyhydroxide and a negative electrode containing zinc and having a similar structure to an alkali manganese battery, in which the beta-type nickel oxyhydroxide consists of substantially spherical particles, mean particle size of which is within a range from 19.mu.m to a maximum of 40.mu.m, the bulk density of which is within a range from 1.6 g/cm.sup.3 to a maximum of 2.2 g/cm.sup.3, tap density of which is within a range from 2.2 g/cm.sup.3 to a maximum of 2.7 g/cm.sup.3, specific surface area which based on BET method is within a range from 3 m.sup.2 /g to a maximum of 50 m.sup.2 /g, and the positive electrode of the nickel zinc battery contains graphite powder, where the weight ratio of graphite powder against a total weight of the positive electrode is defined within a range from 4% to a maximum of 8%. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to Japanese Application No. P2000121339 filed Apr. 21, 2000, P2000-145601 filed May 17, 2000 and P2001-060394 filed Mar. 5, 2001, which applications are incorporated herein by reference to the extent permitted by law. The present invention relates to beta-type nickel oxyhydroxide and a method of producing thereof, and yet, also relates to a positive electrode active material composed of beta nickel oxyhydroxide. Further, the present invention relates to a nickel-zinc battery incorporating a positive electrode comprising beta nickel oxyhydroxide as a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode comprising zinc as a negative electrode active material. In recent years, compact-size portable electronic apparatuses, especially portable game players, digital cameras and digital video-camera recorders, or the like, have been propagated very significantly. It is expected that these compact-size portable electronic apparatus will be propagated furthermore from now on, and thus, demand for compact-size battery serving as a power-supply source for these compactsize portable electronic apparatuses will also be promoted quickly. Generally, any of those compact-size portable electronic apparatuses utilizes a high operating voltage and requires a large amount of current, and thus, a usable power source must be distinguished in discharge characteristic under heavy load. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686091__

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Process for making copper-tin-zinc alloys Inventor(s): Bhargava; Ashok K. (Cheshire, CT) Assignee(s): Waterbury Rolling Mills, Inc. (waterbury, Ct) Patent Number: 6,679,956 Date filed: March 14, 2001 Abstract: A process for making a copper base alloy comprises the steps of casting a copper base alloy containing tin, zinc, iron and phosphorous and forming phosphide particles uniformly distributed throughout the matrix. The forming step comprises homogenizing the alloy at least once for at least one hour at a temperature from 1000 to 1450.degree. F., rolling to final gauge including at least one process anneal for at least one hour at 650 to 1200.degree. F. followed by slow cooling, and stress relief annealing at final gauge for at lest one hour at 300 to 600.degree. F. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to copper base alloys having utility in electrical applications and to a process for producing said copper base alloys. There are a number of copper base alloys that are used in connector, lead frame and other electrical applications because their special properties are well suited for these applications. Despite the existence of these alloys, there remains a need for copper base alloys that can be used in applications that require high yield strength greater than 80 KSI, together with good forming properties that allow one to make 180.degree. badway bends with a R/T ratio of 1 or less plus low relaxation of stress at elevated temperatures and freedom of stress corrosion cracking. Alloys presently available do not meet all of these requirements or have high costs that make them less economical in the marketplace or have other significant drawbacks. It remains highly desirable to develop a copper base alloy satisfying the foregoing goals. Beryllium copper generally has very high strength and conductivity along with good stress relaxation characteristics; however, these materials are limited in their forming ability. One such limitation is the difficulty with 180.degree. badway bends. In addition, they are very expensive and often require extra heat treatment after preparation of a desired part. Naturally, this adds even further to the cost. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06679956__

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Process for preparing fatty acid zinc salts Inventor(s): Chen; Bing-Lin (Germantown, TN) Assignee(s): Crompton Corporation (middlebury, Ct) Patent Number: 6,689,894 Date filed: February 5, 2003 Abstract: A process for preparing fatty acid zinc salts comprising the steps of:stirring a slurry mixture comprising zinc oxide, at least one catalyst, and water at a temperature in the range of from about 55.degree. C. to about 65.degree. C.; adding at least one fatty acid in its liquid state to said stirred slurry mixture; and reacting the fatty acid with the zinc oxide in the presence of the catalyst in the water at a temperature of from about 60.degree. C. to about 75.degree. C. until substantially all of the fatty acid has reacted. The final product mixture can then be filtered and dried to give a fatty acid zinc salt in high yield.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing fatty acid zinc salts in high yield by reaction of zinc oxide, fatty acids, and a catalyst, preferably in the presence of a surfactant, in water at a relatively low reaction temperature. Metal soaps, such as zinc soaps (i.e., fatty acid zinc salts), have been used as anti-blocking and anticaking agents, lubricant and mold release agents, thickening agents, waterproofing agents, and the like. They generally possess many of the desirable properties of the fatty acids from which zinc salts are manufactured. Various processes, including precipitation and fusion processes, to produce metal soaps for industrial uses are known in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689894__ •

Production of low sulfur syngas from natural gas with C4+/C5+ hydrocarbon recovery Inventor(s): Alexion; Dennis G. (Succasunna, NJ), Fedich; Robert B. (Long Valley, NJ), Glass, Jr.; James P. (Baton Rouge, LA), O'Connor; Richard P. (Baton Rouge, LA), Say; Geoffrey R. (Baton Rouge, LA), Taylor, Jr.; James H. (Baton Rouge, LA), Wilbur; John C. (Bella Vista, AZ) Assignee(s): Exxonmobil Research and Engineering Company (annandale, Nj) Patent Number: 6,692,711 Date filed: June 2, 2000 Abstract: Sour natural gas is processed to remove the sulfur compounds and recover C.sub.4+ /C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons by scrubbing the gas with an amine solution to remove most of the sulfur, followed cooling the gas to remove C.sub.4+ /C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons and more sulfur compounds as liquid condensate to produce a gas having less than 20 vppm of total sulfur. The condensate is sent to a fractionator to recover the C.sub.4+ /C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons. The sulfur and hydrocarbon reduced gas is contacted first with zinc oxide and then nickel, to produce a gas having less than 10 vppb of total sulfur which is passed into a synthesis gas generating unit to form a very low sulfur synthesis gas comprising a mixture of H.sub.2 and CO. This synthesis gas is useful for hydrocarbon synthesis with increased life of the hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst and greater hydrocarbon production from the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor. Contacting the synthesis gas with zinc oxide further reduces the sulfur content to below 3 vppb. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for producing low sulfur synthesis gas (syngas) from natural gas with C.sub.4+ /C.sub.5+ hydrocarbon recovery. More particularly the invention relates to producing very low sulfur syngas from sour natural gas with C.sub.4+ /C.sub.5+ hydrocarbon recovery and to the use of the syngas for hydrocarbon synthesis. The sulfur content of the syngas is less than 10 vppb and preferably less than 3 vppb. The process includes treating the natural gas by amine scrubbing, low temperature hydrocarbon and sulfur separation, followed by contact with zinc oxide and then nickel. Hydrocarbon synthesis (HCS) processes are well known and include fixed bed, fluid bed and slurry type processes in which a synthesis gas (syngas) comprising a mixture of H.sub.2 and CO is reacted in the presence of a suitable Fischer-Tropsch type of hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst at conditions effective to form hydrocarbons, and preferably paraffinic hydrocarbons which are solid at standard room temperature conditions of temperature and pressure. The syngas is produced by reacting a low molecular weight hydrocarbon gas with oxygen and steam via well known processes which include partial oxidation, catalytic steam reforming and combination thereof, using a fixed or fluid catalyst bed. In a fluid bed syngas generation (FBSG) process, partial oxidation and steam reforming both occur in the presence of the

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steam reforming catalyst. This process has the advantage of superior heat and mass transfer. In autothermal reforming the hydrocarbon is first partially oxidized and then separately catalytically steam reformed. These and other syngas processes and their relative merits are discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,877,550; 4,888,131 and 5,160,456. A preferred source of the low molecular weight hydrocarbon is natural gas in which the hydrocarbon comprises primarily methane with minor amounts (e.g.,.about.110%) of C.sub.2+ hydrocarbons, including C.sub.4+ hydrocarbons. Other natural gas components include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and sulfur in the form of sulfur bearing compounds including H.sub.2 S, mercaptans (RSH), other organic sulfides generally, carbonyl sulfide (COS) and sometimes minor amounts of carbon disulfide. Sulfur in the feed to a syngas generator will poison the steam reforming catalyst and result in a loss of syngas productivity. Certain HCS catalysts are easily poisoned and permanently deactivated by these sulfur bearing compounds. Those comprising a cobalt catalytic component are particularly sensitive and as little as 0.1 vppm (volume parts per million) of sulfur compounds present in the syngas feed to the HCS reactor will permanently deactivate the catalyst in less than 10 days. Even levels as low as, for example, 10 vppb (volume parts per billion) are unacceptably high for a commercial HCS plant. As the catalyst deactivates, hydrocarbon production decreases and the reactor has to be taken off line for catalyst replacement. Consequently, the ability to achieve highly productive hydrocarbon synthesis with such catalysts, on a sustainable basis, has not yet been achieved. It would be an improvement to the art to be able to produce syngas having less than 10 vppb of sulfur compounds from sour natural gas by a method which also recovers the valuable C.sub.4+ and/or C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons. A process for producing low sulfur synthesis gas (syngas) from natural gas which contains C.sub.4+ /C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons, with recovery of these hydrocarbons from the gas, comprises scrubbing or contacting the gas with a liquid sulfur absorbent to remove most of the sulfur, followed by low temperature cooling to remove more sulfur compounds and the C.sub.4+ /C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons, and then contacting the sulfur and hydrocarbon reduced gas first with zinc oxide and then nickel to reduce the sulfur content to less than 0.1 vppb/m (volume parts per million) and preferably less than 80 vppb (parts per billion), before it is passed into the syngas generator. The syngas exiting the syngas generator is then contacted with zinc oxide to remove remaining sulfur from the gas. This process produces a syngas feed having less than 10 vpp, of sulfur in the form of sulfur bearing compounds and recovers the valuable C.sub.4+ /C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons from the feed, so that they are not wasted by being passed into the syngas generator. The C.sub.4+ /C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons recovered from the natural gas are upgraded by hydrorefining and fractionation. The zinc oxide and nickel react with the sulfur compounds remaining in the gas after the scrubbing and cooling, to form zinc sulfide and nickel sulfide. The nickel is preferably nickel metal and in a particularly preferred embodiment the nickel is supported on a support material. Reducing the sulfur content of natural gas fed into an FBSG unit down to less than 0.1 vppm and preferably less than 80 vppb substantially reduces catalyst deactivation in a fluid bed syngas generator and increases the syngas productivity. When the sulfur content in natural gas fed into a FBSG containing a nickel reforming catalyst was reduced to less than 80 vppb, it resulted in less than a 1% per day activity loss. The low sulfur feed comprising primarily methane, is then fed into a syngas generating unit, along with steam and oxygen or air, and preferably oxygen, to produce a syngas comprising a mixture of H.sub.2 and CO. The syngas is then contacted with zinc oxide to reduce the sulfur level in the syngas to the less than 10 vppb and preferably less than 3 vppb levels desired for feeding the syngas to a hydrocarbon synthesis (HCS) reactor. It also serves as a guard bed in the event of a sulfur breakthrough upstream of the syngas generator and from sulfur contaminants present

Patents 237

in the syngas generating unit and from the other feed components. The very low sulfur syngas is then fed into an (HCS) reactor in which the H.sub.2 and CO react in the presence of a suitable Fischer-Tropsch type of hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst at conditions effective to form hydrocarbons. In a slurry HCS process, at least a portion of the synthesized hydrocarbons comprise the slurry liquid and are solid at standard room temperature conditions of temperature and pressure (e.g., 75.degree. F. and atmospheric pressure). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692711__ •

Shelf stable haze free liquids of overbased alkaline earth metal salts Inventor(s): Dominey; Lawrence A. (Chagrin Falls, OH), Ramey; Chester E. (Chagrin Falls, OH), Reddy; James E. (Lyndhurst, OH) Assignee(s): Omg Americas, Inc. (westlake, Oh) Patent Number: 6,689,893 Date filed: May 18, 2001 Abstract: Shelf stable haze free liquids of overbased alkaline earth metal salts are obtained by reacting metal base with fatty acids in the presence of liquid hydrocarbon and aliphatic alcohols having at least 8 carbon atoms to provide overbased liquids essentially free of a phenol or a phenolic derivative. Stabilizer compositions containing the overbased liquids and mixed metal stabilizers of zinc, cadmium and tin are provided for stabilizing halogen-containing polymers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a shelf stable haze free liquid of an alkaline earth metal salt of a fatty acid and a process of producing the liquids. Mixed metal stabilizers containing the overbased liquids and metal carboxylates of zinc, cadmium or alkyltin are provided and used as stabilizers for halogen-containing polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The preparation of overbased calcium or barium salts of carboxylic acids, alkyl phenols, and sulfonic acids are disclosed in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,616,904; 2,760,970; 2,767,164; 2,798,852; 2,802,816; 3,027,325; 3,031,284; 3,342,733; 3,533,975; 3,773,664; and 3,779,922. The use of these overbased metal salts in the halogen-containing organic polymer is described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,159,973; 4,252,698; and 3,194,823. The use of overbased barium salt in stabilizer formulations has increased during recent years. This is due, in the main, to the fact that overbased barium salts possess performance advantages over the neutral barium salts. The performance advantages associated with overbased barium salts are low plate-out, excellent color hold, good long-term heat stability performance, good compatibility with the stabilizer components, etc. Unfortunately, most of the overbased barium salts are dark in color and, while these dark colored overbased barium salts are effective stabilizers for halogen-containing organic polymer, their dark color results in the discoloration of the end product. This feature essentially prohibits the use of dark colored overbased barium salts in applications where a light colored polymer product is desired. According to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,117, light colored alkali or alkaline earth metal salts are prepared where alkyl phenol is used as a promoter. However, alkyl phenol is also a major cause for the development of color in the final product. This problem is overcome by the use of propylene oxide which displaces the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxyl group and thereby restricts the formation of colored species. However, there are disadvantages associated with this approach, principally due to the toxic nature of propylene oxide. Propylene oxide is classified as a possible carcinogen and laboratory animal inhalation studies have shown evidence of a link to

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cancer. Propylene oxide is also listed as a severe eye irritant, and prolonged exposure to propylene oxide vapors may result in permanent damage to the eye. Furthermore, propylene oxide is extremely flammable and explosive in nature under certain conditions. Propylene oxide boils at 94.degree. F. and flashes at -20.degree. F. As a result, extreme precautions are required to handle propylene oxide at the plant site. Special storage equipment is required for propylene oxide and other safety features are necessary. U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,117 describes the use of propylene oxide at 150.degree. C. At this temperature, propylene oxide will be in the gaseous phase. Under these operating conditions, more than stoichiometric amounts of propylene oxide are required to carry the reaction to completion because propylene oxide will escape from the reaction mixture and this requires additional handling of the excess propylene oxide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689893__ •

Sink roll assembly with forced hydrodynamic film lubricated bearings and selfaligning holding arms Inventor(s): Morando; Jorge A. (526 Riverview Trail, Cadiz, KY 42211) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,692,689 Date filed: December 14, 2001 Abstract: Self-aligning bearings are used for supporting a roll in molten zinc or zinc/aluminum, to permit the roll's shaft to align with the bearing axis between the pair of holding arms supporting the roll, and a pump for delivering metal under pressure to the bearing surfaces interface force a hydrodynamic film to lubricate the bearing components. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to a sink roll assembly, used for providing tension to a metal strip while rotating in molten metal, that includes forced film lubricated bearings and self-aligning holding arms. Generally, a sink roll assembly as used in the galvanizing industry comprises the following components: a roll to guide and provide tension to the metal strip, holding arms at each end of the roll to support it, and bearings in each arm to allow for its rotation. Sink roll shafts submerged in molten zinc or zinc aluminum typically have a very short life not only because of the distortion and misalignment created between the components by the high metal temperatures in which they are operating, but in addition, because of the chemical reactions that occur between the hot metal, the bearings and the roll shaft materials when operating on a boundary lubrication condition or metal-to-metal contact. I have solved some problems related to these environmental conditions. See, for example, my U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,393 issued Aug. 27, 1996, for "Self-Aligning Bearing for High Temperature Applications", U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,517 issued Feb. 17, 1998, for "Self-Aligning Bearing for High Temperature Applications; U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,369 issued Jul. 17, 2001, for "Sink Roll for Galvanizing Bath"; U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,507 issued Dec. 21, 1999, for "Material Formulation for Galvanizing Equipment Submerged in Molten Zinc and Aluminum/Zinc Melts"; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,757 issued Jan. 2, 2001 for "Material Formulation for Galvanizing Equipment Submerged in Molten Aluminum and Aluminum/Zinc Melts". Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692689__

Patents 239

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Soil modifier Inventor(s): Nagata; Ryoichi (Okayama, JP), Tsubota; Takuya (Okayama, JP), Yamaguchi; Yasuyuki (Okayama, JP), Yamauchi; Yutaka (Okayama, JP) Assignee(s): Jfe Steel Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,682,577 Date filed: November 1, 2001 Abstract: The soil modifier includes a porous material obtained by dry distillation of refuse-derived fuel to pioneer a cheap way for effectively utilizing the refuse, thereby enabling the environment to be improved by modification of soil while promoting environment preserving disposal of the refuse. The porous material includes carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a soil modifier produced from a solid fuel, or from a so-called refuse-derived fuel (RDF), obtained by molding refuse after crushing and drying. Various technologies for refuse disposal and recycling have been developed in recent years, whereby flammable refuse is picked up from wastes and recovered followed by crushing, drying and molding to form a solid fuel. Such technologies are disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Nos. 2,865,541 and 2,981,399, and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 8-86569. In these technologies, urban trash, domestic garbage, industrial waste and other refuses are crushed and dried for reducing the moisture content, followed by a selection process for removing glasses and ceramics. Then, the processed refuse is molded into a prescribed shape, for example a crayon shape, to reuse as the solid fuel. Such solid fuel from refuse is called RDF. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682577__

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Solder material, device using the same and manufacturing process thereof Inventor(s): Hori; Tetsuji (Kanagawa, JP), Komatsu; Izuru (Kanagawa, JP), Matsumoto; Kazutaka (Kanagawa, JP), Tadauchi; Masahiro (Tokyo, JP), Tateishi; Hiroshi (Kanagawa, JP), Teshima; Kouichi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba (kawasaki, Jp) Patent Number: 6,673,310 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed is a high-temperature solder material which is composed of tin, zinc and silver, or of 0.01 to 2 wt % germanium or aluminum and the balance tin, or tin and zinc at a ratio of 80/20 to 70/30. The tin/zinc/silver solder has a composition ratio that the ratio of till to zinc is within a range of 97/3 to 79/21 by weight, and the ratio of the sum of tin and zinc to silver is within a range of 88/12 to 50/50 by weight, or that the ratio of tin to zinc is within a range of 70/30 to 5/95 by weight, and the ratio of silver to the sum of tin, zinc and silver is 15% by weight or less. The solder material is used for producing electric or electronic devices and equipments. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a solder material containing no lead for soldering electric, electronic or mechanical components, and a device in which the solder material is used for bonding, and a manufacturing process for the device or apparatus using the solder material. More particularly, the invention relates to a tinbased solder material being suitable for a high-temperature solder which is used as a bonding material for manufacturing products which is significantly durable under

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increased temperature conditions, a device or apparatus produced using that solder material fur assembling, and a manufacturing process for that device using the solder material. In the current industries, soldering is widely used for bonding and assembling of various derives and apparatuses including electronic components and the like. For example, surface mounting process involves solder bonding for mounting electronic components including semiconductors, microprocessors, memories, resistors and the like on a printed circuit board. The conventional solder materials which have been popularly used are of the eutectic tin/lead alloy type which is mainly composed of tin and lead. The theoretical eutectic point of tin/lead alloy is 183.degree. C., which is lower than the temperature where most of thermoset resins start turning to a gaseous form. Accordingly, such tin/lead eutectic solder materials have an advantage that their increased temperature for bonding the components may hardly give damage to printed circuit boards and the like on when the soldering is carried out. It is hence known in the electronic industries that tin/lead eutectic solders are primary materials for assembling and soldering the components to produce an electronic device, On the other hand, hightemperature solder materials such as Pb-5%Sn are favorably used for manufacturing a semiconductor device, e.g. a power transistor, which is commonly loaded with high voltage and current and possibly generates a considerable amount of heat so that they offer higher resistance to heat at the joints. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06673310__ •

Steel sheet provided with a coating comprising a main layer of zinc-chromium alloy the predominant phase of which has a delta and/or zeta structure Inventor(s): Chaleix; Daniel (Boulay, FR), Choquet; Patrick (Longeville-les-Metz, FR), Lamande; Alain (Metz, FR), Olier; Christophe (Nancy, FR), Scott; Colin (Metz, FR) Assignee(s): Usinor (puteaux, Fr) Patent Number: 6,682,828 Date filed: July 22, 2002 Abstract: The coating plant includes a device for running a sheet to be coated along a traveling path past a window for the evaporation or sublimation of elements A an B, sources for the evaporation or sublimation of elements A and element B placed successively in a direction parallel to the traveling path so as to emit elements A and B through the window and a screen for reducing the angle of emission from the source of element B below the limit represented by an exit edge of the window, the screen being mounted so as to move translationally perpendicular to the traveling path and to move along the traveling path between the source of element A and the source of element B so as to obtain either a --A--AB--A-- or a --B--AB--B--coating. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to steel sheets provided with a coating comprising a main layer of zinc-chromium alloy, the predominant phase of which is.delta. or.zeta. The invention also relates to the plant and the process for obtaining steel sheets coated with a coating of this type of alloy. a.zeta. phase, having a monoclinic structure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682828__

Patents 241

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Surface-treated steel sheet and production method therefor Inventor(s): Hamada; Etsuo (Fukuyama, JP), Matsuzaki; Akira (Fukuyama, JP), Morita; Kenji (Kawasaki, JP), Yamaji; Takafumi (Kawasaki, JP), Yamashita; Masaaki (Fukuyama, JP) Assignee(s): Nkk Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,677,053 Date filed: December 17, 2001 Abstract: A surface-treated steel sheet includes a steel sheet, an Al--Zn-base alloy plating layer formed on the steel sheet, a chemical conversion film provided on the alloy plating layer, and a concentric layer of a Cr compound that is formed on the alloy plating layer of the chemical conversion film. The surface-treated steel sheet may include a steel sheet, an zinc-base plating layer formed on the steel sheet, and a film that contains chromium and calcium and that is formed on the zinc-base plating layer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a surface-treated steel sheet having a high corrosion resistance and a method for producing the same. Conventionally, chromate treatment films have been widely used in primary anticorrosion treatment. The chromate treatment film is formed on a surface of a zinc-base-plated steel sheet to protect the surface from corrosion until a consumer uses the steel sheet. In recent years, however, even after a product has been fabricated using such a steel-sheet material, the steel-sheet material is still required to maintain the corrosion-resisting function. Among zinc-base-plated steel sheets, a Zn--Al-base-alloy-plated steel sheet has a relatively high corrosion resistance. The resistance is higher than that of the zinc-base-plated steel sheet. The Zn--Al-base-alloy-plated steel sheet is therefore enjoying increasing demands in industrial fields, particularly in the field of building materials. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677053__

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Target for transparent electroconductive film, transparent electroconductive material, transparent electroconductive glass and transparent electroconductive film Inventor(s): Inoue; Kazuyoshi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,689,477 Date filed: November 25, 2002 Abstract: The invention includes sintered products for transparent electroconductive films, which are formed into films in a stable and efficient manner through sputtering or the like, sputtering targets of the sintered products, and transparent electroconductive glass and films formed from the targets. The transparent electroconductive glass and films have good transparency, good electroconductivity and good workability into electrodes, and are therefore favorable to transparent electrodes in organic electroluminescent devices as realizing good hole injection efficiency therein. The sintered products contain constituent components of indium oxide, tin oxide and zinc oxide in specific atomic ratios of the metal atoms, and optionally contain specific metal oxides of ruthenium oxide, molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, etc. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to sintered metal oxides of great use as blanks for transparent electroconductive films for display devices and others, to targets of the sintered products for forming transparent electroconductive films, to transparent

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electroconductive materials, and to transparent electroconductive glass and films formed from the targets. Recently, various display devices such as liquid-crystal displays, electroluminescent displays, field emission displays and others have been introduced into office appliances and also control systems in factories. These devices all have a sandwich structure with a display member put between transparent electroconductive films. For the transparent electroconductive films, much used is indium oxide-tin oxide (hereinafter referred to as ITO) to give ITO films. The ITO films are highly transparent and have low electric resistance, and, in addition, they are well etched and their adhesiveness to substrates is good. As having such good properties, the ITO films are widely used in the art. In general, the ITO films are formed in various methods of sputtering, ion-plating, vapor deposition, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689477__ •

Transparent electrode made from indium-zinc-oxide and etchant for etching the same Inventor(s): Ahn; You Shin (Kumi-shi, KR), Lee; Hu Kag (Kumi-shi, KR) Assignee(s): Lg. Philips Lcd Co., Ltd. (seoul, Kr) Patent Number: 6,682,658 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: A pixel electrode employs a transparent electrode made from indium-zincoxide (IZO) that is capable of preventing damage and bending thereof. In a liquid crystal display device containing pixel electrodes, the transparent electrode is made from indium-zinc-oxide (IZO) having an amorphous structure so that it can be etched within a short period of time with a low concentration of etchant. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent damage and bending of the transparent electrode upon the patterning thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a transparent electrode capable of improving etching characteristics. The present invention is also directed to an etchant suitable for etching a transparent electrode. Generally, a liquid crystal display (LCD) of an active matrix driving system uses thin film transistors (TFT's) as switching devices to display a natural moving picture. Since such a LCD can be made into a smaller device in size than the existent Brown tube, it has been widely used for a monitor for a personal computer or a notebook computer as well as for office automation equipment such as a copy machine, etc. and portable equipment such as a cellular phone, a pager, etc. The pixel electrode 108 is usually made from a transparent conductive material such as indiumtin-oxide (ITO). This ITO film is entirely deposited on the organic insulating film 104 and thereafter patterned in such a manner to overlap with the signal wire 106. Upon patterning of the ITO film, however, the edge portion of the ITO film may be often twisted or damaged after being etched with an etchant. If the edge portion of the ITO film formed on the organic insulating film 104 is twisted or damaged, then the width of the overlapping portion between the pixel electrode 108 and the signal wire 106 is narrowed which generates light leakage from the overlapping portion. Pattern badness of the ITO film is caused by a poor interface-bonding characteristic of the ITO film to the organic insulating film 104. Particularly, pattern badness is caused by a fact that the ITO film is etched with an etchant which has a high concentration of strong acid and also the etching of the ITO film is made at a low speed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682658__

Patents 243

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Zinc citrate beads in oral compositions Inventor(s): Ryles; Christine Watson (Milford, CT), Urbaez; Jesus Antonio (Waterbury, CT), Williams; David Robert (Monroe, CT), Ziemkiewicz; Alexander George (Shelton, CT) Assignee(s): Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa, Division of Conopco, Inc. (greenwich, Ct) Patent Number: 6,682,720 Date filed: December 27, 2002 Abstract: An oral product, particularly for anti-tartar use, is provided which includes from about 0.001 to about 20% of beads which include a zinc salt, the zinc salt having an average particle size ranging from about 0.01 to about 5 mm, and a dental base. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns anti-tartar dental compositions based on zinc citrate which have improved taste. Tartar, known also as calculus, is a hard mineralized deposit which forms around teeth. This formation arises from deposition of crystals of calcium phosphate in the pellicle and the extracellular matrix of dental plaque. Various forms of calcium phosphate have been identified but the most difficult to remove and thermodynamically most stable form is called hydroxyapatite (HAP). Amorphous forms of calcium phosphate are believed to be the precursors of HAP. Regular brushing can usually remove the amorphous forms but is not fully effective to dislodge the final stable calculus form. Therefore it is desirable to prevent amorphous forms of calcium phosphate from transforming into HAP. The art has recognized that agents which interfere with the formation of HAP crystallization will be effective anti-tartar agents. Zinc citrate has for many years been formulated into commercial dentifrices as an antitartar agent. Not only does it interfere with HAP crystallization, but it also has antibacterial activity. In the United Sates, zinc citrate has been formulated into toothpastes marketed under the Mentadent.RTM., Close-Up.RTM. and Aim.RTM. brands sold by the Unilever operating companies. The technology is described in disclosures such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,022,880 (Vinson et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,647,452 (Ritchey et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,803 (Williams et al.). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682720__

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Zinc ionophores as therapeutic agents Inventor(s): Fliss; Henry (Ottawa, CA) Assignee(s): Zinc Therapeutics, Canada Inc. (toronto, Ca) Patent Number: 6,689,774 Date filed: July 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions comprising one or more zinc ionophores for protecting tissue from the harmful effects of apoptosis in patients in need thereof. Concentrations of zinc-pyrithione and diethyldithiocarbamate in the picomolar to nanomolar range have a strong protective effect against apoptosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of protecting tissue from apoptosis using zinc ionophores. The present invention also relates to a method of protecting cells against the harmful effects of injurious agents, for example, oxidants, TNF.alpha., neurotoxins, ischemia and radiation. Zinc plays a critical role in cellular biology, and is involved in virtually every important cellular process such as transcription, translation,

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ion transport, and others (O'Halloran, T. V. (1993) Science 261:715-725; Cousins, R. J. (1994) Annu.Rev.Nutr. 14:449-469; Harrison, N. L. et al. (1994) Neuropharmacology 33:935-952; Berg, J. M. et al. (1996) Science 271:1081-1085). The involvement of cellular zinc in apoptosis has been recognized for close to 20 years (Sunderman, F. W., Jr. (1995) Ann.Clin.Lab.Sci. 25:134-142; Fraker, P. J. et al. (1997) Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med. 215:229236.). However, the full nature of this involvement is not fully understood. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death normally activated under physiological conditions, such as involution in tissue remodelling during morphogenesis, and several immunological processes. The apoptotic process is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and internucleosomal degradation of the cell's DNA (Verhaegen et al. (1995) Biochem. Pharmacol. 50 (7):1021-1029). Numerous in vitro studies have been done recently in an attempt to elucidate the role of intracellular zinc. Although some studies have suggested that zinc may actually induce apoptosis (Xu, J. et al. (1996) Am.J.Physiol. 270:G60-G70; Kim, Y. H. et al., (1999) Neuroscience 89:175-182), most have concluded that increasing the intracellular concentrations of zinc blocks apoptosis (Sunderman, F. W., Jr. (1995) Ann.Clin.Lab.Sci. 25:134-142; Adebodun, F. et al. (1995) J.Cell.Physiol. 163:80-86; Zalewski, P. D., et al. (1993) Biochem.J. 296:403-408), and that decreasing the zinc concentration promotes apoptosis (Jiang, S., et al. (1995) Lab.Invest. 73:111-117; Treves, S., et al. (1994) Exp.Cell Res. 211:339-343; Ahn, Y. H., et al. (1998) Exp.Neurol. 154:47-56). The manner in which increased intracellular zinc affords protection against apoptosis is not clear. (Truong-Tran, A. Q. et al., (2000) J. Nutr. 130:1459S-1466S) One theory proposes that zinc inactivates the intracellular endonuclease(s) responsible for apoptotic DNA fragmentation (Shiokawa, D., et al. (1994) Eur.J.Biochem. 226:23-30; Yao, M. et al., (1996) J.Mol.Cell.Cardiol. 28:95-101). Other recent studies have suggested that zinc can inhibit caspases (Jiang, S., et al. (1997) Cell Death Differ. 4:39-50; Perry, D. K., et al. (1997) J.Biol.Chem. 272:18530-18533; Maret, W., et al. (1999) Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 96:1936-1940), or block the activation of caspases (Aiuchi, T., et al. (1998) J.Biochem. 124:300-303). However, in view of the large number of intracellular roles played by zinc, it seems likely that its anti-apoptotic mechanisms may be more complex, possibly involving gene expression and cellular signalling pathways. In fact, recent studies support a role for zinc transients in intracellular signalling and gene expression (O'Halloran, T. V. (1993) Science 261:715725; Berg, J. M., et al., (1996) Science 271:1081-1085). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689774__ •

Zn-Co-W alloy electroplated steel sheet with excellent corrosion resistance and weldability, and electrolyte for plating same Inventor(s): Kim; Myung-Su (Pohang-si, KR) Assignee(s): Posco (kr) Patent Number: 6,677,057 Date filed: August 21, 2002 Abstract: A Zn--Co--W alloy electroplated steel sheet with excellent corrosion resistance and weldability, and an electrolyte for manufacturing same are provided. The plating layer consisting of Co: 0.1-3.0 wt %, and zinc: balance, is formed on the steel sheet and all tungsten plating is carried out with metallic tungsten; an electrolyte for manufacturing a Zn--Co--W alloy electroplated steel sheet, comprising zinc chloride: 60200 g/l, cobalt chloride: 0.1-6.0 g/l, tungsten: 0.1-4.0 g/l, citric acid: 0.5-10.0 g/l, polyethylene glycol: 0.1-2.0 m/l and electric conductive aid: 30-400 g/l, wherein

Patents 245

substantially all of the tungsten ions form a complex compound with citric acid, thereby preventing formation of sludge; and a Zn--Co--W alloy electroplated steel sheet, on which a plating layer is formed by electroplating the steel in the electrolyte. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a Zn--Co--W alloy electroplated steel sheet and an electrolyte for manufacturing the same, and more particularly to a Zn--Co--W alloy electroplated steel sheet with excellent corrosion resistance and weldability, and an electrolyte for manufacturing the same in a stable manner. In recent years, zinc plated steel sheet has been favored over competing steel sheets having other corrosion resistant surfaces and has been widely used for automobiles, household electric appliances and construction materials because of its excellent corrosion resistance. However, new plated steel sheets with high corrosion resistance by coatings in the form of a thin film are now required in terms of energy and resource savings. To meet these requirements, a Zn--Fe--and a Zn--Ni-- alloy electroplated steel sheet have been developed and now are commercially available. In addition, a Zn--Cr alloy plated steel sheet has been developed. However, as for a Zn--Fe alloy plated steel sheet, iron is contained in a plating layer which is formed on the steel sheet. Therefore, when the steel sheet is exposed to a corrosive atmosphere, the plating layer protects the steel sheet by sacrificial anticorrosive reaction. However, the plating layer is dissolved and then iron therein is oxidized to produce a red corrosive product. Final consumers consider it as a rusted steel sheet and thus tend to avoid the use of the Zn--Fe alloy plated steel sheet. Furthermore, there is a disadvantage in that ferrous ion is oxidized to ferric ion, thereby forming sludge during manufacturing the Zn--Fe alloy plated steel sheet. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677057__

Patent Applications on Zinc As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to zinc: •

Adhesion promoter in conversion solutions Inventor(s): Koch, Alina M.; (Duesseldorf, DE), Quellhorst, Heike; (Duesseldorf, DE), Schenzle, Bernd; (Heidelberg, DE) Correspondence: Henkel Corporation; The Triad, Suite 200; 2200 Renaissance BLVD.; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20040020564 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: An aqueous solution for producing a conversion layer on metal surfaces, which has a pH in the range 1.5 to 6 and which contains the complex fluorides of Ti, Zr, Hf, Si and/or B, in an amount such that the concentration of Ti, Zr, Hf, Si and/or B is 20 to 500 mg/l, and 0.1 to 2 g/l of adhesion-promoting lacquer additives and wherein the composition of the aqueous solution is selected so that no crystalline zinc-containing phosphate layer is produced on the metallic surface. The lacquer additive preferably contains an element M selected from the group B, Al, Si, Ti and Zr, wherein at least one

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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hydroxyl group and one or more organic groups R are preferably bonded to the element M, wherein the organic group or organic groups R are selected independently of each other from hydrocarbon groups with 3 to 16 carbon atoms or from --(CH.sub.2).sub.x--Y groups, wherein x is an integer from 1 to 10 and Y represents a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, a primary or secondary amine group, a carboxyl group, an acrylic or methacrylic acid group or an oxirane group or each represents a fragment of a molecule which contains one or more of the groups mentioned or acid groups. Excerpt(s): This invention lies within the field of corrosion protection of metal surfaces in which a corrosion protective conversion layer is produced. This conversion layer is used as the adherent primer for a subsequent lacquer finish. There is extensive prior art relating to the deposition of corrosion protective layers on polished metal surfaces to increase the corrosion protection. In the following, a few examples of documents are given which have the chromium-free treatment of aluminum surfaces in particular as the object. This type of treatment is generally also suitable for zinc surfaces and optionally also for iron surfaces. The expression "conversion treatment" used here means that the components in the treatment solution react chemically with the metal surface, which produces a corrosion protection layer in which both components from the treatment solution and also metal atoms from the metal surface are incorporated. (d) up to 0.6 g/l of hexafluorotitanic acid. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Alkaline cell with performance enhancing additives Inventor(s): Armacanqui, Miguel E.; (Madison, WI), Bushong, William C.; (Madison, WI), Mihara, David R.; (Madison, WI), Moy, Gregory S.; (Madison, WI), Ndzebet, Ernest; (Madison, WI), Poirier, Jeffrey A.; (Madison, WI), Vu, Viet H.; (Verona, WI) Correspondence: Quarles & Brady Llp; 411 E. Wisconsin Avenue; Suite 2040; Milwaukee; WI; 53202-4497; US Patent Application Number: 20040033418 Date filed: February 27, 2003 Abstract: A sulfonic acid type organic surfactant is incorporated into the gelled anode mixture of an alkaline electrochemical cell, optionally with an organic phosphate ester surfactant. Zinc fines may also be incorporated into the anode. The electrolyte included in the anode mixture may have a reduced hydroxide concentration. When a cell is provided whose anode mixture includes the two surfactants and zinc fines alone or in combination with a lowered hydroxide concentration in the electrolyte, discharge leakage is reduced and gel gassing is suppressed relative to that of gels lacking both surfactants. Additionally, cell discharge performance is improved relative to that of cells lacking both the zinc fines and lowered hydroxide concentration. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/090,137, filed Feb. 27, 2002 and entitled "Alkaline Cell with Gassing Inhibitors", the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in its entirety herein. Not yet determined. The depletion of hydroxide ions can become prominent during medium and high continuous discharge rates and induce depressed cell performance due to anode failure in these cases. Furthermore, when the electrolyte is saturated with zincate Zn(OH).sub.4.sup.2-produced in the above reaction, the zincate precipitates to form zinc oxide which, in turn, passivates the zinc anode, thereby lowering cell performance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 247

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Alkaline cell with polymer electrolyte Inventor(s): Boulton, Jonathan M.; (North Attleboro, MA), Fooksa, Radek; (Needham, MA), Parent, C. Robert; (Westwood, MA) Correspondence: Barry D. Josephs; Attorney AT Law; 19 North ST.; Salem; MA; 01970; US Patent Application Number: 20040023110 Date filed: July 31, 2002 Abstract: An alkaline cell having an anode comprising zinc, a cathode comprising manganese dioxide and an electrolyte comprising polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammoniumhydroxide. The anode can comprise particulate zinc dispersed within an aqueous gel comprising crosslinked polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammoniumhyd- roxide polymer. Optionally, aqueous KOH can be added to the gel. The anode and cathode are desirably in the shape of a slab each having a pair of opposing parallel flat faces defining two opposing ends. The zinc particles dispersed in crosslinked polyvinylbenzytrimethylammoniumhydroxi- de polymer can be concentrated at one end of the anode slab with the opposing end being clear of zinc. The clear end of the anode preferably also comprising polyvinylbenzlytrimethylammoniumhydroxide functions as a separator between anode and cathode. The cathode slab comprises a mixture of particulate manganese dioxide, graphite, and linear polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammoniumhydroxide polymer. The polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammoniumhydroxide polymer functions to bind the manganese dioxide particles and also functions as electrolyte during cell discharge. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an alkaline cell with a polyelectrolyte comprising polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide. Conventional alkaline electrochemical cells have an anode comprising zinc and a cathode comprising manganese dioxide. The cell is typically formed of a cylindrical casing. The casing is initially formed with an enlarged open end and opposing closed end. After the cell contents are supplied, an end cap with insulating plug is inserted into the open end. The cell is closed by crimping the casing edge over an edge of the insulating plug and radially compressing the casing around the insulating plug to provide a tight seal. A portion of the cell casing at the closed end forms the positive terminal. The cell casing may also be in the form of a button cell or have a flat housing, for example, of rectangular or prismatic shape. Primary alkaline electrochemical cells typically include a zinc anode active material, an alkaline electrolyte, a manganese dioxide cathode active material, and an electrolyte permeable separator film, typically of cellulose or cellulosic and polyvinylalcohol fibers. The term anode active material or cathode active material as used herein shall mean material within the anode or cathode, respectively, which undergoes useful electrochemical reaction upon cell discharge. The anode active material can include for example, zinc particles admixed with conventional gelling agents, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or the sodium salt of an acrylic acid copolymer, and an electrolyte. The gelling agent serves to suspend the zinc particles and to maintain them in contact with one another. Typically, a conductive metal nail inserted into the anode active material serves as the anode current collector, which is electrically connected to the negative terminal end cap. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Antifungal compositions Inventor(s): Buechter, Douglas D.; (Wallingford, CT), Murphy, Randall B.; (Irvington, NY), Rice, William G.; (Madison, CT) Correspondence: Patrea L. Pabst; Holland & Knight Llp; Suite 2000, One Atlantic Center; 1201 West Peachtree Street, N.E.; Atlanta; GA; 30309-3400; US Patent Application Number: 20040018983 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: Methods for elucidating an antifungal or anti-yeast compound which selectively bind to a fungal or yeast zinc finger-containing protein within a fungus are disclosed. Assays of screening for compounds that are effective for binding to a fungal or yeast zinc finger-containing protein are also provided. It is also provided a pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of a compound or compounds identified as effective for binding to or associating with a fungal or yeast zinc finger-containing protein using the disclosed methods. Fungal and/or yeast infections can be treated or prevented by administering to a patient in need of treatment the pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of an compound or compounds identified as effective for binding to or associating with a fungal or yeast zinc finger-containing protein using the disclosed methods. Excerpt(s): Priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional application Serial No. 60/343,417, filed Dec. 21, 2001, the teachings of which are incorporated herein. This application generally relates to the field of anti-fungal or anti-yeast compounds. Specifically, the application is drawn to compounds that bind to zinc finger-containing motifs within proteins thereby altering the biological function and structure of the protein. More specifically, the application relates to methods for determining the biological activity and chemical specificity of compounds that bind to or associate with zinc finger-containing motifs within proteins thereby altering the biological function and structure of the protein. Systemic fungal infections in man are relatively rare in temperate countries. Many of the fungi that can become pathogenic normally live commensally in the body although they are common in the environment. However, the past few decades have witnessed an increasing incidence of numerous life-threatening systemic fungal infections worldwide. These diseases now represent a major threat to many susceptible patients, particularly those already hospitalized. Most of the increase can be attributed to improved survival of immunocompromised patients and the chronic use of antimicrobial agents. Moreover, the flora typical of many common fungal infections is also changing and this is presenting an epidemiological challenge of increasing importance. Patients at greatest risk include those with impaired immune functioning, either directly as a result of immunosuppression from cytotoxic drugs or HIV infection, or secondary to other debilitating diseases such as cancer, acute leukemia, invasive surgical techniques or prolonged exposure to anti-microbial agents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 249

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Asphalt-based formulations and method of making and using the same for paving and coating applications Inventor(s): Adams, Vanessa; (Charlotte, NC), Golzar, Babak; (Charlotte, NC), Mormile, Patrick J.; (Waxham, NC), Takamura, Koichi; (Charlotte, NC) Correspondence: Basf Corporation; Anne Gerry Sabourin; 26701 Telegraph Road; Southfield; MI; 48034-2442; US Patent Application Number: 20040014845 Date filed: March 10, 2003 Abstract: An asphalt-based, cold paving/coating formulation that provides increased flexibility with respect to the choice of aggregate types, asphalt emulsion types, type and amount of the surfactants used to produce the asphalt emulsion, asphalt emulsion pH's and application temperature's than conventional cold paving/coating formulations while providing good mix times and curing behavior. The asphalt-based formulation can be formed by mixing water; an asphalt emulsion; at least one first compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkali metal hydroxides, ammonium salts, and ammonium hydroxide; at least one second compound in aqueous solution selected from the group consisting of Group IIA salts, Group IIIA salts, Group IIIB salts, copper salts, zinc salts, cadmium salts, manganese salts, iron salts, cobalt salts, and nickel salts; and optionally aggregate. Also, a method of preparing an asphalt-based formulation using these components. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/US01/44988, which was filed on Nov. 20, 2001 (20.11.01), which claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 09/790,273, filed on Feb. 21, 2001 (21.02.01), and to U.S. Ser. No. 60/256,709, filed on Dec. 18, 2000 (18.12.00), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to asphalt-based formulations for paving and coating applications and particularly to asphalt-based paving formulations for use in cold paving applications such as microsurfacing and slurry seal applications and for coating substrates. There are two types of paving technologies used today for producing asphalt-based formulations for application to a surface to produce pavement: hot mix paving and cold paving. In hot mix paving, aggregates are heated to a temperature above 200.degree. C. to remove residual water and mixed with molten asphalt at a temperature above 165.degree. C. Because hot mix paving requires providing the aggregate and the asphalt at high temperatures, there are considerable energy requirements and cost associated with hot mix processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Coated steel alloy product Inventor(s): Pradhan, Rajendra; (Nazareth, PA), Shastry, C. Ramadeva; (Bethlehem, PA) Correspondence: Harold I. Masteller, JR.; P.O. Box 302; 3325 Greenwood Drive; Springtown; PA; 18081; US Patent Application Number: 20040033386 Date filed: July 25, 2003 Abstract: A high strength dual phase cold rolled steel having controlled amounts of carbon, manganese, and molybdenum is used as a starting material in a hot-dip zinc coating process to manufacture a high strength dual phase cold rolled steel having a

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conventional galvanized or galvannealed coating applied to at least one surface thereof, the zinc coated steel product having a uniform coating of zinc in spite of the high manganese content of the steel. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/016,062 filed Nov. 15, 2001. The present invention is directed to a coated high strength dual phase steel product containing carbon, manganese and molybdenum where conventional hot-dip zinc coating is applied to the product using a galvanizing/galvannealing process having processing conditions normally employed for low and ultra low carbon steels that do not contain easily oxidized and intentionally added alloying elements such as manganese and silicon. Earlier patents, that do not appear to anticipate the present invention, and therefore, are disclosed as background information, show that it is known to use conventional hot-dip galvanizing processes to apply conventional hot-dip zinc coatings to the surface of steels for corrosion protection. Such galvanizing processes generally involve heating a steel substrate under controlled conditions, immersing the steel into a molten bath of a coating metal such as zinc or a zinc alloy, and cooling the coated material for further downstream processing and/or subsequent use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Coating process Inventor(s): Boettger, John Matthew; (Fayetteville, NY), Garosshen, Thomas J.; (Glastonbury, CT), Reed, Allan; (Ellon, GB) Correspondence: Wall Marjama & Bilinski; 101 South Salina Street; Suite 400; Syracuse; NY; 13202; US Patent Application Number: 20040026259 Date filed: May 22, 2003 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for electroplating a selected surface area of a component with a crushable zinc alloy, the method comprising utilising a relatively low current density in an alkaline solution during the electroplating process to provide a crushable coating of said zinc alloy on said selected surface area. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coating process, and in particular to an electroplating process for use in applying a zinc alloy coating to a component, and also to components coated in accordance with such a process. Recently, there have been significant advances in the design of screw machines, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,947,710 and 6,167,711, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Based on these and other advances, "zero clearance" compressor screws have been produced, one of the main advantages of such compressors being that the screws may operate effectively and efficiently in the presence of minimal or no sealing and lubricating oil between the screw rotor profiles. However, it has proved difficult to achieve the associated high tolerances in the screw rotor profiles using techniques which are commercially viable. It is known to coat metal components to provide selected surface characteristics, one of the most commonly used coating processes being electroplating. The majority of techniques used for electroplating are carried out under acidic conditions where the coatings formed are continuous and generally robust and thus provide effective anti-corrosion protection. By adding so-called "brighteners", the formed coatings also have a high quality or "bright" finish. Examples of such techniques are described in European Patent Application No. 0100777 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,104,133, 6,071,631 and 5,283,131.

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Composition in the form of an emulsion that can be used to treat plantar bromhidrosis and/or hyperhidrosis Inventor(s): Salas, Jesus Tanco; (Zaragoza, ES) Correspondence: Bazerman & Drangel, P.C.; 60 East 42nd Street; Suite 820; New York; NY; 10165; US Patent Application Number: 20040033247 Date filed: May 29, 2003 Abstract: Said improvements consist of improved emulsion form compositions comprising hexamethylenetetramine or a derivative thereof and zinc oxide, which can be used as body deodorant. Excerpt(s): This invention is generally related to improvements introduced in the object of Spanish patent application number P9800863. This invention particularly refers to emulsion form deodorant compositions comprising an aqueous phase containing hexamethylenetetramine or a derivative thereof, and an oily phase containing zinc oxide. The topical application of deodorant products for the purpose of suppressing unpleasant odors is a well known fact. In this sense, numerous deodorant products in solid or liquid composition forms are known. In spite of this, there is still the need for developing new deodorant products for the purpose of increasing the user's choice capacity. Spanish patent application number P9800863 discloses an emulsion form composition, useful for the elaboration of cosmetic or pharmaceutical products intended for the treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis and/or bromhidrosis, comprising an oily phase containing between 2% and 6% by weight of zinc oxide with regard to the total composition weight, and an aqueous phase comprising between 2% and 6% by weight of hexamethylenetetramine or a derivative thereof with regard to the total composition weight. Now it has been found that such compositions as well as the compositions resulting from varying the concentrations of said components in their respective phases, within determined intervals, can be used in the elaboration of body deodorants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compositions for prevention and treatment of cold and influenza-like symptoms comprising chelated zinc Inventor(s): De La Harpe, Shane Michael; (Cornwall, GB), Khanolkar, Jayant Ekanth; ( Surrey, GB), McDonald, Michael Ray; (Middletown, OH), Rennie, Paul John; (Surrey, GB), Sutton, Richard Matthew Charles; (Surrey, GB) Correspondence: The Procter & Gamble Company; Intellectual Property Division; Winton Hill Technical Center - Box 161; 6110 Center Hill Avenue; Cincinnati; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20040033260 Date filed: June 6, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is directed to respiratory tract compositions, particularly nasal compositions, that are highly effective in the prevention and treatment of cold and influenza-like symptoms due to respiratory tract viral infections. These compositions

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comprise chelated and unchelated zinc ions, wherein the quantity of chelated zinc ions is at least about 50.1%. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/692,634 (P&G Case 8308), filed on Oct. 19, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/421,131 (P&G Case 7831), filed on Oct. 19, 1999. The present invention is directed to respiratory tract compositions for the prevention and treatment of cold and influenzalike symptoms due to respiratory tract viral infections, wherein these compositions are effective in both preventing the onset of the symptoms of colds and influenza or significantly mitigating them if an individual is already afflicted with such symptoms. In particular, the present invention is directed to respiratory tract compositions, particularly nasal compositions, comprising a combination of chelated and unchelated ionic zinc compounds that provide for the prevention and treatment of cold and influenza-like symptoms. It is known that many different viruses and viral strains bring on symptoms associated with respiratory viral infections including symptoms associated with the common cold and influenza. A number of remedies to alleviate the symptoms of the common cold and influenza have been suggested. Typical remedies to alleviate symptoms of the common cold include cough/cold products that contain one or more of the following actives: nasal decongestants such as pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline, antihistamines such as doxylamine, antitussives such as dextromethorphan, expectorants such as guaifenesin and anti-pyretics such as acetaminophen. Treatment of symptoms associated with influenza includes vaccination and the use of specific antiviral drugs, including those antiviral drugs that have been reviewed by A. Elliot and J. Ellis, 2000, Pharmaceutical Journal, 265, 446-451. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Cooper preservative treatment Inventor(s): Cavallotti, Pietro Luigi; (Milano, IT), Cereda, Flavio; (Cologno Monzese, IT), Sirtori, Vittorio; (Milano, IT), Zambon, Franco; (Cernusco Sul Naviglio, IT) Correspondence: Connolly Bove Lodge & Hutz Llp; Suite 800; 1990 M Street NW; Washington; DC; 20036-3425; US Patent Application Number: 20040020566 Date filed: July 29, 2003 Abstract: A method of pretreating a copper surface for protecting the surface from oxidation, by immersing the surface in a solution containing organic solderabilty preservatives, such as BenzoTriAzole, with the addition of a zinc salt. The method is particularly useful in the manufacturing of electronic Printed Circuit Boards for protecting the copper surfaces during the solder processes when the PCB undergoes high temperature. The addition of the zinc salts also gives the additional advantage of increasing the solderabilty properties of the copper surface (i.e. wettability and adhesion). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for protecting a copper surface, particularly in the manufacturing of electronic circuit boards. The use of tin base solder alloys is common in electronic applications, particularly in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards (PCB), for assembly of components onto the boards, providing mechanical and electrical connection. These tin solder alloys are useful in joining integrated circuit chips to chip carriers and substrates, joining chip carriers to substrates, and joining circuitization lands and pads in multilayer printed circuit boards. In the manufacturing

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of a microelectronic package, it is common practice to attach a component onto a printed circuit board or the like, for example by surface mounting utilizing a solder connection. For this purpose, the board features a circuit trace including a pad that constitutes a first surface for the connection; similarly, the component includes a second surface, for example a contact. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

CORROSION-INHIBITING COATING Inventor(s): Phelps, Andrew W.; (Kettering, OH), Sturgill, Jeffrey A.; (Fairborn, OH) Correspondence: Killworth, Gottman, Hagan & Schaeff, L.L.P.; Suite 500; One Dayton Centre; Dayton; OH; 45402-2023; US Patent Application Number: 20040016363 Date filed: July 24, 2002 Abstract: A corrosion-inhibiting coating, process, and system that provides a tight, adherent zinc- or zinc-alloy coating that is directly deposited onto steel or cast iron surfaces for enhanced corrosion protection. A process for applying the coating is also provided. The process includes the application of two sequential aqueous baths. The first bath contains a precursor zinc compound while the second bath contains a reducing agent to deposit the zinc directly upon the steel or cast iron. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a corrosion-inhibiting coating, process for creating the corrosion-inhibiting coating, and a corrosion-inhibiting coating bath. More specifically, the present invention relates to a coating, process, and system using zinc- or a zinc-alloy as an adherent that is directly deposited onto a steel surface for enhanced corrosion protection. Steel or cast iron materials such as those used for fasteners, automotive bodies, and industrial processing equipment require protection from corrosion due to the low oxidation-reduction (redox) potential of iron. Typically, these materials are coated with a thin "sacrificial" coating of a material with an even lower redox potential. The two materials that are typically used as sacrificial materials for steels are cadmium and zinc, or alloys composed of the same. During corrosive attack, these cadmium or zinc sacrificial materials are themselves preferentially corroded, maintaining the structural integrity of the underlying steel. In instances where these sacrificial materials are removed from the steel surface, corrosive attack of the underlying steel will begin. For example, if the zinc layer which protects the steel is removed, then the underlying steel begins to corrode. Additionally, if the steel is galvanically coupled to a third metal that has a lower redox potential than iron, then that third metal will begin to corrode once the "sacrificial" layer of zinc or cadmium is removed. This process is frequently observed during aircraft maintenance procedures. Cadmium-plated steel fasteners are used in aluminum alloy wing and fuselage sections. During routine maintenance, the cadmium plate is frequently removed from the fasteners, setting up a steel-aluminum galvanic couple. This inevitably results in corrosion of the lower redox potential material (aluminum). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cosmetic composition comprising an extract of emblica officinalis and methods of using same Inventor(s): Fares, Hani; (Somerset, NJ), Foltis, Sidney P.; (Nutley, NJ), Galdi, Angelike; (Westfield, NJ), Hansenne, Isabelle; (Westfield, NJ) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow,; Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.; 1300 I Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20040028642 Date filed: April 28, 2003 Abstract: The present invention concerns cosmetic compositions and methods comprising an extract of Emblica officinalis and at least one ingredient chosen from dihydroxy acetone, a dibenzoyl methane derivative, ultrafine particles of zinc oxide, ultrafine particles of titanium oxide, astaxanthin, retinoids, alpha-hydroxy acids, betahydroxy acids, polyhydroxy acids, hydroquinone, compounds useful for the treatment of dandruff, hair colorants, hair pigments, and hair dyes. The addition of emblica extract to these compositions has the advantage of increasing their stability and therefore increasing or prolonging their effectiveness in such cosmetic compositions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cosmetic compositions comprising an extract of Emblica officinalis and to methods of using such compositions. It is known that the exposure of skin and keratin fibers to ultraviolet-A (UV-A) radiation, with wavelengths from 320 nm and 400 nm, can tan the skin, but the exposure to UV-A radiation can also have an adverse effect on the skin, scalp, and keratin fibers over time. For example, exposure of the skin to UV-A radiation can cause a loss in the elasticity of the skin and the appearance of wrinkles, promoting a premature aging thereof. The UV-A rays may also cause the triggering of an erythemal reaction, or the reddening of skin in response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation, in certain individuals, and can also be the source of certain phototoxic or photoallergic reactions. Accordingly, it is desirable to prevent the exposure of skin to UV-A radiation. A variety of organic sunscreen agents which absorb some UV-A irradiation are known. For example, derivatives of dibenzoylmethane, and, in particular, 4-(tert-butyl)-4'-methoxydibenzoyl methane, also known as avobenzone, are used in sunscreen compositions that can be applied to the skin. These compositions generally exhibit a high intrinsic absorption capacity for UV-A rays. It is known, however, that dibenzoyl methane derivatives can be unstable when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, especially UV-A, for long periods of time. For example, the dibenzoylmethane derivative avobenzone is known in the art as a useful ingredient in sunscreen compositions. But it is known that sunscreen compositions containing a mixture of avobenzone and other compounds useful as sunscreens, such as octyl methoxy cinnamate, are not always photostable. One solution to such a problem is to increase the concentration of the sun-screening agents in the sunscreen compositions. This solution, however, is not always feasible, as increasing the amount of such compounds can considerably increase the cost of such formulations and can also increase the chance of skin irritation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Crosslinking with metal oxides other than zinc oxide Inventor(s): Buras, Paul J.; (West University Place, TX), Butler, James R.; (Friendswood, TX), Lee, Bill; (Humble, TX) Correspondence: Fina Technology Inc; PO Box 674412; Houston; TX; 77267-4412; US Patent Application Number: 20040030008 Date filed: August 6, 2002 Abstract: It has been discovered that divalent metal oxides other than zinc oxide (ZnO) perform equivalently as activators in preparing asphalt polymer compositions. Typically, the crosslinker in these compositions is sulfur. Divalent metal oxides such as cupric oxide (CuO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO) provide alternative activators to give versatility to designing asphalt polymer compositions. In addition, some of these alternative divalent metal oxides are less expensive than the traditionally used ZnO. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to hydrocarbon-based binders, such as bitumens, asphalts and tars, modified with elastomers, and including a vulcanized stage, which are particularly useful as industrial coatings and road bitumens, or the like. It relates more particularly to processes for obtaining vulcanized compositions based on bitumens and on styrene/butadiene copolymers that use activators. The use of bitumen (asphalt) compositions in preparing aggregate compositions (including, but not just limited to, bitumen and rock) useful as road paving material is complicated by at least three factors, each of which imposes a serious challenge to providing an acceptable product. First, the bitumen compositions must meet certain performance criteria or specifications in order to be considered useful for road paving. For example, to ensure acceptable performance, state and federal agencies issue specifications for various bitumen applications including specifications for use as road pavement. Current Federal Highway Administration specifications require a bitumen (asphalt) product to meet defined parameters relating to properties such as viscosity, toughness, tenacity and ductility. Each of these parameters define a critical feature of the bitumen composition, and compositions failing to meet one or more of these parameters will render that composition unacceptable for use as road pavement material. Conventional bitumen compositions frequently cannot meet all of the requirements of a particular specification simultaneously and, if these specifications are not met, damage to the resulting road can occur, including, but not necessarily limited to, permanent deformation, thermally induced cracking and flexural fatigue. This damage greatly reduces the effective life of paved roads. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Dental x-ray apparatus Inventor(s): Carlson, Todd R.; (Glenview, IL), Kantor, Arkady; (Buffalo Grove, IL), Molteni, Roberto; (Arlington Heights, IL), Murphy, Daniel P.; (York, PA) Correspondence: Douglas J. Hura; Dentsply International INC.; 570 West College Avenue; York; PA; 17405-0872; US Patent Application Number: 20040032930 Date filed: August 11, 2003

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Abstract: A dental x-ray apparatus (10) includes a tube head (11) formed from a cast zinc material. Structural components of tube head (11) include such component (20) formed from a plastic material impregnated with a high molecular weight substance, such as barium sulfite. X-ray apparatus 10 has a control panel (15) in close proximity to the tube head (11), and is preferably DC powered. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed toward a dental x-ray apparatus. More particularly, the invention is directed toward an x-ray apparatus having a tube head formulated from a cast zinc material. Further, the invention also provides tube head components fabricated from a high molecular weight material, such as barium sulfite. More specifically, the tube head components are fabricated from a barium sulfite-charged plastic material. Further, the present invention is directed toward a DC powered x-ray dental apparatus. X-ray generators of small or moderate power for medical radiological application, normally use a fixed-anode x-ray tube (verses a rotating-anode x-ray tube as used when large power is required). In this case, the x-ray tube is usually contained in the same oil-filled housing as the high-voltage transformer and other components of the high-voltage circuit, and such an assembly is called a tubehead. During the last several years, x-ray generators commercially available for dental application (whether intraoral, panoramic, or other) have adopted this general design almost universally. 2) to generate high-voltage insulation between the x-ray tube (one or more of whose electrodes are at extremely high electrical potential) and the surrounding constructive metallic parts (in particular the housing) which are grounded. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Durable glass enamel composition Inventor(s): Anquetil, Jerome; (Bar le Duc, FR), Blonski, Robert; (North Royalton, OH), Joyce, Ivan H.; (Hudson, OH), Korn, George C.; (Coraopolis, PA), Sridharan, Srinivasan; (Strongsville, OH) Correspondence: Rankin, Hill, Porter & Clark, Llp; 700 Huntington Building; 925 Euclid Avenue, Suite 700; Cleveland; OH; 44115-1405; US Patent Application Number: 20040029703 Date filed: April 7, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides partially crystallizing lead-free and cadmiumfree glass enamel composition that fuse at low temperatures. Glass enamel compositions according to the present invention form predominantly bismuth titanate and optionally zinc titanate crystals upon firing. Preferably, glass enamel compositions according to the invention include a glass component that includes by weight from about 11% to about 52% SiO.sub.2, from 10.2% to about 40% TiO.sub.2, from about 5% to about 75% Bi.sub.2O.sub.3, up to about 8% B.sub.2O.sub.3, up to about 14% BaO+SrO, and up to about 45% by weight ZnO, where the sum of Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 and ZnO comprises from about 30% to about 85% of the glass component by weight. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/146,488 filed May 15, 2002. The present invention provides a glass enamel composition. More particularly, the present invention provides a glass enamel composition that partially crystallizes bismuth titanate and optionally zinc titanate crystals upon firing. Partially crystallizing glass enamel compositions that fuse at relatively low temperatures are used, for example, to form opaque dark-colored enamel bands on the outer edges of sections of automotive glass such as windshields and side and rear windows. These

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opaque dark-colored enamel bands, which typically vary in width from about 1.5 cm to about 15.0 cm, greatly enhance the aesthetic appearance of the sections of glass upon which they are applied and also block the transmission of sunlight through the glass to protect underlying adhesives from degradation by ultraviolet radiation. Moreover, these opaque colored enamel bands preferably have the ability to conceal silver-containing buss bars and wiring connections of rear glass defrosting systems from view from the outside of the vehicle. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Electrode for an electrochemical cell and process for making the electrode Inventor(s): Horn, Quinn C.; (North Olmsted, OH) Correspondence: Robert W Welsh; Eveready Battery Company Inc; 25225 Detroit Road; P O Box 450777; Westlake; OH; 44145 Patent Application Number: 20040013940 Date filed: July 19, 2002 Abstract: A cell and a method for preparing an electrochemical cell having an electrode containing a mixture of agglomerated particles and nonagglomerated particles are disclosed. The process enables the incorporation of small particles of electrochemically active material, such as zinc dust, into the electrode's formula while preventing undesirable segmentation of the particles. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to electrochemical cells that utilize an electrode having an electrochemically active material in particulate form. More specifically, this invention pertains to electrochemical cells having a quantity of agglomerated zinc particles in the anode. Cylindrically shaped electrochemical cells are suitable for use by consumers in a wide variety of devices such as flashlights, radios and cameras. Batteries used in these devices typically employ a cylindrical metal container to house two electrodes, a separator, a quantity of electrolyte and a closure assembly that includes a current collector. Typical electrode materials include manganese dioxide as the cathode and zinc as the anode. An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide is a common electrolyte. A separator, conventionally formed from one or more strips of paper, is positioned between the electrodes. The electrolyte is readily absorbed by the separator and anode. Commercially available cylindrical alkaline batteries use an anode that includes zinc in particulate form. The anode is a gel that has absorbed an aqueous electrolyte. The zinc particles are uniformly dispersed within the gel so that particle-toparticle contact establishes an electrically conductive matrix throughout the anode. A current collector contacts the zinc and provides an electrically conductive path between the anode and one of the cell's terminals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Electrode for electrochemical analyses Inventor(s): Mikkelsen, Oyvind; (Kattem, NO), Schroder, Knut; (Trondheim, NO) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20040020792 Date filed: August 19, 2003 Abstract: The properties of dental amalgam as an electrode material in voltammetry are presented. It was found that dental amalgam has a very high overpotential to hydrogen, allowing one to carry out trace analyses at potentials sufficiently negative to allow determination of e.g. zinc, cobalt, nickel and iron at trace levels. This has not previously been possible except from using a mercury or a mercury film electrode. Such determinations are very important for field and online analyses of pollutants in soil and groundwater, and the electrode can be used repeatedly. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an electrode for use in electrochemical analysis. Since the development of polarography by Professor J. Heyrovsky in 1922, liquid mercury and liquid diluted mercury amalgams have been superior as electrode material for the use of voltammetry for analytical purposes. This Is mainly due to the high overvoltage to hydrogen, which enables one to use a wide potential range for the measurements. A typical example is the determination of zinc, this being virtually impossible without using a mercury--or a mercury film electrode. Due to the toxicity of mercury and liquid diluted mercury compounds, the use of such compounds are increasingly restricted, and cannot be included in voltammetric devices for field and online applications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Electrodeposition coating compositions and articles coated therewith Inventor(s): Kamikado, Koji; (Kanagawa, JP), Midogochi, Susumu; (Kanagawa, JP), Tominaga, Akira; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: Rader Fishman & Grauer Pllc; Lion Building; 1233 20th Street N.W., Suite 501; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20040014870 Date filed: May 28, 2003 Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrodeposition coating composition excellent in corrosion resistance and stability of the coating. The electrodeposition coating composition comprises, based on 100 parts by weight (solid basis) of a core resin and a hardener constituting an electrodeposition coating, 1 to 100 parts by weight of (a) a zinc powder dispersed by a phosphoric-acid-group-containing dispersing resin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an electrodeposition coating composition which exhibits, when applied to a cold rolled steel sheet, corrosion resistance upon atmospheric exposure equal to that when applied to a galvanized steel sheet; and an article coated with the electrodeposition coating composition. As steel sheets for automotive bodies, various ones such as hot-dip galvanized steel sheets and electrogalvanized steel sheets have been employed in addition to cold rolled steel sheets. These galvanized steel sheets are superior in corrosion resistance to cold rolled steel

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sheets so that they are used for bag-shaped parts of the car body which require high corrosion resistance, or doors or fenders whose film tends to be damaged by chipping. Galvanized steel sheets are however accompanied with such problems that compared with cold rolled steel sheets, they are 1.5 to 3 times higher in cost and inferior in processability, and tend to cause a deterioration in finish appearance owing to the generation of gas pinhole, seeding upon electrodeposition coating work. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Electrodeposition coating method using lead-free cationic electrodeposition coating composition Inventor(s): Kodama, Satoshi; (Aichi-ken, JP), Kojima, Yoshio; (Nara-ken, JP), Uchidoi, Satoru; (Osaka-fu, JP), Yamada, Mitsuo; (Osaka-fu, JP), Yokoi, Seiji; (Aichi-ken, JP) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20040026248 Date filed: March 26, 2003 Abstract: With the use of a lead-free cationic electrodeposition coating composition containing a sulfonium-modified epoxy resin, an amine-modified novolak-type epoxy resin, and a blocked isocyanate curing agent as a binder resin, wherein the content of volatile organic components is 1% by weight or less, the coating liquid conductivity is 1000 to 2500.mu.S/cm, and the minimum film-forming temperature of the coated layer electrodeposited on an object to be coated is 20 to 35.degree. C., electrodeposition coating is carried out at or above the temperature which is lower by 2.degree. C. than the minimum film-forming temperature and at or below the temperature which is higher by 6.degree. C. than the minimum film-forming temperature. The coating method using the lead-free cationic electrodeposition coating composition hardly generates pinholes or craters in the coated layer even if a zinc steel plate is used as an object to be coated, exhibits an excellent economical advantage since the amount of use of the electrodeposition coating composition itself can be small, and has a high throwing power that enables short-time electrodeposition with less influence given on the environment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of electrodeposition coating that hardly generates poor appearance in coating an object to be coated, particularly a zinc steel plate. The method uses a lead-free cationic electrodeposition coating composition with high throwing power and enables electrodeposition coating in short time. Electrodeposition coating method can perform coating of an object to be coated into details and can perform the coating automatically and continuously even if the object to be coated has a complex shape. Therefore, the electrodeposition coating method is widely used as an undercoating method for an object to be coated that has a large and complex shape and needs high rust prevention, such as an automobile body. Further, as compared with other coating methods, the efficiency of using a coating composition is extremely high, so that the method is economical. Therefore, the electrodeposition coating method is widely spread as an industrial coating method. The cationic electrodeposition coating method is carried out by immersing an object to be coated into a cationic electrodeposition coating composition as a cathode, and applying a voltage thereto. Hitherto, lead has been added to an electrodeposition coating composition in order to improve the corrosion resistance of the coated film. In recent years, there is a

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demand for reduction of lead that is used in an electrodeposition coating composition because lead gives adverse effects on the environment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Electronic device having lead and cadmium free electronic overglaze applied thereto Inventor(s): Moroz, Michail; (Oceanside, CA), Sridharan, Srinivasan; (Strongsville, OH) Correspondence: Rankin, Hill, Porter & Clark, Llp; 700 Huntington Building; 925 Euclid Avenue, Suite 700; Cleveland; OH; 44115-1405; US Patent Application Number: 20040018931 Date filed: May 7, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides an electronic device having a lead-free and cadmium-free glass composition applied thereto and fired to form an acid resistant overglaze, and a method of overglazing an electronic device using the lead-free and cadmium-free glass composition. The lead-free and cadmium-free glass composition fuses at low firing temperatures and is particularly suitable for use in thick film pastes. The glass composition forms predominantly bismuth titanate and/or zinc titanate crystals upon firing. Preferably, glass compositions include by weight from about 11% to about 52% SiO.sub.2, from 3.4% to about 40% TiO.sub.2, up to about 75% Bi.sub.2O.sub.3, up to about 40% by weight ZnO, where the sum of Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 and ZnO comprises from about 15% to about 85% of the glass composition by weight. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of Application Ser. No. 10/146,493 filed May 15, 2002. The present invention relates to an electronic device having a lead-free and cadmium-free glass composition applied thereto and fired to form an acid resistant overglaze, and a method of overglazing an electronic device using the lead-free and cadmium-free glass composition. Thick film pastes containing low-melting glass compositions are used to encapsulate electronic devices and circuits and thereby protect them from the environment. Glass compositions suitable for use in such electronic overglaze applications must have a relatively low melting point, must exhibit appropriate thermal expansion, and should not significantly alter the electrical performance of the overprinted electronic materials. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Evaporative cooler water conditioner Inventor(s): Boden, James L.; (Grand Junction, CO) Correspondence: James L. Boden; 2801 Cottage Lane; Grand Junction; CO; 81506; US Patent Application Number: 20040026264 Date filed: August 6, 2002 Abstract: A device for killing bacteria and algae in the water reservoir of an evaporative cooler. The water conditioner kills bacteria and limits algae growth by inducing a DC current on the water itself. The interaction of a zinc disk and a copper ring encircling it produces a small voltage (approximately 4-6 volts and a current in the milliamp range). The zinc acts as an anode, and the copper ring acts as a cathode. Assembly posts and end pieces act as supports and also as an insulator between the two metals of the assembly and the metal parts of the evaporative cooler. By killing bacteria present in the

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water and limiting the growth of algae, the water conditioner eliminates foul odors, controls rust and corrosion, and maintains the freshness of the water over long periods of time, thereby ensuring greater indoor air quality when the evaporative cooler is operated. Excerpt(s): Evaporative coolers (swamp coolers) have been in use for years. They simply use the evaporative cooling effect of hot air passing over wet pads constructed of man made materials or aspen to drop the temperature of the air passing through them to cool inside living and working spaces in structures. One of the biggest problems with evaporative coolers is the fact that they are idle at times under high temperature conditions, i.e. the water in the reservoir is going to warm up at some point, (usually when the cooler is turned off and not used for some time). It is at this time that the water temperature increases to the point that algae and bacterial growth occur. Eventually enough growth is present to produce a slime coat on the cooler parts, bacterial and algae growth on the cooler pads, and a foul odor like sulphur, (hence the name "swamp cooler"). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Film extruded denture adhesive liner Inventor(s): Gasman, Robert C.; (Montville, NJ), Ortiz, Johny; (Elizabeth, NJ), Wong, Eddie; (New Providence, NJ) Correspondence: Smithkline Beecham Corporation; Corporate Intellectual Property-us, Uw2220; P. O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20040028930 Date filed: April 8, 2003 Abstract: A denture adhesive liner in the form of an extruded film or sheet comprising (a) a denture adhesive effective amount of a mixed partial salt of a copolymer of maleic acid and an alkyl vinyl ether and at least one cation, wherein all of said cations are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, magnesium, zinc and zirconium oxy cations; (b) between about 30 and 90 wt. % of a thermoplastic polymer component; and (c) a plasticizer; wherein said composition is extrudable into a film that is capable of adhering to a wet mucous surface and/or acrylic plastic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an adhesive liner for dental prosthesis in the form of an extruded film. Dentures are substitutes for missing teeth and serve as replacement for all or some of the teeth found in the oral cavity. Over time, even well fitting dentures can become ill fitting due to natural shrinkage and changes in the gum or mucous tissues. Therefore, adherent creams, liquids, powders, and "liners" are often used to secure dentures within the mouth. Liners are denture adhesives in the form of a thin film, strip, or wafer with a certain desirable strength and integrity for the liner to be placed in between the prosthesis and the palate or jaw, which swells in the mouth fluid without using a support. Denture adhesive liners disclosed in the prior art are commonly in the form of a woven composite or a multiple layer strip. U.S. Pat. No. 3,990,149 discloses an adhesive foil comprising a compress fiber mat. U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,702 describes a denture stabilizer in the form of a strip consisting of three different layers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,158,825 discloses a denture liner in the form of a non-woven fabric which is impregnated with an adhesive. U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,116 discloses a denture adhesive liner comprising a laminate of superimposed fiber faced webs, with the fibers

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of one face of the webs being heat bonded to the fibers on the opposing webs by thermoplastic ethylene oxide polymers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,233 discloses a multi-layer denture adhesive liner with at least one non-adhesive self-supporting layer coated by adhesive components. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Formulation of zinc negative electrode for rechargeable cells having an alkaline electrolyte Inventor(s): Phillips, Jeffrey; (Santa Clara, CA) Correspondence: Marks & Clerk; 350 Burnhamthorpe Road West; Suite 402; Mississauga; ON; L5b 3j1; CA Patent Application Number: 20040033420 Date filed: May 6, 2003 Abstract: A zinc electrode is provided for use in electrochemical cells having an alkaline electrolyte and high cycle life. The zinc electrode comprises a mixture of zinc oxide together with an inorganic fiber which contains silica and alumina. Preferably, the composition of the inorganic fiber is in the range of 80% to 99% alumina, and 1% to 20% silica. Typically, the zinc electrode will further comprise an inorganic fiber additive in the range of 2% to 15% by weight of the zinc oxide electrode. Also, the zinc electrode will typically further include 2% up to 10% of bismuth oxide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to alkaline galvanic cells having zinc electrodes and an alkaline electrolyte. More particularly, the present invention relates to high energy density rechargeable cells having a zinc or zinc-based negative electrodes, an alkaline electrolyte, and positive electrodes which may be nickel, silver, air, or iron. The provision of rechargeable zinc batteries having alkaline electrolytes is well known. Leaving aside the question of zinc/manganese dioxide cells, which find dominance in commercial fields supplying cells (batteries) for use in flashlights, toys, low drainage devices such as electric clocks, and the like, there is also a very large market and requirement for high energy density, high capacity cells and batteries such as nickelzinc, silver-zinc, and zinc-air batteries, as well as a recently introduced super iron-zinc battery. A requirement is, however, that such cells and batteries must be cycled many times through discharge/charge cycles; leading in turn to several further requirements. The first is that the capacity of the rechargeable cell should not diminish significantly over a number of cycles, there should be no significant shape change--particularly of the zinc electrode--and no significant dendrite formation. Most especially, newly developed high energy density rechargeable zinc cells should be free or substantially free of toxicity, so as to be environmentally benign. This means, in particularly, that a robust, long-lasting, rechargeable battery must be brought to the market which contains no cadmium, no lead, and no mercury. In the following discussion, the terms "cell" and "battery" may be used interchangeably. Of course, it is recognized that a cell comprises two electrodes, one positive and one negative, and an electrolyte; and a battery may comprise a number of cells which are joined together in series, parallel, or series/parallel. In many batteries, of course, there are a plurality of negative and positive plates and a common electrolyte all contained in a single casing; and in some cases, the plates may be bipolar. In other batteries, there may be a plurality of selfcontained cells, each having their own positive and negative electrodes and electrolyte. Moreover, cells and batteries may be cylindrical or rectangular, they may comprise flat plates or rolled plates, and they may have a relatively low voltage of one or two volts.

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Batteries may have a relatively high voltage, in the range of twelve to sixteen volts, sometimes much higher. The present invention applies to any of the above considerations in respect of cells and batteries, as it relates to the structure of the electrodes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Granular anode for metal-air fuel cell battery Inventor(s): Lin, Yung-Jen; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Rosenberg, Klein & Lee; 3458 Ellicott Center Drive-suite 101; Ellicott City; MD; 21043; US Patent Application Number: 20040023112 Date filed: August 5, 2002 Abstract: A granular zinc fuel structure for deposition in an anode container of a zinc-air battery includes a hollow outer casing defining an interior space filled with an electrolyte. An interior zinc fuel structure in the form of a radial structure or a honeycomb structure or simply comprised of a number of arcuate pieces of zinc is selectively arranged inside the casing. An aperture is defined in the casing and in communication with the interior space wherein when the granular zinc fuel is deposited in the anode container and in contact with the electrolyte of the container to allow for a reaction therebetween, the electrolyte inside the interior space of the casing is allowed to mix with the electrolyte of the container to enhance the reaction. The granular fuel structure is alternatively comprised of a porous body made of zinc, forming a number of voids for containing an electrolyte. The casing is further made by attaching two halves together with openings defined therebetween. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a metal-air battery, and in particular to a granular anode of a zinc-air battery. Batteries have been developed and widely used in a variety of fields. A variety of batteries are currently available for different applications. Among the known batteries, emphasis has been placed on the zinc-air battery because of its high energy density and potential long service life. The overall reaction of a zinc-air battery is oxidation of zinc with oxygen of the ambient air which releases energy. In one known zinc-air battery, metal zinc, which is the fuel of the battery, is made in the form of a plate, serving as anode electrode. Air containing oxygen flows through a cathode plate into electrolyte of the battery in which the zinc plate is placed to cause the oxidation reaction. The battery can be regenerated by replacing the electrolyte and the zinc plate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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High-density, thermally-conductive plastic compositions for encapsulating motors Inventor(s): Miller, James; (Marietta, GA) Correspondence: Barlow, Josephs & Holmes, LTD.; 101 Dyer Street; 5th Floor; Providence; RI; 02903; US Patent Application Number: 20040031141 Date filed: June 26, 2003

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Abstract: A method for making a stator assembly having a thermally-conductive, plastic housing for a high speed motor is provided. A thermally-conductive, high-density polymer composition is used to make the housing, and the stator is uniformly encapsulated therein. The polymer composition comprises a base polymer matrix such as polyphenylene sulfide, and a thermally-conductive, high-density filler material such as zinc oxide. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application No. 60/391,744 having a filing date of Jun. 26, 2002, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention generally relates to polymer compositions having high thermal conductivity and high density. The polymer composition can be used to make a thermally-conductive housing for electrical motors having a rotor and stator assembly. High speed motors are well known and used in many different applications. For example, high speed motors having a rotor and stator assembly are used in home appliances, industrial equipment, and computer disc drives. The components of the motor must be kept clean from contaminating particles and other foreign matter that can interfere with their operation. One method for protecting such motors involves encapsulating or overmolding the motor with a plastic composition. For example, a plastic resin such as a polycarbonate, polystyrene, styrene copolymer, polyolefin, acrylate, acrylic, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, or polyamide resin can be used to encapsulate the motor. Such conventional plastic compositions are generally effective in protecting the components of the motor from hazardous environmental conditions such as exposure to corrosive fluids, contamination from dirt and dust particles, and other materials. Also, such compositions are good electrical insulators. Further, plastic compositions can be used to improve the mechanical integrity and other properties of the motor assembly. However, conventional plastic compositions have some drawbacks. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Histone deacetylase inhibitors based on alpha-chalcogenmethylcarbonyl compounds Inventor(s): Kaufman, Robert J.; (St. Louis, MO), Lan-Hargest, Hsuan-Yin; (Fallston, MD) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson P.C.; 1425 K Street, N.W.; 11th Floor; Washington; DC; 20005-3500; US Patent Application Number: 20040023944 Date filed: May 21, 2003 Abstract: Histone deacetylase is a metallo-enzyme with zinc at the active site. Compounds having a zinc-binding moiety, for example, an alphachalcogenmethylcarbonyl group, such as an alpha-ketothio group, can inhibit histone deacetylase. Histone deacetylase inhibition can repress gene expression, including expression of genes related to tumor suppression. Accordingly, inhibition of histone deacetylase can provide an alternate route for treating cancer, hematological disorders, e.g., hemoglobinopathies, autosomal dominant disorders, e.g. spinal muscular atrophy and Huntington's disease, genetic related metabolic disorders, e.g., cystic fibrosis and adrenoleukodystrophy, or for stimulating hematopoietic cells ex vivo. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 USC.sctn. 119(e) to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/382,077, filed on May 22, 2002, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to alpha-

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chalcogenmethylcarbonyl compounds, and more particularly to alphachalcogenmethylcarbonyl compounds that are histone deacetylase inhibitors. DNA in the nucleus of the cell exists as a hierarchy of compacted chromatin structures. The basic repeating unit in chromatin is the nucleosome. The nucleosome consists of a histone octamer of proteins in the nucleus of the cell around which DNA is wrapped twice. The orderly packaging of DNA in the nucleus plays an important role in the functional aspects of gene regulation. Covalent modifications of the histones have a key role in altering chromatin higher order structure and function and ultimately gene expression. The covalent modification of histones, such as acetylation, occurs by enzymatically mediated processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium Inventor(s): Nee, Han H.; (Irvine, CA) Correspondence: Woodard, Emhardt, Moriarty,; Mcnett & Henry Llp; Bank One Center/tower; 111 Monument Circle, Suite 3700; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5137; US Patent Application Number: 20040018334 Date filed: April 8, 2003 Abstract: A silver-based alloy thin film is provided for the highly reflective or semireflective coating layer of optical discs. Alloy additions to silver include zinc, aluminum, zinc plus aluminum, manganese, germanium, and copper plus manganese. These alloys have moderate to high reflectivity and reasonable corrosion resistance in the ambient environment. Excerpt(s): This patent application is claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Serial No. 60/219,843. This invention relates to reflective layers or semireflective layers used in optical storage media that are made of silver-based alloys. Four layers are generally present in the construction of a conventional, prerecorded, optical disc such as compact audio disc. A first layer is usually made from optical grade, polycarbonate resin. This layer is manufactured by well-known techniques that usually begin by injection or compression molding the resin into a disc. The surface of the disc is molded or stamped with extremely small and precisely located pits and lands. These pits and lands have a predetermined size and, as explained below, are ultimately the vehicles for storing information on the disc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method and system for purifying or cleansing a gas stream or gaseous body Inventor(s): Stewart, Shawn Alan; (Turfontein, ZA) Correspondence: Nixon Peabody, Llp; 401 9th Street, NW; Suite 900; Wasington; DC; 20004-2128; US Patent Application Number: 20040028586 Date filed: July 18, 2003 Abstract: A method and system for eliminating, in whole or in part, contaminants in a gas stream or gaseous body such as air or an exhaust gas or gas emission stream is

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provided. The method includes the steps of contacting the gas stream or gaseous body with a biocide containing liquid so as to eliminate, in whole or in part, the contaminant(s). The biocide containing liquid is typically an aqueous solution, suspension, or emulsion comprising hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2) in combination with a catalyst for enhancing the C activity thereof, the catalyst preferably comprising a superoxidedismutase formed from the combination of elemental copper (Cu), silver (Ag), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). The method and system find particular application in the combating of sick building syndrome (SBI) and building related illness (BRI). Excerpt(s): THIS invention relates to a method and system for purifying or cleansing a gas stream or gaseous body containing one or more contaminants. It is well established that outdoor air pollution can cause serious human illness. Air pollution can cause burning eyes and noses, itchy irritated throats as well as breathing difficulties. Some chemicals can cause cancer, birth defects, brain and nerve damage, long-term injury to lungs and even premature death. As a result, protection of the public health is a driving force behind the laws and regulations that are being, and have been, put into place to clean up the environment. However, ridding outdoor air toxic contaminants has often overlooked indoor air quality (IAQ). The results of numerous scientific investigations have revealed many reported outbreaks of what is known as Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and Building Related Illness (BRI) as a direct result of indoor air pollution (IAP) in office and other public access buildings. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for manufacturing contact structures of wirings Inventor(s): Hur, Myung-Koo; (Yongin-city, KR), Kim, Chi-Woo; (Seoul, KR), Kong, Hyang-Shik; (Suwon-city, KR) Correspondence: Mcguirewoods Llp; Suite 1800; 1750 Tysons Boulevard; Mclean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20040029308 Date filed: August 6, 2003 Abstract: First, a conductive material of aluminum-based material is deposited and patterned to form a gate wire including a gate line, a gate pad, and a gate electrode. A gate insulating layer is formed by depositing nitride silicon in the range of more than 300.degree. C. for 5 minutes, and a semiconductor layer an ohmic contact layer are sequentially formed. Next, a conductor layer of a metal such as Cr is deposited and patterned to form a data wire include a data line intersecting the gate line, a source electrode, a drain electrode and a data pad. Then, a passivation layer is deposited and patterned to form contact holes exposing the drain electrode, the gate pad and the data pad. Next, indium zinc oxide is deposited and patterned to form a pixel electrode, a redundant gate pad and a redundant data pad respectively connected to the drain electrode, the gate pad and the data pad. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to contact structures of wirings and methods for manufacturing the same, and thin film transistor array panels including the same and methods for manufacturing the same. Generally, wiring of semiconductor devices is to transmit signals without delay. In order to prevent delay or distortion of signals, materials having a low resistivity such as aluminum or aluminum alloys are generally used. However, the physical and the chemical properties of the aluminum or aluminum

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alloy is not good. In other words, the aluminum or aluminum alloy is easily oxidized and broken, when connecting other conductive material in a contact portions. Accordingly, the characteristics of semiconductor devices are deteriorated. Especially, it causes problems when ITO (indium tin oxide) as a transparent electrode such as in a liquid crystal display is used to reinforce pad portions of aluminum. However, because of the poor contact properties between aluminum or aluminum alloy and indium tin oxide (ITO), the aluminum or aluminum alloy must be removed to prevent the corrosion of aluminum and aluminum alloy and a different material is then inserted therebetween. Accordingly, the manufacturing method is complicated and production costs are increased. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for operating rotary hearth type reducing furnace and rotary hearth type reducing furnace facilities Inventor(s): Ibaraki, Tetuharu; (Kimitsu-shi, JP), Oda, Hiroshi; (Kimitsu-shi, JP), Takahashi, Masaharu; (Kimitsu-shi, JP) Correspondence: Baker & Botts; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112 Patent Application Number: 20040026834 Date filed: May 8, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of operation and a facility for the same suppressing the generation of dioxins in the combustion exhaust gas and efficiently reclaiming heat from high temperature combustion exhaust gas when firing and reducing fines of chromium ore, iron ore, or other ore or pellets formed from dust sludge, etc. containing iron oxide or other metal oxides generated in the metal industry in a reducing rotary hearth furnace. This treats the combustion gas generated in the reducing rotary hearth furnace to make the temperature of the gas 800.degree. C. or higher for at least a certain time, to make the concentration of the carbon monoxide not more than 200 ppm in terms of volume ratio and to achieve a sufficiently well developed turbulent state at least at one of the inside of the exhaust gas outlet duct and the vicinity of the exhaust gas outlet duct for at least a certain time, then rapidly cooling the gas. Further, it controls the total number of moles of zinc and lead, the total number of moles of alkali metals, and the total number of moles of halogen elements contained in the combustion exhaust gas to a predetermined ratio. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of operation which suppresses the production of dioxins in combustion gas in a reducing furnace, efficiently exchanges heat with and reclaims heat from high temperature combustion exhaust gas, and suitably treats the combustion exhaust gas when heating, firing, and reducing pellets or other shaped articles containing metal oxides in a rotary hearth reducing furnace or other reducing furnace and a facility for the same. There are various types of processes for producing reduced iron or iron alloy. There are the Waelz kiln method of heating and reducing feedstock inside a rotary kiln while tumbling with carbon and a reducing agent, the rotary hearth method of firing and reducing feedstock in a reducing rotary hearth furnace, etc. Among these, as a process with a high productivity, operation is being performed by the rotary hearth method such as shown in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 200054034. The rotary hearth method is a process based on heating reducing furnace of a type reducing pellets or other shaped articles of a powder feedstock charged on the hearth and moving through a heating zone, reducing zone, and ejector by rotating a disk-shaped hearth of refractories with a cutaway center

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at a constant speed on rails under a fixed ceiling and side walls made of refractories (hereinafter called a "rotary furnace") and is used for the reduction of metal oxides. The diameter of the hearth of the rotary furnace is 10 to 50 meters, and the width of the hearth is 2 to 6 meters. As the feedstock, fine ore or metal oxide dust or other metal oxides and carbon serving as a reducing agent are used. In the production of reduced iron, pellet feed ore or other particulate iron ore etc. is used. Carbon is used as the reducing agent, but an agent with a high percentage of carbon not volatilizing up to about 1100.degree. C. at which a reduction reaction takes place, is preferable (hereinafter this carbon is called fixed carbon). For such a carbon source, fine coke or anthracite is preferred. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for preparing mineral-containing liquids, especially drinks Inventor(s): Zucker, Werner; (Hamburg, DE) Correspondence: Howson And Howson; One Spring House Corporation Center; Box 457; 321 Norristown Road; Spring House; PA; 19477; US Patent Application Number: 20040022898 Date filed: July 31, 2003 Abstract: A method for preparing drinks by the exclusive processing of sea water, and to a corresponding drink. No foreign substances need be added to produce the drinks. The contents in sodium, manganese, potassium and calcium are adjusted as required. Certain trace elements that are characteristic of sea water, such as strontium, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cesium, lead, mercury and uranium are substantially removed. Positive trace elements such as, for example, zinc, may remain in the liquid in higher concentrations. Excerpt(s): The invention refers to methods for producing mineral-containing liquids for preparation of foods and beverages or infusion solutions by the processing of seawater. This invention in particular is concerned with beverages that are prepared entirely from seawater in which known processes like fractionation, fortifying, concentration and the like are used. Processes like evaporation, osmosis, biological filtration methods, nanofiltration and the like are also possibilities. Through this invention only seawater is needed as raw material, and on the other hand foreign additives are neither desired nor necessary in the production. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for removal and detoxication of dissolved metals in a rainwater discharge Inventor(s): Bartosh, Joseph; (Pen Argle, PA), Herman, Stewart T.; (Hellertown, PA), Lezoche, Zachary J.; (Bethlehem, PA), Sewald, Richard T. SR.; (Bethlehem, PA) Correspondence: Harold I. Masteller, JR.; P.O. Box 302; 3325 Greenwood Drive; Springtown; PA; 18081; US Patent Application Number: 20040031753 Date filed: August 15, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a water treatment apparatus and method for reducing toxicity in zinc containing acid stormwater runoff, the apparatus comprising a

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first filtrate layer of high calcium material a last filtrate layer comprising a drainpipe arrangement embedded within an aggregate; and at least one intermediate filtrate layer comprising a wood mulch material positioned between the first filtrate layer and said last filtrate layer. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the removal and/or detoxication of dissolved metals from acid stormwater runoff, and in particular it is directed to the removal of dissolved metals contained in acid stormwater discharged from zinc coated steel surfaces such as galvanized roof panels and culverts, and in particular, from Galvalume.RTM. coated steel roof panels and the like. Acid rainfall is caused by the discharge of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere by coal fired power plants, internal combustion engines, and various other industrial sources. Such acid rainfall is environmentally problematic in that it will leach metals from pervious surfaces such as lawns and cultivated fields, as well as from impervious surfaces such as metal roofing and parking lot surfaces. In certain instances, these leached, or dissolved metals, may be harmful to particular biota living in surface waters that receive acid stormwater runoff. Performance data collected by monitoring stormwater discharged from existing zinc coated steel roofing, and data collected for the surrounding environment receiving such stormwater runoff, clearly show that acid rainfall leaches zinc from galvanized and Galvalume.RTM. coatings. In response to such findings, various state and local environmental regulatory agencies are beginning to place stringent zinc level criteria on stormwater discharged from zinc coated roof surfaces. For example, the State of Massachusetts and King County in the State of Washington are two regulatory agencies that have passed stringent codes directed to the treatment and disposal of zinc containing stormwater discharge. These new environmental regulations present problems for architects and steel producers alike, especially along the eastern half of the nation where rainfall has a typical pH level of about 4.8 or lower due to increased concentrations of sulfuric and nitric acids in the atmosphere. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of coring crustal core sample, and antimicrobial polymeric gel and gel material used in the method Inventor(s): Deguchi, Shigeru; (Kanagawa, JP), Horikoshi, Koki; (Kanagawa, JP), Masui, Noriaki; (Kanagawa, JP), Tsujii, Kaoru; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: Frishauf, Holtz, Goodman & Chick, PC; 767 Third Avenue; 25th Floor; New York; NY; 10017-2023; US Patent Application Number: 20040026127 Date filed: January 30, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides a method of taking a crustal core sample, wherein the crustal core sample is obtained in a state coated with antimicrobial polymeric gel formed of a polymer and an inorganic antimicrobial agent dispersed in the polymer. It is preferred that the inorganic antimicrobial agent is a compound containing at least one of silver, zinc, copper and ions thereof, the inorganic antimicrobial agent is carried onto a carrier material, the polymer forming the antimicrobial polymeric gel contains a hydrophilic group, and the antimicrobial polymeric gel contains the inorganic antimicrobial agent in a proportion of 0.0001 to 10.0 mass %.Antimicrobial polymeric gel and powdered gel material suitable for use in taking crustal core sample, comprising a polymeric substance and an inorganic antimicrobial agent dispersed in the polymeric

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substance, the gel is used for coating the crustal core sample upon the taking by drilling the crust. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of coring a crustal core sample, which is useful for, for example, researches on intracrustal microorganisms in the crustal core, and antimicrobial polymeric gel and a gel material used in this method. In recent years, researches on crustal interiors have been progressed, and a presence of subterranean microorganisms under a deep, high-temperature and high-pressure environments in the crustal interior has been reported. According to researches on intracrustal microorganisms in a subterranean microbial sphere composed of these subterranean microorganisms, there are important hidden possibilities such as elucidation of influences of material conversion and mass transfer in a deep geological environment for example, and further, elucidation of origin of life on the primitive earth and evolution thereof, or development of drugs and novel materials. A crustal core sample can be taken with comparative ease from the crust at the depth closer to mantle by drilling crust of sea bed by means of, for example, a drill ship. As an example of a method for conducting the drilling using the drill ship, for example, a riser drilling method has been known. In this method, a drill pipe extending from the drill ship to the sea bed is rotated to drill the crust by means of a drill bit provided on the tip thereof and at the same time, to feed circulating fluid such as drilling mud or sea water, in which the specific gravity, viscosity, chemical composition, etc. have been adjusted according to the condition of the crust drilled, to the drill bit. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of inhibiting ATF/CREB and cancer cell growth and pharmaceutical compositions for same Inventor(s): Kennedy, Thomas Preston; (Charlotte, NC) Correspondence: Alston & Bird Llp; Bank OF America Plaza; 101 South Tryon Street, Suite 4000; Charlotte; NC; 28280-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20040019102 Date filed: May 14, 2003 Abstract: There is provided a method for inhibiting ATF/CREB and cancer cell growth using disulfiram, administered in combination with heavy metals. It was found that disulfiram disrupts transcription factor DNA binding by forming mixed disulfides with thiols within the DNA-binding region, and that this process is facilitated by metal ions. Disulfiram administered to melanoma cells in combination with copper (II) or zinc(II) decreased expression of cyclin A, reduced proliferation in vitro, and inhibited growth of melanoma cells. The combination of oral zinc gluconate and disulfiram at currently approved doses for alcoholism stabilized tumor growth in two of three patients with Stage IV metastatic melanoma, with 12 and 17 month survivals, respectively, to date, and produced a >50% reduction in hepatic metastases in one individual. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/392,122, filed on Sep. 8, 1999 and now allowed, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference, and which claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) to Provisional U.S. Application Serial No. 60/099,390. This invention generally relates to methods of inhibiting ATF/CREB and cancer cell growth and to pharmaceutical compositions for use in the methods. More specifically, this invention relates to methods of use and pharmaceutical compositions for treating certain cancers

Patents 271

with a combination of a thiuram disulfide and metal ion or disulfiram chelated with a metal ion. Cancer, the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells, is a major health problem of the modern medical era. While some malignancies, such as adenocarcinoma of the breast and lymphomas such as Hodgkin's Disease, respond relatively well to current chemotherapeutic antineoplastic drug regimens, other cancers are poorly responsive to chemotherapy, especially melanoma, non-small cell lung, pancreatic, liver, prostate and colon cancers. Even small cell cancer of the lung, initially chemotherapy sensitive, tends to return after remission, with widespread metastatic spread leading to death of the patient. Thus, better treatment approaches are needed for this illness. The biology of malignant melanomas offers an example of the importance of transcription factors for malignant cell propagation. Malignant melanomas have great propensity to metastasize and are notoriously resistant to conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and.gamma.-irradiation. Development of malignant melanoma in humans progresses through a multistage process, with transition from melanocyte to nevi, to radial growth, and subsequently to the vertical growth, metastatic phenotype of autonomous melanomas, associated with decreased dependence on growth factors, diminished anchorage dependence, reduced contact inhibition and increased radiation and drug resistance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Micro-cellular or non-cellular light-stable polyurethane material and method for the production thereof Inventor(s): Du Prez, Eddie; (Brakel, BE), Trossaert, Geert; (Zwalm, BE) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20040019175 Date filed: June 20, 2003 Abstract: The polyurethane material is produced from a reactive mixture comprising an isocyanate component composed of at least one isocyanate compound having at least two NCO-groups which are not directly attached to an aromatic group; isocyanatereactive components and a catalyst component which is substantially free of lead and which comprises at least one organobismuth (III) catalyst. In order to be able to keep the emission or VOC value (Volatile Organic Compounds) of the polyurethane material below 250 ppm, preferably below 100 ppm, use is made of an organobismuth (m) and/or of an organotin (II or IV) catalyst comprising either C.sub.14-C.sub.20 carboxylate groups or C.sub.2-C.sub.20 carboxylate groups substituted with at least one isocyanate-reactive group. The catalyst component may further comprise an organozinc (11) carboxylate. The preferred catalysts are bismuth oleate, dimethyltin dioleate and zinc octoate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for producing a micro-cellular or non-cellular light-stable polyurethane material having a density higher than 500 kg/m.sup.3, in particular higher than 700 kg/m.sup.3, in which method a reactive mixture of polyurethane precursors is allowed to react to produce the polyurethane material, the reactive mixture being composed of components as defined in the preamble of claim 1 and comprising in particular a catalyst component which is substantially free of lead and which contains an organobismuth (mi) catalyst. Such a method can be used to produce a thermoplastic polyurethane material (TPU), namely by selecting a functionality of two for the different mutually reactive components. The TPU

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material can be produced for example by a so-called reactive extrusion process in the form of a granulate which is intended to be processed further via an extrusion or a slush moulding process. The non-thermoplastic polyurethane materials are usually produced by a spray process, or by a reaction injection moulding (RIM) process. A spray process for producing a light-stable elastomeric polyurethane material, which is micro-cellular or non-cellular, is for example disclosed in EP-B-0 379 246. In this European patent different types of catalysts are disclosed including organolead, organobismuth, organotin and alkaline catalysts which are used in combination with an amine initiator to provide the required catalytic effect. To improve the required light-stability of the polyurethane material, mixtures of antioxidants and UV absorbers are described. Various examples of different polyurethane formulations are disclosed, in each of which the same antioxidant/UV absorber combination is used. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nano-sized zinc oxide in hygiene products Inventor(s): Heller, Melita; (Duesseldorf, DE), Hundeiker, Claudia; (Duesseldorf, DE), Kropf, Christian; (Hilden, DE), Wild, Christine; (Hilden, DE) Correspondence: Stephen D. Harper; Henkel Corporation; Law Department; 2500 Renaissance BLVD., Suite 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20040033270 Date filed: June 17, 2003 Abstract: Hygiene products such as diapers, tampons, pantyliners and the like are produced using zinc oxide in the form of nanoparticles having surfaces that have been chemically and/or physically modified. The surface modification may be carried out using organic compounds such as carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives, amino acids, hydroxycarboxylic acids, sugar acids, polyglycolic acids, ether carboxylic acids, alkyl halides, or silanes. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. Sections 365(c) and 120 of International application No. PCT/EP01/14562 (filed Dec. 12, 2001) and claims priority from German application No. 10063090.1 (filed Dec. 18, 2000), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to the field of hygiene products, in particular the field of diapers for babies and adults (incontinence products), pantyliners and tampons. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of nano-sized ZnO particles in such hygiene products. Hygiene products of the type described above are used to absorb urine, feces, blood and perspiration which the body has excreted. Since the abovementioned excretions create a moist to wet medium, irritations and/or inflammations of the skin, such as diaper dermatitis, may consequently arise. Rubbing of the hygiene product on the skin may additionally speed up the inflammation process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Nirtic oxide donors based on metallic centres Inventor(s): Casella, Luigi; (Pavia, IT), Ziche, Marina; (Siena, IT) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20040029854 Date filed: April 23, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to ligand complexes characterised by the presence of a piperazineNONOate residue with metal cations where the cations derive from a transition metal or zinc in a stable oxidation state. These complexes are nitric oxide donors and exert an endothelio-protective effect on the coronary district and stimulate re-endothelialization and angiogenesis processes. The invention comprises a preparation process and the therapeutic use of said compounds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a class of nitric oxide (NO) releasing metal complexes characterised by the presence of a coordinated piperazineNONOate residue, and their use as pharmacological agents able to induce vascular relaxation, to exert an endothelio-protective effect on the coronary district, and to stimulate reendothelialization and angiogenesis processes. The invention also relates to a process for preparing the aforesaid compounds. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical formulations containing one or more of the aforesaid compounds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Non-chromate conversion coating treatment for metals Inventor(s): Gelman, Robert A.; (Newark, DE), Keys, Andrea; (Yardley, PA), Melzer, Jeffrey I.; (Lansdale, PA), Raab, Michael T.; (Langhorne, PA) Correspondence: Wegman, Hessler & Vanderburg; 6055 Rockside Woods Boulevard; Suite 200; Cleveland; OH; 44131; US Patent Application Number: 20040020565 Date filed: July 31, 2003 Abstract: Chromate-free treatments and compositions, for applying a conversion or passivation coating to zinc coated metal surfaces. The compositions comprise a polyamidoamine/epihalohydrin polymer or cationic polyamine/epihalohydrin polymer component, fluoacid, H.sub.3PO.sub.4, and a film forming polymer latex component. The requisite metal surfaces are contacted by the compositions and dried. Rinsing is optional. Excerpt(s): The present application in a continuation in part application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/430,579 filed May 6, 2003 which, in turn, was a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/341,164, filed Jan. 13, 2003, which in turn was a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 09/613,529 filed Jul. 8, 1999, which in turn was a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/348,346, filed Jul. 8, 1999. The disclosures of all of the prior filed applications set forth above are incorporated by reference herein. The present invention relates to nonchromate coatings for metals. More particularly, the present invention relates to nonchromate coatings for zinc coated metal surfaces to improve corrosion resistance and adhesion of paints to the surface. The invention provides a dried in place coating which is particularly effective at treating galvanized steel coil strip. The purposes of the formation of a chromate conversion coating on the surface of galvanized steel are to

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provide corrosion resistance, improve adhesion of coatings and for aesthetic reasons. Chromate passivation of a galvanized steel surface is done to provide corrosion resistance and for aesthetic reasons on materials which are not to be painted. The conversion coating improves adhesion of coating layers such as paints, inks, lacquers and plastic coatings. Galvanized steel is typically treated with an aqueous composition containing hexavalent or trivalent chromium ions with other additives to create a chromium conversion coating. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Polyamide-coated metal surfaces Inventor(s): Amouroux, Nicolas; (Valailles, FR) Correspondence: Millen, White, Zelano & Branigan, P.C.; 2200 Clarendon BLVD.; Suite 1400; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20040028921 Date filed: April 8, 2003 Abstract: A metal surface is coated with a coating comprising, in succession starting from the metal:optionally, a primer layer;optionally, a tie layer; anda polyamide-based layer consisting of a blend of a polyamide and of a polyolefin functionalized by an unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride.Advantageously, the metal surface is the outer surface of a tube, particularly a small-diameter pipe having, for example, an outside diameter of 4 to 50 mm. The metal may be any metal, but the coating is very useful for steel and its alloys and for aluminium and its alloys. The optionally, a tie layer; aluminium may be anodized. Thus, the coated surface can comprise aluminium, the anodizing layer, the optional primer, the optional tie and the PA-based layer. The steel may be coated with zinc or a Zn-based alloy (such as, for example, a Zn--Al or Zn--Fe mixture) or with aluminium or an Al-based alloy and/or treated by chromatizing or phosphatizing. Thus, the coated surface can comprise steel, the optional zinc or aluminium layer, the optional chromatizing or phosphatizing treatment layer, the optional primer, the optional tie and the PA-based layer. Preferably, the chromatizing is carried out with Cr.sup.III. Excerpt(s): Small-diameter metal tubes, for example those having diameters from 4 mm to 50 mm, are used in motor vehicles (brake line, fuel line, power steering, air conditioning, hydraulics). The metals most often used are aluminium and galvanized steel. These tubes must be coated in order to protect them from corrosion--nylon-11 and nylon-12 are customarily used. The current coating processes are powder coating on a cold tube (which is then heated in order to melt the powder and form a film) or powder coating on a hot tube, and extrusion coating with molten polyamide. The polyamides not only provide corrosion protection but also mechanical strength. The invention relates to novel coatings based on a polyamide to which a polyolefin functionalized by a carboxylic acid anhydride has been added, in particular those coatings that are made by extrusion. The metal tubes to be coated may also be treated by chromatizing them. Hitherto, the chromatizing treatments have been made with Cr.sup.VI, but these Cr.sup.VI-based solutions will no longer be used after 2003 (application of European regulations restricting the use of Cr.sup.VI). The coating systems proposed in the present invention exhibit good performance when chromium (III) (Cr.sup.III) chromatizing is used. Patent GB 1 253 633 discloses a coating for a steel surface with a powder consisting of a blend of an epoxy and of a 6,6/6,12 copolyamide without the use of a primer.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for electrolytic production of ultra-pure zinc or zinc compounds from zinc primary and secondary raw materials Inventor(s): Leon, Miguel Angel Garcia; (Madrid, ES), Lorenzo, Daniel Martin San; (Madrid, ES), Nogueira, Gustavo Diaz; (Madrid, ES) Correspondence: John C. Mcmahon; PO Box 30069; Kansas City; MO; 64112; US Patent Application Number: 20040031356 Date filed: August 14, 2003 Abstract: The process comprises the following stages: a) leaching; b) solid-liquid separation; c) neutralization of the aqueous solution; d) solid-liquid separation of the zinc-rich solution; e) zinc extraction; f) purification of the organic solvent from the extraction stage; g) stripping the ionic zinc loaded in the organic solvent; h) recovering the zinc contained in the aqueous acid solution from the stripping. The following barriers to impurities have been established: gentle leaching; alkaline pulp treatment; treatment of a small stream of aqueous solution, collected before and/or after the zinc extraction at step e); high selectivity of the dissolved zinc extraction; treatment of the zinc loaded in the organic solvent; cleaning treatment of the zinc-laden organic solvent, with an ultra-pure acid solution; partial bleeding and treatment of the stripped organic solvent; bleed of small stream of the final product producing loop, which will be recycled to the organic loop. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved process to produce zinc or its compounds, all of them ultra-pure, by a hydrometallurgical process starting from zinc primary and/or secondary raw materials through a new combination of purification loops incorporating barriers to impurities. These barriers, according to the invention, consist of the combination of treatments that restrict the production or transport of impurities from the raw materials or from the outside to the product and/or permit their removal through successive depletions, and/or check the presence of impurities in the product, and/or prevent recontamination. Several patented processes exist concerning the hydrometallurgical treatment of zinc primary and/or secondary raw materials. These processes, operating by employing appropriate means, are targeted towards the production of electrolytic zinc or zinc compounds. The ultimate objective of these processes is to produce zinc of the highest degree of purity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process for producing alkyl esters from a vegetable or animal oil and an aliphatic monoalcohol Inventor(s): Boucot, Pierre; (Ternay, FR), Bournay, Laurent; (Lyon, FR), Bronner, Charles; (Irigny, FR), Chodorge, Jean-Alain; (Antony, FR), Forestiere, Alain; (Vernaison, FR), Hillion, Gerard; (Herblay, FR) Correspondence: Millen, White, Zelano & Branigan, P.C.; 2200 Clarendon BLVD.; Suite 1400; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20040034244 Date filed: April 11, 2003

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Abstract: Alkyl esters of fatty acids, and high purity glycerin, are produced using a process comprising a set of transesterification reactions between a vegetable or animal oil and an aliphatic monoalcohol employing a heterogeneous catalyst, for example based on zinc aluminate, the water content in the reaction medium being controlled to a value that is below a given limiting value. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the production of alkyl esters derived from vegetable or animal oils, in particular methyl esters derived from rapeseed oil. The use of vegetable oil methyl esters (VOME) as fuel substitutes is set for major development over the next few decades. The presence of trace amounts of monoglycerides in those products (maximum of 0.8% by weight according to the current standard) advantageously compensates for the loss in lubricating power primarily due to a reduction in the sulfur content of the gas oil. The sulfur content will be limited to 50 ppm by weight in 2005 and to 10 ppm by weight in 2008. Further, the European Commission has adopted a plan of action and two directives have been proposed that encourage the use of substitute fuels in the transport sector, starting with regulations and fiscal measures intended to promote biofuels. The plan of action defines a strategy that between now and 2020 will replace 20% of diesel fuel and gasoline by substitute fuels in the road transport sector. One of the proposed directives envisages that biofuels will represent a minimum proportion of 2% of all of the fuel sold from 2005, a minimum which will attain 5.75% by 2010. The production of methyl esters derived from vegetable oils (usually termed Biodiesel), essentially from rapeseed oil, exceeds 300000 tons/year in France. Further, there are other possible applications for said products, such as ecological solvents and base compounds for the production of sulfonates of fatty alcohols, amides, ester dimers, etc. Processes for producing alkyl esters (for example methyl esters) have already been developed. They use conventional homogeneous catalysis techniques with soluble catalysts such as sodium hydroxide or sodium methylate by reacting a neutral oil with an alcohol such as methanol. A process that represents said type of process that can be cited is the process described in German Patent Application No. 4123928 (European Patent Application No. 0 523 767), which involves the continuous use of a basic homogeneous catalyst. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Read-only optical recording medium with ZnO near-field optical interaction layer Inventor(s): Chang, Hsun-Hao; (Taipei, TW), Lin, Yu-Hsuan; (Taipei, TW), Tsai, DinPing; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Troxell Law Office Pllc; Suite 1404; 5205 Leesburg Pike; Falls Church; VA; 22041; US Patent Application Number: 20040032822 Date filed: December 30, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a read-only near-field optical disk using a zinc-oxide (ZnO) nano-structured thin film as the localized near-field optical interaction layer. This read-only near-field optical disk is a multi-layered body at least comprising; (a) a transparent substrate with pre-recorded pits or marks; (b) a reflection thin film; (c) a zinc-oxide (ZnO) nano-structured thin film which is capable of causing localized nearfield optical interactions; (d) a first and a second protective and spacer layers formed above or below the localized near-field optical interaction layer, which are also made of transparent dielectric material. Ultrahigh density near-field optical readout can be

Patents 277

achieved by localized near-field optical interaction between the zinc-oxide (ZnO) nanostructured thin film and the reflection layer on pre-recorded structure. Excerpt(s): 1. U.S. Pat. No.: 5,125,750. 2. U.S. Pat. No.: 6,226,258. 3. U.S. Pat. No.: 6,242,157. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Removal and melting of zinc powder formed in an electrowinning cell Inventor(s): Slutskiy, Boris N.; (Littleton, CO) Correspondence: Sheridan Ross PC; 1560 Broadway; Suite 1200; Denver; CO; 80202 Patent Application Number: 20040025638 Date filed: January 17, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides methods of using concentrated zinc chloride to protect zinc powders formed by electrowinning from oxidation during collection and removal from an electrowinning cell, during periods of prolonged storage and during melting. The invention provides a means of flushing zinc powders from all surfaces of an electrowinning cell and transporting and storing the zinc powders under a concentrated zinc chloride solution. The same concentrated solution can be used with ammonium chloride in a flux solution to melt the zinc powders prior to shaping the molten zinc into briquettes, pellets and the like. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit under 35 USC.sctn.119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/349,035, filed Jan. 17, 2002, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. The present invention is directed to recovering and melting zinc powder formed by electrodeposition from a zinc chloride solution while preventing the oxidation of the zinc powder during such procedures. Zinc is one of the most widely used non-ferrous metals with annual world wide production of zinc exceeding nine million tons. Zinc is isolated from zinc-bearing ores and secondary sources such as steel scrap and zinc-bearing dusts. Chloride-based processes offer advantages over other technologies when secondary sources are treated to recover the contained zinc. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,800,069 and 5,698,759 to Fray disclose methods of isolating zinc from sources such as furnace dust and galvanized materials using chlorine gas or a reactant that produces chlorine. One reason chloride-based methods have received little commercial development is the difficulty and cost associated with containment and collection of the chlorine gas evolved at the anode during electrolysis of chloride solutions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Semiconductor polysilicon component and method of manufacture thereof Inventor(s): Haga, Koichi; (Shibatamachi, Shibata-gun, Miyagi, JP) Correspondence: Hayes Soloway; 130 W Cushing Street; Tucson; AZ; 85701; US Patent Application Number: 20040023432 Date filed: February 13, 2003 Abstract: On a transparent substrate 110, by use of, for instance, vapor deposition, an Al film 120 is formed ((A)-(B)). Subsequently, with a DC-bias applied on a surface of the Al

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film 120, a first zinc oxide thin film 130 is formed by use of a sputtering method (C). On a surface of the first zinc oxide thin film 130, according to an atmospheric MO-CVD method, a second zinc oxide thin film 140 is formed (D). When the second zinc oxide thin film 140 deposited by use of an MO-CVD method is formed on the first zinc oxide thin film 130 having a-axis orientation, the second zinc oxide thin film 140 becomes to have the a-axis orientation.Since the Al thin film 120, owing to heat during the deposition by use of the MO-CVD method, is absorbed in the first zinc oxide thin film, the transparency is improved. As a result, a sample having a ZnO/ZnO/Al/glass structure becomes high in the transparency as a whole. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a semiconductor member suitable for constituting a transparent semiconductor element, in particular, to zinc oxide that is high in the transparency and low in the resistivity. A polycrystalline zinc oxide member whose constituent elements are zinc and oxygen is expected to apply in a photodetector, a surface acoustic wave element, a piezoelectric element, a transparent conductive electrode and an active element. As a method of fabricating the same, many methods such as an MBE method in an ultra-high vacuum, a laser aberration method, a sputtering method, a vacuum deposition method, a sol-gel method, and an MO-CVD method are under study. As to an active element such as a transparent transistor and so on, from a point of view of the crystallinity, a method in which the MBE method in an ultra-high vacuum and the laser aberration method are combined is a present main stream. However, the method is not a preferable method in realizing a low cost and large area active element. In contrast, in the fabrication of a transparent conductive electrode, the method is usually used and top data are obtained therewith. Furthermore, in large area deposition, the sputtering method is tried. However, low resistivity comparable to that due to the MBE method has not been obtained. From these present situations, an MO-CVD method (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition System) that is capable of forming a large area highly crystalline thin film is attracting attention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Topical medicament for treating nappy rash Inventor(s): Hamtini, Samir I.; (Ridgewood, NY) Correspondence: Samir I. Hamtini; 20-20 Menahan ST.; Ridgewood; NY; 11385; US Patent Application Number: 20040022863 Date filed: July 31, 2002 Abstract: A composition and method of treating nappy rash utilizes a combination of Salicylic Acid (0.720/100 g), Boric Acid (5 g/100 g), Tannic Acid (0.575 g/100 g), Zinc oxide (5 g/100 g), Calamine (1.5 g/100 g), and Lanolin (2 g/100 g). Many oils have been also introduced including Olive oil (20.00 ml), Castor oil (10.00 ml), and Cod Liver oil (10.00 ml). Cetrimide is found as (0.0075 g/100 g) and White Petroleum Q.S.100 g. Excerpt(s): The presented invention relates generally to the field of treating a skin condition known as Nappy (Diaper) Rash. The presented invention relates to topically applied medicinal composition and more particularly to such composition active topical medicinal ingredients including Salicylic acid, Boric acid, Tannic acid, Zinc oxide, Calamine, Cetrimide, White petroleum, and rich oil formula; Olive oil, castor oil, and Cod liver oil. The presented invention finds utility in topically treating other certain types of dermatological disorders such as Bedsores, Skin ulcers, Athlete's foot (Tines Pedis), bruises, burns, abrasions, cuts, Eczema, Psoriasis and others. The composition

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also provides longlasting relief from such symptoms when applied topically to areas of the patient's skin that are affected. The invention provides a unique and complete treatment of nappy rash that is nor provided in other available treatment. The invention works as a healer of damaged skin as it seals the affected area from other damaging elements. The fact that makes it most effective against nappy rash and other similar dermatological disorders is its anti-septic nature combined with its sealing ability, the introduction of both Tannic and Salicylic Acids into the formula makes it a one of a kind formula since it is the first formula to use these acids in the treatment of nappy rash. The applicants has established that when these agents may be combined in accordance with invention as in an ointment for example had not degraded and remained stable after prolonged storage. The presented invention is concerned with composition for treating Nappy rash and particularly to composition containing Salicylic acid, Boric acid, Tannic acid, Zinc oxide, Calamine, and Cetrimide in combination with Lanolin, White Petroleum and the oils; Olive oil, Castor oil, and Cod liver oil for treating nappy rash. These ingredients form a unique and comprehensive formula to provide perfect and complete treatment of several dermatological disorders. It combines the Bacteriostatic, fungicided action of Salicylic acid together with its anti-inflammatory and good antiseptic effects. This action is considerably enhanced by the presence of Boric acid with its broad-spectrum Bacteriostatic, fungestatic properties. The introduction of Tannic acid is of particular value due to its strong astringent action which helps to relief pain quickly and contributes to the overall healing effect. Olive oil, Castor oil, and Cod liver oil have been added to the formula with Lanolin and White Petroleum to create great emollient, soothing and calming effects through forming an occlusive layer on the skin, making the invention a successful water-repellent barrier thus prevent loss of normal skin moisture content on one hand and protect it from outside water on the other. Moreover, this layer reduces friction of skin in the interregional areas and reduces contact with clothes leading to additional protection and disinfecting of skin. The optimally composed formula with its emollient properties, also contributes to the curative effect. Zinc oxide and Calamine exert astringent and protective effects, which have great advantage. Cetrimide; being Quaternary Ammonium compound, with its specific antiseptic properties will leave the skin fresh, clean, with a nice odor to it. These ingredients in the composition are stable and well tolerated. Because of their properties, compositions, according to the invention they are suitable for treatment of several dermatological disorders such as nappy rash. The primary objective of the present invention is to provide composition and method for treating nappy rash by utilizing topical anti-infective agents together with emollients and oil. Another objective of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition, which reduces related symptoms of nappy rash such as aggravated skin, redness, itching, wounds, abrasions, irritation, and offensive odor. The treatment--which the present invention provide--is both an immediate relief of the pain and a long lasting healing effect. Another objective of the presented invention is to provide effective treatment of a wide variety of fungal and bacterial skin infection particularly those occurring in the interregional areas (thighs and underarms) since those areas are exposed to excessive sweating which rarely vaporizes. It acts as emollient, antiseptic, and as an astringent of wounds and lesions occurring in those areas. It is an objective of the presented invention to provide topically applied pharmaceutical composition containing several topical antibacterial, anti fungal, and anti septic agents together with the oils and the white petroleum suitable for prophylaxis and treatment of various ailments and superficial abrasion conditions of the skin such as bedsores, dryness, skin ulcers, minor abrasions, eczema, psoriasis, and vitamin-A deficiency and as adjuvant therapy in cases of Athlete's foot due to the anti fungal properties of Salicylic acid and Boric acid. The other object is to provide topical compositions of the type described for the treatment of nappy rash and more

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particularly severe forms which the compositions is more effective as a remedy than compositions presently known and used in the art. Final objective is a formula that provides topical therapy with no or little side effects and which doesn't have the risk of bearing toxic residues and is economical in cost to both manufacturer and patient. According to the invention, it has been further found that many patients with severe inflamed cases, referring to even long term treatment with a variety of conventional remedies experience significant importance in their conditions when treated within two days many times daily using the combination of the invention. The foregoing and other objects, advantages and characterizing features will become apparent from the following descriptions of certain illustrative embodiments of the invention. The features which are considered characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Topical steroid spray Inventor(s): Crutchfield, Charles E. III; (St. Paul, MN) Correspondence: Briggs And Morgan, P.A.; 2400 Ids Center; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20040022741 Date filed: June 16, 2003 Abstract: A pharmaceutical topical spray composition of corticosteroid, an alcohol, a propelant, and isopropyl palmitate. A method for treating an inflammatory skin condition using the administration to the skin of a mammal of the pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition is effective in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions without the need for zinc pyrithione, undecylenic acid, or a detergent. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/882,965, filed Jun. 15, 2001, entitled TOPICAL STEROID SPRAY, which is to issue on Jun. 17, 2003 under U.S. Pat. No. 6,579,512. The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition of the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions, and a therapeutic method for treating inflammatory skin conditions using the pharmaceutical composition. Topical corticosteroids are a powerful tool for treating skin disease. Understanding the correct use of these agents will result in the successful management of a variety of skin problems. There are many products available, and new ones appear almost monthly. Pharmaceutical companies have responded to the great demand for these agents with an increasing number of products, but all of these preparations have basically the same anti-inflamatory properties. They differ only in strength, base and price. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Transcription factors and zinc finger proteins Inventor(s): Azimzai, Yalda; (Oakland, CA), Baughn, Mariah R; (San Leandro, CA), Chawla, Narinder K; (Union City, CA), Gandhi, Ameena R; (San Francisco, CA), Hafalia, April J A; (Daly City, CA), Kalafus, Daniel P; (San Francisco, CA), Lee, Sally; (San Jose, CA), Lu, Dyung Aina M; (San Jose, CA), Lu, Yan; (Mountain View, CA), Nguyen, Danniel B; (San Jose, CA), Ramkumar, Jayalaxmi; (Fremont, CA), Tang, Y Tom; (San Jose, CA), Thangavelu, Kavitha; (Sunnyvale, CA), Thornton, Michael B; (Oakland, CA), Yao, Monique G; (Carmel, IN), Yue, Henry; (Sunnyvale, CA) Correspondence: Incyte Corporation (formerly Known AS Incyte; Genomics, INC.); 3160 Porter Drive; Palo Alto; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20040029144 Date filed: March 21, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides human transcription factors and zinc finger proteins (TFZN) and polynucleotides which identify and encode TFZN. The invention also provides expression vectors, host cells, antibodies, agonists, and antagonists. The invention also provides methods for diagnosing, treating, or preventing disorders associated with aberrant expression of TFZN. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of transcription factors and zinc finger proteins and to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cell proliferative disorders, including cancer, and developmental, autoimmune/inflammatory and neurological disorders, and in the assessment of the effects of exogenous compounds on the expression of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of transcription factors and zinc finger proteins. Multicellular organisms are comprised of diverse cell types that differ dramatically both in structure and function. The identity of a cell is determined by its characteristic pattern of gene expression, and different cell types express overlapping but distinctive sets of genes throughout development. Spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression is critical for the control of cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and other processes that contribute to organismal development. Furthermore, gene expression is regulated in response to extracellular signals that mediate cell-cell communication and coordinate the activities of different cell types. Appropriate gene regulation also ensures that cells function efficiently by expressing only those genes whose functions are required at a given time. The double helix structure and repeated sequences of DNA create topological and chemical features which can be recognized by transcription factors. These features are hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups, hydrophobic patches, major and minor grooves, and regular, repeated stretches of sequence which induce distinct bends in the helix. Typically, transcription factors recognize specific DNA sequence motifs of about 20 nucleotides in length. Multiple, adjacent transcription factor-binding motifs may be required for gene regulation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Unit dosage forms for the treatment of herpes simplex Inventor(s): Pearson, Don C.; (Lakewood, WA), Richardson, Kenneth T.; (Anchorage, AK) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20040018996 Date filed: July 25, 2003 Abstract: The components of this invention are chosen because of their complementarity for the prevention or treatment of diseases caused by the herpes simplex virus. L-Lysine favorably increases the physiologic immunomodulation necessary for defense against this virus. Zinc improves and maintains a normal immune response. 2-Deoxy-2-Dglucose and heparin sodium alter the surface interaction between the herpes virus and the cell, preventing fusion and infectivity. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine increases glutathione levels thereby creating a thiol redox barrier to the virus at the cell membrane. Quercetin reduces intraoellular replication of the herpes virus and viral infectivity. Ascorbate, in concert with copper and D-.alpha.-tocopherol, provides an antioxidant defense against the herpes virus, which tends to lose latency during period of oxidative, free radical excess. Selenium and quercetin also participate in reducing various oxidative stresses. Together the components of this invention provide the potential for improved resistance to, improved recovery from, and a decreased frequency of recurrence of herpes simplex virus infection. Excerpt(s): This application is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/101,308, filed Sep. 21, 1998, and claims all benefits legally available therefrom. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/101,308 is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes capable of being served thereby. This invention is in the field of pharmacology, and relates specifically to the pharmacological treatment of conditions associated with herpes simplex virus infections. No human virus is considered normal flora; although some viruses may be more or less symptomatic, unlike bacteria none can be considered non-pathogenic. And because the viral life cycle is played out within a host cell, the membrane and molecular function of the target eukaryocyte and the biological life cycle of the invasive virion are inextricably entwined. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with zinc, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on zinc. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning zinc. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ZINC Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to zinc. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on zinc include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on zinc: •

Food Finder Vitamin and Mineral Source Guide Source: Salem, OR: Esha Research. 1995. 475 p. Contact: Available from Esha Research. P.O. Box 13028, Salem, OR 97309. (800) 659-3742. Fax (503) 585-5543. PRICE: $29.95 plus $5 shipping (as of 1995). Summary: This book presents nutrient data compiled from over 1000 scientific sources, including the most recent USDA data. Estimates of nutrient amounts in foods include adjustments in the interest of accuracy. Nutrient information is provided for thirteen vitamins, including A, thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), B6, biotin, folacin, B12, pantothenic acid, C (ascorbic acid), D, E, and K; and for twelve minerals, including calcium, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, and zinc. Additional sections cover caffeine, cholesterol, and dietary fiber. Introductory material is provided that can help readers understand

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and interpret the nutrient data, as well as information about recommended dietary allowances, safe and adequate daily intakes, and dietary guidelines and goals. •

NutriBase Nutrition Facts Desk Reference Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group. 1995. 789 p. Contact: Available from Avery Publishing Group. 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (800) 548-5757, ext. 123. Fax (516) 742-1892. PRICE: $17.95. ISBN: 0895296233. Summary: This book provides comprehensive nutritional information about a wide range of foods, both generic and brand name, raw and prepared. Part One is an A to Z reference to the general nutrients provided by foods. In this section are listed the amount of calories, protein, carbohydrates, sodium, fiber, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, as well as the percentage of calories that come from fat. Part Two is an A to Z reference to the vitamins and minerals provided by foods. This section states the amount of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and zinc. Part Three is an A to Z reference to the nutrient values of various types of fast food. In this section, foods are listed alphabetically under the name of the restaurant chain, and each food item is accompanied by the amounts of the general nutrients found in that item. All of the foods are listed alphabetically, and for convenience similar foods have been grouped together in categories, such as Baby Foods, Breads, Candies, Cereals, Cheese, Cookies, Pasta, and Sauces. The book includes an introduction to dietary health and food guidelines; a list of abbreviations is also provided.

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Numb Toes and Aching Soles: Coping with Peripheral Neuropathy Source: San Antonio, TX: MedPress. 1999. 300 p. Contact: Available from MedPress. P.O. Box 691546, San Antonio, TX 78269. (888) 6339898. Website: www.medpress.com. PRICE: $19.95 for soft back book; $29.95 for case bound book; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0967110726. Summary: This book serves as a resource for people who experience pain related to peripheral neuropathy. About one half of peripheral neuropathies are related to complications from diabetes mellitus. The book focuses on traditional, conventional, and alternative treatments for neuropathic pain. The book begins with a chapter that defines peripheral neuropathy and discusses this condition in terms of its types, symptoms and effects, causes, and evaluation. The next chapter explains the physical and psychological aspects of peripheral neuropathic pain. The following chapter discusses medications for treating peripheral neuropathic pain, including nonopioid drugs, opioids, and topical medications. A discussion of nonopioid drug costs is included. The fourth chapter focuses on other medical therapies for treating peripheral neuropathic pain, including hematologic treatments such as plasmapheresis, immunosuppressant medications, and nerve based treatments such as nerve blocks and direct nerve stimulation. This is followed by a chapter on alternative treatments, including physical therapy; psychotherapeutic methods such as relaxation and meditation training, biofeedback, self hypnosis, and prayer; hyperbaric oxygen therapy; acupuncture; touch therapies such as massage, reflexology, Reiki, Qigong, and therapeutic touch; magnets; and chelation. Treating peripheral neuropathic pain with various nutrients (vitamins A, B, C, and E; minerals such as selenium, magnesium, chromium, and zinc; and herbs such as ginkgo biloba, St. John's wart, bioflavonoids, and others) is the topic of the next chapter. In addition, the chapter provides information on other supplements such as alpha-lipoic acid, gamma linolenic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, N-acetyl cysteine, glutamine, coenzyme

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Q10, S-adenosylmethionine, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methyl sulfonyl methane. The focus of the next chapter is on experimental or unapproved drugs, including aldose reductase inhibitors; aminoguanidine; COX-2; ABT-594; SNX-111; lamotrigine; memantine; natural pain relievers such as bimoclomol, cannabinoids, endorphins, and nocistatin/OFQ2; nerve regenerating compounds such as NGF, IGF-1, neutrophin-3, and GPI 1046; nimodipine; peptide T; and PN 401. This is followed by a chapter that examines diabetes and HIV. Diabetes classifications and diabetic neuropathy (types, risk factors, blood sugar control, and treatment approaches) are discussed. The final chapter presents ways of coping with peripheral neuropathy, including exercising, using heat or cold therapy, creating conducive conditions for sleeping, avoiding certain foods, and selecting appropriate footwear. The book concludes with an index. •

The Anarchist AIDS Medical Formulary: A Guide to Guerrilla Immunology Contact: North Atlantic Books, PO Box 12327, Berkeley, CA, 94701-9998, (510) 559-8277. Summary: This monograph explores research in immunology and alternative therapies from the AIDS treatment underground, and takes a critical look at the response by the Government and medical establishment to the AIDS epidemic. It consists of a collection of essays adapted from Charles R. Caulfield's "HIV News" column in the San Francisco Sentinel. Caulfield, diagnosed with AIDS in 1983, contends that AIDS is survivable, with recovery possible through alternative healing and therapeutic strategies. Part I examines the politics and realities of AIDS treatment research. Part II discusses specific alternative AIDS treatments, focusing on theories, therapies, and resources. Among the therapies discussed are antioxidants, Acemannan, Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), Chinese herbs, Germanium, vitamins A and C, and zinc.

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Micronutrients and HIV Infection Contact: CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd NW, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, (561) 9940555, http://www.crcpress.com. Summary: This monograph presents current knowledge about the role of micronutrients in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It provides an overview of the mechanisms responsible for the relationship between nutritional deficiencies and infections, examines the public health implications of this relationship, describes types of nutritionally acquired immune deficiency syndromes, reviews some of the concepts regarding reactive oxygen species (ROS) during normal metabolism and during infections, and presents evidence about the role of ROS and the use of antioxidants during the pathogenesis of viral infections. The monograph examines the functions of vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, zinc, and selenium in the context of normal metabolism and infectious disease and explains their role in HIV disease progression. In addition, it discusses the role of micronutrients in the case management of HIV infection and their role in efforts to combat the HIV pandemic.

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Wilson's Disease Source: Saint Louis, MO: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. 210 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522 or (314) 4537010. Fax (800) 568-5236 or (314) 453-7095. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $66.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0702018422.

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Summary: Wilson's disease, an inherited copper toxicosis, is a condition that affects the central nervous system and liver, and appears in childhood or early adulthood. Though the condition is rare, it is vital that the physician be aware of its clinical manifestations, since treatment can be very successful if instituted before irreversible organ damage has occurred. This book offers a comprehensive guide to the early diagnosis and treatment of Wilson's disease, using case studies to bring out the nuances of effective patient management. In addition, the author provides a review of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, plus practical guidance on new diagnostic tests and therapies. There is a genetic basis for the difference in the age of presentation. Patients with late (usually neurological) presentation have the H714X mutation; patients with early (usually hepatic) presentation have other, thus far unknown, mutations. Increase of free plasma copper, and not copper accumulation, is the central feature of Wilson's disease. High concentrations of copper in the liver and brain are a sign of copper detoxification by metallothionein. The neuropathological abnormalities in Wilson's disease and hepatic encephalopathy are similar at a microscopic level. Three clinical forms of neurological Wilson's disease can be distinguished: the dyskinetic, the pseudosclerotic, and the pseudoparkinsonian forms. The neuropsychiatric symptoms of Wilson's disease are those of subacute metabolic encephalopathy. The essential diagnostic indices of Wilson's disease are Kayser-Fleischer ring (in the eyes), low caeruloplasmin, high urinary copper excretion and high hepatic copper content. Pencillamine and zinc sulphate are both effective in the treatment of Wilson's disease. Because chelating (removal) agents may cause paradoxical deterioration, penicillamine should not be used as initial treatment. The author advocates starting treatment with zinc sulphate and to add penicillamine only if decoppering with zinc therapy alone is insufficient. The book includes a section of color plates, an extensive references list, and a subject index. 404 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “zinc” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “zinc” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “zinc” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

*ZINC ALLOYS COMPONDS $$$ by MORGAN; ISBN: 0139731245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0139731245/icongroupinterna

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1991 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products: Volume 02.04: Nonferrous Metals-Nickel, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium Alloys; ISBN: 0803115954; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803115954/icongroupinterna

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1992 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Section 2 Nonferrous Metal Products: Volume 02.04 Nonferrous Metals-Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, P; ISBN: 0803116810; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803116810/icongroupinterna

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1993 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products: Volume 02.04: Nonferrous Metals-Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmiu by Paula C. Fazio, et

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al; ISBN: 0803119127; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803119127/icongroupinterna •

1994 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products: Volume 02.04: Nonferrous Metals-Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmiu by Nicole C. Furcola; ISBN: 0803121121; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803121121/icongroupinterna

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1996 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products: Volume 02.04: Nonferrous Metals-Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmiu (Vol 02.04) by Nicole C. Furcola; ISBN: 0803122837; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803122837/icongroupinterna

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1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States by U.S. Geological Survey National Mineral Resource Assessment Team; ISBN: 0607951117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0607951117/icongroupinterna

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2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Unwrought Zinc and Zinc Alloys by The Unwrought Zinc and Zinc Alloys Resea; ISBN: 0741833093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741833093/icongroupinterna

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2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Worked Zinc and Zinc Alloys by The Worked Zinc and Zinc Alloys Research; ISBN: 0741833107; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741833107/icongroupinterna

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2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Zinc Ores and Concentrates by The Zinc Ores and Concentrates Research; ISBN: 0741830477; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741830477/icongroupinterna

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A history of the zinc smelting industry in Britain by E. J. Cocks; ISBN: 0245593772; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0245593772/icongroupinterna

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A method for predicting service life of zinc rich primers on carbon steel (SuDoc NAS 1.15:93101) by Charles W. Hoppesch; ISBN: B000104XIO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000104XIO/icongroupinterna

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A probabilistic ecological risk assessment of zinc in surface waters of the Chesapeake Bay watershed final report (SuDoc EP 1.88:P 94/2) by Lenwood W. Hall; ISBN: B000110DLO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000110DLO/icongroupinterna

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A Sacrificial Zinc by Matthew Cooperman; ISBN: 0807127337; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807127337/icongroupinterna

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Antimony, Arsenic, Beryllium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Indium, Nickel, Selenium, Silver, Thallium, Vanadium and Zinc by Electrothermal AAS, 1988 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117520950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117520950/icongroupinterna

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ASTURIANA DE ZINC, S.A.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Icon Group Ltd., Icon Group Ltd.; ISBN: 0597318719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597318719/icongroupinterna

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Atmospheric Corrosion Investigation of Aluminum-Coated, Zinc-Coated, and Copper-Bearing Steel Wire and Wire Products: A Thirty-Two Year Report (Astm) by

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Beryle G. Sweet (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0803120648; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803120648/icongroupinterna •

Atmospheric Corrosion Investigation of Aluminum-Coated, Zinc-Coated, and Copper-Bearing Steel Wire and Wire Products: A Twenty-Year Report by John F. Occasione, et al; ISBN: 0803102054; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803102054/icongroupinterna

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Biochemistry of Zinc (Biochemistry of the Elements, Vol 11) by Ananda S. Prasad; ISBN: 0306443996; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306443996/icongroupinterna

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BREWER ZINC METABOLISM - CURRENT ASPECTS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE by GJ BREWER; ISBN: 0471563668; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471563668/icongroupinterna

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Byproduct output from the domestic primary copper, lead, and zinc industries (SuDoc I 28.27:9292) by Russell J. Foster; ISBN: B000106AXA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000106AXA/icongroupinterna

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C135.20-1998 IEEE Standard for Zinc-Coated Ferrous Insulator Clevises for Overhead Line Construction; ISBN: 0738101931; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738101931/icongroupinterna

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Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Nickel and Zinc in Sewage Sludges by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Following Digestion with Nitric Acid, 1981 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117516155; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117516155/icongroupinterna

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Characterization of cadmium-zinc telluride crystals grown by 'contactless' PVT using synchrotron white beam topography (SuDoc NAS 1.15:207869) by NASA; ISBN: B00010ZESW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010ZESW/icongroupinterna

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Cinda-A, 1935-1987: 1 Hydrogen to 30 Zinc by International Atomic Energy Agency; ISBN: 9200392903; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9200392903/icongroupinterna

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Clinical Applications of Recent Advances in Zinc Metabolism by Ananda S. Prasad (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0471835781; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471835781/icongroupinterna

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Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II : Copper and Zinc Groups by E. W. Abel, et al; ISBN: 0080423108; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080423108/icongroupinterna

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Contamination of wells completed in the Roubidoux aquifer by abandoned zinc and lead mines, Ottawa County, Oklahoma [microform] (SuDoc I 19.42/4:95-4150) by Scott C. Christenson; ISBN: B00010QTJU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010QTJU/icongroupinterna

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Copper and Zinc in Inflammation (Inflammation and Drug Therapy Series, Vol 4) by R. Milanino (Editor), et al; ISBN: 074620079X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074620079X/icongroupinterna

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Copper and Zinc in Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases by K. D. Rainsford (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0792348273; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792348273/icongroupinterna

Books

289

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Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc Mining in the US [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by IBISWorld (Author); ISBN: B0001BJXJM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001BJXJM/icongroupinterna

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Copper, Silver, Gold, Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury (Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol 5) by Dietrich K. Breitinger (Editor), Wolfgang A. Herrmann (Editor); ISBN: 0865776628; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865776628/icongroupinterna

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Corrosion and Electrochemistry of Zinc by Xiaoge Gregory Zhang; ISBN: 0306453347; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306453347/icongroupinterna

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Corrosion of Zinc Alloy Coatings and Other Sacrificial Coating Systems by K.R. Baldwin, G.D. Wilcox; ISBN: 1855735687; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1855735687/icongroupinterna

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Corrosion Resistance of Zinc and Zinc Alloys by Frank C. Porter; ISBN: 0824792130; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824792130/icongroupinterna

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Cross sections of Lower Ordovician carbonate depositional lithofacies and Mississippi Valley-type zinc-and iron-sulfide mineralization in the Caulfield district, east-central part of Harrison 1 p0 s x 2 p0 s quadrangle, Arkansas and Missouri (SuDoc I 19.113:MF-1994-C) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010AL8K; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010AL8K/icongroupinterna

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Designing for thin-wall zinc die castings; ISBN: 0932893015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932893015/icongroupinterna

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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadi: Um, and Zinc by National Academy Press; ISBN: 0309072794; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309072794/icongroupinterna

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Economics for the Profitable Mining and Marketing of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead and Zinc Ores by Roger D. Carlson; ISBN: 0819120227; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0819120227/icongroupinterna

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Effect of abrasive grit size on wear of manganese-zinc ferrite under three-body abrasion (SuDoc NAS 1.15:89879) by Kazuhisa Miyoshi; ISBN: B0001062PG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001062PG/icongroupinterna

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Effectiveness and variability of digestion procedures for zinc determination in aged, contaminated soils (SuDoc D 103.33/12:92-15) by Charles M. Reynolds; ISBN: B00010EAHI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010EAHI/icongroupinterna

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Electronic characterization of defects in narrow gap semiconductors comparison of electronic energy levels and formation energies in Mercury Cadmium Telluride Mercury Zinc Telluride and Mercury Zinc Selenide, semi-annual report, September 19, 1994 to March 19, 1995 (SuDoc NAS 1.26:197835) by James D. Patterson; ISBN: B00010PLEE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010PLEE/icongroupinterna

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ESPANOLA DEL ZINC S.A.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Icon Group Ltd.; ISBN: 0597326746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597326746/icongroupinterna

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Exchange of Notes Amending the Headquarters Agreement Between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the International

290

Zinc

Lead and Zinc Study Group: London, 10 and 28 July 1997 (Cm.: Miscellaneous: 1999: 4229: No. 9) by Great Britain; ISBN: 0101421524; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0101421524/icongroupinterna •

Fluid inclusions and biomarkers in the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district : implications for the fluid-flow and thermal history of the Illinois Basin (SuDoc I 19.3:2094-F) by E. Lanier Rowan; ISBN: B00010PPOU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010PPOU/icongroupinterna

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Freedonia Focus on Zinc [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by The Freedonia Group (Author); ISBN: B000096CDY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000096CDY/icongroupinterna

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Galvatech '95 Conference Proceedings: The Use and Manufacture of Zinc and Zinc Alloy Coated Sheet Steel Products into the 21st Century; ISBN: 1886362025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886362025/icongroupinterna

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Geochemical maps of copper, lead, and zinc, upper Arkansas River drainage basin, Colorado (SuDoc I 19.76:94-408) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010PP54; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010PP54/icongroupinterna

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Gravity and magnetic maps of part of the Drenchwater Creek stratiform zinc-leadsilver deposit, Howard Pass quadrangle, northwestern Brooks Range, Alaska (SuDoc I 19.76:97-705) by Robert L. Morin; ISBN: B00010ZG26; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010ZG26/icongroupinterna

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Growth of zinc selenide single crystals by physical vapor transport in microgravity final report, NASA grant NAG8-767, period of performance, 4/1/89 - 8/31/95 (SuDoc NAS 1.26:199679) by F. Rosenberger; ISBN: B00010QN32; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010QN32/icongroupinterna

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Hard Rock : Historical Fiction of a Boy Growing Up Amid Tragedy in the World's Largest Lead and Zinc Mining Field by Dean Sims (Author); ISBN: 0595265669; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595265669/icongroupinterna

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High solids and zinc-rich epoxy coatings for Corps of Engineers Civil Works structures (SuDoc D 103.53:REMR-EM-10) by A. Beitelman; ISBN: B00010YTPG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010YTPG/icongroupinterna

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India-Other Non-Ferrous Metals (zinc, tin, nickel & lead) Market [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Scope eKnowledge Center Ltd. (Author); ISBN: B0000640K7; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000640K7/icongroupinterna

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In-vehicle evaluation of the Globe EV 2300 lead-acid, Delco Remy 150 nickel-zinc and Eagle-Picher NIF 270 nickel-iron battery systems (SuDoc NAS 1.26:175653) by Aji A. Uchiyama; ISBN: B00010OZPA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010OZPA/icongroupinterna

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Ion beam sputter deposited zinc telluride films (SuDoc NAS 1.15:87119) by Daniel A. Gulino; ISBN: B000105D6A; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000105D6A/icongroupinterna

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KOREA ZINC COMPANY, LTD.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Icon Group Ltd., Ltd. Icon Group; ISBN: 0597255237; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597255237/icongroupinterna

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La Compagnie Des Zincs by Carade Doisneau; ISBN: 2232103781; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2232103781/icongroupinterna

Books

291

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LA Gata Sobre El Tejado De Zinc Caliente (Millennium, Las 100 Joyas Del Milenio, 94) by Tennesse Williams, et al; ISBN: 8481302171; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8481302171/icongroupinterna

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LA Plume Et Le Zinc: Writers in the Cafes of Paris by Jeanne Hilary; ISBN: 2850256501; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2850256501/icongroupinterna

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Laboratory evaluation of commercial epoxy zinc-rich primers for civil works applications (SuDoc D 103.53:96/39) by Timothy D. Race; ISBN: B00010TKXW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010TKXW/icongroupinterna

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Le zinc en or by James Hadley Chase (Author); ISBN: 2070496899; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2070496899/icongroupinterna

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Lead and Zinc to 1997 by Donald Spence; ISBN: 0850587417; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0850587417/icongroupinterna

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Lead and Zinc: Threats and Opportunities in the Years Ahead by N. Anyadike; ISBN: 1855735938; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1855735938/icongroupinterna

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Lead-Zinc 2000: Proceedings of the Lead-Zinc 2000 Symposium Which Was Part of the Tms Fall Extraction & Process Metallurgy Meeting, Pittsburgh, U.S.A., October 22-25 by J. E. Dutrizac (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0873394860; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873394860/icongroupinterna

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Lead-Zinc '90 by T.C. MacKey, et al; ISBN: 087339111X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087339111X/icongroupinterna

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Les Cercueils de zinc by Svetlana Alexievitch (Author), et al; ISBN: 2267016303; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2267016303/icongroupinterna

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Luminescence and Anisotropy of Zinc Sulfide Crystals (Proceedings of the Lebedev Physics Institute, Vol 175, Supplement 1) by M. D. Galanin (Editor); ISBN: 0941743209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941743209/icongroupinterna

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Map showing distribution of zinc in stream-sediment samples, Richfield 1 p0 sx 2 p0 squadrangle, Utah (SuDoc I 19.113:MF-2138-K) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B000104HH6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000104HH6/icongroupinterna

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Map showing mineral resource assessment for vein and replacement deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, and tungsten in the Butte 1 p0 s x 2 p0 s quadrangle, Montana (SuDoc I 19.91:I-2050-D) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010CU3O; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010CU3O/icongroupinterna

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Maps showing distribution of gold, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, and zinc in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1 p0 s x 2 p0 s quadrangle, Utah (SuDoc I 19.113:MF-2081-D) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010GG7A; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GG7A/icongroupinterna

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Maps showing the distribution of antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, molybdenum, silver, tin, tungsten, and zinc in heavy-mineralconcentrate samples, Delta 1 p0 s x 2 p0 s quadrangle, Utah (SuDoc I 19.113:MF2081-E) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010GFTO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GFTO/icongroupinterna

292

Zinc

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Metal Ions in Biological Systems: Zinc and Its Role in Biology and Nutrition by Helmut Sigel (Editor); ISBN: 0824774620; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824774620/icongroupinterna

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Mineralogy and chemistry of oxidized ores from the Upper Silesia Mississippi Valley-type zinc-lead deposits, Poland (SuDoc I 19.76:99-394) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B000113JDI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000113JDI/icongroupinterna

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My Zinc Bed by David Hare (Author); ISBN: 0571205747; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0571205747/icongroupinterna

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National defense stockpile disposal of zinc : report to the Chairman, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives (SuDoc GA 1.13:NSIAD-94-70) by U.S. General Accounting Office; ISBN: B00010LLZM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010LLZM/icongroupinterna

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National mineral-resource assessment : the 1996 estimate of undiscovered gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc remaining in the United States (SuDoc I 19.2:M 66/15) by Richard B. McCammon; ISBN: B00010VUH6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010VUH6/icongroupinterna

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Natural Cold and Flu Defense: Using Echinacea, Zinc, Vitamin C and Other Supplements by C. W. Hawken, Remi Cooper; ISBN: 1885670907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670907/icongroupinterna

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Neurobiology of Zinc, Part B: Deficiency, Toxicity, and Pathology (Neurology and Neurobiology, Vol. 11) by E.J. Kasarskis (Editor), et al; ISBN: 047183372X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047183372X/icongroupinterna

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New treatment standards finalized for K061 high zinc subcategory wastes (SuDoc EP 1.17:530-SW-91-055) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010GLDY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GLDY/icongroupinterna

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Nonferrous Metals-Nickle, Cobalt Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, Precious, Reactive, Refractory Metals and Alloys: Materials for Thermostats, Electrical Heating and Resistance Contacts, and Connectors (Annual Book of Astm Standards 2002); ISBN: 0803132549; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803132549/icongroupinterna

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Nutritional Bioavailability of Zinc by George E. Inglett (Editor); ISBN: 0841207607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841207607/icongroupinterna

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Organometallic Compounds of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury by J. L. Wardell (Editor); ISBN: 0412268701; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412268701/icongroupinterna

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Performance demonstrations of zinc sulfide and strontium aluminate photoluminescent floor proximity escape path marking systems (SuDoc TD 4.210:98/2) by Garnet A. McLean; ISBN: B00010Z1K8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Z1K8/icongroupinterna

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Primary and secondary hazards of zinc phosphide to nontarget wildlife a review of the literature (SuDoc A 101.29/2:11-55-005) by Gregory D. Johnson; ISBN: B00010PPW2; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010PPW2/icongroupinterna

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Principles of Mining: Valuation Organization and Administration Copper Gold Lead Silver Tin and Zinc by Herbert Hoover; ISBN: 0722243448; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722243448/icongroupinterna

Books

293

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Problems of Trade in Certain Natural Resource Products: Background Study on Zinc and Zinc Products (Trade in Natural-Resource Products); ISBN: 9287010390; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9287010390/icongroupinterna

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Problems with applying topographically driven flow to genesis of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district and to fluid flow in the Illinois Basin (SuDoc I 19.3:2094-C) by Charles S. Spirakis; ISBN: B00010MY44; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010MY44/icongroupinterna

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Proceedings of the Symposium on Rechargeable Zinc Batteries: Commemorating the 100th Birthday of A. N. Frumkin by Alvin J. Salkind; ISBN: 1566771099; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566771099/icongroupinterna

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Process Guidance: Zinc and Zinc Alloy Processes: Revision 1996; ISBN: 0117532533; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117532533/icongroupinterna

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Processes for the Production of Compounds of Chromium, Magnesium, Manganese, Nickel and Zinc (Chief Inspector's Guidance to Inspectors); ISBN: 0117529117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117529117/icongroupinterna

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Radiation Induced Structural Changes in Alpha-copper-zinc Alloys by W. Sch; ISBN: 0119728281; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0119728281/icongroupinterna

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Reactivity studies during drying and relocation of lead-zinc- gold tailings (SuDoc I 28.23:9597) by L. J. Froisland; ISBN: B00010RIF4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010RIF4/icongroupinterna

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Review of methods for preparation of zinc and cadmium sulfide, selenide and telluride single crystals (SuDoc NAS 1.15:88426) by Mieczyslaw Kucharczyi; ISBN: B000108NCQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000108NCQ/icongroupinterna

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River of tears: the rise of the Rio Tinto-Zinc Mining Corporation by Richard West; ISBN: 0856440027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0856440027/icongroupinterna

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Secretary of State's Guidance <196> Zinc and Zinc Alloy Processes: Process Guidance: Process Guidance Notes; ISBN: 0117524603; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117524603/icongroupinterna

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Seeded physical vapor transport of cadmium-zinc telluride crystals growth and characterization (SuDoc NAS 1.15:207738) by NASA; ISBN: B000111AUM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000111AUM/icongroupinterna

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Seminal Zinc as a Screening Instrument for the Preliminary Identification of Semen Traces by P. Hooft; ISBN: 9061865190; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061865190/icongroupinterna

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Separation and recovery of metals from zinc-treated superalloy scrap (SuDoc I 28.23:9235) by P. D. Laverty; ISBN: B000102CFU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000102CFU/icongroupinterna

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Sprayed Zinc Galvanic Anodes for Concrete Marine Bridge Substructures by Alberto A. Sagues, et al; ISBN: 0309058198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309058198/icongroupinterna

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Standard for Threaded Zinc-Coated Ferrous Strand-Eye Anchor Rods and Nuts for Overhead Line Construc by IEEE Standards Publications; ISBN: 0738118435; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738118435/icongroupinterna

294

Zinc

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Standard for Zinc-Coated Steel Bolts and Nuts for Overhead Line Construction by IEEE Standards Publications; ISBN: 0738118427; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738118427/icongroupinterna

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Survey of Copper and Zinc in Food: Report of the Working Party on the Monitoring of Foodstuffs for Heavy Metals (Food Surveillance Papers); ISBN: 0112411991; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0112411991/icongroupinterna

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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Unwrought Zinc and Zinc Alloys in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by The Unwrought Zinc and Zinc Alloys Resea, et al; ISBN: 0741866129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741866129/icongroupinterna

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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Worked Zinc and Zinc Alloys in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by The Worked Zinc and Zinc Alloys Research, et al; ISBN: 0741866196; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741866196/icongroupinterna

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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Worked Zinc and Zinc Alloys in Vietnam by Inc. Icon Group International (Editor); ISBN: 0597752206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597752206/icongroupinterna

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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Zinc in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by The Zinc Research Group, The Zinc Research Group; ISBN: 0741866269; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741866269/icongroupinterna

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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Zinc Ores and Concentrates in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by The Zinc Ores and Concentrates Research, et al; ISBN: 0741852756; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741852756/icongroupinterna

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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Zinc, Chromium, Manganese and Iron Oxides in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by Chromium The Zinc, et al; ISBN: 0741856409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741856409/icongroupinterna

•

The 2000 World Forecasts of Unwrought Zinc and Zinc Alloys Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Unwrought Zinc and Zinc Alloys Resea, et al; ISBN: 0741838613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741838613/icongroupinterna

•

The 2000 World Forecasts of Worked Zinc and Zinc Alloys Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Worked Zinc and Zinc Alloys Research, et al; ISBN: 0741838621; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741838621/icongroupinterna

•

The 2000 World Forecasts of Zinc Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Zinc Research Group, The Zinc Research Group; ISBN: 074183863X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074183863X/icongroupinterna

•

The 2000 World Forecasts of Zinc Ores and Concentrates Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Zinc Ores and Concentrates Research, et al; ISBN: 0741836696; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741836696/icongroupinterna

•

The 2000 World Forecasts of Zinc, Chromium, Manganese and Iron Oxides Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by Chromium The Zinc, et al; ISBN: 0741837226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741837226/icongroupinterna

•

The 2000-2005 Outlook for Lead and Zinc Ores in the Middle East by Inc. Icon Group International (Editor); ISBN: 0757698913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757698913/icongroupinterna

Books

295

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The 2003 World Forecasts of Zinc Ores and Concentrates Export Supplies [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0000YSUSK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000YSUSK/icongroupinterna

•

The Availability of Primary Lead and Zinc in the Market Economy Countries : A Minerals Availability Appraisal (Information Circular PB94111937/Ll) by Carl A. Difrancesco, et al; ISBN: 9993849367; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9993849367/icongroupinterna

•

The Certification of the Content (Mass Fractions) of Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Cobalt, Manganese, Lead, Selenium and Zinc in a Single Cell Protein: c by B. Griepink (Editor); ISBN: 928257427X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/928257427X/icongroupinterna

•

The Certification of the Contents Mass Fractions of Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Selenium and Zinc in a Sea Lettuce (ULVA LACTUCA: CRM NO 279) by B. Griepnik, H. Muntau; ISBN: 9282577716; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282577716/icongroupinterna

•

The Chemistry of the Copper and Zinc Triads (Special Publication (Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain)), No. 131.) by International Conference on the Chemistry of the Copper and Zinc Triad, et al; ISBN: 0851867154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851867154/icongroupinterna

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The corrosion protection of 2219-T87 aluminum by organic and inorganic zinc-rich primers (SuDoc NAS 1.60:3534) by M. D. Danford; ISBN: B00010Q8KU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Q8KU/icongroupinterna

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The Domestic mining and processing industries a strategic resource, as represented by aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc (SuDoc C 1.2:M 66/36) by U.S. National Archives and Records Administration; ISBN: B00010EF0A; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010EF0A/icongroupinterna

•

The Everything Vitamins Mini Book: All You Need to Know, from A to ZInc (Everything (Mini)) by Maureen, M.S., R.D. Ternus, Kitty Broihier; ISBN: 1580626092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580626092/icongroupinterna

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The growth of Zinc selenide single crystals by physical vapor transport in microgravity second semiannual status report, November 1, 1989-- March 31, 1990 (SuDoc NAS 1.26:180428) by Elmer E. Anderson; ISBN: B00010DJCU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010DJCU/icongroupinterna

•

The International Zinc Trade by Ken Hewitt, Keith Patten; ISBN: 1855730448; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1855730448/icongroupinterna

•

The Neurobiology of zinc : proceedings of a satellite symposium to the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, held in Boston, Massachusetts, November 46, 1983; ISBN: 0845127977; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845127977/icongroupinterna

•

The people's guide to vitamins and minerals, from A to Zinc by Dominick Bosco; ISBN: 0809271400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809271400/icongroupinterna

•

The Smart Guide to Better Sex : From Andro to Zinc. Supplements and herbs to fire up your sex life by John Morgenthaler, et al; ISBN: 1890572012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890572012/icongroupinterna

296

Zinc

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The Use of heavy-mineral concentrate data to show geochemical favorability for zinclead-silver and copper-(cobalt) mineral occurrences in the Baird Mountains quadrangle, northwest Alaska (SuDoc I 19.113:MF-2151) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010619I; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010619I/icongroupinterna

•

The World Market for Zinc and Zinc Alloy Tubes, Pipes, and Tube or Pipe Fittings: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B000134GII; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000134GII/icongroupinterna

•

The Zinc Industry by Ken Hewitt, Tony Wall; ISBN: 1855733455; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1855733455/icongroupinterna

•

TOHO ZINC CO., LTD.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Icon Group Ltd., Icon Group Ltd.; ISBN: 0597303975; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597303975/icongroupinterna

•

Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests by Nas (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0309057833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309057833/icongroupinterna

•

Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests: Answers to Commonly Asked Questions by National Research Council; ISBN: 030905799X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030905799X/icongroupinterna

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U.S. Zinc Industry: A History, Statistics, and Glossary by James H. Jolly; ISBN: 1561673560; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561673560/icongroupinterna

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UK Zinc Report 2002 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Snapshots International Ltd (Author); ISBN: B00006FCDG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006FCDG/icongroupinterna

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Undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States (SuDoc I 19.127:189-95) by Richard B. McCammon; ISBN: B00010TJF6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010TJF6/icongroupinterna

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US REFINED ZINC REPORT 2002 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Snapshots International Ltd (Author); ISBN: B00006SLE5; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006SLE5/icongroupinterna

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Waste minimization assessment for a manufacturer of penny blanks and zinc products (SuDoc EP 1.96:600/S-92/037) by Richard J. Jendrucko; ISBN: B00010BVMA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010BVMA/icongroupinterna

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Welding Zinc-Coated Steels: D19.0-72; ISBN: 0871711028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871711028/icongroupinterna

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Year of the Zinc Penny by Rick DeMarinis; ISBN: 1583226389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583226389/icongroupinterna

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Zinc by National Research Council. Subcommittee on Zinc.; ISBN: 0839101287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0839101287/icongroupinterna

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Zinc by Remi Cooper; ISBN: 158054004X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158054004X/icongroupinterna

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Zinc - its corrosion resistance: a study commissioned by the International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. by C. J. Slunder; ISBN: 0950055212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0950055212/icongroupinterna

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Zinc (SuDoc I 28.37/A:Z 66/) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B000109R0I; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000109R0I/icongroupinterna

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Zinc and Copper in Clinical Medicine by K. Michael Hambidge; ISBN: 0893350346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893350346/icongroupinterna

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Zinc and copper in medicine; ISBN: 0398039771; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398039771/icongroupinterna

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Zinc and Diseases of the Digestive Tract by J. D. Kruse-Jarres (Editor), Jurgen Scholmerich (Editor); ISBN: 0792387244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792387244/icongroupinterna

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Zinc and Human Health: Results of Recent Trials and Implications for Program Interventions and Research by Kenneth H. Brown (Editor), Sara E. Wuehler (Editor); ISBN: 1894217136; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1894217136/icongroupinterna

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Zinc and Immune Function in the Elderly (Evaluation of Publicly Available Scientific Evidence Regarding Certain nutrIent Series) by William R. Beisel; ISBN: 9992239816; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992239816/icongroupinterna

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Zinc and Zirconia by Johnston, et al; ISBN: 085404955X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085404955X/icongroupinterna

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Zinc Based Steel Coatings: Metallurgy and Performance by D. K. Matlock (Editor), George Krauss; ISBN: 087339156X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087339156X/icongroupinterna

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Zinc Biochemistry, Physiology and Homeostasis: Recent Insights and Current Trends by W. Maret (Editor); ISBN: 1402002173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1402002173/icongroupinterna

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Zinc chemicals : applications by Harvey E. Brown; ISBN: 093289304X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093289304X/icongroupinterna

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Zinc Deficiency in Human Subjects by George J. Brewer (Editor); ISBN: 0471835749; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471835749/icongroupinterna

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Zinc Embrittlement of Austenitic Stainless Steel (PM); ISBN: 0118831801; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118831801/icongroupinterna

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Zinc Enzymes by Thomas G. Spiro (Editor); ISBN: 0894643312; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894643312/icongroupinterna

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Zinc Enzymes (Progress in Inorganic Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol 1) by I. Bertini; ISBN: 0817633480; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0817633480/icongroupinterna

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Zinc Fingers: Poems A to Z (Pitt Poetry Series) by Peter Meinke; ISBN: 0822957248; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822957248/icongroupinterna

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Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design (Mechanical Engineering, a Series of Textbooks and Reference Books, No 73) by Frank Porter; ISBN: 0824783409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824783409/icongroupinterna

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Zinc hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates : a synoptic review (SuDoc I 49.89/2:93(10)) by Ronald Eisler; ISBN: B00010JYA6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010JYA6/icongroupinterna

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Zinc in (SuDoc I 28.69:) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B00010HRIW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010HRIW/icongroupinterna

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Zinc in Human Biology by C. F. Mills (Editor); ISBN: 3540195297; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540195297/icongroupinterna

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Zinc in Human Nutrition by Ananda S. Prasad; ISBN: 0849301459; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849301459/icongroupinterna

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Zinc in Soils and Plants: Proceedings of the International Symposium on 'Zinc in Soils and Plants' Held at the University of Western Australia, 27-2 by International Symposium on "Zinc in Soils and Plants, A. D. Robson (Editor); ISBN: 0792326318; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792326318/icongroupinterna

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Zinc in the Environment: Part Two: Health Effects by Jerome O. Nriagu; ISBN: 0471058890; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471058890/icongroupinterna

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Zinc industry in (SuDoc I 28.69:) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B00010205M; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010205M/icongroupinterna

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Zinc metabolism : current aspects in health and disease : proceedings of a symposium; ISBN: 0845100149; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845100149/icongroupinterna

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Zinc solubility in solid iron (SuDoc I 28.155:OFR-45-91) by Martin E. Myers; ISBN: B00010NILW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010NILW/icongroupinterna

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ZINC SOLUTION; ISBN: 0099484307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0099484307/icongroupinterna

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Zinc Therapy and the Primary Eating Disorders by Alexander G. Schauss; ISBN: 0943685079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943685079/icongroupinterna

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Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury (Elements) by Keith Walshaw; ISBN: 1869860640; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869860640/icongroupinterna

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Zinc: Clinical and Biochemical Significance by Stephen C. Cunnane; ISBN: 0849367352; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849367352/icongroupinterna

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Zinc: Its Corrosion Resistance; ISBN: 0318127830; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0318127830/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Zinc In order to find chapters that specifically relate to zinc, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and zinc using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “zinc” (or synonyms) into

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the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on zinc: •

End-Stage Renal Disease Source: in American Dietetic Association. Manual of Clinical Dietetics, Sixth Edition. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. 2000. p.455-473. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606. (800) 877-1600 or (312) 899-0040. Fax (312) 899-4899. PRICE: $59.95 for members, $70.00 for nonmembers. ISBN: 0880911875. Summary: Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is indicated for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis treatments. This chapter on ESRD is from a comprehensive manual of clinical dietetics designed to help dietitians, physicians, and nurses deliver quality nutrition care. In this chapter, the authors describe how to meet nutritional requirements and prevent malnutrition in patients with impaired renal function and how to maintain acceptable blood chemistries, blood pressure, and fluid status in patients with impaired renal (kidney) function. The chapter includes the purpose of nutrition care, the indications for use, a description of the diet, a definition of the disease or condition, and a discussion section that covers malnutrition, protein, energy, fat, potassium, sodium, fluid, phosphorus, calcium, vitamins, iron, zinc, magnesium, fiber, L-carnitine, diabetes, complicating diseases, assessment, and meal planning. Extensive tables offer food lists for ESRD and hemodialysis. 3 tables. 68 references.

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Short-Bowel Syndrome Source: in Brandt, L., et al., eds. Clinical Practice of Gastroenterology. Volume One. Philadelphia, PA: Current Medicine. 1999. p. 507-516. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $235.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443065209 (two volume set); 0443065217 (volume 1); 0443065225 (volume 2). Summary: The short bowel syndrome (SBS) refers to the clinical sequelae of resection (removal) of a substantial portion of the small intestine. This chapter on SBS is from a lengthy textbook that brings practitioners up to date on the complexities of gastroenterology practice, focusing on the essentials of patient care. The major features of SBS are diarrhea and malabsorption, which may result in hypovolemia (abnormally low blood circulating volume), dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and malnutrition marked by weight loss, hypoalbuminemia (low albumin levels in the blood), and deficiencies of potassium, calcium, zinc, magnesium, copper, fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins, folic acid, and B12. Factors other than the residual length of the intestine affect clinical outcome, including the site and extent of resected intestine; the factors that made resection necessary; whether the remaining intestine is structurally or functionally normal and capable of adapting; the residual function of the stomach, pancreas, biliary tree, and colon; and whether the ileocecal valve has been included in the resected intestine. The comprehensive management of patients with SBS demands detailed attention to meeting their metabolic and nutritional needs. Treatment can include drug therapy, enteral or parenteral nutritional support, or both, and some patients require surgical intervention. 1 figure. 7 tables. 65 references.

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Treatment of Deep Caries, Vital Pulp Exposure, and Pulpless Teeth Source: in McDonald, R.E. and Avery, D.A., eds. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 2000. p. 413-439. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $72.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815190174. Summary: The treatment of the dental pulp exposed by the caries (cavity) process, by accident during cavity preparation, or even as a result of injury and fracture of the tooth, has long presented a challenge in treatment. This chapter on the treatment of deep caries, vital pulp exposure, and pulpless teeth is from a textbook on dentistry for the child and adolescent that is designed to help undergraduate dental students and postdoctoral pediatric dentistry students provide comprehensive oral health care for infants, children, teenagers, and individuals with various disabilities. Topics in this chapter include diagnostic aids in the selection of teeth for vital pulp therapy, such as a history of pain, clinical signs and symptoms, radiographic interpretation, pulp testing, and physical condition of the patient; evaluation of treatment prognosis before pulp therapy; treatment of the deep carious lesion; vital pulp exposure, including the size of the exposure and pulpal hemorrhage; vital pulp therapy techniques, including direct pulp capping, pulpotomy (removal of the coronal portion of the pulp), and partial pulpectomy; nonvital pulp therapy technique, notably complete pulpectomy; the restoration of the pulpally involved tooth; reaction of the pulp to various capping materials, including zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide, preparations containing formalin, glutaraldehyde, ferric sulfate, and experimental capping materials and methods; failures after vital pulp therapy; and the problems of early exfoliation (shedding) or overretention of primary teeth with pulp treatments. 23 figures. 74 references.

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Oral Manifestations of Nutritional Disorders Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 355-357. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This brief chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses the oral manifestations of nutritional disorders. Disorders covered include deficiencies of vitamin A, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), nicotinic acid, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), B12, folic acid, and vitamin C; iron deficiency; zinc deficiency; and protein deficiency. For each topic, the authors describe the clinical features. The authors note that the most common causes of vitamin deficiency today include starvation (common in many parts of the world; in the West, it is seen mainly in terminal cancer patients); malnutrition, especially among the poor, elderly, and homeless; and gastrointestinal disease with malabsorption. Treatment for all vitamin deficiencies is obvious: a wellbalanced diet and vitamin supplements. Except for patients with malabsorption, oral supplementation with ordinary multivitamins suffices. 2 references. (AA-M).

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Nutrition Basics Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 159-182. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on nutrition is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author helps parents and children achieve a healthy, balanced diet when so many foods are forbidden. In addition, before the child's celiac disease is controlled, he or she can have nutritional deficiencies that need to be addressed and corrected. And, as with any children, parents may encounter special nutritional issues, such as a child who wants to become a vegetarian, or one who goes on food jags, or one who needs additional calories. The author discusses the food guide pyramid, the five food groups used in the pyramid (with specific suggestions offered in each group), nutrient imbalances and deficiencies related to celiac disease (carbohydrates, protein, fat, fat soluble vitamins, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, folate or folic acid, vitamin B12, and electrolytes), disaccharide intolerance (including lactose intolerance), making snacks healthy and fun, managing food jags, boosting calories and nutrients in the child's diet, and the importance of working with a dietitian with any additional questions parents may have. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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Nutritional Considerations for the Pediatric Dental Patient Source: in McDonald, R.E. and Avery, D.A., eds. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 2000. p. 272-282. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $72.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815190174. Summary: This chapter on nutritional considerations is from a textbook on dentistry for the child and adolescent that is designed to help undergraduate dental students and postdoctoral pediatric dentistry students provide comprehensive oral health care for infants, children, teenagers, and individuals with various disabilities. The author of this chapter stresses that one of the most important tasks of the health care provider is educating patients about the importance of practicing good nutrition. The author focuses on the nutritional factors that have the greatest potential effect on the health of the pediatric dental patient. Topics include the Food Guide Pyramid (1992, United States Department of Agriculture); malnutrition among children in the United States; dietary patterns; problems of underconsumption, including iron deficiency anemia, calcium inadequacies, and zinc inadequacies; problems of overconsumption, including cholesterol concerns in children and obesity; eating disorders; nutritional considerations by age group, infancy through adolescence; and the problems of drug and alcohol use in adolescence. 3 tables. 21 references.

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Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases Source: in Eisen, D. and Lynch, D.P. Mouth: Diagnosis and Treatment. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 1998. p. 212-236. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9988. Website: www.mosby.com. PRICE: $79.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815131054. Summary: This chapter on the oral manifestations of systemic diseases is from a textbook on the mouth that offers information to primary care physicians and to many specialists in medicine and dentistry. The chapter covers six areas: gastrointestinal diseases, cutaneous diseases, hematologic (blood) diseases, nutritional disorders, connective tissue disorders, and multisystem diseases. Specific conditions discussed include Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and pyostomatitis vegetans, hepatitis and other liver disease, psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, acanthosis nigricans, iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, thalassemias, hemolytic disease of the newborn, polycythemia vera, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukemia, multiple myeloma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, riboflavin (vitamin B12) deficiency, niacin deficiency, folic acid deficiency, pyridoxine deficiency, vitamin C deficiency, vitamin K deficiency, zinc deficiency, Sjogren's syndrome, Melkersson Rosenthal syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, lethal midline granuloma, and amyloidosis. For each condition, the authors describe symptoms, identification, complications, and treatment. The chapter is illustrated with numerous full color photographs of the conditions under discussion. 29 figures. 2 tables. 84 references.

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Trace Element Metabolism in Renal Disease and Renal Failure Source: in Kopple, J.D. and Massry, S.G. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. p. 395-414. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. PRICE: $99.00. ISBN: 068304740X. Summary: This chapter on trace element metabolism is from a medical textbook on nutrition and metabolism of individuals with renal disease or renal failure. It is generally accepted that the term 'trace element' applies to elements that occur in the body at concentrations of less than 50 mg per kg under normal conditions. The definition of 'essential' trace elements is that the element should be present in healthy tissues; deficiency of the element consistently produces functional impairment; the abnormalities induced by the deficiency are always followed by specific biochemical changes; and addition of the element prevents or corrects these changes. Topics include methodology for the measurement of trace elements; trace element concentrations in uremia; the potential contribution of trace elements to the uremic syndrome, including impairment of renal function, susceptibility to cancer, cardiovascular disease, glucose intolerance, bone disease, anemia, enzyme dysfunction, encephalopathy and coma, and immune deficiency; factors affecting trace element concentration, including inadequate intake, decreased availability, impaired reabsorption, excessive excretion, and extracorporeal losses; specific examples relating to aluminum, lead, selenium and arsenic, zinc, vanadium, silicon, and chromium; and therapeutic considerations. The authors caution that the treatment of uremia by dialysis strategies may cause changes in trace element handling. Trace elements should be considered in the case of any unexplained toxic event in uremia. 5 tables. 89 references. (AA-M).

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Vitamin and Mineral Absorption Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 449-471. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: This chapter on vitamin and mineral absorption is from a lengthy, twovolume textbook that integrates the various demands of science, technology, expanding information, good judgment, and common sense into the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal patients. Topics include water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, and minerals. In the first section, the authors note that folate and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) have complex and different mechanisms of absorption, and each has a broad range of clinical effects. Because these vitamins are interactive metabolically, many of the clinical signs of deficiency are similar, even though their structures, food sources, and modes of absorption are dissimilar. The authors also discuss several other water soluble vitamins that are relevant to the practice of gastroenterology and hepatology. Vitamins A, D, E, and K (fat-soluble vitamins) are unlike the water-soluble vitamins by virtue of their diverse nonenzymatic functions, prolonged storage and greater risk for toxicity, and absorption processes similar to those of dietary lipids (fats) in general. The section on minerals discusses the absorption of the macrominerals (calcium and magnesium), iron, zinc, and copper. 3 figures. 4 tables. 236 references.

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Vitamins and Minerals Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 7-14. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: This chapter on vitamins and minerals is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter, the authors emphasize that vitamins are essential to the proper functioning of the body and they must be eaten in sufficient quantities to maintain health. The authors describe Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and several new categories of recommendations being developed under the heading of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowance, Adequate Intake (AI), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The authors then discuss water soluble vitamins, including vitamin B1 (thiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folate or folic acid, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), vitamin C, and biotin. The chapter then addresses the fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K; and minerals, including calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, fluoride, and chromium. For each vitamin or mineral, the authors note good food sources for obtaining that nutrient.

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Xerostomia Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 222-224. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $95.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter on xerostomia is from a textbook of diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips. Xerostomia (dry mouth) is a clinical symptom that requires investigation. The patient typically complains of dryness, possibly burning, and pain. When xerostomia is associated with marked thirst, this suggests underlying systemic dehydration and not an abnormality of the salivary glands. If xerostomia persists, there is usually atrophy of the oral mucosa or of the epithelium of the tongue, or both. Xerostomia is especially common in older people. The chapter covers the etiology and therapy of xerostomia. The causes of xerostomia are numerous and include side effects of medications, salivary gland inflammation, sialolithiasis (salivary duct stone), emotional reaction, systemic dehydration, aging, radiation therapy, systemic disorders (diabetes mellitus, for one), primary salivary gland disease (tumors, Sjogren's syndrome), poisoning (botulism, zinc), and iron deficiency anemia or other nutritional disorders. Therapy is rarely satisfactory. Artificial salivas may be helpful, especially at night. Increased intake of fluids, or gargling with harmless substances, such as water, may help. It is also crucial to increase the attention paid to oral hygiene and professional dental care because of problems with dental caries (cavities). 1 figure. 1 table. 4 references.

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Oral Malodor Source: in Newman, M.G. and van Winkelhoff, A.J., eds. Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. p. 127-141. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $32.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153970. Summary: This chapter outlines a basic overview of oral malodor (OM, bad breath or halitosis) and describes most of the antimicrobial agents presently involved or suggested in its treatment. The chapter is from a textbook that integrates basic facts and principles of antibiotic therapy with recently-emerged concepts of care. The author first reviews the oral and nonoral causes of OM, noting that the oral causes of OM can include periodontitis, gingivitis, and plaque coating on the tongue; nonoral causes include diabetic ketosis, uremia, gastrointestinal conditions, irregular bowel movement, hepatic (liver) and renal (kidney) failure, and certain types of carcinomas (cancer) such as leukemia. The author then outlines oral malodor assessment parameters, including organoleptic measurements, the portable sulfide meter, an 'electronic nose,' and the spoon test. Management strategies are then considered: proper oral hygiene, antimicrobial agents, zinc rinses, chlorhexidine rinses, chlorine dioxide rinses, triclosan rinses, two-phase rinses, hydrogen peroxide, topical antimicrobial agents, and alternative remedies. Important principles, key facts, and clinical insights are highlighted and the chapter concludes with a list of references. 8 figures. 57 references.

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Chapter 191: Topical Skin Medications Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 5 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have skin conditions with information on topical skin medications. Almost all skin medications are topical or systemic. Some are obtained by prescription, while others can be purchased without one. The active ingredients in a topical preparation are mixed with an inert carrier. Depending on the carrier used, the preparation will be an ointment, cream, lotion, solution, powder, or gel. Ointments consist mainly of thick oil and a little water; therefore, they feel greasy and are difficult to wash off. Although ointments are messier to use than water based cream preparations, they are usually better at delivering active ingredients to the skin. Creams, which are the most commonly used preparations, are emulsions of oil in water. Lotions are suspensions of finely dispersed powdered material in a base of water or oil and water. Solutions, which are liquids in which a drug is dissolved, tend to dry the skin. Powders are dried forms of substances that protect areas where skin rubs against skin. Gels, which are water based substances thickened without oil or fat, are not absorbed as well as preparations containing oil or fat. Topical medications can be classified as cleansing agents, protective agents, antiinfective agents, moisturizing agents, drying agents, symptom relieving agents, and antiinflammatory agents. Soaps, detergents, and solvents are the main cleansing agents. Protective agents include oils and ointments, powders, synthetic hydrocolloid dressings, and sunscreens. Antiinfectives include disinfecting agents, antibiotics, and antifungal agents. Moisturizing agents are creams or lotions containing oil that helps the skin retain its natural moisture. Talcum powder is the most common drying agent. Cornstarch and solutions containing aluminum salts are also good drying agents. Agents that relieve symptoms such as itching and pain include soothing agents, among them chamomile, eucalyptus, camphor, menthol, zinc oxide, talc, glycerin, and calamine. Antihistamines are sometimes included in topical preparations to relieve itching. Antiinflammatory agents include topical corticosteroids sold as lotions, creams, and ointments. Corticosteroid preparations in concentrations greater than 1 percent require a prescription. A nonporous occlusive dressing may be used over a topical corticosteroid to increase the absorption and effectiveness of the drug. 1 table.

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Eclectic Issues in Diabetes Nutrition Therapy Source: in Powers, M.A., ed. Handbook of Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1996. p. 458-470. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers. P.O. Box 990, Frederick, MD 21705-9727. (800) 638-8437. Fax (301) 695-7931. PRICE: $89.00. ISBN: 0834206315. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook on diabetes medical nutrition therapy (MNT), presents current information on the relationships between certain substances and diabetes control. Substances include minerals and vitamins, including magnesium, chromium, zinc, vanadium, and antioxidants; and nonfood items, including cornstarch, tobacco, medications, acarbose, recreational drugs, caffeine, Jerusalem artichokes, and myoinositol. The author stresses the importance that the dietitian ask the client about the use of these substances in a thorough nutrition assessment. 3 figures. 1 table. 72 references.

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Nutrition Management of the Adult Hemodialysis Patient Source: in American Dietetic Association. Clinical Guide to Nutrition Care in End-Stage Renal Disease. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. 1994. p. 25-36. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 West Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60606-6995. (312) 899-0040. PRICE: $24 for members; $28 for non-members; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0880911247. Summary: This chapter, from a manual that provides guidelines for the clinical nutrition care of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), discusses the nutrition management of the adult hemodialysis patient. Topics include artificial kidneys and the dialysate bath; hemodialysis access; home hemodialysis versus in-center or staff assisted hemodialysis; and specific nutrition considerations, including for protein, caloric intake, sodium and fluids, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and vitamin D, magnesium, iron, zinc, and vitamins. 1 table. 53 references.

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Trace Elements and Vitamins in Renal Disease Source: in Mitch, W.E., and Klahr, S., eds. Nutrition and the Kidney. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1993. p. 114-131. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 777-2295. Fax (301) 824-7390. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www.lrpub.com. PRICE: $94.95. ISBN: 0316575003. Summary: This chapter, from a medical textbook on nutrition and the kidney, reviews the metabolism, concentrations, and requirements of trace elements and vitamins in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) prior to the onset of dialysis and during treatment with either hemodialysis (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Topics include the alteration of trace element metabolism in kidney failure, including aluminum, iron, zinc, copper, selenium, and ultra trace elements; and vitamins, including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), cobalamin (B12), folic acid, biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), retinol (vitamin A), and tocopherol (vitamin E). The authors briefly discuss recommendations for supplementation. 4 tables. 101 references.

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Hemodialysis Source: in Gonick, H.C., ed. Current Nephrology: Volume 17. St. Louis, MO: MosbyYear Book, Inc. 1994. p. 347-383. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545. PRICE: $82.95. ISBN: 0815137435. ISSN: 01485265. Summary: This chapter, from a yearbook of nephrology, reviews advances in hemodialysis. Topics include statistics from the U.S. Renal Data System, statistics from the European Dialysis and Transplant Registry, vascular access, anticoagulation, water treatment, endotoxins and chloramines, ethylene oxide (ETO), interleukins, protein catabolism, adequacy of dialysis, dialyzer reuse, hypotension during and after hemodialysis, vasoactive peptides, cramps, cardiac arrhythmias, erythropoietin, atherosclerosis and lipids, endothelin, carnitine and lipids, hepatitis C, HIV, peripheral neuropathy, the brain, sleep disorders, pruritus, thyroid function, growth hormone and pituitary function, trace elements, zinc, beta 2-microglobulin, acquired cystic disease, quality of life, and patient survival. 9 figures. 137 references.

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Taste Disorders Source: in Bottomley, W.K.; Rosenberg, S.W., eds. Clinician's Guide to Treatment of Common Oral Conditions. New York, NY: American Academy of Oral Medicine. 1993. p. 8. Contact: Available from American Academy of Oral Medicine. 159 West 53rd Street, New York, NY 10019. PRICE: $12.95; bulk pricing available. Summary: This very brief entry, from a clinician's guide to common oral conditions, outlines the drug therapy for taste disorders. The entry includes a paragraph on the etiology of taste disorders; a paragraph providing the rationale for treatment; and administration and dosage information for two forms of zinc replacement therapy (Orazinc capsules and Z-BEC tablets).

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Wilson's Disease and Related Disorders Source: in Friedman, L.S. and Keeffe, E.B., eds. Handbook of Liver Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill-Livingstone. 1998. p. 239-254. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $73.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443055203. Summary: Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare progressive disease characterized by a defect in the metabolism of copper; it results in the accumulation of copper in liver, brain, kidney, cornea, and other tissues. This chapter on WD and related disorders is from a comprehensive handbook in outline format that offers easy access to information on the full range of liver disorders and covers symptoms, signs, differential diagnoses, and treatments. The WD gene is located on chromosome 13 and encodes a copper transporting P type ATPase protein. Deficiency of the WD gene product is likely to be responsible for the lack of copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin and the defective biliary excretion of copper in WD. Most symptomatic patients with WD present with hepatic or neuropsychiatric features; the principal hepatic (liver) manifestations include fulminant hepatic failure, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. In patients with low serum ceruloplasmin, a diagnosis of WD in the absence of Kayser-Fleischer rings requires determination of hepatic copper concentration. Serum detection of radiocopper incorporation into ceruloplasmin may be a useful alternative test when liver biopsy is contraindicated. The use of DNA marker studies is limited largely to genetic screening of young family members or difficult diagnostic situations. The drug of choice for treating patients with WD is D penicillamine, but alternatives under selected circumstances include trientine, zinc, or tetrathiomolybdate. Liver transplantation is indicated for patients with fulminant hepatitis or decompensated cirrhosis unresponsive to therapy. 3 figures. 1 table. 11 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ZINC Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover zinc.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on zinc is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to zinc. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “zinc” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for zinc: •

Prostate zinc levels plus PSA levels aid in diagnosis of prostate cancer Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 31, 2003

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Disruption of estrogen receptor zinc finger function suppresses breast cancer Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 15, 2003

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Use of zinc supplements tied to possible increase in risk of prostate cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 01, 2003

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Too much zinc raises prostate cancer risk: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 01, 2003

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Case points to dangers of new zinc pennies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 13, 2003

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Citrus, zinc may cut rheumatoid arthritis risk: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 19, 2003

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Zinc supplement overdose can have toxic effects Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 28, 2002

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Zinc levels low in CSF of children with febrile convulsions Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 14, 2002

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Role of zinc supplements in measles-associated pneumonia questioned Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 10, 2002

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Zinc in pregnancy possibly harmful for infants Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 26, 2002

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Maternal zinc supplementation does not benefit infant development Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 26, 2002

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Zinc shown effective for treating acute diarrhea in young children Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 24, 2002

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Zinc combats diarrhea in kids in developing nations Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 07, 2002

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Zinc may contribute to Alzheimer's plaques Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 29, 2002

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Synaptic zinc plays major role in Alzheimer's plaque formation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 29, 2002

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Vitamin A and zinc supplements may augment efficacy of TB therapy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 05, 2002

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Zinc, vitamin A help anti-TB drugs work better Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 02, 2002

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Zinc and folic acid supplementation increases sperm count Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 01, 2002

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Zinc, folic acid shown to boost sperm count Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 14, 2002

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Zinc may spur growth in children with sickle cell anemia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 11, 2002

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Zinc may spur growth in children with sickle cell Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 08, 2002

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Zinc nasal spray does not prevent or treat the common cold Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 17, 2001

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Zinc use reduces infectious disease mortality in low-birthweight infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 07, 2001

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Zinc may cut infection, death rate in newborns Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 03, 2001

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Worst stages of age-related macular degeneration avoided with antioxidants/zinc Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 12, 2001

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Zinc nasal spray has no effect on duration of common cold Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 03, 2001

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Zinc nasal spray found no good for cold sufferers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 03, 2001

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Low zinc levels in hair linked to neural tube defects Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 17, 2001

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Prenatal zinc supplements improve health of low-birthweight offspring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 06, 2001

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Zinc supplementation relieves chronic diarrhea in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 05, 2000

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Zinc provides relief of chronic diarrhea in children Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 30, 2000

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Lead may stunt brain growth by blocking zinc Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 14, 2000

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Zinc acetate lozenges reduce duration of common cold Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 15, 2000

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Short-term zinc therapy may reduce duration of common cold Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 14, 2000

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Children not getting enough iron, zinc and vitamin E Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 07, 2000

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Zinc essential to normal infant growth Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 12, 2000

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Zinc supplementation effective treatment for muscle cramps in cirrhotic patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 15, 2000

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Zicam reduces length of common cold, Gel Tech receives nasal zinc-gel patent Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 01, 2000

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Zinc-deficient superoxide dismutase may underlie nerve cell death in ALS patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 11, 2000

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Zinc supplements reduce diarrhea, pneumonia in children in developing countries Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 27, 1999

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Zinc may prevent pneumonia, diarrhea in children Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 07, 1999 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “zinc” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to zinc, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “zinc” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on zinc: •

Is Fat Where It's At? Source: Running and Fitnews. (19)1:3. January 2001. Contact: The American Running Association. 4405 East West Hwy., Number 405, Bethesda, MD 20814, 800/776-2732, www.americanrunning.org. Summary: Research suggests that a diet too low in fat can compromise both the health and the performance of runners. Investigators gave 25 male and female runners who ran about 42 miles per week a low-fat diet (16 percent of total calories) for 4 weeks, followed by a moderate-fat diet (31 percent of total calories) for another 4 weeks. Twelve of the runners increased their fat intake to 44 percent of total calories for the remainder for the

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study. The diets were designed to have the same number of calories. However, the endurance of the runners while on the 16-percent-fat diet reduced by 14 percent, and their total calorie intake was reduced by almost 20 percent. During the low-fat diet, the runners' levels of essential fatty acids and certain nutrients such as zinc were too low. It was too difficult for the runners in the study to meet energy demands on the 16-percentfat diet. The article recommends that runners consume 25 to 30 percent of total calories from fat and focus on fats from foods such as fish, olive oil, avocados, and nuts in order to meet energy needs and nutritional demands for optimal health and performance. The article provides an equation for calculating an individual's calorie and fat requirements. •

Boning Up on Bone Health Source: University of California, Berkeley, Wellness Letter. 16(12):5. September 2000. Contact: Health Letter Associates. P.O. Box 412, Prince Street Station, New York, NY 10012-0007. Summary: Strong bones are dependent on more than just the mineral calcium. Depending on many factors, including testosterone in men and estrogen in women, calcium is laid down in bone and released from it. Weight-bearing exercise such as walking synergizes with nutrients and hormones to build up bone tissue. Lack of activity robs the body of bone mass. The article reviews the other nutrients besides calcium that are necessary for bone health: vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin D, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese, and boron. These nutrients can be found in diets rich in fruits, whole grains, vegetables, low-fat and non-fat dairy products, and fortified cereals. The author also recommends a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement for most people.

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Extreme Eating: Are Teens Compromising Their Health? Source: Food Insight. p.1, 4-5. November- December 1998. Contact: International Food Information Council Foundation, 1100 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 430, Washington, DC 20036. http://ificinfo.health.org. Summary: This article examines the eating habits of adolescents. Many activities and products use the term `extreme,' and the author says it can also be applied to how adolescents eat. According to experts interviewed for this article, many teenagers do not get the nutrients they need most. These include calcium, zinc, and iron. Issues include athletes who feel they should be a certain weight, self-esteem, and appearance concerns. The greatest danger, says the author, is the methods many adolescents use to control their weight. These may include purging, fasting, taking diuretics, and over- exercising. Some experts also point to family difficulties, often an area for conflict, as making eating problems worse. The author suggests finding the proper motivator for each individual adolescent, which may be athletics, performance, or body image.

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Skin Cancer: Is Sunscreen and Enabler? Source: Harvard Health Letter. 25(9): 1-3. July 2000. Contact: Available from Harvard Health Letter, P.O. Box 380, Department BI, Boston, MA 02117. (800) 829-9045 or (617) 432-1485. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides the general public with information on sun exposure and sunscreening agents. Although sunscreening agents stop sunburn by absorbing ultraviolet B (UVB) rays, they do not block other parts of the light spectrum

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that may have a role in causing skin cancer, particularly melanoma. The use of sunscreens may be giving people a false sense of security and enabling the intense, intermittent exposure to sunlight that happens over vacations. Studies on the sunscreen use and melanoma connection have been controversial. However, people should continue to use sunscreens because they do protect against sunburn. Although UVA light was once thought to be a harmless, tan producing part of the light spectrum, it is now known that UVA damages and ages the skin in various ways by initiating a molecular cascade that produces reactive forms of oxygen that damage DNA and cell membranes. UVA may also suppress the immune system. Most sunscreening products now available are broad spectrum and claim to protect against UVB and UVA. Sunscreens are made UVA protective by adding a chemical that absorbs UVA light or adding very finely ground zinc oxide to titanium oxide. However, these broad spectrum sunscreens do not block or absorb all the UVA light. An alternative to sunscreening agents is sun protective clothing. This type of clothing should have a tight weave and be dark. In addition, avoiding sun exposure between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. may also help protect against skin cancer.

Academic Periodicals covering Zinc Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to zinc. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering zinc that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for zinc. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with zinc. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following

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drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to zinc: Insulin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Humulin 50/50; Humulin 70/30; Humulin 70/30 Pen; Humulin L; Humulin N; Humulin N Pen; Humulin R; Humulin R, Regular U500 (Concentrated); Humulin U; Lente; Lente Iletin II; Novolin 70/30; Novolin 70/30 PenFill; Novolin 70/30 Prefilled; Novolin L http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203298.html

Sunscreen Agents •

Topical - U.S. Brands: A-Fil; Aquaderm Sunscreen Moisturizer; Aquaray Sunscreen; Bain de Soleil All Day For Kids; Bain de Soleil All Day Sunfilter; Bain de Soleil Mega Tan; Bain de Soleil Orange Gelee; Bain de Soleil Sand Buster; Bain de Soleil SPF + Color http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202782.html

Zinc Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orazinc; Verazinc; Zinc 15; Zinc-220; Zinca-Pak; Zincate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202622.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter,

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Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to zinc by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for zinc: •

Orgotein for injection http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=318

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 56860 358 562 152 1432 59364

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “zinc” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Zinc In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and zinc. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for zinc: •

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica, Zinc-deficiency Type Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?201100

•

Alpha-2-glycoprotein, Zinc Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194460

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Bromodomain Adjacent to Zinc Finger Domain, 1a Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605680

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Bromodomain Adjacent to Zinc Finger Domain, 1b Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605681

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Bromodomain Adjacent to Zinc Finger Domain, 2a Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605682

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Bromodomain Adjacent to Zinc Finger Domain, 2b Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605683

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Double-stranded Rna-binding Zinc Finger Protein Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605308

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Fanconi Anemia Zinc Finger Protein Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605859

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Forebrain Embryonic Zinc Finger-like Gene Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607414

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Helicase with Zinc Finger Domain Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606699

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Hyperzincemia with Functional Zinc Depletion Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601979

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Mbd2-interacting Zinc Finger Protein Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607099

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Monocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein-related Factor Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605880

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Myc-associated Zinc Finger Protein Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600999

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Olf1/ebf-associated Zinc Finger Protein Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604557

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Putative Ring Zinc Finger Protein Ny-ren-43 Antigen Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300379

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Requiem, Apoptosis Response Zinc Finger Gene Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601671

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Solute Carrier Family 30 (zinc Transporter), Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602878

Physician Resources

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Solute Carrier Family 30 (zinc Transporter), Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602095

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Solute Carrier Family 30 (zinc Transporter), Member 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607819

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Solute Carrier Family 39 (zinc Transporter), Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604740

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Solute Carrier Family 39 (zinc Transporter), Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607059

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Zinc Finger and Homeodomain Protein 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604764

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Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607312

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Zinc Finger Homeo Box 1b Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605802

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Zinc Finger Homeodomain 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606940

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Zinc Finger Protein 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194490

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Zinc Finger Protein 10 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194538

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Zinc Finger Protein 100 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603982

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Zinc Finger Protein 101 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603983

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Zinc Finger Protein 102 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603984

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Zinc Finger Protein 103 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603985

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Zinc Finger Protein 103, Mouse, Homolog of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602507

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Zinc Finger Protein 104 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603986

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Zinc Finger Protein 105 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603987

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Zinc Finger Protein 106 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603988

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Zinc Finger Protein 107 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603989

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Zinc Finger Protein 108 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603990

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Zinc Finger Protein 109 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603991

329

330

Zinc

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Zinc Finger Protein 110 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603992

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Zinc Finger Protein 111 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603993

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Zinc Finger Protein 112 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603994

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Zinc Finger Protein 113 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603995

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Zinc Finger Protein 114 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603996

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Zinc Finger Protein 117 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194624

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Zinc Finger Protein 118 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603997

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Zinc Finger Protein 119 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603998

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Zinc Finger Protein 11a Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194521

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Zinc Finger Protein 11b Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194522

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Zinc Finger Protein 12 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194536

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Zinc Finger Protein 120 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603999

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Zinc Finger Protein 121 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194628

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Zinc Finger Protein 122 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604000

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Zinc Finger Protein 123 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194630

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Zinc Finger Protein 124 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194631

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Zinc Finger Protein 125 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194632

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Zinc Finger Protein 126 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194633

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Zinc Finger Protein 127, Antisense Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603857

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Zinc Finger Protein 13 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194554

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Zinc Finger Protein 131 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604073

Physician Resources

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Zinc Finger Protein 132 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604074

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Zinc Finger Protein 133 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604075

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Zinc Finger Protein 134 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604076

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Zinc Finger Protein 135 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604077

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Zinc Finger Protein 136 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604078

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Zinc Finger Protein 137 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604079

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Zinc Finger Protein 138 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604080

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Zinc Finger Protein 14 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194556

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Zinc Finger Protein 140 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604082

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Zinc Finger Protein 141 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194648

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Zinc Finger Protein 142 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604083

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Zinc Finger Protein 143 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603433

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Zinc Finger Protein 144 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600346

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Zinc Finger Protein 145 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176797

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Zinc Finger Protein 146 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601505

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Zinc Finger Protein 147 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600453

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Zinc Finger Protein 148 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601897

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Zinc Finger Protein 151 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604084

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Zinc Finger Protein 154 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604085

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Zinc Finger Protein 155 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604086

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Zinc Finger Protein 157 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300024

331

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Zinc

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Zinc Finger Protein 16 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601262

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Zinc Finger Protein 160 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600398

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Zinc Finger Protein 161 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606747

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Zinc Finger Protein 161, Mouse, Homolog of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602126

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Zinc Finger Protein 165 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600834

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Zinc Finger Protein 169 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603404

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Zinc Finger Protein 173 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600830

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Zinc Finger Protein 174 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603900

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Zinc Finger Protein 175 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601139

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Zinc Finger Protein 177 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601276

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Zinc Finger Protein 179 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601237

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Zinc Finger Protein 18 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194524

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Zinc Finger Protein 180 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606740

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Zinc Finger Protein 181 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606741

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Zinc Finger Protein 184 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602277

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Zinc Finger Protein 185 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300381

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Zinc Finger Protein 189 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603132

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Zinc Finger Protein 19 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194525

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Zinc Finger Protein 192 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602240

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Zinc Finger Protein 193 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602246

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Zinc Finger Protein 195 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602187

Physician Resources

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Zinc Finger Protein 198 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602221

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Zinc Finger Protein 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194500

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Zinc Finger Protein 20 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194557

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Zinc Finger Protein 200 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603231

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Zinc Finger Protein 202 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603430

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Zinc Finger Protein 204 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603282

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Zinc Finger Protein 205 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603436

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Zinc Finger Protein 207 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603428

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Zinc Finger Protein 208 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606760

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Zinc Finger Protein 21 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?314993

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Zinc Finger Protein 211 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601856

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Zinc Finger Protein 212 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602386

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Zinc Finger Protein 213 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608387

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Zinc Finger Protein 214 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605015

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Zinc Finger Protein 215 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605016

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Zinc Finger Protein 216 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604761

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Zinc Finger Protein 217 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602967

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Zinc Finger Protein 219 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605036

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Zinc Finger Protein 22 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194529

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Zinc Finger Protein 220 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601408

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Zinc Finger Protein 23 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194527

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Zinc

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Zinc Finger Protein 234 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604750

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Zinc Finger Protein 236 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604760

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Zinc Finger Protein 238 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608433

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Zinc Finger Protein 239 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601069

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Zinc Finger Protein 24 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194534

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Zinc Finger Protein 25 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194528

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Zinc Finger Protein 253 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606954

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Zinc Finger Protein 254 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604768

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Zinc Finger Protein 255 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606955

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Zinc Finger Protein 256 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606956

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Zinc Finger Protein 257 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606957

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Zinc Finger Protein 259 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603901

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Zinc Finger Protein 26 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194537

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Zinc Finger Protein 261 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300061

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Zinc Finger Protein 263 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604191

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Zinc Finger Protein 264 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604668

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Zinc Finger Protein 265 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604347

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Zinc Finger Protein 266 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604751

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Zinc Finger Protein 267 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604752

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Zinc Finger Protein 268 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604753

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Zinc Finger Protein 268 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606024

Physician Resources

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Zinc Finger Protein 27 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194555

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Zinc Finger Protein 271 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604754

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Zinc Finger Protein 272 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604755

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Zinc Finger Protein 273 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604756

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Zinc Finger Protein 274 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605467

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Zinc Finger Protein 276 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608460

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Zinc Finger Protein 277 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605465

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Zinc Finger Protein 278 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605165

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Zinc Finger Protein 282 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603397

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Zinc Finger Protein 288 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606025

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Zinc Finger Protein 289, Id1-regulated Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606908

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Zinc Finger Protein 29 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194535

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Zinc Finger Protein 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194510

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Zinc Finger Protein 3, Mouse, Homolog of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194480

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Zinc Finger Protein 32 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194539

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Zinc Finger Protein 320 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606427

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Zinc Finger Protein 331 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606043

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Zinc Finger Protein 34 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194526

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Zinc Finger Protein 35 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194533

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Zinc Finger Protein 350 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605422

•

Zinc Finger Protein 36 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601260

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Zinc Finger Protein 36, C3h Type-like 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601064

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Zinc Finger Protein 36, Mouse, Homolog of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?190700

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Zinc Finger Protein 363 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607680

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Zinc Finger Protein 365 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607818

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Zinc Finger Protein 37, Mouse, Homolog of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602951

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Zinc Finger Protein 38 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601261

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Zinc Finger Protein 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194520

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Zinc Finger Protein 41 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?314995

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Zinc Finger Protein 42 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194550

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Zinc Finger Protein 43 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603972

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Zinc Finger Protein 44 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194542

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Zinc Finger Protein 444 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607874

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Zinc Finger Protein 45 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601781

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Zinc Finger Protein 46 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194541

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Zinc Finger Protein 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194530

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Zinc Finger Protein 6 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?314990

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Zinc Finger Protein 67, Mouse, Homolog of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607646

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Zinc Finger Protein 69 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194543

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Zinc Finger Protein 7 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194531

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Zinc Finger Protein 70 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194544

•

Zinc Finger Protein 71 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194545

Physician Resources

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Zinc Finger Protein 72 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194546

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Zinc Finger Protein 73 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194547

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Zinc Finger Protein 74 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194548

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Zinc Finger Protein 75 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?314997

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Zinc Finger Protein 75a Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601473

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Zinc Finger Protein 75c Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601474

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Zinc Finger Protein 76 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194549

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Zinc Finger Protein 77 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194551

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Zinc Finger Protein 79 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194552

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Zinc Finger Protein 8 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194532

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Zinc Finger Protein 80 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194553

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Zinc Finger Protein 81 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?314998

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Zinc Finger Protein 83 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194558

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Zinc Finger Protein 85 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603899

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Zinc Finger Protein 9 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?116955

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Zinc Finger Protein 90 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603973

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Zinc Finger Protein 91 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603971

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Zinc Finger Protein 92 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603974

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Zinc Finger Protein 93 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603975

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Zinc Finger Protein 93, Mouse, Homolog of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604749

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Zinc Finger Protein 94 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603976

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Zinc Finger Protein 95 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603977

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Zinc Finger Protein 96 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603978

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Zinc Finger Protein 97 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603979

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Zinc Finger Protein 98 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603980

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Zinc Finger Protein 99 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603981

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Zinc Finger Protein of Cerebellum, 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600470

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Zinc Finger Protein of Cerebellum, 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603073

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Zinc Finger Protein of Cerebellum, 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300265

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Zinc Finger Protein with Interaction Domain Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605976

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Zinc Finger Protein Zk1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606697

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Zinc Finger Protein, Multitype 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601950

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Zinc Finger Protein, Multitype 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603693

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Zinc Finger Protein, Subfamily 1a, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603023

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Zinc Finger Protein, Subfamily 1a, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606234

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Zinc Finger Protein, Subfamily 1a, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606221

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Zinc Finger Protein, Subfamily 1a, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606239

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Zinc Finger Protein, Subfamily 1a, Member 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606238

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Zinc Finger Protein, Subfamily 2a, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605471

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Zinc Finger Protein, X-linked Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?314980

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Zinc Finger Protein, Y-linked Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?490000

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Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Trps1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604386

Physician Resources

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Zinc Finger-encoding Gene, X-linked, Duplicated, a Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300235

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Zinc Finger-encoding Gene, X-linked, Duplicated, B Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300236

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Zinc in Breast Milk, Reduced Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608118

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Zinc Metalloproteinase Ste24 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606480

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Zinc Ribbon Domain-containing Protein 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607525

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Zinc, Elevated Plasma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?194470

339

Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map) The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome,

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Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html •

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

•

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

•

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

•

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

23

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

343

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on zinc can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to zinc. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to zinc. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “zinc”:

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Zinc

Other guides Antioxidants http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html Macular Degeneration http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/maculardegeneration.html Vitamins and Minerals http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminsandminerals.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on zinc. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Zinc Source: Gaithersburg, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2000. 10 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D022. Summary: This fact sheet is designed to provide basic information about the role of zinc in health and disease and to guide decisions about the use of a zinc supplement. First, it explains what zinc is and how it is used by the body, which foods provide zinc, what the Recommended Dietary Allowance for adults is, when a zinc deficiency can occur, what the signs of a zinc deficiency are, and who may need extra zinc. Then, it discusses current issues and controversies related to zinc and infections, wound healing, the common cold, and iron absorption. Finally, it examines the health risk of too much zinc. The fact sheet includes a table listing selected food sources of zinc and 34 references. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is

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located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Facts About Dietary Supplements: Zinc Summary: The information about zinc presented in this fact sheet is designed to help you make thoughtful decisions about eating a healthful diet and using vitamin and mineral supplements. Source: Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5525 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to zinc. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to zinc. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with zinc.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about zinc. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “zinc” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “zinc”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “zinc” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “zinc” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

25

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

26

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on zinc: •

Basic Guidelines for Zinc Zinc in diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002416.htm Zinc overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002570.htm Zinc oxide overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002571.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Zinc Abdominal cramps Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm

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Blood in urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003138.htm Change in taste Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003050.htm Collapse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Loss of hair Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Low blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Metallic taste Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003050.htm Nausea and/or vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm No urine output Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003147.htm Pain upon urinating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003145.htm Poor appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Smell, impaired Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003052.htm

Online Glossaries 355

Taste - impaired Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003050.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Yellow eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm Yellow skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Zinc Gastric lavage Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003882.htm

•

Nutrition for Zinc Balanced diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002449.htm Carbohydrates Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Proteins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm Vitamins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002399.htm

•

Background Topics for Zinc Enzyme Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002353.htm Food guide pyramid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002093.htm Metabolism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002257.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm Wound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000043.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

357

ZINC DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acanthosis Nigricans: A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]

Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acid Rain: Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water. [NIH]

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Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrodermatitis: Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH]

Dictionary 359

Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenoleukodystrophy: A chromosome X-linked disease. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aeroembolism: Joint pains, respiratory distress, and central nervous system symptoms which may follow decompression after exposure to air or other gas mixture at a pressure greater than the normal atmospheric pressure. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds

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specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the final step of alcoholic fermentation by reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol. In the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen. The enzyme is a zinc protein which acts on primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals. EC 1.1.1.1. [NIH] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]

Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: A class of drugs being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose (sugar) into a sugar alcohol called sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow (inhibit) the action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by

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a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allosteric Site: A site on an enzyme which upon binding of a modulator, causes the protein to undergo a conformational change that may alter the catalytic or binding properties of the enzyme. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-Amylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides containing 3 or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. EC 3.2.1.1. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alpha-lactalbumin: A human milk protein which could be used as a nutritional supplement. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Aluminum Oxide: Al2O3. An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines

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include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic. [NIH]

Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH]

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Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgen-Binding Protein: Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as sex hormone binding-globulin. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angiopathy: Disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood

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vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. Then the cells, for example, the ones in the center of the eye, do not get enough blood and may be damaged. [NIH] Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anisotropy: A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Ant Venoms: Venoms from ants of the superfamily Formicoidea. They may contain protein factors and toxins, histamine, enzymes, and alkaloids and are often allergenic or immunogenic. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier

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for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU]

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Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspartic Endopeptidases: A sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an aspartic acid residue for their activity. EC 3.4.23. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs

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to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherectomy: Endovascular procedure in which atheromatous plaque is excised by a cutting or rotating catheter. It differs from balloon and laser angioplasty procedures which enlarge vessels by dilation but frequently do not remove much plaque. If the plaque is removed by surgical excision under general anesthesia rather than by an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH]

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Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Axotomy: Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriophage lambda: A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambdalike Phages, in the family Siphoviridae. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, except for 12 complementary bases at the 5'-termini of the polynucleotide chains. The DNA circularizes on infection. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barnacles: Various marine crustaceans, free swimming in the larval state, but permanently fixed as adults; there are some 800 described species, grouped in several genera, including Lepas, Balanus, and Scalpellum. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around

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smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Bends: The form of aeroembolism that is marked by intense pain in muscles and joints due to formation of gas bubbles in the tissues. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzamides: Benzoic acid amides. [NIH] Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts. [NIH]

Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]

Beta 2-Microglobulin: An 11 kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH]

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Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological Assay: A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content

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of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood Proteins: Proteins that are present in blood serum, including serum albumin, blood coagulation factors, and many other types of proteins. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up

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of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caco-2 Cells: Human colonic adenocarcinoma cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as enterocytes or mucus cells. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It

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is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calcium-Binding Proteins: Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins or activator proteins. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH]

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Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual

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patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU]

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Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cementation: The joining of objects by means of a cement (e.g., in fracture fixation, such as in hip arthroplasty for joining of the acetabular component to the femoral component). In dentistry, it is used for the process of attaching parts of a tooth or restorative material to a natural tooth or for the attaching of orthodontic bands to teeth by means of an adhesive. [NIH]

Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. [NIH] Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency. [NIH] Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges. [NIH]

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Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chondrogenesis: The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by chondrocytes which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to

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osteogenesis. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromaffin Cells: Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (paraganglia, chromaffin) of the sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cilastatin: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4. [NIH]

Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH]

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Clan: A small but distinctive community of subordinate importance, composed of densely aggregated individuals of one or a few species in climax-vegetation; frequently the result of vegetative propagation. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical Protocols: Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clobetasol: Topical corticosteroid that is absorbed faster than fluocinonide. It is used in psoriasis, but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is

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thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coke: A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel. [NIH] Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collagenases: Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector

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not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that

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provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contact Inhibition: Arrest of cell locomotion or cell division when two cells come into contact. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU]

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Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coreceptors: Invariant receptor of the helper T-cells. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions

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occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. CSF is produced in the ventricles of the brain. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Endopeptidases: Endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the

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hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decompensation: Failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline

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is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Amalgam: An alloy used in restorative dentistry that contains mercury, silver, tin, copper, and possibly zinc. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental Cements: Substances used as bonding or luting agents in restorative denistry, root canal therapy, prosthedontics, and orthodontics. [NIH] Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action

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that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietetics: The study and regulation of the diet. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilated cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to enlargement of the heart's chambers, robbing the heart of its pumping ability. [NIH]

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Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Disulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Disulfiram: A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. [NIH] Disulphides: A covalent bridge formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues to a cystine residue. The-S-S-bond is very strong and its presence confers additional stability. [NIH]

Dithiothreitol: A reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of SH (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded

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DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in parkinsonism. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Costs: The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (fees, pharmaceutical or prescription fees). [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents

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in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysostosis: Defective bone formation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of electrons. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU]

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Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] ELISA: A sensitive analytical technique in which an enzyme is complexed to an antigen or antibody. A substrate is then added which generates a color proportional to the amount of binding. This method can be adapted to a solid-phase technique. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]

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Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endoderm: The inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]

Endostatin: A drug that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. Endostatin belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH]

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Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Induction: An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis. [NIH] Enzyme Repression: The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which

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covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]

Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical

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level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU]

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Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation. [NIH] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A disorder occurring in children born to alcoholic women who continue to drink heavily during pregnancy. Common abnormalities are growth deficiency (prenatal and postnatal), altered morphogenesis, mental deficiency, and characteristic facies - small eyes and flattened nasal bridge. Fine motor dysfunction and tremulousness are observed in the newborn. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibril: Most bacterial viruses have a hollow tail with specialized fibrils at its tip. The tail

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fibers attach to the cell wall of the host. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of eczemas. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation

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emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Habits: Acquired or learned food preferences. [NIH] Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fracture Fixation: The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fulminant Hepatic Failure: Liver failure that occurs suddenly in a previously healthy person. The most common causes of FHF are acute hepatitis, acetaminophen overdose, and liver damage from prescription drugs. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU]

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Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from alpha-endorphin by one amino acid. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH]

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Gelatinase A: A secreted endopeptidase homologous with interstitial collagenase, but which possesses an additional fibronectin-like domain. EC 3.4.24.24. [NIH] Gelatinases: A class of enzymes that catalyzes the degradation of gelatin by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Screening: Searching a population or individuals for persons possessing certain genotypes or karyotypes that: (1) are already associated with disease or predispose to disease; (2) may lead to disease in their descendants; or (3) produce other variations not known to be associated with disease. Genetic screening may be directed toward identifying phenotypic expression of genetic traits. It includes prenatal genetic screening. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germ Layers: The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH]

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Germline mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called hereditary mutation. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state

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before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gold Alloys: Alloys that contain a high percentage of gold. They are used in restorative or prosthetic dentistry. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gossypol: Poisonous pigment found in cottonseed and potentially irritating to

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gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Growth Plate: The area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis within which bone growth occurs. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair Dyes: Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily. [NIH]

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Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobin M: A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations

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within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhagic stroke: A disorder involving bleeding within ischemic brain tissue. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when blood vessels that are damaged or dead from lack of blood supply (infarcted), located within an area of infarcted brain tissue, rupture and transform an "ischemic" stroke into a hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemia is inadequate tissue oxygenation caused by reduced blood flow; infarction is tissue death resulting from ischemia. Bleeding irritates the brain tissues, causing swelling (cerebral edema). Blood collects into a mass (hematoma). Both swelling and hematoma will compress and displace brain tissue. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Encephalopathy: A condition that may cause loss of consciousness and coma. It is usually the result of advanced liver disease. Also called hepatic coma. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatology: The field of medicine concerned with the functions and disorders of the liver. [NIH]

Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Hereditary mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; hereditary

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mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called germline mutation. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimer: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Histone Deacetylase: Hydrolyzes N-acetyl groups on histones. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH]

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Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]

Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxy Acids: Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals. [NIH]

Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH]

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Hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise. [NIH] Hyperoxia: An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypovolemia: An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileocecal Valve: A valve that connects the lower part of the small intestine and the upper part of the large intestine (ileum and cecum). Controls the flow of fluid in the intestines and prevents backflow. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization

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involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH]

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Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Nutrition: Nutrition of children from birth to 2 years of age. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inhalation Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH]

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Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Integrase: An enzyme that inserts DNA into the host genome. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and also by temperate bacteriophages, the best known being bacteriophage lambda. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Interstitial Collagenase: A member of the metalloproteinase family of enzymes that is

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principally responsible for cleaving fibrillar collagen. It can degrade interstitial collagens, types I, II and III. EC 3.4.24.7. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU]

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Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ionophores: Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isocyanates: Organic compounds that contain the -NCO radical. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Isotope Labeling: Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kainate: Glutamate receptor. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated

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sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the

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disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH]

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Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligase: An enzyme that repairs single stranded discontinuities in double-stranded DNA molecules in the cell. Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]

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Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes

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dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Maculopapular: Both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules; sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated. [EU]

Magnesium Chloride: Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH]

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Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding

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inflammatory disease. [NIH] Memantine: Amantadine derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental deficiency: A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mercury Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain mercury as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metalloendopeptidases: Endopeptidases which use a metal, normally zinc, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal chelators. EC 3.4.24. [NIH] Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic

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amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastasize: To spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Micelles: Electrically charged colloidal particles or ions consisting of oriented molecules; aggregates of a number of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microclimate: The climate of a very small area. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH]

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Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases: A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinases and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP kinase kinase kinases. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily. EC 2.7.10.- [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A superfamily of protein-serine-threonine kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP kinase kinase kinases). Families of these mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) include extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) (also known as c-jun terminal kinases (JNKs)), and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases. EC 2,7,1.- [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two

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hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH]

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Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelofibrosis: A disorder in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] N-acetyl: Analgesic agent. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with

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other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH]

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Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen. [NIH] NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A group of drugs that decrease fever, swelling, pain, and redness. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Matrix: The fibrogranular network of residual structural elements within which are

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immersed both chromatin and ribonucleoproteins. It extends throughout the nuclear interior from the nucleolus to the nuclear pore complexes along the nuclear periphery. [NIH] Nuclear Pore: An opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the cell nucleus and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleoprotein: Chromosomes consist largely of nuclei acids and proteins, joined here as complexes called nucleoproteins. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutrition Assessment: Evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual. Nutrition surveys may be used in making the assessment. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Octamer: Eight molecules of histone. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Office Automation: Use of computers or computer systems for doing routine clerical work, e.g., billing, records pertaining to the administration of the office, etc. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Olfaction Disorders: Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by olfactory

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nerve diseases; paranasal sinus diseases; viral respiratory tract infections; craniocerebral trauma; smoking; and other conditions. [NIH] Oligoelement: A chemical substance, minute amounts of which can be found in living organisms. [EU] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncogenic Viruses: Viruses that produce tumors. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Orderly: A male hospital attendant. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the

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organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Osteodystrophy: Defective bone formation. [EU] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25

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to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxymetazoline: Stimulant. [NIH] P53 gene: A tumor suppressor gene that normally inhibits the growth of tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar

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gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancytopenia: Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. [NIH] Paneth Cells: Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Papovaviridae: A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses affecting mostly mammals. Most members can induce tumors in hosts. There are two genera: Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paraganglia, Chromaffin: Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH]

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Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used. [NIH] Paternal Age: Age of the father. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [NIH] Pediatric Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV

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envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH]

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Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise.

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[NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Pityriasis Rosea: A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of

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molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Ploidy: The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. For example, haploid means one set and diploid means two sets. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycarboxylate Cement: Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as a luting agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polycythemia Vera: A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs. [NIH] Polyesters: Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually

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polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyglycolic Acid: Poly(oxy(1-oxo-1,2-ethanediyl)). A biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyomavirus: A genus of the family papovaviridae consisting of potentially oncogenic viruses normally present in the host as a latent infection. The virus is oncogenic in hosts different from the species of origin. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]

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Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Power Plants: Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prescription Fees: The charge levied on the consumer for drugs or therapy prescribed under written order of a physician or other health professional. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell

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bridges. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Prion: Small proteinaceous infectious particles that resist inactivation by procedures modifying nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests

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upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protective Clothing: Clothing designed to protect the individual against possible exposure to known hazards. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Folding: A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. [NIH] Protein Kinase C: An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. EC 2.7.1.-. [NIH] Protein p53: Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene whose normal function is to control cell proliferation. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in leukemia, osteosarcoma, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein-Energy Malnutrition: The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses. [NIH]

Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.10. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH]

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Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]

Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right

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ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells,

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which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU]

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Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refuse Disposal: The discarding or destroying of garbage, sewage, or other waste matter or its transformation into something useful or innocuous. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regulon: In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains. These regulatory systems consist of several operons. [NIH] Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Rehydration Solutions: Fluids restored to the body in order to maintain normal waterelectrolyte balance. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an

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alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Repressor Proteins: Proteins which are normally bound to the operator locus of an operon, thereby preventing transcription of the structural genes. In enzyme induction, the substrate of the inducible enzyme binds to the repressor protein, causing its release from the operator and freeing the structural genes for transcription. In enzyme repression, the end product of the enzyme sequence binds to the free repressor protein, the resulting complex then binds to the operator and prevents transcription of the structural genes. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resected: Surgical removal of part of an organ. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respirable: Dust particles smaller than 0. 005 mm, which are deposited in the respiratory region of the lungs. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH]

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Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes the human strains associated with common colds. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribonucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with ribonucleic acids (RNA) or specific RNA. Many viruses are ribonucleoproteins. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA

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attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist that has reported anticonvulsant activity. It has been shown to prolong the survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has been approved in the United States to treat patients with ALS. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in

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cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Saxitoxin: Poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by Gonyaulax species (Dinoflagellate protozoans) and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects; it is neurotoxic and causes respiratory paralysis and other effects in mammals, known as paralytic shellfish poisoning. [NIH] Scandium: Scandium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH]

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Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sensory Deprivation: The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of endopeptidases containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis. EC 3.4.21. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal

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osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as androgen-binding protein. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Short Bowel Syndrome: A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of small bowel. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silanes: Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH]

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Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures.

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It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Count: A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spermine: A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU]

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Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stratiform: Arranged in the form of strata; composed of layers or strata. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr,

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atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Sublimation: A defense mechanism through which unacceptable impulses and instinctive urges are diverted into personally and socially acceptable channels; e.g., aggression may be diverted through sports activities. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Sulfonic Acids: Inorganic or organic oxy acids of sulfur which contain the RSO2(OH) radical. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. [NIH] Sulfur Oxides: Inorganic oxides of sulfur. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Sunscreening Agents: Chemical or physical agents that protect the skin from sunburn and erythema by absorbing or blocking ultraviolet radiation. [NIH]

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Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of

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their contents. [NIH] Synchrotron: An accelerator in which the particles are guided by an increasing magnetic field while they are accelerated several times in an approximately circular path by electric fields produced by a high-frequency generator. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Taste Disorders: Conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. Taste disorders are frequently associated with olfaction disorders. Additional potential etiologies include metabolic diseases; drug toxicity; and taste pathway disorders (e.g., taste bud diseases; facial nerve diseases; glossopharyngeal nerve diseases; and brain stem diseases). [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Tellurium: Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression. [NIH] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Teratogenicity: The power to cause abnormal development. [NIH] Testimonials: Information provided by individuals who claim to have been helped or cured by a particular product. The information provided lacks the necessary elements to be evaluated in a rigorous and scientific manner and is not used in the scientific literature. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered

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the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays. [NIH] Tetravalent: Pertaining to a group of 4 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of hydrogen sulfide. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen. [NIH] Thioredoxin: A hydrogen-carrying protein that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide during ribonucleotide reduction. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation,

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contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxic Hepatitis: Hepatitis with inflammatory changes around small bile ducts causing obstructive jaundice; the disease may be due to intoxication by certain chemical substances, e. g. manganese. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of

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toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of

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Parkinson disease. [NIH] Triclosan: A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action. [NIH] Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculin: A sterile liquid containing the growth products of, or specific substances extracted from, the tubercle bacillus; used in various forms in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. [NIH]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tunica Intima: The innermost coat of blood vessels, consisting of a thin lining of endothelial cells longitudinally oriented and continuous with the endothelium of capillaries on the one hand and the endocardium of the heart on the other. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This

Dictionary 461

condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those ionophores that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also

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called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH]

Dictionary 463

Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]

Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to

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chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wettability: The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid. [NIH]

White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] X-ray tube: Evacuated vessel for the production of X-radiation by the bombardment of a target, contained in an anode, with electrons accelerated by an electric field. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH] Zinc Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Zinc Fingers: Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

Dictionary 465

467

INDEX A Abdomen, 357, 372, 393, 412, 416, 431, 433, 452, 453, 463 Abdominal, 171, 353, 357, 358, 418, 430, 433, 461 Abdominal Pain, 357, 418, 461 Aberrant, 6, 43, 44, 281, 357 Ablation, 21, 357 Abrasion, 279, 289, 357 Acanthosis Nigricans, 302, 357 Acceptor, 17, 281, 357, 416, 430 ACE, 139, 357 Acetaldehyde, 357, 360, 388 Acetaminophen, 252, 357, 398 Acetone, 254, 357, 414 Acetylcholine, 40, 51, 357, 377, 426 Acetylcysteine, 357 Acid Rain, 269, 357 Acidosis, 56, 299, 358 Acoustic, 199, 202, 278, 358, 462 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 45, 358 Acrodermatitis, 83, 87, 172, 328, 358 Acrylonitrile, 358, 447 Actin, 358, 424, 460 Acute leukemia, 248, 358 Acute myeloid leukemia, 358, 439 Acute renal, 358, 405 Acyl, 358, 394 Adaptability, 358, 375, 376 Adaptation, 147, 358, 436 Adenine, 40, 358, 442 Adenocarcinoma, 22, 271, 358, 372, 405 Adenosine, 194, 358, 367, 373, 434, 457 Adenovirus, 75, 358 Adenylate Kinase, 80, 358 Adhesives, 257, 261, 358 Adipocytes, 358, 382, 415 Adipose Tissue, 359 Adjustment, 25, 358, 359 Adjuvant, 279, 359, 361, 399 Adjuvant Therapy, 279, 359 Adolescence, 301, 359 Adrenal Cortex, 359, 383, 394, 407, 439, 445 Adrenal Glands, 359, 362 Adrenal Medulla, 359, 378, 393, 431 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 264, 359

Adsorption, 40, 134, 359 Adsorptive, 359 Adverse Effect, 223, 254, 260, 359, 389, 450 Aerobic, 359, 408, 422 Aeroembolism, 359, 369 Aerosol, 192, 359, 455 Afferent, 359, 396, 415 Affinity, 3, 12, 41, 47, 54, 67, 74, 77, 78, 158, 159, 227, 359, 360, 367, 387, 421, 451 Affinity Chromatography, 158, 159, 359 Agar, 65, 360, 384, 409, 435 Age of Onset, 360, 460 Agonist, 40, 360, 389, 426, 435 Airway, 22, 84, 147, 360 Albumin, 69, 299, 360, 435 Alcohol Dehydrogenase, 61, 70, 199, 360 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 360, 388 Aldehydes, 200, 215, 360 Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, 285, 360 Alertness, 360, 373 Algorithms, 11, 360, 370 Alimentary, 360, 387, 431 Alkaline Phosphatase, 117, 169, 194, 360 Alkaloid, 360, 379, 426, 457 Alkylation, 74, 360 Alleles, 12, 361, 406 Allergen, 361, 449 Allo, 361, 403 Allosteric Site, 30, 361 Allylamine, 361, 362 Alpha Particles, 361, 442 Alpha-1, 361, 434 Alpha-Amylase, 161, 361 Alpha-helix, 361, 413 Alpha-lactalbumin, 11, 361 Alternative medicine, 313, 361 Aluminum Hydroxide, 215, 361 Aluminum Oxide, 193, 218, 361 Alveolar Process, 361, 445 Amenorrhea, 172, 361, 364 Amifostine, 15, 361 Amine, 193, 235, 246, 259, 272, 361, 406 Amino Acid Sequence, 62, 281, 362, 363, 364, 382, 395, 400, 439, 450 Amino Acid Substitution, 62, 362, 404 Aminolevulinic Acid, 149, 362 Amino-terminal, 17, 362 Ammonia, 155, 361, 362, 402, 455, 461

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Zinc

Ammonium Chloride, 277, 362 Amnion, 362 Amniotic Fluid, 85, 362, 401 Amphetamines, 362, 379 Amplification, 102, 362 Amygdala, 362, 368, 457 Amyloid, 3, 4, 6, 39, 49, 362 Amyloidosis, 302, 362 Anaerobic, 363, 394, 408 Anaesthesia, 363, 410 Anal, 363, 397, 417 Analgesic, 357, 363, 380, 392, 416, 424 Analog, 363, 387 Analogous, 363, 436, 459 Anaphylatoxins, 363, 381 Anaplasia, 363 Anatomical, 363, 367, 391, 409, 448 Androgen-Binding Protein, 363, 450 Androgens, 359, 363, 383 Anergy, 54, 363 Anesthesia, 360, 363, 367, 392 Anesthetics, 22, 363, 368, 393 Angiogenesis, 15, 23, 105, 273, 363, 392, 419 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 363, 392 Angiopathy, 49, 363 Anhydrides, 228, 364 Animal model, 5, 14, 23, 27, 29, 45, 50, 364, 460 Anionic, 364, 457 Anions, 360, 364, 413, 450, 455 Anisotropy, 11, 291, 364 Annealing, 78, 212, 234, 364, 437 Anode, 217, 246, 247, 256, 257, 260, 263, 277, 364, 464 Anorexia, 169, 172, 362, 364 Anorexia Nervosa, 169, 172, 364 Ant Venoms, 4, 364 Antagonism, 364, 373, 457 Anthropometry, 26, 364 Antiallergic, 364, 383 Antibacterial, 89, 111, 134, 279, 364, 408, 452 Antibiotic, 10, 65, 304, 364, 372, 378, 432, 452, 456 Antibodies, 281, 364, 404, 409, 417, 435, 442, 449 Antibody, 49, 120, 163, 359, 364, 365, 380, 391, 404, 406, 409, 410, 413, 419, 423, 442, 443, 449, 452, 464 Anticoagulant, 365, 440 Anticonvulsant, 365, 447

Antidepressant, 107, 152, 365 Antidiabetic, 222, 231, 365 Antiemetic, 365, 389, 421 Antifungal, 248, 305, 365 Antifungal Agents, 305, 365 Antigen, 65, 70, 71, 74, 77, 80, 113, 328, 359, 364, 365, 381, 391, 406, 408, 409, 410, 419, 449 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 365, 381 Anti-infective, 279, 365, 373, 377, 407, 412, 451 Anti-Infective Agents, 279, 365 Anti-inflammatory, 4, 49, 187, 279, 357, 365, 367, 383, 401, 426, 431, 447 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 365, 367, 383 Antimicrobial, 68, 84, 149, 226, 248, 269, 270, 304, 365, 378, 386 Antimony, 219, 223, 287, 291, 365 Antineoplastic, 271, 365, 383, 400 Antioxidant, 21, 58, 84, 145, 148, 154, 272, 282, 365, 366, 399, 430, 454 Antipruritic, 365, 373 Antipyretic, 357, 365 Antiseptic, 279, 357, 365, 376, 420, 460, 464 Antitussive, 365, 387, 389 Antiviral, 104, 252, 329, 357, 365, 411, 432 Anuria, 366, 414 Anus, 363, 366, 372 Aperture, 263, 366, 442 Aphthous Stomatitis, 96, 366 Apolipoproteins, 366, 416 Apoptosis, 6, 18, 21, 26, 31, 34, 36, 55, 56, 82, 84, 115, 125, 136, 243, 281, 328, 366, 375 Applicability, 43, 366 Arachidonic Acid, 153, 366, 415, 439 Arginine, 363, 366, 426, 429, 442, 460 Aromatic, 271, 366, 374, 420, 434, 454 Arterial, 361, 366, 374, 377, 408, 440, 456 Arteries, 363, 366, 367, 371, 383, 417, 421, 458 Arterioles, 366, 371, 373, 421 Arthroplasty, 366, 376 Articular, 50, 106, 366, 429 Ascorbic Acid, 283, 306, 366, 407 Aspartate, 59, 62, 71, 101, 137, 366, 387 Aspartic, 158, 366, 392 Aspartic Acid, 158, 366 Aspartic Endopeptidases, 366, 392 Aspiration, 24, 366 Aspirin, 137, 184, 366

Index 469

Assay, 3, 15, 17, 24, 27, 28, 48, 54, 367, 409, 460 Astringent, 279, 367, 464 Astrocytes, 125, 367 Asymptomatic, 26, 367 Ataxia, 340, 367, 376, 457 Atherectomy, 367, 392 Atherogenic, 92, 367 Atmospheric Pressure, 237, 359, 367, 407 ATP, 17, 47, 55, 62, 75, 358, 367, 388, 400, 402, 412, 417, 434, 440, 459, 461 Atrial, 32, 367 Atrial Fibrillation, 32, 367 Atrium, 367, 462 Atrophy, 304, 339, 340, 367, 425 Autoimmune disease, 367, 423 Autoimmunity, 5, 88, 367 Autonomic, 357, 361, 367, 401, 433, 455 Autoradiography, 10, 367 Axonal, 31, 368 Axons, 368, 386, 428, 442, 446 Axotomy, 26, 368 B Bacillus, 68, 368, 460 Bacterial Proteins, 51, 368 Bactericidal, 368, 376, 394 Bacteriophage, 61, 76, 78, 368, 411, 435, 459 Bacteriophage lambda, 368, 411 Bacteriostatic, 279, 368, 460 Bacterium, 60, 368, 382, 405 Barbiturates, 29, 368, 448 Barium, 192, 231, 237, 256, 291, 368 Barnacles, 137, 368 Basal Ganglia, 367, 368, 399 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 367, 368 Basement Membrane, 368, 395 Baths, 253, 369 Bends, 234, 281, 369 Benign, 132, 172, 173, 223, 262, 369, 399, 404, 424, 443 Benzamides, 75, 369 Berylliosis, 369 Beryllium, 230, 234, 287, 291, 369 Beta 2-Microglobulin, 306, 369 Beta carotene, 149, 369 Beta-Lactamases, 369, 408 Beta-pleated, 362, 369 Bifida, 369 Bile, 151, 184, 369, 399, 407, 413, 416, 453, 458 Bile Acids, 369, 453

Bile Acids and Salts, 369 Bile Ducts, 369, 458 Biliary, 299, 307, 369 Bilirubin, 360, 369 Binding Sites, 40, 46, 47, 193, 369, 464 Bioavailability, 86, 132, 134, 148, 151, 195, 292, 370 Bioavailable, 85, 370 Biochemical reactions, 370, 457 Biofilms, 84, 370 Biological Assay, 370, 457 Biological response modifier, 370, 411 Biological therapy, 370, 403 Biological Transport, 370, 387 Biomarkers, 7, 111, 290, 370 Biopsy, 307, 370 Biosynthesis, 11, 27, 42, 63, 65, 80, 107, 119, 162, 366, 370, 429, 449 Biotechnology, 59, 81, 92, 101, 118, 158, 166, 313, 325, 327, 339, 340, 341, 370 Bioterrorism, 14, 370 Biotin, 139, 283, 303, 306, 370 Bismuth, 223, 256, 260, 262, 271, 291, 371 Bivalent, 371, 421 Bladder, 173, 371, 409, 423, 425, 439, 440, 461 Blastocyst, 371, 381, 435 Blood Cell Count, 371, 404, 433 Blood Coagulation, 371, 373, 457 Blood Coagulation Factors, 371 Blood Glucose, 371, 404, 411 Blood Platelets, 371, 457 Blood pressure, 299, 354, 371, 374, 408, 423, 426, 451 Blood Proteins, 371 Blood Volume, 371, 436 Blot, 15, 371 Body Composition, 35, 121, 153, 164, 371 Body Fluids, 370, 371, 372, 389, 451, 460 Body Image, 314, 371 Body Mass Index, 371, 429 Bone Density, 35, 371 Bone Marrow, 16, 79, 117, 358, 371, 372, 394, 409, 417, 423, 424, 436, 439, 451 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 117, 372 Bone Resorption, 7, 372 Boron, 289, 314, 372 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 372 Bowel, 299, 304, 363, 372, 387, 410, 412, 415, 425, 433, 450, 453, 461 Bowel Movement, 304, 372, 387, 453 Brachytherapy, 372, 411, 413, 442, 464

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Zinc

Bradykinin, 372, 426, 435 Brain Stem, 372, 376, 456 Branch, 351, 372, 385, 390, 417, 432, 441, 452, 457 Breakdown, 50, 372, 387, 399, 428 Broad-spectrum, 279, 372 Bronchi, 372, 393, 395, 457, 459 Bronchial, 372, 406, 457 Bronchitis, 22, 173, 372, 394 Burns, 173, 278, 372 Burns, Electric, 372 Butyric Acid, 38, 372 Bypass, 13, 372 C Caco-2 Cells, 118, 372 Cadmium Poisoning, 373 Caffeine, 134, 283, 305, 373, 442 Calcium Channels, 56, 373 Calcium Hydroxide, 300, 373 Calcium-Binding Proteins, 11, 373 Callus, 373, 391 Calmodulin, 11, 373 Caloric intake, 36, 306, 373 Camphor, 305, 373 Cannabidiol, 373 Cannabinoids, 285, 373 Cannabinol, 373 Capillary, 167, 372, 373, 401, 447, 462 Capillary Fragility, 373, 447 Capsid, 60, 374, 427, 463 Capsules, 307, 374, 389, 397, 399, 401 Captopril, 15, 185, 374 Carbohydrate, 303, 374, 383, 401, 402, 427, 437 Carbon Dioxide, 8, 73, 192, 236, 374, 385, 397, 399, 435, 445 Carboxy, 374 Carboxylic Acids, 237, 272, 374 Carcinogen, 237, 374 Carcinogenesis, 374, 377 Carcinogenic, 27, 40, 374, 388, 410, 428, 439, 453 Carcinoma, 374 Cardiac, 13, 23, 32, 51, 55, 173, 306, 361, 367, 373, 374, 385, 390, 393, 394, 424, 453 Cardiac arrest, 55, 374 Cardiomyopathy, 374 Cardiovascular, 15, 42, 51, 125, 231, 302, 373, 374, 415 Cardiovascular disease, 42, 51, 125, 302, 374 Cardiovascular System, 51, 374

Carnitine, 284, 299, 306, 374 Carotene, 369, 374, 446 Carotenoids, 369, 374 Carrier Proteins, 171, 374, 435 Case report, 90, 374, 375, 379 Case series, 375, 379 Caspase, 34, 36, 115, 136, 147, 375 Castor Oil, 278, 375 Catabolism, 131, 306, 375, 461 Catheterization, 375, 412 Cathode, 209, 217, 226, 247, 257, 259, 260, 263, 364, 375, 390 Cations, 17, 40, 46, 70, 105, 261, 273, 375, 413 Caustic, 375, 451 Cecum, 375, 408, 415 Celiac Disease, 173, 301, 375 Cell Communication, 281, 375 Cell Count, 56, 375 Cell Cycle, 43, 375, 384, 462 Cell Death, 5, 25, 34, 36, 136, 244, 312, 366, 375, 424 Cell Differentiation, 6, 281, 375, 450 Cell Division, 339, 368, 375, 376, 382, 385, 403, 419, 422, 435, 439, 448 Cell membrane, 282, 315, 370, 373, 374, 375, 386, 395, 399, 412, 432, 434, 438, 463 Cell proliferation, 9, 19, 281, 376, 411, 440, 450 Cell Respiration, 376, 422, 445 Cell Survival, 376, 403 Cellobiose, 376 Cellulose, 209, 210, 247, 376, 399, 435 Cementation, 115, 376 Central Nervous System, 19, 38, 58, 103, 125, 286, 301, 357, 359, 362, 373, 376, 379, 399, 402, 404, 415, 423, 428, 457 Centrifugation, 376, 404 Cerebellar, 88, 367, 376, 444, 459 Cerebellar Diseases, 367, 376, 459 Cerebellum, 88, 338, 376, 444 Cerebrospinal, 122, 376, 384 Cerebrospinal fluid, 122, 376, 384 Cerebrovascular, 15, 368, 374, 376, 426, 457 Cerebrum, 376, 460 Cerium, 223, 230, 376 Cesium, 268, 376, 457 Cetylpyridinium, 89, 105, 124, 376 Chamomile, 305, 377 Character, 377, 385, 402 Chelating Agents, 151, 377

Index 471

Chelation, 151, 160, 183, 284, 377 Chemopreventive, 15, 377 Chemotactic Factors, 377, 381 Chemotherapy, 185, 271, 359, 377 Chlorhexidine, 89, 105, 185, 304, 377 Chlorine, 219, 224, 277, 304, 377 Chlorophyll, 377, 399 Cholera, 69, 105, 120, 159, 163, 377, 463 Cholesterol, 164, 198, 283, 284, 301, 369, 377, 378, 383, 407, 416, 417, 448, 453 Cholesterol Esters, 377, 416 Choline, 377 Cholinergic, 44, 377, 426 Chondrogenesis, 52, 377 Choroid, 378, 446 Chromaffin Cells, 44, 378, 431 Chromatin, 9, 113, 244, 265, 366, 378, 426, 427, 452 Chromic, 231, 378 Chromosomal, 32, 45, 52, 71, 74, 362, 378, 448 Chromosome, 20, 307, 359, 378, 382, 404, 416, 448, 459 Chronic, 22, 35, 38, 45, 88, 89, 93, 117, 118, 134, 150, 248, 306, 307, 311, 339, 378, 380, 388, 392, 410, 414, 436, 441, 454, 460, 462, 464 Chronic renal, 306, 378, 436 Chylomicrons, 378, 416 Cilastatin, 378, 408 Ciliary, 378, 449 Ciliary Body, 378, 449 Ciprofloxacin, 65, 185, 378 CIS, 44, 378, 446 Citric Acid, 244, 378 Citrus, 310, 366, 378 Clamp, 33, 34, 55, 58, 378, 432 Clan, 118, 379 Claviceps, 379, 447 Clear cell carcinoma, 379, 386 Cleave, 45, 379 Clinical Medicine, 123, 153, 166, 297, 379, 438 Clinical Protocols, 15, 379 Clinical study, 84, 379 Clinical trial, 5, 146, 203, 204, 325, 379, 383, 441, 443 Clobetasol, 123, 379 Clone, 9, 379 Cloning, 6, 32, 62, 71, 84, 108, 147, 370, 379, 416 Coagulation, 32, 371, 379, 405, 435, 458

Coal, 22, 44, 269, 379, 380 Coca, 379 Cocaine, 122, 379 Cochlear, 380, 458, 462 Cochlear Diseases, 380, 458 Cod Liver Oil, 380, 391 Codeine, 380, 387 Coenzyme, 284, 366, 380 Cofactor, 380, 426, 440, 457 Coke, 268, 380 Coliphages, 368, 380 Colitis, 153, 380 Collagen, 50, 106, 159, 358, 369, 380, 395, 397, 399, 407, 412, 419, 436, 439 Collagen disease, 380, 407 Collagenases, 50, 380 Collapse, 354, 372, 380 Colloidal, 224, 360, 380, 421, 433, 449, 455 Colorectal, 98, 111, 121, 123, 150, 164, 380, 440 Colorectal Cancer, 98, 111, 121, 123, 150, 164, 380, 440 Colostrum, 88, 380 Communis, 375, 380 Complement, 33, 45, 363, 380, 381, 400, 435, 449 Complementary and alternative medicine, 145, 146, 190, 381 Complementary medicine, 146, 381 Complementation, 16, 67, 381 Complete remission, 381, 444 Compress, 261, 381, 405 Computational Biology, 325, 327, 381 Computer Systems, 381, 427 Concentric, 241, 381 Conception, 37, 381, 396 Concomitant, 52, 381 Conduction, 213, 214, 381 Cones, 381, 446 Confusion, 382, 461 Conjugated, 48, 369, 382, 384, 424, 446 Conjugation, 108, 382 Conjunctiva, 382, 410 Connective Tissue, 302, 366, 372, 380, 382, 397, 399, 420, 441, 446, 447 Connective Tissue Cells, 382 Consciousness, 363, 382, 386, 388, 405, 453 Consensus Sequence, 382 Conserved Sequence, 46, 382 Constriction, 382, 413, 448 Consumption, 120, 218, 226, 382, 387, 427, 430

472

Zinc

Contact dermatitis, 4, 120, 382 Contact Inhibition, 271, 382 Contamination, 90, 147, 264, 288, 382, 405 Contracture, 134, 382 Contraindications, ii, 383 Control group, 36, 383, 443 Controlled study, 82, 89, 93, 146, 147, 152, 383 Convulsions, 310, 354, 365, 383 Coordination, 11, 17, 35, 46, 54, 63, 74, 78, 376, 377, 383, 423 Coreceptors, 82, 383 Cornea, 307, 383 Coronary, 273, 374, 383, 421 Coronary heart disease, 374, 383 Coronary Thrombosis, 383, 421 Cortex, 150, 157, 163, 231, 367, 383, 393, 394, 397, 442, 444 Cortical, 7, 16, 29, 55, 157, 383, 395, 442, 449, 457 Corticosteroid, 280, 305, 379, 383 Cortisol, 360, 383 Coumarins, 377, 383 Cowpox, 383, 384, 461 Cowpox Virus, 383, 384, 461 Cranial, 376, 384, 396, 401, 404, 412, 428, 433, 462 Craniocerebral Trauma, 368, 384, 404, 428, 457, 458 Creatinine, 8, 384, 414 Crossing-over, 384, 444 Crowns, 384, 386 Crystallization, 196, 224, 243, 384 CSF, 310, 369, 376, 384 Culture Media, 360, 384 Cultured cells, 38, 384 Curative, 279, 384, 426, 447, 457 Cutaneous, 85, 108, 174, 302, 382, 384, 415, 461 Cyanide, 216, 217, 384 Cyclic, 48, 192, 373, 375, 384, 403, 426, 437, 457 Cyclin, 150, 270, 384 Cysteine Endopeptidases, 384, 392 Cystine, 384, 388 Cytochrome, 36, 61, 159, 384, 430 Cytogenetics, 385, 448 Cytokine, 20, 23, 24, 44, 85, 385 Cytomegalovirus, 57, 385 Cytoplasm, 19, 25, 35, 39, 366, 375, 385, 403, 420, 423, 426, 446, 455 Cytosine, 40, 385

Cytoskeleton, 29, 385 Cytotoxic, 40, 166, 248, 385, 442, 443, 450 Cytotoxicity, 4, 361, 385 D Dairy Products, 314, 385, 448 Databases, Bibliographic, 325, 385 De novo, 10, 42, 385 Decarboxylation, 385, 406, 429, 442 Decidua, 385, 435 Decompensation, 123, 361, 385 Degenerative, 288, 385, 405, 418, 429, 446 Dehydration, 299, 304, 377, 385 Deletion, 42, 64, 366, 385 Dementia, 34, 174, 181, 358, 385 Denaturation, 386, 437 Dendrites, 386, 425, 442 Dendritic, 386, 419, 446 Dental Abutments, 386 Dental Amalgam, 91, 258, 386 Dental Care, 304, 386, 432 Dental Caries, 304, 386, 398, 451 Dental Cements, 361, 386, 464 Dental Plaque, 243, 386 Dentate Gyrus, 33, 38, 386, 406 Dentifrices, 243, 361, 386 Dentures, 261, 386, 456 Depolarization, 386, 450 Deprivation, 60, 82, 386 Dermal, 18, 386, 416 Dermatitis, 4, 90, 110, 111, 134, 149, 174, 272, 386, 390 DES, 363, 386 Detergents, 305, 386 Detoxification, 286, 387 Deuterium, 387, 407 Developing Countries, 132, 133, 165, 312, 387 Dextromethorphan, 252, 387 Diabetes Mellitus, 92, 222, 231, 284, 304, 387, 401, 404 Diagnostic procedure, 207, 313, 387 Dialysate, 306, 387 Dialyzer, 306, 387, 404 Diarrhea, 26, 96, 118, 156, 162, 175, 299, 310, 311, 312, 354, 387, 394, 415, 418 Diarrhoea, 65, 95, 152, 153, 169, 387 Diastolic, 387, 408 Dietary Fiber, 86, 283, 387 Dietetics, 299, 387 Dietitian, 301, 305, 387 Diffusion, 9, 21, 80, 212, 370, 387, 409, 412

Index 473

Digestion, 288, 289, 360, 369, 372, 387, 409, 412, 416, 453 Digestive system, 205, 387, 399, 423 Digestive tract, 387, 451, 453 Dihydrotestosterone, 387, 444, 450 Dihydroxy, 254, 387, 447 Dilatation, 387, 439, 462 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 51, 387 Dimerization, 12, 67, 97, 116, 193, 198, 200, 388 Dimethyl, 285, 388 Dioxins, 267, 388 Diploid, 381, 388, 435, 436 Discrimination, 12, 388 Disease Progression, 56, 285, 388, 463 Disinfectant, 377, 388, 394, 420 Dissection, 99, 388 Dissociation, 17, 47, 359, 388, 412 Dissociative Disorders, 388 Distal, 368, 388, 390, 414, 433, 441 Disulfides, 270, 388 Disulfiram, 105, 270, 271, 388 Disulphides, 388 Dithiothreitol, 156, 388 Diuresis, 373, 388, 457 Diuretic, 362, 388, 419, 451 DNA Topoisomerase, 388, 400 Dominance, 262, 389 Dopamine, 380, 389, 421, 434 Dosage Forms, 282, 389 Doxylamine, 252, 389 Drug Costs, 284, 389 Drug Interactions, 318, 389 Drug Resistance, 271, 389 Drug Tolerance, 389 Drug Toxicity, 389, 456 Duct, 267, 304, 375, 389, 395, 430, 447 Duodenum, 369, 389, 399, 453 Dyes, 362, 389, 403, 426 Dysostosis, 53, 390 Dysplasia, 340, 390 Dyspnea, 385, 390 Dystrophy, 339, 390 E Eating Disorders, 175, 298, 301, 390 Ecosystem, 87, 357, 390 Ectopic, 33, 390 Eczema, 175, 278, 390 Edema, 382, 385, 390, 405, 412 Effector, 357, 380, 390, 393, 425 Efficacy, 4, 5, 15, 23, 29, 50, 54, 84, 96, 123, 156, 204, 310, 390, 408

Elasticity, 254, 390 Elastin, 380, 390, 395 Elastomers, 255, 390 Elective, 116, 390 Electric Conductivity, 364, 390 Electrocoagulation, 379, 390 Electrode, 225, 232, 233, 242, 257, 258, 262, 263, 266, 267, 278, 364, 375, 390 Electrolysis, 277, 364, 375, 390, 391 Electrons, 365, 368, 375, 390, 412, 413, 418, 430, 442, 443, 464 Electrophysiological, 29, 31, 38, 59, 390 Electroplating, 211, 216, 245, 250, 391 Elementary Particles, 390, 391, 418, 426, 441 ELISA, 391 Emaciation, 358, 391 Emboli, 32, 391 Embolus, 391, 410 Embryo, 362, 371, 375, 391, 392, 396, 400, 410, 429, 436 Embryogenesis, 52, 391 Emollient, 279, 391, 402, 427 Emphysema, 22, 391 Empirical, 11, 391 Emulsion, 249, 251, 266, 367, 391, 397 Enamel, 22, 256, 386, 391, 413, 436 Encapsulated, 217, 264, 391, 416 Encephalitis, 391, 392 Encephalocele, 391, 425 Encephalomyelitis, 75, 392 Encephalopathy, 286, 302, 392 Endarterectomy, 13, 367, 392 Endemic, 377, 392, 418, 452 Endoderm, 76, 392 Endopeptidases, 48, 366, 384, 392, 420, 432, 449 Endorphin, 392, 399 Endostatin, 80, 392 Endothelial cell, 49, 167, 392, 457, 460 Endothelium, 49, 392, 426, 436, 460 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 392 Endothelium, Vascular, 392 Endothelium-derived, 392, 426 Endotoxin, 63, 200, 392 End-stage renal, 306, 378, 392, 436 Energy balance, 392, 415 Energy Intake, 35, 392 Enhancer, 44, 51, 54, 392 Enterocytes, 126, 372, 393 Enteropeptidase, 393, 460 Entorhinal Cortex, 393, 406

474

Zinc

Environmental Exposure, 23, 393, 428 Environmental Health, 324, 326, 393 Enzymatic, 32, 67, 373, 374, 381, 386, 393, 394, 406, 437, 446 Enzyme Induction, 393, 445 Enzyme Repression, 393, 445 Epidemic, 285, 393, 452 Epidemiological, 20, 248, 393 Epidermal, 119, 162, 393, 414, 416, 419 Epidermal Growth Factor, 119, 162, 393 Epidermis, 393, 413, 414, 416, 438 Epidermoid carcinoma, 393, 453 Epigastric, 393, 430 Epinephrine, 378, 389, 393, 460 Epithelial, 18, 69, 84, 91, 125, 358, 370, 378, 385, 393, 402, 405, 431 Epithelial Cells, 69, 125, 393, 405 Epithelium, 84, 304, 368, 392, 393, 413, 431 Ergot, 394, 447 Erythema, 175, 382, 394, 454 Erythrocytes, 125, 363, 371, 394, 431, 444, 449 Erythropoietin, 306, 394 Escherichia, 17, 42, 75, 80, 126, 380, 394, 405 Escherichia coli, 17, 42, 75, 80, 126, 380, 394, 405 Esophageal, 102, 394 Esophagus, 126, 387, 394, 399, 434, 453 Essential Tremor, 339, 394 Esterification, 230, 394 Estradiol, 394, 450 Estrogen, 186, 309, 314, 394 Estrogen receptor, 309, 394 Ethanol, 156, 168, 360, 394, 396 Ether, 261, 272, 394, 460 Eucalyptus, 305, 394 Eukaryotic Cells, 116, 394, 409, 427, 429 Evoke, 394, 453 Excitability, 34, 394 Excitation, 16, 19, 33, 61, 98, 362, 395 Excitatory, 33, 44, 395, 402 Excitotoxicity, 13, 36, 79, 395 Excrete, 366, 395, 414 Exfoliation, 300, 395 Exhaustion, 364, 395, 418 Exocrine, 8, 395, 430 Exocytosis, 395, 455 Exogenous, 8, 281, 359, 374, 390, 395, 400, 460 Exon, 45, 76, 395 Expectorant, 362, 395

Extensor, 395, 441 External-beam radiation, 395, 413, 442, 464 Extracellular Matrix, 48, 49, 50, 61, 243, 382, 395, 397, 419, 429 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 395, 419 Extracellular Space, 45, 157, 395, 421 Extracorporeal, 302, 395 Extraction, 225, 275, 291, 395 Extremity, 72, 395 Eye Infections, 358, 396 F Facial, 396, 456 Facial Nerve, 396, 456 Facial Nerve Diseases, 396, 456 Faecal, 387, 396 Failure to Thrive, 90, 396 Family Planning, 325, 396 Fatigue, 195, 255, 396 Fatty acids, 130, 230, 235, 237, 276, 299, 314, 360, 374, 396, 402, 439, 451, 458 Febrile, 310, 396, 418 Feces, 24, 272, 396, 453 Femoral, 376, 396 Fermentation, 360, 396 Ferritin, 137, 164, 396 Fertilizers, 396, 426 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 132, 396 Fetal Development, 396, 425 Fetus, 167, 394, 396, 435, 438 Fibril, 210, 396 Fibrillation, 32, 397 Fibrinogen, 397, 435, 436, 457 Fibroblasts, 125, 382, 397 Fibronectin, 397, 400 Fibrosis, 91, 111, 149, 174, 264, 340, 361, 382, 397, 448 Filler, 229, 264, 397 Filtration, 268, 397, 414 Fish Products, 397, 448 Fissure, 380, 386, 397 Fistula, 397, 399 Fixation, 397, 449 Flaccid, 14, 397 Flatus, 397, 399 Flavoring Agents, 394, 397 Flexor, 395, 397, 416 Fluocinonide, 379, 397 Fluorescence, 16, 17, 28, 59, 100, 397 Fluorine, 224, 398 Flushing, 277, 388, 398 Folate, 42, 53, 86, 140, 148, 301, 303, 398

Index 475

Fold, 41, 134, 397, 398 Folic Acid, 87, 94, 139, 151, 284, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 306, 311, 398 Food Habits, 89, 398 Food Preferences, 398 Forearm, 371, 398 Formazans, 124, 398 Fossa, 376, 398 Fractionation, 236, 268, 398 Fracture Fixation, 376, 398 Frameshift, 398, 460 Frameshift Mutation, 398, 460 Friction, 279, 398, 417 Fulminant Hepatic Failure, 307, 398 Fungi, 248, 365, 379, 382, 396, 398, 399, 403, 421, 464 Fungicides, Industrial, 365, 398 Fungistatic, 398, 460 Fungus, 248, 394, 399, 447 G Gallate, 135, 156, 399 Gallbladder, 357, 369, 387, 399 Gamma Rays, 399, 442, 443 Gamma-Endorphin, 399 Ganglia, 44, 357, 361, 368, 399, 425, 431, 433, 455 Ganglion, 399, 446, 462 Gap Junctions, 399, 455 Gas exchange, 399, 445 Gasoline, 276, 399 Gastric, 51, 104, 117, 135, 355, 361, 374, 389, 393, 399, 406 Gastrin, 51, 399, 406 Gastroduodenal, 24, 399 Gastroenterology, 8, 92, 163, 299, 303, 399 Gastrointestinal, 24, 121, 164, 300, 302, 303, 304, 372, 373, 378, 393, 394, 399, 403, 414, 415, 418, 454, 460, 463 Gastrointestinal tract, 24, 394, 399, 403, 414, 415, 460 Gelatin, 384, 399, 400, 402, 457 Gelatinase A, 103, 400 Gelatinases, 48, 400 Gels, 246, 305, 400 Gene Targeting, 45, 52, 400 Generator, 236, 400, 456 Genetic Code, 400, 427 Genetic Engineering, 370, 379, 400 Genetic Screening, 307, 400 Genetic testing, 400, 437 Genetics, 41, 52, 84, 108, 382, 385, 389, 400 Genistein, 20, 400

Genital, 175, 378, 379, 400, 412 Genomics, 63, 400 Genotype, 12, 400, 434 Germ Cells, 109, 400, 419, 428, 429, 451, 452, 456 Germ Layers, 392, 400 Germanium, 201, 231, 232, 239, 265, 285, 287, 400 Germline mutation, 37, 401, 406 Gestation, 25, 401, 435 Gestational, 53, 169, 176, 401 Gestational Age, 53, 169, 401 Giardiasis, 117, 401 Ginkgo biloba, 186, 284, 401 Gland, 21, 84, 136, 304, 359, 401, 430, 431, 435, 439, 440, 448, 453, 454, 458 Glioma, 23, 70, 119, 162, 401 Glomerular, 401, 414, 419, 444 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 401, 414, 419 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 401, 456 Glucocorticoid, 74, 397, 401, 407 Glucose Intolerance, 302, 387, 401 Glucose tolerance, 401 Glucose Tolerance Test, 401 Glucuronic Acid, 402, 405 Glutamate, 30, 34, 39, 55, 56, 387, 395, 402, 413, 447 Glutamic Acid, 398, 402, 439 Glutamine, 26, 284, 402 Glutathione Peroxidase, 402, 449 Gluten, 301, 375, 402 Glycerol, 372, 402, 434 Glycerophospholipids, 402, 434 Glycine, 29, 70, 84, 95, 105, 362, 369, 402, 449 Glycogen, 155, 361, 402, 434 Glycolysis, 55, 121, 402 Glycoprotein, 159, 328, 394, 397, 402, 403, 423, 450, 457 Glycosaminoglycans, 395, 402, 441 Glycosidic, 361, 376, 402, 428, 434 Goats, 153, 385, 402 Goblet Cells, 393, 402 Gold Alloys, 87, 402 Gonadal, 402, 453 Gossypol, 117, 402 Governing Board, 403, 438 Gp120, 403, 432 Grade, 81, 265, 403 Graft, 403, 406 Gram-negative, 394, 403, 408, 463 Gram-positive, 80, 403, 408, 414

476

Zinc

Gram-Positive Bacteria, 80, 403 Granule, 19, 33, 38, 386, 403, 446 Granulocytes, 403, 450, 464 Granuloma, 302, 403 Graphite, 233, 247, 403 Grasses, 379, 398, 403, 405 Growth factors, 121, 164, 271, 403 Growth Plate, 52, 403 Guanylate Cyclase, 403, 426 H Habitat, 403, 426 Habitual, 24, 377, 403 Hair Color, 254, 403 Hair Dyes, 254, 403 Hair follicles, 404, 464 Half-Life, 219, 404 Halitosis, 89, 304, 404 Haploid, 404, 435, 436 Haptens, 359, 404 Hazardous Waste, 209, 404 Headache, 181, 373, 404, 410 Hearing aid, 217, 404 Heart attack, 374, 404 Hematocrit, 164, 371, 404 Hematoma, 404, 405 Heme, 103, 362, 369, 384, 404, 424, 430, 437 Hemodialysis, 90, 164, 168, 299, 306, 387, 404, 414 Hemoglobin, 24, 95, 99, 363, 371, 377, 394, 404, 405, 415, 437 Hemoglobin A, 24, 377, 404, 437 Hemoglobin M, 404, 405 Hemoglobinopathies, 264, 404 Hemoglobinuria, 339, 405 Hemolytic, 302, 405 Hemorrhage, 49, 300, 384, 390, 404, 405, 453 Hemorrhagic stroke, 49, 405 Hemostasis, 30, 169, 405 Heparin, 282, 405 Hepatic, 118, 123, 270, 286, 304, 307, 360, 401, 405, 416 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 286, 405 Hepatitis, 47, 76, 118, 302, 306, 307, 398, 405, 458, 463 Hepatitis A, 302, 405 Hepatocellular, 87, 92, 405 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 87, 92, 405 Hepatocytes, 135, 156, 405 Hepatology, 110, 303, 405 Hepatovirus, 405 Herbicides, 388, 405

Hereditary, 358, 401, 405, 425, 446 Hereditary mutation, 401, 405 Heredity, 400, 406 Herpes, 80, 175, 176, 182, 282, 406 Herpes virus, 282, 406 Herpes Zoster, 176, 182, 406 Heterodimer, 47, 406 Heterogeneity, 12, 32, 359, 406 Heterotrophic, 398, 406 Heterozygotes, 389, 406 Hippocampus, 16, 30, 38, 137, 157, 164, 386, 406, 442, 454 Histamine, 51, 186, 363, 364, 389, 406 Histidine, 67, 96, 101, 137, 155, 159, 406 Histiocytosis, 302, 406 Histology, 58, 135, 154, 406, 431 Histone Deacetylase, 16, 264, 265, 406 Homeostasis, 9, 17, 24, 42, 52, 53, 55, 58, 97, 122, 124, 147, 297, 406 Homogeneous, 276, 406, 434 Homologous, 13, 46, 69, 92, 361, 371, 384, 400, 406, 448, 449, 455, 457, 459 Homozygotes, 389, 406 Hormonal, 367, 370, 378, 383, 406, 463 Hormone therapy, 359, 406 Host, 13, 24, 45, 198, 281, 282, 368, 380, 397, 406, 408, 411, 415, 437, 447, 461, 463 Human papillomavirus, 67, 89, 407 Humoral, 131, 407 Humour, 407 Hybrid, 6, 9, 16, 17, 19, 31, 47, 99, 379, 407, 447 Hydration, 8, 407 Hydrocortisone, 135, 154, 407 Hydrogen Bonding, 74, 407 Hydrogen Peroxide, 6, 266, 304, 402, 407, 416, 455 Hydrolysis, 17, 77, 230, 366, 369, 376, 407, 412, 432, 434, 437, 441, 460 Hydrophilic, 81, 227, 269, 387, 407 Hydrophobic, 281, 387, 402, 407, 416 Hydroxides, 249, 407 Hydroxy Acids, 254, 407 Hydroxylysine, 380, 407 Hydroxyproline, 380, 407 Hyperbaric, 284, 407 Hyperbaric oxygen, 284, 407 Hypercholesterolemia, 407, 432 Hyperglycemia, 168, 407 Hyperhidrosis, 251, 408 Hyperoxia, 49, 58, 408 Hyperplasia, 172, 173, 408, 416

Index 477

Hypersecretion, 22, 408 Hypersensitivity, 16, 227, 361, 408, 415, 446, 449 Hypertension, 176, 374, 408, 412 Hypertrophy, 51, 223, 408 Hypnotic, 389, 408 Hypotension, 55, 306, 383, 388, 408 Hypovolemia, 299, 408 I Id, 138, 171, 345, 350, 352, 408 Idiopathic, 358, 408 Ileocecal Valve, 299, 408 Ileostomy, 106, 408 Ileum, 375, 408 Imaging procedures, 408, 459 Imidazole, 370, 406, 408 Imipenem, 64, 65, 69, 378, 408 Immersion, 216, 369, 408 Immune function, 53, 54, 154, 161, 165, 248, 408 Immune system, 5, 108, 160, 315, 367, 370, 408, 409, 415, 417, 418, 423, 433, 461, 464 Immunity, 105, 131, 152, 159, 358, 408, 409 Immunization, 65, 408, 449 Immunoassay, 24, 409 Immunocompromised, 24, 248, 409 Immunodeficiency, 45, 61, 64, 75, 77, 101, 104, 126, 167, 285, 339, 358, 409 Immunodiffusion, 360, 409 Immunoelectrophoresis, 360, 409 Immunogenic, 364, 409 Immunoglobulins, 409, 435 Immunologic, 377, 401, 409, 443 Immunology, 5, 27, 135, 285, 359, 409 Immunosuppressant, 284, 409 Impairment, 4, 23, 131, 302, 367, 396, 409, 420 Implant radiation, 409, 411, 413, 442, 464 Implantation, 381, 409 In situ, 10, 409 In Situ Hybridization, 10, 409 Incision, 28, 409, 412 Incontinence, 182, 272, 409 Indicative, 286, 409, 432, 462 Indigestion, 409, 415 Indolent, 21, 409 Induction, 3, 21, 45, 125, 150, 363, 410 Industrial Waste, 86, 239, 410 Infancy, 53, 112, 301, 410, 447 Infant Nutrition, 132, 410 Infantile, 135, 358, 410 Infarction, 109, 170, 383, 405, 410, 421, 445

Inflammation, 5, 22, 147, 171, 181, 182, 272, 288, 304, 358, 360, 365, 366, 372, 378, 380, 382, 386, 391, 392, 396, 397, 405, 406, 407, 410, 415, 433, 435, 440, 442, 446, 460, 464 Inflammatory bowel disease, 122, 410 Influenza, 177, 251, 252, 410 Informed Consent, 8, 410 Infusion, 268, 410 Ingestion, 89, 373, 401, 404, 410, 421, 436 Inguinal, 408, 410 Inhalation, 23, 237, 359, 404, 410, 436 Inhalation Exposure, 23, 410 Initiation, 5, 32, 410, 459 Initiator, 272, 370, 410 Inlay, 410, 445 Innervation, 33, 157, 396, 411 Inositol, 85, 107, 160, 186, 411 Insight, 52, 314, 411 Insulator, 260, 288, 411, 423 Insulin, 106, 159, 177, 222, 231, 318, 370, 401, 411, 414, 460 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 411 Insulin-like, 106, 159, 411 Integrase, 64, 67, 79, 411 Interferon, 24, 51, 118, 411 Interferon-alpha, 118, 411 Interleukin-2, 166, 411 Interleukins, 306, 411 Intermittent, 315, 411, 433 Internal Medicine, 8, 26, 32, 50, 54, 399, 411, 424 Internal radiation, 411, 413, 442, 464 Interstitial, 372, 395, 400, 411, 413, 444, 464 Interstitial Collagenase, 400, 411 Intestine, 24, 150, 299, 369, 372, 380, 394, 412, 415 Intoxication, 27, 134, 412, 458, 462 Intracellular Membranes, 412, 420 Intracranial Hypertension, 404, 412, 458 Intramuscular, 412, 431 Intravenous, 410, 412, 431 Intrinsic, 8, 254, 359, 369, 412 Intubation, 24, 375, 412 Invasive, 58, 98, 248, 282, 408, 412, 418 Invertebrates, 298, 412 Involuntary, 368, 394, 397, 412, 424, 444, 451 Involution, 244, 412 Iodine, 140, 230, 283, 289, 303, 412 Ion Channels, 44, 367, 412, 425, 455 Ion Transport, 60, 63, 244, 412, 422

478

Zinc

Ionization, 412, 413 Ionizing, 15, 37, 361, 393, 413, 443 Ionophores, 243, 413, 461 Iris, 383, 413, 442 Irradiation, 254, 271, 372, 413, 464 Ischemia, 13, 16, 36, 55, 59, 91, 170, 243, 367, 405, 413, 445 Isocyanates, 228, 413 Isoenzyme, 70, 413 Isopropyl, 280, 413 Isotope Labeling, 41, 413 Isozymes, 8, 413 J Jaundice, 413, 458 Joint, 359, 366, 378, 397, 413, 429, 455 K Kainate, 30, 39, 59, 105, 387, 413 Kb, 324, 413 Keratin, 254, 413, 414 Keratinocytes, 96, 155, 414 Keratolytic, 386, 414 Keto, 57, 414 Ketone Bodies, 357, 414 Ketosis, 304, 414 Kidney Cortex, 414, 420 Kidney Disease, 205, 324, 340, 414 Kidney Failure, 306, 392, 414, 419 Kidney Failure, Acute, 414 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 414 Kinetic, 38, 43, 46, 54, 85, 159, 413, 414 L Labile, 380, 414 Lactation, 25, 149, 194, 200, 380, 414 Lactobacillus, 163, 414 Lactose Intolerance, 301, 414 Lag, 53, 415 Large Intestine, 375, 380, 387, 408, 412, 415, 444, 451 Laryngeal, 85, 415 Larynx, 137, 415, 459 Latency, 71, 282, 415 Latent, 71, 233, 415, 437 Lavage, 355, 415 Laxative, 360, 415, 418, 451 Lectin, 415, 420 Leishmaniasis, 85, 415 Lenses, 104, 415, 444 Leptin, 95, 117, 154, 155, 415 Lesion, 300, 403, 415, 416, 450 Lethal, 13, 29, 302, 368, 384, 415 Lethargy, 53, 415 Leucine, 59, 415

Leukemia, 6, 62, 67, 68, 77, 78, 99, 115, 136, 302, 304, 328, 339, 358, 415, 440 Leukocytes, 371, 377, 403, 411, 415, 423, 426, 431 Leukocytosis, 415, 436 Leukotrienes, 366, 415 Levorphanol, 387, 416 Library Services, 350, 416 Lichen Planus, 110, 416 Life cycle, 282, 398, 416 Ligament, 416, 439 Ligands, 16, 40, 61, 69, 77, 134, 158, 416 Ligase, 43, 416 Ligation, 97, 416 Linkage, 32, 33, 54, 376, 416 Lipid, 117, 148, 151, 154, 223, 366, 377, 402, 411, 413, 414, 416, 423, 430 Lipid Peroxidation, 117, 148, 416, 430 Lipoprotein, 169, 403, 416, 417, 463 Liposomal, 137, 416 Liposome, 46, 416 Liver Cirrhosis, 155, 177, 416 Lobe, 38, 416, 439 Localization, 17, 21, 31, 45, 46, 74, 79, 99, 416 Localized, 18, 31, 276, 362, 386, 391, 397, 404, 408, 410, 416, 435 Locomotion, 382, 417, 435 Longitudinal study, 25, 112, 417 Loop, 11, 111, 187, 275, 408, 417 Low-density lipoprotein, 416, 417 Lubricants, 417, 433 Lubrication, 238, 417 Luciferase, 54, 417 Lumen, 66, 392, 417 Lymph, 392, 407, 417, 454 Lymphatic, 177, 392, 410, 417, 420, 451, 452, 458 Lymphatic system, 417, 451, 452, 458 Lymphocyte, 51, 69, 169, 358, 365, 417, 419 Lymphocyte Count, 358, 417 Lymphocyte Subsets, 169, 417 Lymphoid, 364, 417 Lymphoma, 20, 177, 339, 417 Lysine, 282, 407, 417, 460 Lytic, 54, 417, 449 M Macrophage, 23, 417 Macula, 418 Macula Lutea, 418 Macular Degeneration, 4, 130, 132, 145, 146, 148, 149, 177, 311, 344, 418

Index 479

Maculopapular, 418, 435 Magnesium Chloride, 418 Magnesium Hydroxide, 418 Magnesium Oxide, 255, 418 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 21, 418 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 21, 418 Malabsorption, 178, 299, 300, 339, 375, 418, 450 Malabsorption syndrome, 418, 450 Malaria, 65, 418 Malaria, Falciparum, 418 Malaria, Vivax, 418 Malignancy, 357, 418, 431 Malignant, 23, 54, 271, 339, 358, 365, 406, 418, 423, 424, 443, 447 Malignant tumor, 418, 423 Malnutrition, 26, 106, 132, 159, 299, 300, 301, 360, 367, 419, 423 Malondialdehyde, 155, 419 Mammary, 84, 380, 419 Mandible, 361, 419, 445 Manifest, 368, 419 Mannans, 399, 419 Mannitol, 147, 419 Matrix metalloproteinase, 15, 23, 49, 50, 112, 113, 419 Meat, 131, 419, 448 Mediate, 17, 88, 281, 389, 419 Mediator, 411, 419 Medicament, 278, 419 MEDLINE, 325, 327, 340, 419 Medullary, 387, 419 Megaloblastic, 398, 419 Meiosis, 371, 419, 455, 457 Melanin, 107, 413, 419, 434, 460 Melanocytes, 419 Melanoma, 270, 271, 315, 339, 372, 419 Melanosis, 357, 419 Memantine, 285, 420 Membrane Glycoproteins, 420 Membrane Proteins, 42, 64, 420 Memory, 364, 385, 420 Meninges, 376, 384, 420 Menopause, 420, 438 Mental deficiency, 396, 420 Mental Disorders, 205, 420 Mental Health, iv, 5, 205, 324, 326, 420, 427, 441 Mental Processes, 388, 420, 441 Menthol, 305, 420 Mentors, 49, 420

Mercuric Chloride, 66, 420 Mercury, 10, 209, 217, 218, 224, 258, 262, 268, 289, 292, 298, 386, 420 Mercury Compounds, 258, 420 Mesenchymal, 52, 393, 420 Metabolic disorder, 264, 420 Metabolite, 35, 388, 393, 420 Metalloendopeptidases, 60, 61, 118, 392, 420 Metastasis, 15, 48, 166, 419, 421 Metastasize, 21, 271, 421, 448 Metastatic, 15, 48, 270, 271, 421, 448 Methacrylate, 22, 421 Methanol, 192, 193, 198, 214, 220, 221, 230, 276, 421 Methionine, 42, 74, 153, 388, 421, 439, 454 Methyltransferase, 86, 421 Metoclopramide, 168, 421 MI, 115, 155, 271, 356, 421 Mice Minute Virus, 421, 431 Micelles, 81, 421 Microbe, 421, 458 Microbiology, 12, 26, 41, 90, 106, 112, 130, 147, 164, 165, 358, 370, 421 Microcirculation, 416, 421, 436 Microclimate, 208, 421 Microdialysis, 56, 421 Micronutrients, 25, 53, 131, 285, 421 Microorganism, 380, 421, 432, 463 Micro-organism, 386, 390, 421 Microscopy, 27, 33, 34, 49, 50, 369, 421, 427 Migration, 48, 210, 422 Milliliter, 371, 422, 452 Mineralization, 191, 192, 195, 198, 289, 373, 422 Mineralocorticoids, 359, 383, 422 Miotic, 422, 435 Mitochondria, 34, 36, 171, 422, 429 Mitochondrial Swelling, 422, 424 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, 422 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, 114, 422 Mitosis, 366, 422 Mobility, 47, 200, 422 Mobilization, 13, 69, 422 Modeling, 14, 27, 33, 53, 74, 191, 196, 422 Modification, 8, 9, 36, 42, 108, 209, 239, 265, 272, 400, 422, 442 Modulator, 5, 24, 40, 361, 422 Monitor, 17, 28, 78, 242, 384, 423, 426 Monoclonal, 413, 423, 442, 464

480

Zinc

Monocytes, 44, 415, 423 Mononuclear, 55, 60, 62, 82, 162, 403, 423 Morphogenesis, 52, 91, 244, 396, 423 Morphological, 391, 399, 419, 423 Morphology, 66, 210, 423 Motility, 97, 423 Motor Activity, 383, 423 Motor Neurons, 6, 29, 423 Mucins, 386, 393, 402, 423, 447 Mucocutaneous, 108, 415, 423 Mucolytic, 357, 423 Mucosa, 300, 304, 375, 393, 423 Mucositis, 126, 423 Mucus, 22, 372, 395, 423, 461 Multiple Myeloma, 302, 423 Multiple sclerosis, 34, 423 Muscle Fibers, 423, 424, 460 Muscular Atrophy, 264, 339, 423 Muscular Dystrophies, 390, 423 Mutagenesis, 8, 13, 17, 40, 47, 69, 70, 83, 102, 199, 424 Mutagenic, 18, 40, 388, 424 Mutagens, 398, 424 Myalgia, 410, 424 Myelin, 423, 424 Myelofibrosis, 424, 436 Myocardium, 421, 424 Myoglobin, 424, 437 Myosin, 47, 424, 460 Myotonic Dystrophy, 339, 424 N N-acetyl, 15, 107, 187, 284, 357, 402, 406, 424 Nasal Mucosa, 410, 424 Nausea, 354, 365, 388, 389, 409, 414, 424, 456, 461 NCI, 1, 22, 203, 204, 323, 378, 424 Necrosis, 37, 44, 55, 366, 410, 421, 424, 445, 449 Neonatal, 112, 194, 424 Neoplasia, 339, 424 Neoplasm, 424, 447 Neoplastic, 15, 51, 363, 407, 417, 424 Nephrology, 306, 424 Nephropathy, 414, 424 Nephrosis, 90, 424 Networks, 16, 425 Neural, 16, 44, 137, 160, 164, 311, 359, 362, 391, 407, 425 Neural tube defects, 311, 425 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 34, 368, 425 Neurogenic, 425, 461

Neurologic, 55, 391, 425 Neurology, 29, 37, 39, 49, 55, 58, 88, 89, 97, 108, 157, 167, 292, 425 Neuromuscular, 109, 357, 425, 445 Neuromuscular Junction, 357, 425, 445 Neuronal, 13, 16, 25, 34, 36, 39, 40, 44, 55, 56, 59, 93, 101, 122, 167, 368, 373, 425 Neurons, 6, 14, 16, 25, 29, 34, 36, 38, 39, 44, 55, 56, 58, 79, 137, 150, 196, 379, 386, 395, 399, 423, 425, 426, 442, 455, 462 Neuropathy, 284, 360, 425, 433 Neuropeptide, 33, 126, 425 Neurophysiology, 27, 29, 156, 163, 386, 425 Neurotoxic, 25, 34, 56, 59, 425, 448 Neurotoxicity, 34, 55, 137, 387, 425 Neurotoxins, 14, 243, 425 Neurotransmitters, 425 Neutralization, 275, 426 Neutrons, 361, 372, 413, 426, 442 Neutropenia, 302, 426 Neutrophils, 403, 415, 426 Niacin, 283, 284, 302, 303, 306, 426, 460 Niche, 38, 426 Nicotine, 40, 426 Nimodipine, 56, 285, 426 Nitrates, 268, 426 Nitric acid, 269, 426 Nitric Oxide, 13, 25, 29, 34, 36, 49, 72, 273, 426 Nitrogen, 13, 17, 49, 153, 197, 236, 239, 357, 360, 361, 363, 395, 397, 402, 414, 426, 460 Nitrogen Oxides, 357, 426 NSAIDs, 187, 426 Nuclear Matrix, 18, 426 Nuclear Pore, 427 Nuclei, 195, 361, 362, 382, 390, 396, 400, 418, 422, 426, 427, 428, 441, 462 Nucleic acid, 11, 40, 281, 374, 385, 400, 409, 424, 426, 427, 439, 442, 452 Nucleocapsid, 67, 75, 78, 104, 118, 427 Nucleolus, 427, 446 Nucleoprotein, 72, 427 Nutrition Assessment, 305, 427 Nutritional Status, 26, 35, 130, 146, 427 Nutritive Value, 427 O Occipital Lobe, 427, 463 Occupational Health, 23, 49, 427 Octamer, 265, 427 Ocular, 135, 427

Index 481

Odour, 366, 427 Office Automation, 242, 427 Ointments, 305, 377, 389, 427, 431, 451, 464 Olfaction, 427, 456 Olfaction Disorders, 427, 456 Oligoelement, 428 Oligosaccharides, 361, 428 Oliguria, 414, 419, 428 Oncogene, 18, 98, 339, 428 Oncogenic, 428, 437 Oncogenic Viruses, 428, 437 Oocytes, 29, 98, 428 Opacity, 386, 428 Operon, 428, 445 Ophthalmic, 165, 428, 437 Opioid Peptides, 428 Opportunistic Infections, 56, 358, 428 Opsin, 428, 446 Optic Nerve, 428, 446 Oral Health, 300, 301, 428 Oral Hygiene, 304, 404, 428 Oral Manifestations, 300, 302, 428 Orderly, 265, 428 Organ Culture, 428, 458 Organelles, 376, 385, 419, 423, 429, 432 Organoleptic, 304, 429 Ornithine, 18, 429, 442 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 18, 429 Osmolarity, 419, 429 Osmosis, 268, 429 Osmotic, 360, 422, 429, 450 Ossification, 429, 447 Osteoarthritis, 50, 178, 429 Osteoblasts, 7, 429 Osteoclasts, 7, 429 Osteodystrophy, 429 Osteogenesis, 378, 429 Osteoporosis, 7, 178, 301, 429 Osteosarcoma, 429, 440 Ovary, 394, 429, 430, 436 Overdose, 310, 353, 398, 429 Overexpress, 9, 49, 429 Overweight, 117, 138, 429 Ovum, 385, 401, 416, 430, 439, 464 Oxidants, 243, 430 Oxidation-Reduction, 253, 430 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 430, 457 Oxidative Stress, 6, 25, 35, 36, 58, 70, 90, 125, 201, 282, 430 Oxides, 199, 224, 227, 241, 255, 267, 294, 426, 430, 454 Oxygen Consumption, 97, 430, 445

Oxygenase, 103, 430 Oxygenation, 405, 430 Oxymetazoline, 252, 430 P P53 gene, 430, 440 Palate, 261, 401, 430 Palladium, 430, 447 Palliative, 430, 457 Pancreas, 7, 24, 231, 299, 357, 370, 387, 399, 411, 430, 431, 460 Pancreatic, 7, 271, 339, 374, 431 Pancreatic cancer, 7, 339, 431 Pancytopenia, 108, 431 Paneth Cells, 393, 431 Papilla, 18, 431 Papillomavirus, 72, 431 Papovaviridae, 431, 437 Paraffin, 135, 431 Paraganglia, Chromaffin, 378, 431 Paralysis, 14, 29, 431 Parathyroid, 431, 447 Parathyroid Glands, 431, 447 Parenteral, 24, 299, 392, 431 Parenteral Nutrition, 299, 431 Parkinsonism, 389, 431 Paroxysmal, 339, 431 Partial remission, 431, 444 Particle, 22, 61, 194, 218, 233, 243, 257, 416, 431, 452, 459 Parvovirus, 19, 421, 431 Patch, 33, 34, 55, 58, 111, 432 Patch-Clamp Techniques, 59, 432 Paternal Age, 37, 432 Pathogen, 13, 67, 432 Pathogenesis, 4, 23, 37, 49, 58, 63, 69, 285, 286, 432 Pathologic, 4, 21, 51, 52, 358, 366, 370, 383, 408, 432, 441, 445, 462 Pathologic Processes, 52, 366, 432 Pathologies, 9, 432 Pathophysiology, 4, 52, 432 Patient Education, 344, 348, 350, 356, 432 Pectins, 432 Pediatric Dentistry, 300, 301, 432 Pelvic, 179, 432, 439 Penicillamine, 188, 286, 307, 432 Penicillin, 364, 432, 462 Peptide Fragments, 57, 432 Peptide Hydrolases, 392, 432 Peptide T, 63, 432 Perception, 168, 433, 456 Perforation, 366, 433

482

Zinc

Perineal, 408, 433 Periodontitis, 100, 304, 433 Peripheral blood, 169, 411, 433 Peripheral Nervous System, 425, 433, 454 Peripheral Neuropathy, 284, 306, 433 Peritoneal, 90, 299, 306, 387, 433 Peritoneal Cavity, 433 Peritoneal Dialysis, 90, 299, 306, 387, 433 Peritoneum, 433 Pernicious, 302, 419, 433 Pernicious anemia, 302, 433 Peroxide, 6, 433 Perspiration, 272, 433 Petrolatum, 391, 433 Petroleum, 214, 278, 399, 431, 433 PH, 17, 77, 91, 153, 371, 433 Phagocyte, 13, 430, 433 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 222, 376, 394, 399, 434, 439 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 389, 434 Pharmacologic, 30, 363, 404, 434, 458, 461 Pharynx, 410, 434 Phenolphthalein, 391, 434 Phenotype, 15, 16, 29, 44, 65, 160, 271, 381, 434 Phenylalanine, 434, 460 Phosphates, 268, 434 Phospholipases, 434, 450 Phospholipids, 17, 396, 411, 416, 434, 440 Phosphorous, 234, 434 Phosphorus, 53, 188, 194, 196, 211, 239, 283, 299, 303, 306, 373, 431, 434 Phosphorylase, 132, 434 Phosphorylated, 16, 31, 54, 380, 422, 434 Phosphorylation, 34, 47, 114, 358, 422, 434, 440, 461 Photocoagulation, 379, 434 Photodynamic therapy, 125, 434 Photoreceptors, 381, 434 Physical Examination, 401, 434 Physical Therapy, 284, 434 Physiologic, 59, 282, 360, 370, 396, 404, 421, 435, 444, 445, 459 Physiology, 37, 85, 106, 121, 123, 161, 164, 201, 297, 358, 368, 390, 399, 424, 425, 435 Pigment, 221, 369, 402, 419, 424, 435 Pilocarpine, 19, 33, 435 Pituitary Gland, 383, 435, 439 Pityriasis, 302, 435 Pityriasis Rosea, 302, 435 Placenta, 124, 394, 435, 439 Plana, 435, 449

Plaque, 4, 63, 111, 120, 121, 195, 227, 304, 310, 367, 377, 435 Plasma cells, 364, 423, 435 Plasma protein, 360, 392, 435, 449 Plasmapheresis, 284, 435 Plasmin, 435, 436 Plasminogen, 15, 435, 436 Plasminogen Activators, 435, 436 Plasticity, 31, 99, 157, 201, 436 Platelet Activation, 436, 450 Platelet Aggregation, 363, 426, 436, 457 Platelets, 426, 431, 436, 458 Platinum, 10, 225, 232, 417, 430, 436, 447 Pleated, 413, 436 Ploidy, 111, 436 Point Mutation, 38, 63, 436 Poisoning, 14, 304, 369, 373, 377, 389, 394, 412, 420, 424, 436, 448 Pollen, 162, 436, 442 Polycarboxylate Cement, 87, 436 Polycystic, 340, 436 Polycythemia Vera, 302, 436 Polyesters, 228, 229, 436 Polyethylene, 244, 437 Polyglycolic Acid, 272, 437 Polymerase, 21, 47, 76, 80, 110, 437, 445 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 21, 437 Polymers, 220, 237, 262, 370, 436, 437, 440, 454 Polymorphic, 386, 437 Polymorphism, 87, 437 Polyomavirus, 70, 80, 431, 437 Polypeptide, 45, 59, 362, 380, 382, 393, 397, 424, 435, 437, 440, 464 Polyposis, 380, 437 Polysaccharide, 365, 376, 437, 441 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 66, 437 Porphyrins, 79, 437 Posterior, 363, 367, 376, 378, 401, 413, 427, 430, 437 Postmenopausal, 429, 438 Postnatal, 132, 157, 396, 438, 453 Postsynaptic, 25, 31, 34, 39, 56, 438, 450, 455 Post-synaptic, 17, 438 Post-translational, 42, 363, 438, 450 Potassium Channels, 34, 438 Potassium hydroxide, 217, 257, 438 Potentiates, 40, 438 Potentiation, 29, 40, 438, 450 Power Plants, 269, 438 Practice Guidelines, 326, 438

Index 483

Precancerous, 377, 438 Precipitation, 51, 61, 193, 196, 214, 235, 438 Pregnancy Tests, 401, 438 Premenopausal, 85, 438 Prenatal, 25, 311, 391, 396, 400, 438 Prescription Fees, 389, 438 Presynaptic, 13, 16, 25, 31, 56, 438, 455 Prevalence, 114, 438 Prickle, 414, 438 Primary tumor, 15, 439 Prion, 122, 439 Probe, 27, 29, 421, 439 Progeny, 382, 439 Progesterone, 439, 453 Progression, 35, 43, 50, 93, 98, 123, 148, 149, 166, 364, 439, 460 Progressive, 7, 28, 307, 375, 378, 386, 389, 403, 412, 414, 423, 424, 425, 429, 436, 439, 444 Progressive disease, 307, 439 Proline, 159, 380, 407, 439 Promoter, 6, 12, 19, 21, 44, 51, 54, 61, 76, 106, 113, 237, 245, 439 Promyelocytic leukemia, 99, 108, 439 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 399, 428, 439 Prophase, 371, 428, 439, 455, 457 Prophylaxis, 279, 439, 461 Proportional, 56, 391, 439 Propylene Glycol, 136, 439 Prospective study, 111, 417, 439 Prostaglandins, 201, 366, 439 Prostate, 21, 69, 92, 98, 101, 113, 114, 123, 132, 158, 159, 161, 166, 167, 173, 179, 180, 223, 271, 309, 310, 339, 370, 439, 440, 445, 460 Prostate gland, 223, 440 Prostatitis, 134, 180, 440 Prosthesis, 261, 386, 440 Protease, 30, 33, 49, 57, 62, 64, 113, 440 Protective Agents, 305, 440 Protective Clothing, 315, 440 Protein Conformation, 14, 362, 413, 440 Protein Folding, 6, 440 Protein Kinase C, 69, 422, 440 Protein p53, 47, 137, 440 Protein S, 19, 41, 43, 47, 51, 54, 62, 100, 340, 370, 382, 400, 440, 446, 456 Protein-Energy Malnutrition, 82, 146, 147, 440 Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, 422, 440 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 400, 440

Proteinuria, 423, 441 Proteoglycan, 50, 441 Proteolytic, 361, 381, 393, 397, 435, 436, 441 Protocol, 45, 57, 441 Protons, 8, 11, 30, 41, 361, 407, 413, 418, 441, 442 Protozoa, 382, 415, 421, 441 Proximal, 388, 414, 438, 441 Pruritic, 390, 416, 441 Pruritus, 306, 441 Psoriasis, 123, 180, 278, 302, 379, 441 Psychic, 441, 449 Psychogenic, 441, 461 Psychology, 388, 441 Psychomotor, 95, 152, 391, 441 Psyllium, 188, 441 Public Health, 24, 27, 53, 133, 136, 154, 170, 266, 285, 326, 441 Public Policy, 325, 441 Publishing, 59, 284, 304, 441 Pulmonary, 15, 22, 49, 371, 377, 382, 414, 415, 441, 442, 455, 462 Pulmonary Artery, 371, 441, 462 Pulmonary Edema, 377, 414, 442 Pulse, 22, 92, 125, 150, 423, 442 Pupil, 383, 422, 442 Purifying, 265, 266, 386, 442 Purines, 42, 442, 449 Putrescine, 429, 442, 452 Pyogenic, 394, 442 Pyramidal Cells, 33, 386, 442 Pyridoxal, 429, 442 Q Quality of Life, 306, 442 Quaternary, 83, 279, 440, 442 Quercetin, 282, 442 R Race, 8, 37, 291, 422, 442 Radiation therapy, 203, 304, 359, 395, 398, 407, 411, 413, 442, 464 Radioactive, 367, 404, 407, 409, 411, 412, 413, 426, 428, 442, 443, 461, 464 Radiography, 401, 442 Radioimmunotherapy, 442, 443 Radioisotope, 131, 443, 459 Radiolabeled, 48, 413, 442, 443, 464 Radiological, 256, 443 Radiology, 21, 48, 443 Radiopharmaceutical, 400, 443 Radiotherapy, 151, 372, 413, 442, 443, 464 Random Allocation, 443

484

Zinc

Randomization, 56, 443 Randomized, 35, 77, 81, 82, 95, 103, 121, 126, 146, 147, 153, 158, 167, 169, 390, 443 Randomized Controlled Trials, 77, 443 Reabsorption, 302, 443 Reactivation, 69, 149, 443 Reactive Oxygen Species, 34, 55, 285, 443 Reagent, 220, 377, 388, 417, 443, 447, 457 Recombinant, 38, 45, 50, 156, 444, 462 Recombination, 13, 45, 213, 382, 400, 444 Rectum, 116, 366, 372, 380, 387, 397, 399, 409, 410, 415, 440, 444 Recurrence, 282, 444 Red blood cells, 394, 405, 430, 444, 447, 451 Red Nucleus, 367, 444 Reductase, 42, 74, 87, 360, 444, 457 Refer, 1, 227, 380, 397, 398, 401, 406, 416, 417, 418, 426, 443, 444 Reflective, 265, 444 Reflex, 284, 444 Refraction, 364, 444, 452 Refuse Disposal, 239, 444 Regimen, 379, 390, 444 Regulon, 67, 444 Rehydration, 26, 96, 169, 444 Rehydration Solutions, 169, 444 Remission, 271, 444 Renal failure, 302, 369, 444 Renin, 374, 444 Renin-Angiotensin System, 374, 444 Reperfusion, 36, 445 Reperfusion Injury, 445 Repressor, 16, 52, 54, 61, 100, 108, 428, 445 Repressor Proteins, 52, 445 Reproductive cells, 400, 401, 405, 445 Reproductive system, 440, 445 Research Design, 9, 50, 445 Resected, 299, 445 Resection, 299, 445, 450 Resorption, 7, 429, 443, 445 Respirable, 22, 445 Respiration, 374, 423, 445 Respiratory failure, 14, 445 Respiratory Paralysis, 357, 445, 448 Restoration, 300, 384, 434, 443, 444, 445, 464 Retina, 37, 44, 163, 378, 381, 418, 428, 446, 447, 449, 463 Retinal, 70, 125, 428, 446, 463 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 70, 428, 446 Retinoblastoma, 37, 339, 446

Retinoid, 18, 35, 446 Retinol, 8, 35, 141, 306, 446 Retinopathy, 360, 434, 446 Retrograde, 412, 446 Retrospective, 95, 446 Reversion, 446, 460 Rheumatism, 446 Rheumatoid, 50, 90, 180, 310, 380, 430, 446 Rheumatoid arthritis, 50, 90, 310, 380, 446 Rhinovirus, 76, 77, 446 Riboflavin, 53, 136, 283, 284, 300, 302, 303, 306, 446 Ribonuclease, 56, 446 Ribonucleoproteins, 427, 446 Ribosome, 446, 459 Rickets, 18, 447, 463 Rigidity, 431, 435, 447 Riluzole, 150, 447 Risk factor, 37, 42, 285, 439, 447 Rod, 368, 378, 394, 414, 447 Rubber, 218, 229, 358, 390, 447 Rubidium, 447, 457 Ruthenium, 241, 447 Rutin, 154, 442, 447 Rye, 301, 379, 394, 447 S Salicylate, 377, 447 Saliva, 447 Salivary, 136, 304, 385, 386, 387, 396, 431, 447, 454, 464 Salivary glands, 304, 385, 386, 387, 396, 447 Saponins, 447, 453 Sarcoma, 15, 429, 447 Satellite, 295, 447 Saturated fat, 284, 448 Saxitoxin, 27, 448 Scandium, 230, 448 Schizophrenia, 40, 448 Scleroproteins, 413, 448 Sclerosis, 6, 16, 28, 72, 93, 94, 97, 98, 107, 109, 124, 178, 339, 380, 423, 447, 448 Screening, 6, 64, 248, 254, 293, 379, 400, 448 Seafood, 27, 448 Sebaceous, 448, 464 Secondary tumor, 421, 448 Secretory, 45, 136, 378, 448, 455 Secretory Vesicles, 378, 448 Sedative, 380, 389, 448 Sedatives, Barbiturate, 368, 448 Sediment, 198, 291, 448

Index 485

Segmental, 109, 448 Segmentation, 257, 448 Segregation, 444, 448 Seizures, 19, 38, 132, 431, 449, 453 Semen, 231, 293, 439, 440, 449 Seminiferous tubule, 363, 449, 452 Senile, 181, 429, 449 Sensitization, 154, 449 Sensor, 16, 35, 54, 70, 449 Sensory Deprivation, 150, 449 Septic, 279, 449 Sequence Homology, 432, 449 Sequencing, 32, 62, 71, 437, 449 Sequester, 449, 455 Serine, 30, 35, 57, 158, 392, 422, 440, 449, 460 Serine Endopeptidases, 392, 449 Seroconversion, 120, 163, 449 Serologic, 409, 449 Serous, 380, 392, 449 Serrata, 185, 378, 449 Serrated, 449 Serum Albumin, 371, 449 Sex Characteristics, 359, 363, 450, 456 Sex Determination, 340, 450 Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, 119, 450 Shedding, 114, 300, 450 Shock, 200, 355, 407, 408, 450, 459 Short Bowel Syndrome, 299, 450 Side effect, 7, 280, 304, 317, 319, 359, 370, 450, 458 Signal Transduction, 17, 46, 93, 103, 134, 411, 450 Signs and Symptoms, 300, 444, 450 Silanes, 272, 450 Silicon, 193, 198, 212, 223, 226, 230, 232, 250, 266, 289, 302, 450 Silicon Dioxide, 450 Skeletal, 52, 134, 159, 363, 378, 423, 450, 460 Skeleton, 17, 57, 358, 413, 450, 451 Skull, 384, 391, 425, 451, 456 Sludge, 245, 267, 451 Small intestine, 86, 299, 369, 375, 378, 389, 401, 406, 408, 412, 451, 460 Smallpox, 451, 461 Smooth muscle, 134, 361, 362, 363, 373, 382, 406, 445, 451, 454 Sneezing, 450, 451 Soaps, 235, 305, 451, 460 Social Environment, 442, 451 Social Isolation, 53, 451

Sodium Bicarbonate, 214, 451 Sodium Fluoride, 7, 141, 451 Soft tissue, 371, 451 Solid tumor, 103, 363, 392, 451 Solvent, 22, 222, 223, 224, 275, 357, 394, 402, 421, 429, 434, 439, 451 Soma, 442, 451 Somatic, 20, 49, 359, 391, 401, 407, 419, 422, 433, 451 Sorbitol, 75, 360, 419, 451 Sound wave, 381, 444, 452 Specialist, 346, 452 Specificity, 11, 12, 19, 40, 46, 50, 54, 76, 119, 127, 248, 359, 373, 392, 452 Spectrophotometry, 8, 21, 288, 452 Spectrum, 131, 218, 314, 408, 452 Sperm, 87, 311, 363, 378, 401, 405, 436, 445, 449, 452 Sperm Count, 311, 452 Spermatogenesis, 108, 452 Spermatozoa, 97, 449, 452 Spermidine, 429, 452 Spermine, 30, 452 Spina bifida, 85, 107, 425, 452 Spinal cord, 367, 372, 376, 377, 384, 392, 399, 420, 425, 433, 444, 445, 452, 455 Spinous, 393, 414, 452 Spleen, 362, 385, 417, 436, 452 Splenomegaly, 436, 452 Sporadic, 37, 97, 425, 446, 452 Squamous, 102, 393, 452, 453 Squamous cell carcinoma, 102, 393, 453 Squamous cells, 453 Stabilization, 10, 58, 198, 453 Stabilizer, 237, 261, 453 Staging, 209, 453 Status Epilepticus, 19, 33, 453 Steady state, 9, 453 Stem Cells, 394, 453 Sterile, 431, 453, 460 Steroid, 119, 280, 369, 383, 447, 453 Stimulant, 373, 406, 430, 453, 462 Stimulus, 25, 389, 390, 395, 411, 412, 415, 444, 453, 457 Stool, 409, 415, 453 Strand, 13, 28, 45, 65, 69, 96, 105, 152, 158, 159, 162, 293, 437, 453 Stratiform, 290, 453 Stroke, 13, 34, 91, 205, 324, 374, 405, 453 Strontium, 227, 261, 268, 292, 453 Stupor, 415, 454 Styrene, 194, 229, 255, 264, 447, 454

486

Zinc

Subacute, 286, 410, 454 Subclinical, 410, 449, 454 Subcutaneous, 358, 390, 431, 454 Subiculum, 406, 454 Sublimation, 240, 454 Submaxillary, 393, 454 Subspecies, 452, 454, 461 Substance P, 119, 162, 420, 448, 454 Substrate, 22, 30, 43, 45, 162, 216, 225, 227, 232, 250, 276, 277, 390, 391, 445, 454 Suction, 397, 432, 454 Sulfides, 236, 454 Sulfonic Acids, 237, 454 Sulfur, 74, 105, 235, 239, 255, 269, 276, 357, 388, 395, 421, 454 Sulfur Compounds, 105, 235, 236, 454 Sulfur Dioxide, 269, 454 Sulfur Oxides, 357, 454 Sunburn, 314, 454 Sunscreening Agents, 314, 454 Suppression, 23, 43, 163, 264, 379, 383, 455 Surfactant, 235, 246, 376, 455 Suspensions, 305, 455 Sweat, 120, 137, 433, 455 Sympathetic Nervous System, 378, 455 Symphysis, 439, 455 Symptomatic, 38, 87, 282, 307, 455 Synapses, 19, 33, 425, 455 Synapsis, 455 Synaptic, 13, 16, 30, 38, 39, 63, 66, 70, 80, 150, 157, 163, 310, 426, 450, 455 Synaptic Transmission, 70, 163, 426, 455 Synaptic Vesicles, 66, 80, 455 Synchrotron, 288, 456 Synergistic, 21, 163, 456 Systemic disease, 302, 456 Systolic, 408, 456 T Talc, 305, 456 Tartar, 243, 456 Taste Disorders, 134, 136, 307, 456 Teichoic Acids, 403, 456 Telangiectasia, 340, 456 Tellurium, 116, 199, 456 Temperament, 53, 456 Temporal, 16, 19, 24, 33, 38, 52, 281, 362, 396, 406, 418, 456 Temporal Lobe, 19, 33, 38, 362, 456 Teratogenic, 388, 456 Teratogenicity, 168, 456 Testimonials, 132, 456 Testis, 62, 363, 394, 456

Testosterone, 314, 444, 450, 456 Tetracycline, 6, 189, 456 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 373, 456 Tetraphenylborate, 89, 457 Tetravalent, 450, 457 Thalamic, 167, 367, 457 Thalamic Diseases, 367, 457 Theophylline, 442, 457 Therapeutics, 8, 14, 19, 84, 95, 243, 319, 457 Thermal, 211, 213, 220, 260, 264, 290, 364, 372, 388, 426, 437, 457 Thiamine, 284, 306, 457 Thioacetamide, 168, 457 Thioredoxin, 12, 457 Threonine, 35, 159, 422, 432, 440, 449, 457 Threshold, 395, 408, 457 Thrombin, 397, 436, 440, 457 Thrombocytopenia, 302, 457 Thrombolytic, 436, 457 Thrombomodulin, 440, 457 Thrombosis, 440, 453, 457 Thromboxanes, 366, 457 Thrombus, 383, 410, 436, 457, 458 Thymus, 6, 64, 160, 409, 417, 458 Thyroid, 135, 154, 160, 168, 306, 412, 431, 458, 460 Thyroid Gland, 135, 154, 431, 458 Thyroid Hormones, 458, 460 Thyroxine, 360, 434, 458 Tinnitus, 137, 181, 458, 462 Tissue Culture, 27, 458 Tomography, 48, 371, 418, 458 Tonic, 38, 230, 458 Torsion, 410, 458 Toxic Hepatitis, 110, 458 Toxicity, 6, 13, 23, 29, 55, 58, 60, 63, 90, 124, 137, 200, 203, 218, 258, 262, 268, 292, 303, 389, 420, 458 Toxicology, 86, 125, 135, 136, 147, 149, 165, 326, 458 Toxins, 27, 364, 365, 370, 373, 391, 402, 410, 442, 459 Toxoid, 69, 105, 159, 459 Toxoplasmosis, 88, 152, 459 Trace element, 85, 123, 130, 223, 268, 302, 306, 372, 378, 379, 398, 426, 450, 458, 459 Tracer, 49, 459 Trachea, 372, 395, 415, 434, 458, 459 Traction, 378, 459 Transcriptase, 21, 188, 459

Index 487

Transcription Factors, 9, 12, 14, 23, 51, 52, 53, 76, 100, 101, 115, 118, 122, 271, 281, 459 Transduction, 450, 459 Transfection, 51, 54, 370, 459 Translation, 13, 243, 459 Translational, 24, 42, 459 Translocate, 23, 39, 459 Translocation, 20, 25, 54, 137, 170, 459 Transmitter, 19, 31, 44, 357, 367, 389, 412, 419, 455, 459 Transplantation, 307, 378, 409, 414, 459 Transurethral, 223, 459 Trauma, 13, 424, 459 Trees, 394, 447, 459 Tremor, 135, 431, 459 Triclosan, 84, 111, 120, 121, 227, 304, 460 Trivalent, 211, 274, 460 Tropomyosin, 460 Troponin, 11, 52, 460 Trypsin, 158, 393, 460 Tryptophan, 380, 460 Tubercle, 460 Tuberculin, 94, 460 Tuberculosis, 94, 146, 182, 382, 460 Tuberous Sclerosis, 340, 460 Tumor marker, 370, 460 Tumor model, 15, 48, 460 Tungsten, 232, 244, 291, 375, 460 Tunica Intima, 392, 460 Type 2 diabetes, 84, 148, 460 Typhimurium, 13, 74, 78, 460 Tyrosine, 6, 75, 389, 440, 460 U Ulcerative colitis, 302, 410, 460 Ultrasonography, 401, 461 Unconscious, 363, 408, 461 Uncoupling Agents, 413, 461 Uranium, 225, 268, 461 Urea, 414, 429, 455, 461 Uremia, 302, 304, 414, 444, 461 Ureters, 461 Urethra, 439, 440, 459, 461 Urinary, 79, 88, 94, 131, 151, 173, 182, 223, 286, 378, 409, 428, 461 Urinary Retention, 223, 461 Urinary tract, 223, 461 Urinary tract infection, 223, 461 Urinate, 461 Urine, 7, 91, 151, 272, 354, 366, 369, 371, 384, 388, 393, 405, 409, 414, 428, 441, 446, 461

V Vaccination, 252, 461 Vaccine, 69, 105, 120, 159, 163, 359, 441, 461 Vaccinia, 71, 461 Vaccinia Virus, 71, 461 Vagina, 386, 414, 445, 461, 462 Vaginal, 182, 187, 417, 462 Valine, 432, 462 Vanadium, 56, 232, 241, 287, 302, 305, 462 Variola, 461, 462 Vasoactive, 306, 462 Vasodilation, 361, 388, 462 Vasodilator, 372, 389, 406, 462 Vector, 49, 54, 459, 461, 462 Vegetative, 68, 379, 462 Vein, 291, 412, 426, 447, 462 Venom, 4, 462 Venous, 371, 385, 440, 462 Ventral, 52, 462 Ventricle, 362, 406, 442, 456, 462 Venules, 371, 373, 392, 421, 462 Vertebral, 369, 435, 452, 462 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 458, 462 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 458, 462 Veterinary Medicine, 134, 135, 154, 325, 463 Vibrio, 67, 106, 377, 463 Vibrio cholerae, 377, 463 Villous, 375, 463 Viral, 19, 23, 47, 56, 57, 62, 69, 78, 117, 251, 252, 282, 285, 357, 374, 391, 410, 428, 459, 463 Viral Hepatitis, 117, 463 Viral Load, 56, 463 Virion, 61, 282, 368, 427, 463 Virulence, 13, 73, 74, 90, 112, 370, 458, 463 Viscera, 451, 463 Visceral, 76, 182, 401, 415, 433, 463 Viscosity, 255, 270, 357, 463 Visual Acuity, 415, 463 Visual Cortex, 61, 157, 463 Vitamin A, 165, 289, 303, 310, 345, 411, 446, 463 Vitamin D, 201, 300, 447, 463 Vitreous Body, 446, 463 Vitro, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 46, 48, 52, 55, 60, 64, 68, 75, 80, 81, 93, 136, 148, 150, 244, 270, 370, 372, 405, 409, 437, 458, 463

488

Zinc

Vivo, 4, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 58, 62, 68, 98, 99, 103, 104, 106, 121, 136, 148, 150, 159, 264, 370, 405, 409, 421, 430, 457, 463 Voltage-gated, 34, 55, 166, 463 Vulgaris, 105, 172, 463 W Wart, 71, 284, 464 Weight Gain, 36, 396, 464 Wettability, 252, 464 White blood cell, 364, 380, 415, 417, 423, 426, 435, 464 Windpipe, 434, 458, 464 Wound Healing, 183, 344, 419, 464

X Xenograft, 364, 460, 464 Xerostomia, 136, 304, 464 X-ray, 17, 33, 37, 232, 255, 256, 371, 375, 398, 399, 413, 426, 442, 443, 453, 464 X-ray therapy, 413, 464 X-ray tube, 256, 375, 453, 464 Y Yeasts, 398, 399, 434, 464 Yttrium, 210, 223, 232, 464 Z Zinc Compounds, 124, 162, 223, 252, 275, 464 Zinc Fingers, 12, 18, 79, 92, 101, 112, 113, 118, 297, 464 Zygote, 381, 382, 464 Zymogen, 33, 440, 464

Index 489

490

Zinc

Index 491

492

Zinc

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