A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Soy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84221-3 1. Soy-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on soy. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SOY ............................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Soy................................................................................................. 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 63 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 66 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SOY ................................................................................................ 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Finding Nutrition Studies on Soy ............................................................................................. 113 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 123 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 123 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SOY .......................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 133 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 134 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 165 General References ..................................................................................................................... 175 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SOY ............................................................................................ 177 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 177 Dissertations on Soy .................................................................................................................. 177 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 178 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND SOY ...................................................................................... 179 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 179 Recent Trials on Soy .................................................................................................................. 179 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 183 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON SOY ...................................................................................................... 185 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 185 Patents on Soy ........................................................................................................................... 185 Patent Applications on Soy........................................................................................................ 214 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 247 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON SOY .......................................................................................................... 249 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 249 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 249 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 251 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 253 Chapters on Soy ......................................................................................................................... 254 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON SOY ............................................................................................... 257 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 257 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 257 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SOY ............................................................................ 259 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 259 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 259 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 264 Academic Periodicals covering Soy............................................................................................ 264 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 267 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 267 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 267 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 268 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 273 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 273
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NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 273 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 275 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 277 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 279 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 279 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 279 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 282 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 285 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 285 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 285 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 285 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 285 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 291 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 291 SOY DICTIONARY....................................................................................................................... 293 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 371
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with soy is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about soy, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to soy, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on soy. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to soy, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on soy. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SOY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on soy.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and soy, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “soy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Beneficial Effects of Soy Phytoestrogen Intake in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Source: Diabetes Care. 25(10): 1709-1714. October 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: Phytoestrogen consumption has been shown to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Type 2 diabetes confers an adverse cardiovascular risk profile, particularly in women after menopause. This article reports on a study undertaken to determine whether a dietary supplement with soy protein and isoflavones affected insulin resistance, glycemic control, and cardiovascular risk markers in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. A total of 32 postmenopausal women with diet-controlled
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type 2 diabetes completed a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of dietary supplementation with phytoestrogens versus placebo for 12 weeks, separated by a 2 week washout period. Compliance with the dietary supplementation was more than 90 percent for both treatment phases. Phytoestrogen supplementation demonstrated significantly lower mean values for fasting insulin, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio, and free thyroxine. No significant change occurred in HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, weight, blood pressure, creatinine, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, and the hypothalamic-pituitaryovarian axis hormones. The authors conclude that these results show that dietary supplementation with soy phytoestrogens favorably alters insulin resistance, glycemic control, and serum lipoproteins in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, thereby improving their cardiovascular risk profile. 1 figure. 2 tables. 32 references. •
Soy What? Source: Cooking Light. p. 14. January/February 2003. Summary: Soy has been shown to decrease blood cholesterol levels, minimize menopausal symptoms, and decrease the risk of prostate cancer. Consuming soy during adolescence and puberty may be key to decreasing the risk of breast cancer in women. This article provides tips for adding soy to the diet in the form of tofu, edamame, soyfortified pastas, and soy milk.
•
Soybeans: Good for Your Heart. Patient Education Source: Advance for Nurse Practitioners. 10(5): 85. May 2002. Summary: This article provides information on the health benefits of soybeans and foods made from soybeans. The possible benefits that soy proteins may have on certain diseases, such as coronary heart disease, menopause, osteoporosis, cancer, allergies, diabetes, and kidney disease, are briefly noted. The article also describes the soy products currently available, including edamame, miso, tofu, soy nuts, tempeh, soy milk, soy sauce, and natto. It lists two Web sites for additional information on soybeans.
•
Soy: Health Claims for Soy Protein, Questions About Other Components Source: FDA Consumer. 34(3): 13-15, 18-20. May-June 2000. Contact: Available from Food and Drug Administration. 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. (888) 463-6332. PRICE: Free. Summary: This Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Consumer magazine article discusses FDA permission to food manufacturers to put labels on products high in soy protein indicating that these foods may help lower heart disease risk. It includes information on concerns about certain components in soy products, particularly isoflavones, which have engulfed the health claim regulation in controversy. The article features quotes from Elizabeth A. Yetley, Ph.D., lead scientist for nutrition at FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Christine Lewis, acting Director of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements; Margo Woods, D.Sc., associate professor of medicine at Tufts University; and Daniel Sheehan, Ph.D., director of the Estrogen Knowledge Base Program at FDA's National Center for Toxicological Research. The article also includes sections on soy benefits, the different types of soy products, trends in soy consumption, adding soy to the diet, and soy health claims. Organizations where consumers can obtain additional information on soy are listed at the end of the article.
Studies
•
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Soy: The Perfect Protein Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 13(5): 32-34, 36. September-October 1996. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing,Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This patient education article encourages readers with diabetes to incorporate more soy foods into their diets. Topics include research into the benefits of soy protein; the types of soy products, such as whole soybeans, meat alternatives, miso, nondairy frozen desserts, soy cheese and soy yogurt, soy flour, natto, soy nuts, soybean oil, soy milk, tofu and tofu products, and tempeh; and how to introduce soy products into one's diet, including the use of prepared soy foods. A two-page chart lists soy products and their nutritional values, including calories, protein, carbohydrate, total fat, percent calories from fat, cholesterol, sodium, and fiber.
Federally Funded Research on Soy The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to soy. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to soy. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore soy. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for soy: •
Project Title: A CHEMOPREVENTION
MOLECULAR
BASIS
FOR
PHYTOESTROGEN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mesecar, Andrew D.; Assistant Professor; Ctr/Pharmaceutical Biotechnlgy; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Despite the proven health benefits of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in their postmenopausal years, only 30% of women in the United States are currently receiving ERT because of a clear association between excessive exposure to synthetic estrogens and the development of cancer in several tissues including endometrium, breast, kidney and liver. As a result, many women are seeking effective and natural, plant- derived (phyto) estrogen replacement alternatives in their diet that so that they may maintain the beneficial properties of estrogens without receiving the genotoxic effects. Two of the major sources of dietary phytoestrogens are soy and red clover, and 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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to a lesser extent licorice and hops. Four of the major phytoestrogen compounds in soy and red clover are the isoflavones genistein, daidzen, biochanin-A and formononetin. Two recently identified phytoestrogen compounds in licorice and hops are glabridin and 8-prenylnaringenin. All six of these compounds have been shown via in-vivo and/or in-vitro bioassays to have either estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity, or a mixture of both depending on what estrogen receptor (ER) isozyme, alpha or beta, is being targeted. A comparison of the x-ray structure of genistein complexed with ERbeta, the only phytoestrogen-ER structure solved to date, to those of estradiol (agonist) bound to ER-alpha and Raloxifene (antagonist) bound to ER- beta, reveals that the phytoestrogen genistein induces a novel conformation in ER. This conformation is neither that of a pure agonist nor or a pure antagonist but is proposed to be a conformation in between. This result invokes the hypothesis that each of the dietary phytoestrogens may induce unique conformations in both ER-alpha and ER-beta that may induce the type of transciptional activity that gives desired estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects without inducing harmful transcription events i.e. tumor cell growth and/or proliferation. The specific aims of this proposal are therefore to i.) solve the high resolution x-ray structures of ER-alpha and ER-beta complexed with the six phytoestrogens listed above and to ii.) construct a quantitative structure- activity relationship (QSAR) that can be used to predict a priori the biological activity of newly identified phytoestrogen compounds and to II.)aid in the design of new compounds that can serve as selective estrogen modulators (SERMs). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF ISOFLAVONES Principal Investigator & Institution: Hu, Ming; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Genistein, an isoflavone, is a member of the dietary phytoestrogens that are believed to have chemopreventive effect and is currently undergoing clinical trial for prostate cancer prevention. Genistein is widely consumed by general public in the form of soy isoflavone supplements. Despite its proven in vitro anticancer activity, genistein and other isoflavones have poor bioavailability. In addition, whether the parent compound or one of its metabolites is the active species has not been carefully determined. This is a serious concern since the in vivo concentration of genistein achieved (in nM range) after soy food consumption or administration of soy isoflavone supplements are far lower than those necessary to show anticancer activity in vitro (in muM range). Therefore, the long-term goal of our study is to increase our understanding of the intestinal disposition of isoflavonoids (and other phytoestrogens) so that we can improve the bioavailability of active species and ensure their safe and effective use as chemopreventive agents. In the present proposal, we will focus our efforts on the study of absorption/excretion pathways of isoflavones and their conjugates in the intestine via the use of in vitro, in situ and in vivo models, and determine how intestinal disposition affects the biotransformation and bioavailability of isoflavonoids in vivo. The aims of this study are abbreviated as: (1) to determine regiondependent (i.e., duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon) hydrolysis of glycosides; (2) to determine the role played by glucose transporters in the transepithelial transport of glycosides; (3) to define the biological basis of glycoside efflux in the intestine; (4) to identify the UGT isoform(s) responsible for the intestinal metabolism of isoflavones and to determine the efflux mechanisms responsible for intestinal secretion of UGT conjugates; and (5) to determine how intestinal disposition processes will affect the in
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vivo biotransformation and bioavailability of genistein and its analogs. These proposed studies will provide an explanation as to which mechanisms are responsible for the poor bioavailability of this class of phytoestrogens. They will form the basis for future efficacy studies to determine if improved bioavailability (through manipulating intestinal absorption and biotransformation) will translate into increased efficacy. Such efficacy studies could help to identify the active species responsible for observed anticancer activities, important for the understanding of the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AKT CARDIOMYOPATHY
ACTIVATION
AS
TREATMENT
FOR
DILATED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sussman, Mark A.; Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (the applicant's description verbatim): Primary degenerative changes in the failing heart include remodeling associated with loss of structural organization and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Optimal treatment strategies must approach the long term goal of a molecular approach that promotes myocardial integrity and inhibits apoptosis to prevent ventricular dilation. Myocardial pathogenesis is inhibited by activation of Akt kinase, although the potential therapeutic effect of Akt activation has never been examined in the context of dilated cardiomyopathy. Recent results have demonstrated nuclear translocation of activated Akt correlates with prevention of dilation in mouse transgenic models of cardiomyopathy. The hypothesis of this proposal is that nuclear translocation of activated Akt inhibits the initiation and progression of dilation and heart failure. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) or the cellular oncogene Tcl-1 initiate nuclear translocation of Akt. In addition, we have discovered similar Akt activation by genistein, a phytoestrogen compound found in soy-based dietary products that exhibits estrogen agonist properties. Innovative approaches to be used involve mice that are genetically engineered or pharmacologically treated to activate Akt, with concurrent experiments to demonstrate beneficial effects of Akt activation in rescuing a transgenic mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy. The specific aims are: 1) to reproducibly and precisely induce Akt activation by IGF-1, genistein treatment, and Tcl-l expression; 2) to prevent pathologic and degenerative changes by activation of Akt; 3) to show that beneficial effects of Akt activation are dependent upon induction of phosphoinositide 3kinase. Biochemical, molecular, and confocal microscopic approaches used in combination will demonstrate the efficacy of Akt activation by the various inductive stimuli as well as the impact of the different treatments upon the pathogenesis of dilation. The significance of the study is the identification and characterization of a therapeutic pathway for treatment of heart failure, along with new approaches for the activation of Akt in the heart. This study will demonstrate the relationship between Akt activation and inhibition of cardiomyopathy, providing novel directions for therapeutic treatment to induce Akt translocation and mitigate heart failure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES FOR MENOPAUSE: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Newton, Katherine M.; Associate Investigator; Center for Health Studies Seattle, Wa 98101 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2004
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Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT: estrogen and progestin) remains the treatment of choice for women with vasomotor symptoms, and long-term HRT has been recommended for prevention purposes. The demand for alternatives to HRT, and the availability and use of over-the-counter products including dietary phytoestrogen supplements and naturopathic medicines, has grown dramatically. Few of these products have faced the rigors of randomized trials and none have been tested to evaluate their effects on long-term outcomes. The purpose of this four-year randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three alternative approaches utilizing phytoestrogens to treat vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women. The treatments were chosen because of the scientific evidence supporting a possible benefit, the availability of products with adequate quality control their frequency of use in naturopathic medicine, and our ability to blind participants to the intervention. The five proposed treatment arms are as follow: 1) esterified estrogen and micronized progesterone: 9) a single herbal product, black cohosh; 3) a multibotanical preparation; 4) a combination regimen that includes the same multibotanical preparation plus soy diet counseling; and 5) placebo. The primary aim is to compare the effects of three alternative treatments, HRT, and placebo on the frequency and intensity of vasomotor symptoms measured by The Wiklund Menopause Symptom Checklist and a daily Vasomotor Symptom Diary. The secondary aims are to compare the effects of three alternative treatments, HRT, and placebo on the following: 1) vaginal cytology (vaginal maturation index); 2) serum lipids (total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides); 3) bone mineral density (hip and spine dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan); 4) glucose metabolism (insulin, fasting blood glucose); and 5) coagulation factors (fibrinogen, PAI-1). The hypotheses are that compared to placebo the three alternative treatments tested in this study will have the following effects: reduce frequency of hot flashes and night sweats, improve vaginal maturation and decrease vagina atrophy as measured by maturation index, lower total cholesterol and LDL with no effect on HDL, reduce the rate of decline in bone mineral density (BMD), and have no effect on glucose metabolism or clotting factors. To accomplish the specific aims the investigators propose to do the following: 1) recruit and randomize 400 periand post-menopausal women to one of five treatment arms for one year; 2) collect measurements of primary and secondary outcomes at baseline, three, six, and 12 months; and 3) compare changes in outcomes in the groups taking alternative treatments to those in the HRT and placebo groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANALYSIS OF PHENOLIC PHYTOCHEMICAL BY ESI-MS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brodbelt, Jennifer S.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed work is aimed at the development of electrospray ionization/quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry for the sensitive detection and characterization of phenolic phytochemicals and their metabolites in urine, tissue and food, especially soybeans, kale and citrus fruit. Many phenolic compounds are plant pigments that are known to yield health benefits as dietary phytochemicals, having antioxidant and estrogen-like properties that give antitumor activities. Three primary objectives are described. 1) Solid phase extraction and HPLC separation methods will be developed for the phenolic compounds. Samples of interest include soybeans, kale, citrus fruit, urine, plasma and tissue. 2) Novel metal complexation methods using various transition and alkaline earth metals and auxiliary
Studies
9
ligands will be developed as an alternative to conventional protonation, which is often inefficient for the phenolic compounds. 3) The fragmentation patterns of the phenolic compounds and metabolites will be characterized by both low energy collisional activated dissociation (CAD) and infrared dissociation (IRPD). Many phenolic phytochemicals exist naturally as glycosides in plants, so the site of glycosylation and identification of the attached sugars are critical structural issues that will be probed. The diagnostic utility of, the fragmentation patterns obtained from by CAD will be compared to those obtained by IRPD. Special attention will be focused on comparing the dissociation patterns obtained for metal cationized vs. protonated vs. deprotonated complexes. Several new ways to make the IRPD method more tunable, i.e. the ability to vary the fragmentation pattern, will be examined, including implementation of tandem IRPD/CAD methods. This work will be aimed at solving specific problems from four collaborations: one involving the detection and quantitation of flavonoids in kale, soy, and urine, the second involving the identification and quantitation of coumarins in urine and tissue, the third involving the quantitation and identification of tocopherol compounds in tissue, and the fourth involving the quantitation and identification of flavonoids in citrus fruit. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTI-ATHEROGENIC EFFECTS OF SOY-ISOFLAVONES Principal Investigator & Institution: Patel, Rakesh P.; Pathology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) The association of a healthy diet and prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases has long been recognized. An important example are the soy- isoflavones, consumption of which is associated with a decrease in the incidence of atherosclerosis. Central to the beneficial effects of these compounds are their interactions with reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) that are generated both endogenously and via environmental exposure. Little is known, however, on the biological effects of the products of these reactions. It is proposed herein that derivatives of isoflavones, obtained after reaction with inflammatory oxidants, have potent antiatherogenic effects. Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and subsequent effects on vascular cell function are key elements of atherogenesis. Inhibition of LDL oxidation and modulation of cell signaling pathways have been proposed as key anti-atherogenic mechanisms for the isoflavones. In this proposal, these concepts are extended and the potential anti-atherogenic roles of novel derivatives of isoflavones formed at sites of inflammation (namely chlorinated and nitrated isoflavones) explored. This is important since isoflavones in their native form are poor inhibitors of LDL oxidation in vitro, yet their consumption is associated with a decrease in lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the effects of isoflavones on key inflammatory signaling pathways involved in atherogenesis are poorly defined and in some instances proinflammatory effects demonstrated. Specifically, native isoflavones have been shown to stimulate monocyte-endothelial cell interactions, an early event in lesion formation. Based on the concepts discussed above and preliminary data presented herein, the investigators hypothesize that the anti-atherogenic effects of soy-isoflavones are mediated by products derived from their reactions with ROS and RNS. This hypothesis will be pursued by testing the specific aims to determine the effect of native and modified isoflavones on: (1) LDL oxidation, (2) oxLDL and ROS/RNS-induced cell death in vascular endothelial cells, and (3) oxLDL-dependent monocyte firm adhesion to endothelial cells. These studies will yield novel insights into the interplay between
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isoflavones and ROS/RNS that impact on both direct anti-oxidant properties, and more subtle effects on inflammatory cell signaling pathways. Also, it is anticipated that mechanistic insights gained will provide information on possible herapeutic development of isoflavones and other polyphenols. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BONE RESPONSE TO SOY ISOFLAVONES IN WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Alekel, Lee D.; Food Science & Human Nutrition; Iowa State University of Science & Tech Ames, Ia 500112207 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Soy protein rich in isoflavones (estrogen-like compounds) has been shown to prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Our shortterm preliminary study results in perimenopausal women are compelling, suggesting a bone-sparing effect. These findings have prompted great interest in isoflavones as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy, yet the long-term efficacy of isoflavones on bone in humans is unknown. Our objective is to determine the three-year efficacy of isoflavone-rich soy extract in attenuating bone loss in postmenopausal women. The central hypothesis is that soy isoflavones will attenuate bone loss in early postmenopausal women by maintaining bone formation, being modulated by growth factors and isoflavone metabolism. The rationale for this research is that current hormone therapy is fraught with side effects that adversely affect women, resulting in non-compliance. This randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial will examine the effects of two doses (80 or 120 mg/d) of isoflavone-rich soy extract on bone in non-osteoporotic early postmenopausal women (N=234). Specific Aims are to: 1) Determine the bone-preserving effects of isoflavones on lumbar spine bone mass as the primary outcome; 2) Relate treatment-induced changes in bone mass to changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover; 3) Identify potential mechanisms by which isoflavones prevent or modulate bone loss by measuring endogenous estrogens, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), urinary minerals, serum 25(OH)vitamin D, plasma isoflavones and their metabolites, and customary intake of isoflavone-containing soy, thus accounting for variability in response to treatment; 4) Ascertain the safety of isoflavone-rich soy extract. Caucasian women of European descent will be recruited at two sites (117 at IA, 117 at CA). Random effects repeated measures analyses will be used to: a) characterize change in bone mass as the primary outcome, b) estimate treatment-induced effects, and c) depict change in markers of bone turnover in relation to bone mass change. We will use intent-to-treat for the primary test. We will also examine potential modulators (reproductive hormones, IGF-I, plasma isoflavones) and account for other factors that affect bone, as indicated in specific aim 3. This study will provide valuable data on whether isoflavones impact bone in early postmenopausal women and help elucidate potential mechanisms, thereby contributing to our understanding of isoflavones as an alternative to traditional hormone therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BONE SPARING EFFECTS OF SOY PHYTOESTROGENS IN MENOPAUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Levis, Silvina; Medicine; University of MiamiMedical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008
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Summary: (provided by applicant) Women will live a third of their lives in menopause. The complications of prolonged estrogen deficiency during the menopausal years are well established. Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can spare women some of these complications, the Women's Health Initiative findings indicate significant potential health risks, risks that prompt more and more women to turn from prescribed HRT to over-the-counter products in the hope that soy phytoestrogens and other "estrogens" from natural sources can replace prescription estrogens in terms of benefits while sparing critical side effects. In spite of the fairly widespread and now rapidly growing use o f phyto estrogens, maj or gap s remain in our knowledge o f their longterm efficacy and safety. We propose to conduct a "Soy Phytoestrogens As Replacement Estrogen (SPARE)" study in young menopausal women to evaluate the effectiveness of a 2-year treatment with purified soy isoflavones in preventing bone loss. Our study will also explore the effectiveness of oral isoflavones in preventing menopausal symptoms and other changes associated with estrogen deficiency. The study will characterize the actions of a defined preparation of soy isoflavones in humans and will correlate these actions with the circulating serum levels of the principal isoflavone metabolites, providing new insights on their long term biological actions. This 5-year study will provide a foundation of knowledge from which menopausal women can begin to make more informed decisions regarding HRT and menopausal signs and symptoms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY IN ADVENTISTS--A LOW RISK GROUP Principal Investigator & Institution: Fraser, Gary E.; Professor; Center for Health Research; Loma Linda University Loma Linda, Ca 92350 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: This application describes a planned cohort study of 80,000 white and 45,000 black adult Seventh-day Adventists, enrolled from across the U.S. Questions not easily addressed by other study populations, can be answered. Taking advantage of the unusual dietary habits of Adventists, the special focus of this application is an association between soy intake, calcium intake, and cancers of the breast, prostate and colon. About half of black and white Adventists consume similar quantities of soy to that used in China or Singapore. Adventists also have a wide variance in intake of calcium. The increasing use of soy and calcium supplements by the American population needs further evidential support. Another strength of the proposed research is the proven ability to enroll and follow a large and cooperative cohort of black Adventists. The very high incidence and mortality ascribed to prostate cancer in black men may be associated with their dietary habits. Subjects will be enrolled church by church using a pretested plan whereby institutional media and respected members at individual churches promote the study. Subjects will complete a comprehensive questionnaire which is already developed and pretested. Cancer surveillance during follow-up will be by matching with state tumor registries where possible, matching with the National Death Index, and by obtaining and coding hospitalization records as necessary. Calibration studies in both black and white Adventists will allow bias correction. We believe that it is important to also gather blood, urine and subcutaneous fat from the subjects, and have a largely pretested plan to accomplish this. This will be further tested for feasibility at a location away from Loma Linda during Year 0 1 of the present study. The Adventist population has been cooperative with epidemiologic research for many years and has some unusual strengths as a research population, including the virtual absence of confounding by tobacco and alcohol, the wide range of dietary habits and the widespread use of soy products. They have made important
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contributions to the understanding of diet and chronic disease in the past. This larger study will provide much greater statistical power, more accurate and documented exposure assessment, and will also include a large cohort of black Adventists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CANCER RISK REDUCTION AND DIET: A COHORT STUDY OF WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Zheng, Wei; Professor; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although nutritional factors are thought to play a role in the etiology of over one -third of all human cancers, information about the preventive potential of specific dietary compounds is scanty. We propose herein the renewal of a large-scale cohort study that offers unique opportunities to fill such knowledge gaps. The Shanghai Women's Health Study SWHS) is a population-based cohort study of 75,049 Chinese women who were between 40 to 70 years of age at enrollment during 1997 to 2000 and lived in urban Shanghai, where intake levels of many hypothesized cancer-inhibitory dietary factors are high and diverse. Detailed information on dietary and other lifestyle factors was collected at baseline and again in a follow-up survey. Biological samples were collected from the 87.5 percent of cohort members. The cohort has been followed for cancer occurrence and deaths through linkage with the population-based Shanghai Cancer Registry and the Shanghai Vital Statistics Unit and biannual visits to all living cohort members. We propose in this 5year renewal to extend the follow-up of this cohort for five more years and to evaluate hypotheses related to the etiology of cancers of the breast, colorectum, lung, and stomach. The primary focus of the study is to determine whether certain diets, specifically those including regular tea drinking and high intakes of folate, soy foods, allium vegetables, and crucifers, are associated with a reduced risk of cancer. We also propose to conduct nested case-control studies of breast, lung, and colorectal cancers to evaluate whether the levels of blood folate and urinary isothiocyanate and phytoestrogens are inversely associated with the risk of these cancers. These biomarkers are aggregate measures of the level of intake, absorption, and metabolism and will provide added insight in elucidating the relations of dietary factors with cancer risk. We will further evaluate in the nested case-control studies whether the effect of dietary crucifer intake and urinary isothiocyanate excretion may be modified by genotypes of the GST-family genes. Finally, we propose to re-survey of all living cohort members to obtain updated information on usual dietary intake, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors. This will enable us to refine exposure assessment and characterize and evaluate how temporal changes in exposures may influence cancer risk. Because of it size, setting, and inventory of baseline information and biological specimens, the SWHS provides an exceptional opportunity to address dietary hypotheses for cancer that cannot be adequately investigated in any other existing cohort studies. The results from this study may guide new strategies in the primary prevention of common cancer in both Western and Asian women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CARDIAC ADAPTATION: DISEASE, EXERCISE, SEX AND DIET Principal Investigator & Institution: Leinwand, Leslie A.; Professor and Chair; Molecular, Cellular & Dev Biol; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The heart responds to diverse stimuli by morphological and functional adaptation. The cardiac adaptive repertoire is stimulusspecific. For example, endurance exercise yields eccentric hypertrophy, while pressure overload or certain mutant sarcomeric proteins can provoke concentric hypertrophy. We will explore the pathways leading to these physiologic and pathologic adaptations and we will determine the potential roles of diet and sex in modifying them. The diagram at the left illustrates the overall goals of this proposal. We have recently found that substituting a casein-based diet for the traditional soy-based diet in a mouse model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has profound and unexpected effects on pathogenesis. It therefore seems plausible that phytoestrogens in standard rodent chow dramatically affect disease and may also affect exercise adaptation; what is the mechanism of this effect? Genetic mouse models will be employed to ask the following questions: 1) which known signaling pathways play a role in HCM? 2) what role do those same pathways play in exercise adaptation? 3) how do sex and diet modify these adaptations? Mouse models that can potentially answer such questions are in hand: models of HCM with mutations in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) or cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and mice with alterations in cardiac signaling molecules. Genetic crosses among them will contribute to answering these questions. The signaling molecules and pathways that we have chosen to pursue include: CaMK, Akt, GSK3a, MEKK1, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 and MEF2. In order to extend our studies beyond these selected pathways and molecules, we will also assess global gene expression changes in the heart that occur between the sexes and how dietary and exercise interventions affect them. We feel that these approaches will be very useful to our understanding of the basic biology of adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR BENEFITS OF SOY PHYTOESTROGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Clarkson, Thomas B.; Professor; Pathology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: PROPOSED PROGRAM: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) This PPG continues to be a group of interrelated projects focused primarily on the potential cardiovascular benefits of soy phytoestrogen supplementation/treatment. Potential benefits of soy phytoestrogens (SPEs) for breast and uterus of females and of prostate of males constitute a secondary focus. The research is directed toward males and pre and postmenopausal females. In Project 1, the investigators will intensify their pharmacologic studies of the soy phytoestrogens (SPEs) by addressing four questions: 1. What is the peptide fraction of soy protein that is required for the phytoestrogens (isoflavones) to have their effect on lipid metabolism? 2. Are there differences in the effects of soy phytoestrogen preparations that are predominately genistein or predominately daidzein? 3. What is the relationship between dose of soy phytoestrogens and their metabolic effects? 4. What are the longer term effects of the "optimal" soy treatment? The major objective of Project 2 is to assess the usefulness of soy phytoestrogens in primary cardioprotection of adult male monkeys. Also, the study will address directly whether long-term soy consumption is without adverse effects on the reproductive system, cognition, social and sexual behavior and function and determine if it has favorable effects on the prostate gland. Postmortem assessments will be made of atherosclerosis extent and arterial expression of estrogen receptors (alpha and beta). In addition, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric markers of
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prostatic hyperplasia and neoplasia will be studied as will histomorphometric markers of mammary gland hyperplasia and neoplasia. Project 3 is a comprehensive, periclinical study that will determine whether treatment with SPEs inhibits the progression of coronary and carotid artery atherosclerosis and improves coronary artery dilator responses in high risk, subordinate premenopausal monkeys. Furthermore, the study will determine whether SPEs inhibit or potentiate proliferation and estrogenic responses in the endometrium and mammary tissue of premenopausal monkeys, and whether SPEs adversely affect or improve bone development and peak bone mass in these females. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CENTER FOR NUTRIENT-GENE INTERACTION IN CANCER PREVENTI* Principal Investigator & Institution: Barnes, Stephen; Professor and Director, Uab Center for n; Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 09-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This Specialized Cooperative Center for NutrientGene Interaction (CNGI) will focus on the identification of genetic pathways that may distinguish cancer cell development from normal cells, and the extent to which dietary polyphenols with documented chemopreventive activity modulate these pathways. The effect of polyphenols on mammary epithelial cells, believed to be the targets of initiating events in carcinogenesis, will be studied by an interdisciplinary team of investigators and consultants from the University of Alabama at Birmingham, the Northern California Cancer Center and the University of Missouri-Rolla. The team will use a combination of genomics, epidemiology, DNA microarray, and proteomic approaches to understand the events that take place during puberty, a critical period from a chemoprevention standpoint, as the cells of the breast come under the control of increasing amounts of estrogenic and other steroid hormones. The general hypothesis is that gene and protein expressions are modulated (or altered) by polyphenols to program a life-long reduction in breast cancer as well as prostate cancer risks. The hypothesis will be examined using a cell culture approach (project 1) and animal chemoprevention studies (project 2). The effect of polyphenols on gene and protein expression in the prostate of mice will address a parallel issue occurring during puberty in males. In project 3, a cohort epidemiological study in Asian girls (10-13 years old) who are soyand non-soy consumers will determine whether soy consumption alters the timing of menarche, a risk factor for breast cancer. The relationship between the polymorphisms of genes encoding the synthesis and metabolism and mode of actions of steroid hormones and the onset of menarche will also be examined. For these DNA microarray and proteomics approaches, there is a need for a higher level of statistics than is currently available - project 4 will focus on the development and evaluation of new statistical procedures for analysis of the types of data produced by the high dimensional nature of each of the projects 1-3. The Center's research activities will be supported by three cores - a Genomics Core (Core A), responsible for gene sequencing and SNP analyses of specific variants (project 3) and microarray analysis (projects 1-2), a Proteomics Core (Core B), responsible for protein analyses from projects 1-3, and a Biostatistics/Bioinformatics Core (Core C) that will provide support to all projects and Cores. In addition to the main projects, the Center will organize a competitive Pilot Project/Developmental program for the evaluation of new ideas and methods pertinent to the overall development of the Center.
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Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTIVE PROPERTY OF LUNASIN-ENRICHED SOY EXTRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Galvez, Alfredo F.; Filgen Biosciences, Inc. 2333 Courage Dr, Ste C Fairfield, Ca 94533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The synthetic form of a chromatin binding peptide derived from soy, named lunasin, has been discovered to prevent the transformation of normal cells to cancerous foci induced by chemical carcinogens and viral oncogenes. Lunasin has the potential to be a general cancer preventative and could explain epidemiological associations between soy consumption and reduced cancer incidence. Lunasin is found in the water soluble fractions of soy protein preparations and can be extracted by standard purification methods, making it cheaper to commercially produce than chemical synthesis or recombinant DNA. The objective of the proposed research is to extract soy protein fractions that contain biologically active levels of lunasin and use them to develop cancer preventive products. This can be accomplished by first, extracting and purifying lunasin at increasing levels from soy protein preparations, then testing the lunasin-containing fractions in cell transformation assays using chemical carcinogens and viral oncogenes as cancer inducing agents. The most effective lunasinenriched soy fraction will then be encapsulated in a liposome-based dermal formulation and used in a mice skin cancer study to determine in vivo efficacy in preventing skin tumor formation. Once efficacy of the lunasin topical formulation is determined, preclinical and clinical testing for safety and efficacy in preventing skin cancer formation and progression will commence as part of a SBIR Phase Il study. This will eventually lead to the development of lunasin-based topical products such as skin creams, lotions and sunscreen against skin cancer. With approximately one million cases of skin cancer being diagnosed each year and with the aging demographics of the baby boom generation, these chemopreventive products should have a market potential of more than 100 million customers by the year 2003. The proposed research also lays the groundwork for the development of lunasin-based chemopreventive products against other common cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CLINICAL TRIAL OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON BLOOD PRESSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: He, Jiang; Biostatistics; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): At least 50 million adult Americans have hypertension, one of the most important modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease, stroke, and end-stage renal disease. Dietary nutrient intake has been related to the etiology of hypertension, and nutritional intervention has become an important approach for the treatment and prevention of hypertension. While the effect of dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and alcohol on blood pressure (BP) has been studied intensively, the effect of dietary macronutrients, such as protein, has not been as well studied. The overall objective of this study is to examine the effect of dietary protein supplementation on BP. We propose to conduct a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled 2-center trial in 280 healthy participants with BP higher than optimal level or stage-1 hypertension (systolic BF 120-159mm Hg and diastolic BP 80-95 mm Hg without
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clinical cardiovascular disease, chronic renal disease or diabetes). The trial will utilize a 3-phase cross-over design and have greater than 90 percent power to detect a 2.0 mm Hg reduction in systolic BP and a 1.5 mm Hg reduction in diastolic BP. The study participants will be recruited by mass mailing and work-site/community-based BP screening in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Jackson, Mississippi. Following a 2-week runin period, eligible participants will receive 40-gram soy protein, 40-gram milk protein, and 40-gram complex carbohydrates (control) per day for 8 weeks in a random order. A 3-week washout period will be applied between intervention/control phases. The primary outcome will be difference in systolic and diastolic BP between soy protein supplementation, milk protein supplementation, and placebo control phases. In addition, differences in fasting plasma insulin, glucose, leptin, and homocysteine, serum lipids, waist and hip circumferences will be tested, and the impact of these variables on the mechanism of any BP-lowering effect will be examined. Results from the proposed study may provide the scientific evidence for protein supplementation recommendations for the prevention and treatment of hypertension in the general population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COHORT STUDY OF CANCER INHIBITORY FACTORS IN MEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Shu, Xiao O.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: This application is to establish a cohort of adult men in Shanghai for a longterm epidemiological study of cancer and other chronic diseases, with a focus on identifying modifiable protective dietary factors for cancers. This study will be built upon our recent success in the Shanghai Women's Health Study (SWHS) (R01CA70867), a prospective cohort study of 75,000 women. The specific aims of this study are: 1) to conduct in-person interviews and follow-up for cancer incidence and total mortality of 73,000 men who live in the seven SWHS communities and are primarily between age 40 to 70 years (67,005 of them are husbands of the SWHS participants); and 2) to collect and store baseline blood and urine samples from a subset of cohort members (N=30,000) and post-diagnostic blood samples from all men diagnosed with cancer (N=2270) during the follow-up period. This cohort study will enable us, in the first 5-year funding period to test a spectrum of etiologic hypotheses for major cancers. Specifically, we will focus on the examination of the potential cancer-inhibitory effects of the following foods (their major phytochemical constituents): tea (polyphenols), soy foods (isoflavones), allium vegetables (organosulfur compounds), crucifers (isothiocyanates, dithiolthiones, indoles), and dark green-leafy vegetables (lutein and others) and to explore the relation of cancer with specific oriental foods, such as bok choy, Chinese cabbage, white radish, ginger root, and ginseng. This proposed study will be highly cost-efficient since most of subjects have already been recruited into the study, as part of the SWHS. The procedures for follow-up and dietary assessment have been developed, and feasibility of the study has been clearly demonstrated. While hundreds of cancer epidemiological studies have been conducted, few have, as a primary goal, focused on identifying dietary protective factors. Men in Shanghai differ substantially from those in the U.S. in dietary and other exposure patterns, including high intake of tea, soy foods, and many other vegetables. Given such exposure patterns, this Proposed study will provide unique, unparalleled opportunities to examine many important etiologic hypotheses that cannot be addressed adequately among men in the U.S. and other Western countries. The stored blood and urine samples will be valuable for future studies of
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biologic variables and their interactions with environmental factors in the etiology of cancers, particularly for testing novel hypotheses when new knowledge and laboratory technology become available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES FOR CANCER PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Raja, Srinivasa N.; Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: More than two-thirds of patients with advanced cancer suffer from pain. Persistent pain in cancer is a combination of nociceptive pain from tissue infiltration and inflammation, and neuropathic pain from patients seek complementary and alternative therapies such as nutritional supplements and herbal medicines to alleviate their unmitigated pain. Scientific data on the efficacy and mechanisms of action of these therapies for pain are lacking. Preliminary studies in our laboratories indicate that a soy diet prevents the development of neuropathic pain in an animal model of partial nerve injury and that tart cherries have antioxidant and anti- inflammatory effects. This proposal will examine the analgesic effects of soy and tart cherry as dietary supplements in four different well- established animal models of chronic pain which represent different aspects of pain associated with cancer: a model of chronic inflammation, two models of partial nerve injury, a model of cytotoxic neuropathy, and a model of bone cancer pain (Sp.Aim 1). The mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of the soy and tart cherry dietary supplements will be investigated with regard to their interaction with opiate receptors and their effects on the inflammatory process (Sp. Aim 2). These animal models of chronic pain will also be used to investigate the role and mechanism of analgesia of selected, promising traditional Indian, Chinese, and Japanese herbal medicines (Sp. Aim 3). Behavioral studies in rats and mice will be complemented by biochemical assays of cytokines in tissue and serum, and serum levels of isoflavonoids and anthocyanins. The results of these studies should provide new insights into the potential role of complementary therapies for cancer pain and will further our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction of natural dietary and herbal ingredients with the pain signaling process. Data from these studies will be used to select promising candidate herbs for future clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--PATHOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Reddick, Robert L.; Chair of Pathology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The San Antonio Shock Center supports a Pathology Core and tissue bank that conducts cross-sectional pathological analyses of established and new rodent models used in aging research, and is developing a comprehensive histopathologic data base of their findings. The goal is to understand the changes that occur as animals age and to be able to determine when changes are associated with, vs. independent of, underlying disease processes. The core is an extension of a core developed to support a program project on nutrition and aging. The core leaders have established routine procedures to evaluate and record histological findings and have implemented a limited number of routine immunohistochemical analyses beyond histology. One outcome of the program project was the discovery that life extension resulting from exchanging soy
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protein for casein occurred by ameliorating age-related nephropathy. In the broader context of the NSC, the core will perform necropsies in aging colonies maintained by the Animal Core and for individual investigators will develop a histology data base and tissue bank, educate aging researchers about the value of pathological data, and will welcome users from other components of the aging research community. The core will support multiple existing funded projects, including several funded through NIA. Around 30 publications that used the core are listed since 1995. The core has a strong training/educational component. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--PROTEOMICS AND MASS SPECTROMETRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Helen; Director; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 09-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: We propose that certain genetic pathways regulate proliferation and differentiation in mammalian breast and prostate cells which are susceptible to hormone-dependent cancers. These pathways may be in turn regulated by the steroid hormones; we propose that selected categories of nutrients namely the polyphenols, have demonstrated chemopreventive efficacy by modulating key genetic pathways, or by affecting the metabolism and synthesis of the hormones themselves. Using state of the art genomic and proteomic approaches, the studies described in this Center proposal will analyze those pathways at the gene and protein level, and assess to what extent these pathways can be attenuated by selected polyphenols and vital vitamins, alone and in combination. The role of this Core is to provide proteomics support for the projects in this Center. This will be principally in the form of high-resolution separation of proteins in complex biological samples, coupled with mass spectrometry identification of proteins that comprise the biological samples generated by the various projects. This support will be provided through the existing instrumentation and personnel in the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Shared Facility. In addition, the Core will provide educational support for the CNGI studies, through an already initiated program of tutorials on current methodologies in the Core, as well as on emerging technologies that may become incorporated into the Core. Finally, the Core will work with the principal investigators of the various projects in experimental design and sample generation, to ensure optimal sample preparation and rigorous analysis, and followup. Thus, the specific aims of this Core are (1) to provide high-resolution two dimensional electrophoretic and/or chromatographic protein separations coupled with MALDI-TOF and other mass spectrometry analyses, to identify differences in polypeptide expression and/or modifications that may be the basis for the beneficial actions of polyphenols in mammary and prostate epithelial cells; (2) to apply similar methodologies to the analysis of sera and urines from girls as they undergo menarche while naturally consuming diets containing various amounts of soy, to determine protein markers of soy consumption as it may correlate with effects on the onset of menarche; (3) to maintain an already initiated educational program to keep investigators both in CNGI study and in the UAB biomedical community actively informed of current and emerging technologies in the rapidly evolving area of proteomics; and (4) to provide proteomics data to Project 4 and Core C investigators to develop and refine statistics and bioinformatics methodologies to enhance the Center research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--RECRUITMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Folmar, Steve; Wake Forest University 2240 Reynolda Rd Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A major issue in clinical trial is the recruitment of participants. Considerable time and skill must be devoted to recruit older subjects, especially minorities who have traditionally been underrepresented in clinical trials. The Recruitment Core will have overall responsibility for recruiting participants into research studies supported by the Claude D. Pepper Older American's Independence Center (OAIC) of Wake Forest University, i.e., Lifestyle Intervention in Seniors with Arthritis (LISA) and Cardiac Health Activity Maintenance Program (CHAMP), the three pilot projects and other aging research projects. The Recruitment Core brings to bear 5 years' experience with recruitment of participants into projects related to aging in the Piedmont Triad area of North Carolina. It has successfully recruited over 3000 participants into multiple studies over the past five years. Additionally, recruitment is currently underway for Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis, Rehabilitative Exercise and COPD Trial, Soy Therapy Reactivity Trial, and the Women's Health Initiative. The services offered by the Recruitment Core include development of recruitment strategy, implementation of recruitment, scheduling appointments, monitoring recruitment progress, development of recruitment materials and reporting. Using its expertise and available resources, the Recruitment Core will thus attempt to achieve the following primary objectives: Provide the technical and administrative expertise to recruit participants for OAIC projects, design recruitment strategies that will meet stated recruitment goals of OAIC projects, assist in the development of recruitment strategies for new projects emanating from the OAIC, and to increase the Recruitment Core's expertise in minority recruitment through research, assessment of recruitment strategies and cultural sensitivity training. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CVD MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYTOESTROGENS USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kritz-Silverstein, Donna C.; Associate Adjunct Professor; Family and Preventive Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: Estrogen replacement therapy has beneficial effects on heart disease risk factors. However, a large proportion of postmenopausal women are not compliant with therapeutic regimens. Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring compounds found in plants and soy products that have SERM-like effects. Although numerous studies have shown a beneficial effect of estrogens on lipids and lipoproteins, few examined other mechanisms by which phytoestrogens might exert a cardioprotective effect. Potential mechanisms include changes in homocysteine metabolism, inhibition in markers of inflammatory activity including interleukin-6 (IL- 6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), decreases in adhesion molecules such as E-selectin and decreases in obesity and body fat. Using new laboratory assays and previously collected data from 210 postmenopausal women in the Soy Health Effects (SHE) Study, this study will examine potential mechanisms other than lipids, by which phytoestrogens may reduce the risk of heart disease. The SHE Study is a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study designed to determine the acceptability and benefits of a dietary supplement of phytoestrogen, specifically, genistein, on heart disease risk factors, bone density and psychosocial outcomes. Data was collected at screening, baseline, and periodic follow-
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ups over the course of two years. Funds are requested to assay homocysteine, IL-6, CRP, and E-selectin in frozen sera; and analyze data from SHE Study visits as related to the proposed hypotheses. Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of treatment and placebo groups will be performed before and after adjustment and stratification for covariates. It is expected that women treated with phytoestrogens will have lower homocysteine, IL-6, CRP, E-selectin, and decreased obesity and fat mass over 2 years; that obesity and weight gain will be positively associated with homocysteine, IL-6, CRP, and E- selectin; and that there will be an interactive effect of phytoestrogen use and change in obesity on homocysteine, IL-6, CRP and E-selectin. Given that women can expect to live one-third of their lives after menopause, it is important to know whether and how phytoestrogens may modify cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIET AND CANCER IN PUERTO RICAN MEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Crespo, Carlos J.; Associate Professor; Social and Preventive Medicine; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a small grant to study prospectively diet and prostate cancer among Puerto Rican men who took part in the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program (PRHHP). Few studies have been able to study the relationship of diet with prostate cancer mortality longitudinally among Hispanics or any other minority group in the United States. Although cancer mortality rates have decreased in the past 20 years in the general population, it has increased in the Hispanic population. Cancer mortality rates among Hispanics are lower than those observed among non-Hispanic whites; however, for Puerto Ricans both in the United States and in Puerto Rico, cancer mortality rates are greater than those observed for all Hispanics combined. Moreover, the number one cancer killer among Puerto Rican men is prostate cancer, not lung cancer. The reason for this inter- and intra-ethnic variation in cancer rates remains unclear. Established and emerging risk factors associated with prostate cancer include age, race, diet, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol intake and sexually transmitted diseases, among others. The PRHHP collected information on these risk factors during four examinations between 1964 and 1980 with enormous potential for increasing our understanding of the etiology of this disease in US minority population. Most of the published information on legumes and prostate cancer are based on findings from soy legumes with limited applicability to the US diet, since non-soy legumes are the most commonly eaten type of legumes in the Western diet. We found only one published epidemiological study that examined the relationship of non-soy legumes with prostate cancer. Consumption per capita of legumes in Puerto Rico is double that of the US. The specific aim of this small grant is to examine the relationship of dietary consumption of non-soy legumes with prostate cancer mortality in Puerto Rican men. For this grant we plan to ascertain and characterize prostate cancer mortality in the cohort of men from the PRHHP using information from the Puerto Rico Demographic Registry, Puerto Rico Cancer Registry and the National Death Index Plus. This application is innovative because (a) it takes advantage of an established cohort to investigate cancer mortality in an under-studied Hispanic subgroup with higher cancer mortality rates than other Hispanic subgroups; (b) has the potential to study other exposures such as skin color, sexually transmitted disease, alcohol, smoking and other emerging risk factors with prostate and other cancers; and (c) will contribute new
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knowledge regarding the relationship between intake of non-soy legumes and prostate cancer mortality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIET AND SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN COLON CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Slattery, Martha L.; Professor; Huntsman Cancer Institute; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is most probable that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to colon cancer etiology. At present, we have the capabilities to look at the interaction between dietary intake and genes that have been linked to colon cancer. In this study, we will evaluate DNA obtained from tumor tissue from cases enrolled in a large population-based case-control study of colon cancer (CA61757; CA 48998); we propose to collect tumor blocks from a population-based casecontrol study of rectal cancer to further evaluate associations (continuation of CA48998). Tumor DNA will be analyzed to determine specific mutations and CIMP pathway phenotype. We will evaluate the associations between these genetic mutations and tumor stage at diagnosis and survival. These data will be linked to environmental data, that includes extensive information on dietary intake within the population, to determine the impact that diet has on causing these somatic mutations (location and type of mutation). Total calories, fat, protein, calcium, fiber, beta carotene, and folic acid will be assessed with these genetic mutations, as will meats (along with method of and degree of cooking), dairy products, legumes, soy products, and fruits and vegetables. Other factors such as physical activity and body size which are closely related to dietary intake will be assessed both for their associations with somatic mutations. It is hypothesized that dietary intake (as specified above), physical inactivity, and a larger body size will contribute to the CIMP phenotype. Using data from the original studies, we will use statistical methods to better define disease pathways. We will include previously collected information on p53, K-ras, and microsatellite instability in tumors as well as information on CIMP phenotype. Rectal tumors will be characterized in the same manner as colon cancer tumors were originally characterized (i.e. p53, K-ras, and microsatellite instability). Differences in colon and rectal tumors will be compared. Additionally data from rectal tumors will be combined with that from colon tumors to define disease pathways. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DIETARY AND HORMONAL MODIFICATION OF BREAST CARCINOGENESIS IN TRANSGENIC MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Thor, Ann D.; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Hormones are known to play a crucial role in mammary cancer development. Diets rich in soy-based products of restricted in calories have been associated with a reduction in breast cancer incidence. This protective effect may be the result of modulation of estrogen metabolism or action. These factors are difficult to control and costly to study in humans. Furthermore, these studies do not lend themselves to analyses of mechanisms of gene expression using currently available technologies. The recent development of transgenic mouse models make such clinically important studies feasible using surrogate systems. Utilizing virgin MMTV wt erbB-2 transgenic mice,
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which are genetically susceptible to breast cancer, we have demonstrated a cocarcinogenic and dose- dependent effect of 17-beta-estradiol administered during the risk window. Our data suggests that 17-beta- estradiol (E2) accelerates mammary epithelial hyperplasia and dysplasia in concert with down- regulation of the estrogen receptor (ER), over-expression of erbB-2, activated erbB-2, EGFR and TGFalpha. Cancers which arises in transgenic mice given E2 supplementation (and novel tumor cell lines from these tumors) have phenotypic, biologic and molecular differences when compared to breast tumors of untreated animals. Whole mount preparations, in particular, demonstrated marked abnormalities in breast morphogenesis in parallel with these biologic changes. Our most recent (and unpublished) data shows that tamoxifen administration during the risk window (8-16 weeks) completely prevents cancer development in this model system. Soy diet, as compared to casein diet, reduces and delays breast carcinogenesis as well. Our specific aims are: 1) To confirm that dietary soy prolongs tumor latency and decreases the risk of carcinogenesis in virgin MMTV wt erbB-2 transgenic mice, which are genetically predisposed to breast cancer, using rigorously matched formulary diets (soy vs. casein) with and without exogenous 17-beta estradiol (E2) administration and tamoxifen; 2) to determine the effects of calorie restriction in virgin MMTV wt erbB-2 transgenic mice, with and without exogenous 17beta- estradiol (E2) administration and tamoxifen; 2) to determine the effects of calorie restriction in virgin MMTV wt erbB- 2 transgenic mice, with and without exogenous 17beta-estradiol (E2) estradiol (E2) administration (single pellet, during the risk window) on breast carcinogenesis using several additional transgenic and bi- transgenic mice including: MMTV-Wnt 1, MMTV erbB-2 X mutant p53; MMTV erbB-2 X MMTV TGFalpha. To our knowledge our studies are the first to link hormones to cancer in this model system and show prevention using tamoxifen. Furthermore, we are the first to suggest that transgenic models may demonstrate differences in tumor latency with soy based (phytoestrogen rich) diet. These models will further elucidate interactions between hormones, diet and cancer and will allow molecular analyses to better define genetic and expression differences which may be associated with these factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIETARY ISOFLAVONE REGULATED GENES IN PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Rice, Lori P.; Surgery; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among males. Epidemiological studies show that persons of African-American descent have a higher incidence of clinically significant cases than can be explained by socioeconomic and environmental factors. Cultures whose diets are high in soy products are associated with a low incidence of prostate cancer. Soy products are particularly rich in isoflavones, a class of naturally occurring phytoestrogens. The isoflavones biochanin A and genistein have been shown to inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer cells in vitro, as well as the proliferation of a number of other human cancer cells. The proposed research will use a molecular epidemiological approach for the development of biomarkers of prostate cancer risk and for utilization in chemoprevention studies. The effects of dietary isoflavones on the biologic behavior of human prostate tumor growth will be evaluated in human prostate cancer cells in culture and tissue from prostate cancer patients. Experiments with human tissue will use paired samples of nonmalignant prostate tissue
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and tumor samples with known histopathology. The hypothesis is that dietary isoflavonoids will suppress prostatic hyperproliferative pathology through changes in the expression of specific genes. The overall goal is to determine whether the molecular biomarkers identified in established human prostate cell lines are valid in human tissue samples. The first Specific Aim will use cDNA microarray analysis to compare alterations in gene expression in cultured human prostate cancer cell lines treated either with individual isoflavones or a soy phytochemical concentrate. The second Specific Aim will evaluate whether the genes altered by isoflavonoids in the cell lines are also expressed in human benign and malignant prostatic tissue of various tumor grades. Molecular epidemiological analyses will be done to determine if populations at risk for prostate cancer, such as African-Americans, have different expression patterns from Caucasians. This may help assess the potential therapeutic use of isoflavonoids in prostate cancer treatment regimens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIETARY ISOFLAVONES, TAMOXIFEN, AND TUMOR GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Helferich, William G.; Professor; Food Science & Human Nutrition; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Risk of breast increases with age and the majority of breast cancers are estrogen (E)-responsive. Approximately 75% of women with breast cancer are over 50 years old. Therefore, most women with breast cancer are postmenopausal. If a woman has E-responsive breast cancer it is likely that she is receiving antiestrogen tamoxifen (TAM) therapy. Considerable research has focused on the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) by women with E-responsive breast cancer and most oncologists/physicians do not recommend HRT to these women. However, there has been a dramatic increase in soy and estrogenic isoflavone consumption by postmenopausal women with breast cancer as a natural and perceived "safe" alternative to HRT. This "self-medication" with dietary estrogenic isoflavones for relief of menopausal and TAM-associated menopause-like symptoms is often done without their physician's knowledge. The safety of the dietary estrogenic isoflavones for women with E-responsive breast cancer and the potential for these phytoestrogens to negate the effectiveness of TAM therapy is a potential risk that has not been adequately evaluated. Our preliminary results indicate that the dietary genistein, the predominate isoflavone present in soy and isoflavone-containing supplements, can negate/overwhelm the inhibitory effects of TAM on E-stimulated tumor growth in athymic mice. In our proposed experiments, we will determine the minimum dietary dosage of genistein that can negate/overwhelm the inhibitory effects of TAM. Additionally, 30-40% of women consuming isoflavones can produce equol by enteric metabolism in the large intestine. This estrogenic metabolite can add to the dietary estrogen load and potentially increase breast cancer nsk in women (equol-producers) that consume isoflavones. We have developed a cost-effective method to convert formononetin to equol for use in both in vitro and in vivo tumor growth studies. This will allow us, for the first time, the ability to evaluate the interaction of equol with genistein and determine if this adds sufficient estrogenic activity to negate/overwhelm the inhibitory effects of TAM on E-stimulated tumor growth. In summary, our studies will determine if dietary estrogenic isoflavones and metabolites at physiologically relevant dietary dosages can negate/overwhelm the inhibitory effects of TAM on Estimulated breast cancer growth.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIETARY SOY SUPPLEMENT IN MENOPAUSAL WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Burke, Gregory L.; Professor and Vice Chair; Wake Forest University 2240 Reynolda Rd Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS
DIETARY
SOY
SUPPLEMENTS:
CARDIOPROTECTIVE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Adams, Michael R.; Pathology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The overall objective of this proposal is to identify the component(s) (i.e., specific isoflavones or peptide fractions) of soy that account for its protective effects on the cardiovascular system, assess their relative bioactivity and study mechanisms of action. The five following questions will be addressed: (1) what are the constituents of soy protein that account for its beneficial effects or atherogenesis; (2) which isoflavones (i.e., genistein or daidzein) contribute to soy's favorable effects on vasomotor function and atherosclerosis; (3) do the effects of soy depend on isoflavone peptide or isoflavone estrogen interactions; (4) what amounts of specific isoflavones and estrogen are needed to elicit and optimize these effects; and (5) what are the relative roles of estrogen receptor dependent and independent processes in mediating the cardioprotective effects of soy? To study the separate and combined effects of many components of soy on the development of atherosclerotic plaques, which cannot be studied easily in human subjects and nonhuman primates, mice with induced genetic mutations that result in increased susceptibility to the development of atherosclerosis and/or a deficiency in estrogen receptors will be used. The studies proposed will evaluate the role of the individual constituents of soy and their possible interactive effects in mediating the major cardioprotective effects that have been reported for soy. The results will further advance understanding of soy's cardioprotective properties and lead to strategies for optimizing its favorable effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIETARY METABOLITES
SOY/ISOFLAVONES AND
URINARY
ESTROGEN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Tseng, Marilyn M.; Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pa 19111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Research on potential cancer-protective effects of soy and isoflavones has led to an increase in the availability and consumption of soy products in the US. Yet conflicting scientific evidence raises the concern that high levels of intake might actually increase breast cancer risk. Whether current levels of soy and soy isoflavone intake are sufficiently high to affect breast cancer risk is unknown largely because of a lack of convenient, current, and validated methods of assessing intake. The objectives of the proposed study are to (1) evaluate the validity of overnight urine samples as a method of assessing soy isoflavone intake, and (2) examine associations
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between soy/isoflavone intake and urinary estrogen metabolites. Participants will be drawn from a program at Fox Chase Cancer Center for women at high breast or ovarian cancer risk. The study will include 50 women with either very high or low soy intake based on questionnaire data. Participants will complete a soyfood questionnaire and provide four 24-hour urine specimens over a one month period, with overnight samples collected in separate containers. Urines will be analyzed for isoflavones, primarily daidzein and genistein, and for estrogen metabolites including 2-, 4-, and 16alphahydroxy estrogens. Isoflavone levels in overnight urine samples will be evaluated for validity by examining their correlations with isoflavone levels in 24-hour urine specimens. We will use multiple linear regression to examine associations of soy/isoflavone intake with urinary estrogen metabolites. The proposed research will provide useful information towards assessment of soy/isoflavone intake in a non-Asian sample. It is also an opportunity to add to limited knowledge on soy/isoflavone intake and its association with urinary estrogen metabolites as markers of breast cancer risk. Findings from this research will contribute information towards a soy supplementation trial to evaluate modification of soy/isoflavone intake as a means of reducing risk of breast cancer, a disease for which few preventive measures are available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DRUG-DIETARY INTERACTION
FLAVONOID
INTESTINAL
ABSORPTION
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rodriguez, Rosita J.; None; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The opportunity for drug-dietary interaction is an everyday occurrence whether the interaction is with food, juice, or dietary supplements. Moreover, the consumption of flavonoids is being urged because of their multiple health benefits; thus, understanding the possible biological effects of the flavonoids on intestinal drug absorption is essential. Flavonoids may be a particularly important class of modulators due to their ubiquitous occurrence in foods and drinks of plant origin and their known interactions with P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP). These dietary constituents may modulate transport in the intestinal tract and significantly alter the absorption of important therapeutic agents. The increased systemic bioavailability of some drugs, nifedipine and felodipine, associated with ingestion of grapefruit juice represents a couple of widely publicized drug-dietary-interactions. An increase or decrease in drug absorption may be due to (i) alterations in Pgp mediated or non Pgp mediated transport and/or (ii) presystemic intestinal metabolism by CYP and/or the flavin-containing monooxygenases. Furthermore, patents have been filed which incorporate flavonoids as excipients in pharmaceutical formations with the intent to alter drug absorption. Thus, the specific hypothesis of this study is that dietary flavonoids can alter the Pgp-dependent or Pgp-independent transport of certain therapeutic drugs. Studies will be conducted using flavonoids belonging to different subclasses such as isoflavone, flavanone, flavonol, and flavanol (e.g., genistein, naringenin, quercetin, and epigallocatechin gallate, respectively) to gain an insight into structure-activity relationships in the alteration of transport of Pgp-dependent substrates and Pgp-independent substrates by these phytochemicals. The flavonoids will be evaluated using Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal cell line. These cells have been well characterized to express Pgp transporters and non Pgp transporters such as Na+/K+, Na+/H+, amino acids, peptides, bile acid, and vitamin B12. This project will provide new knowledge on how flavonoids affect the dynamic transport mechanisms
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located in the intestinal mucosa. Thus, the results of this study will increase our understanding of the role of flavonoids found in tea, vegetables, soy, and dietary supplements in the intestinal absorption of therapeutic drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EARLY TUMORIGENESIS
EXPOSURE
TO
PHYTOESTROGENS--MAMMARY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Makela, Sari; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: Multiple life-style factors are likely to play a role in the regulation of breast cancer risk. Special attention has been paid to the possible protective effects of dietary soy and fiber, and to the role of putative chemopreventive compounds present in these diets. Recent studies in humans and experimental models suggest that early life dietary exposures are of importance, and regulate breast cancer risk in adulthood. Alterations in estrogen signaling during development influence breast maturation and/or differentiation, and may influence the hormone sensitivity, proliferative activity and, eventually, susceptibility to develop breast cancer during adult life. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are among the major factors that regulate the proliferative activity, differentiation and tumorigenesis in breast tissue. It is possible that the ER expression patterns are, at least partly, determined by the hormonal milieu during development. The major objective of this project is to identify dietary factors that influence ER expression patterns and ER signaling on long-term, resulting in alterations in proliferative activity and/or differentitiation. Special emphasis will be on the ER-subtype-specific effects, as the two ERs (ERalpha and ERbeta) are known to regulate proliferative activity differently. We will focus in two major classes of plant-derived compounds, isoflavonoids and lignans. Both are commonly present in human diets, possess hormonal activity, and influence the development or growth of experimental mammary tumors. The model compounds will be genistein (GEN), the major isoflavonoid present in soy, and enterolactone (ENL), the major mammalian metabolite of plant-derived lignans. Specifically, we will determine if: 1) early life exposure to GEN or ENL will cause permanent alterations in ER subtype expression patterns, epithelial proliferation and differentiation, and mammary tumorigenesis; 2) the altered ER expression pattern is associated with altered proliferative activity and/or changes in differentiation; 3) the effect of GEN or ENL is mediated in ER-subtype-specific manner. First, we will expose rats and mice to dietary GEN or ENL in utero or prepubertally, and record effects in early and late puberty, and adulthood. In order to investigate the specific roles of ER subtypes, we will use breast cancer cells with inducible ER expression, and ER-deficient (ERKO and BERKO) mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ECONOMICAL SOY ISOFLAVONE PRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Weber, J Mark.; President; Fermalogic, Inc. Chicago Technology Park Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Commercial applications for soy isoflavones have grown significantly in recent years. Isoflavones are used in health foods and as nutritional supplements. More recently they are being investigated as antioxidants, protecting skin from UV damage when taken orally or used topically. More importantly,
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isoflavones and their derivatives have potential to be used as pharmaceuticals in the fight against certain cancers, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Fermalogic identified a method for the isolation of isoflavones as a by-product of the Saccharopolyspora erythraea erythromycin fermentation, but in order to be commercially successful, a problem with degradation of the isoflavones during the fermentation had to be solved. In Phase I of this project the first metabolite of the isoflavone degradation pathway was identified. During Phase II we hope to find the gene responsible for this degradation and inactivate it. This should raise production levels of isoflavones to commercially useful levels. In addition/other bacterial fermentations will be investigated for the production of new biologically active isoflavone metabolites. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT METABOLISM
OF
DIETARY
PROTEIN
SOURCE
ON
CALCIUM
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sellmeyer, Deborah E.; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Osteoporosis is a major health concern worldwide. While there are drugs available for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, they are not practical for population-wide prevention efforts. Demonstrating the effectiveness of safe and widely available dietary interventions to prevent osteoporosis could have important public health ramifications. Different food sources of dietary protein may have different effects on bone metabolism. Animal foods provide a dietary acid load that may lead to negative calcium balance and increased bone resorption. In contrast, vegetable sources of protein, while providing some acid due to their protein content, provide proportionally more base that counters the dietary acid load. The effect of dairy products, which are rich in animal protein but also contain potential base precursors not found in vegetable foods, has not been established. Finally, soy protein sources may have a dual benefit: soy foods provide base precursors as well as plant estrogens that may have a beneficial effect on bone. We are resubmitting this proposal to randomize postmenopausal women to one of four diets equal in calories, protein, calcium, and sodium. The diets will differ by having 80 percent of the protein from one of four sources: non-dairy animal, vegetable, dairy, or soy foods, resulting in significant differences among the diets in acid, base, and isoflavone content. All food will be prepared and provided by the General Clinical Research Center. The subjects will consume the diets for 6 weeks with measurements of acid-base status, isoflavone excretion, and calcium metabolism. In this resubmission, we address the concerns raised by the initial reviewers, followed by a revised research plan that incorporates those changes. This will be the first intervention study to examine the effect of different sources of dietary protein in whole foods on calcium metabolism. Eventually our findings could have substantial public health implications and provide a widely available and low risk means to help prevent osteoporosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF SOYBEANS ON BONE AND THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Bahr, Janice M.; Professor; Animal Sciences; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract) Some postmenopausal women use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to maintain bone. This treatment is, however, not acceptable to all women. An alternative approach is intake of foods rich in phytoestrogens - natural plant estrogens such as soybeans. The hypothesis is that soy protein protects against postmenopausal bone loss by slowing resorption and enhancing bone formation due to organ-selective estrogenic effects of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein. The applicant proposes four questions: 1. Efficacy: What is the effect of soy protein and soy isoflavones on bone formation and resorption? 2. Safety: Do soy isoflavones and estrogen have differential effects on bone and female reproductive tissues? 3. Safety: Do soy proteins or isoflavones antagonize the effects of endogenous estrogen on bone and the reproductive tract? 4. Mechanism: Do soy isoflavones differentially affect estrogen-dependent bone resorption and formation through estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms? In vivo studies will use ovariectomized rats, an established model for osteoporosis, and intact rats. In vitro studies will use mouse calvarial explant culture and an estrogen receptor reporter system. To answer questions 1-3 ovariectomized and inteact rats will be fed diets of various concentrations of soy or isoflavones for 3 months. Measurements during and at termination of experiments are urinary deoxypyridine, an indicator of bone breakdown; bone mineral density; and bone formation by histomorphometry. The reproductive tract will be evaluated by histology and production of Complement C3 by the uterus and measurement of estradiol and luteinizing hormone in plasma. In vitro studies (question 4) will determine if isoflavones act through an ER and which subtypes, ERa or ERb. These studies are necessary to identify efficacious and safe alternative approaches to HRT readily accessible to all women. Knowledge of active agents and mechanism of action will allow standardization of soy supplements; identification of doses that maintain bone health without compromising other systems, e.g. reproductive; and assurance against interactions from like compounds in other drugs and food, including supplements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF DIETARY SOY ON BIOMARKERS IN PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Cline, J Mark.; Associate Professor; Pathology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 08-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dietary soy is widely marketed and used as both complementary and alternative therapy for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Dietary derived soy isoflavonoids have anticancer activities in vitro and in animal models, and these isoflavones or are found in serum in high concentrations after ingestion of a soy-rich meal. Furthermore, these isoflavones concentrate in prostatic tissue, and may have selective activity in the prostate because of their affinity for estrogen receptor beta, which is abundant in prostatic epithelium. Recent findings in our laboratories and by our collaborators indicate potential for therapeutic benefit in normal and neoplastic prostate. The goal of this translational application is to determine whether a dietary supplement consisting of whole soy protein can inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer cells in human patients. This question will be tested in a clinical therapeutic intervention in men with prostate cancer. We hypothesize that dietary soy consumption will decrease proliferation in neoplastic and adjacent normal prostatic tissues, as reflected in elevated expression of cell cycle inhibitory proteins (p27 and p21), increased apoptosis, and decreased expression of proliferation markers (KI67-
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MIB and cyclin B1). In order to obtain preliminary data to support or refute this hypothesis in preparation for a future R01 submission, we intend to use an intervention with 25 grams of dietary soy providing approximately 100 mg of isoflavones in a preprostatectomy design to assess whether or not there is a short-term effect of soy on tissue biomarkers of proliferation and signaling. We will also test whether this shortterm intervention alters serum PSA concentrations between the time of biopsy and prostatectomy. We believe that the data obtained via the work proposed herein will provide valuable preliminary data for further institutional development of the preprostatectomy model for testing of future complementary and alternative interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF FLAXSEED AND TAMOXIFEN IN BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, Lilian U.; University of Toronto 215 Huron St Toronto Toronto, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tamoxifen (TAM) is an adjuvant therapy for women with estrogen receptor (ER) (+) breast cancer, acting as an estrogen antagonist. Women taking TAM report the use of complementary dietary supplements including phytoestrogen-rich foods such as soy and flaxseed to reduce tumor growth and recurrence and TAM-induced menopausal symptoms. However, the interactive effects of TAM and flaxseed on ER(+) breast cancer has not been tested in animal or human models. Therefore the long term objective of this study is to determine whether flaxseed can enhance the tumor inhibitory effect of TAM in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The specific aims are: (1) to determine the effect of flaxseed and TAM, alone and in combination, on the growth of human ER(+) breast cancer (i.e. MCF-7), in the presence of high or low concentrations of estrogen and (2) to determine some of the mechanisms. The study plan is to inject ovariectomized athymic mice with MCF-7 cells, implant them with a pellet containing 1.7 mg estradiol (E2), and then feed them with basal diet (BD). In Experiment 1, at week 5 when the tumors are already established, the E2 pellet will be removed and replaced by a new one (to simulate high E2 levels in premenopausal women). The mice will then be randomized into 7 groups such that they have similar mean tumor size: Groups 1, 4 and 7 will be fed the BD, Groups 2 and 5, the 5 % flaxseed, groups 3 and 6, the 10% flaxseed. Groups 4, 5 and 6 will also receive an implant of TAM (5 mg) pellet. Group 7 will not have E2 replaced (negative control). In Experiment 2, the plan is the same as in Experiment 1 except that at week 5, the existing E2 pellet will be removed from all mice (to simulate low E2 levels in postmenopausal women) before randomization to 7 groups. Group 7 will have the E2 replaced (positive control). In both experiments, palpable tumors will be measured weekly and at week 20, will be excised for analysis to explore potential mechanisms, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, expression of ER and growth factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECTS OF GENISTEIN ON PROGRESSION OF PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Banerjee, Partha P.; Cell Biology; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer is an age-dependent disease. There is currently no treatment that can prevent the development and/or progression of this deadly disease. Most of the work to date has focused on the advanced stages of prostate cancer. Very little work has been directed toward the prevention of prostate cancer during the early stages of this disease. A large number of epidemiological studies have suggested that phytoestrogens in soybean can reduce the risk for acquisition of hormone-dependent cancers. Several studies have demonstrated that genistein, the most abundant isoflavone present in soy, is responsible for this beneficial outcome. TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate) mice develop age-dependent progressive forms of prostatic disease that histologically resemble human prostate cancer. Therefore, using the TRAMP model, we propose to investigate the effects of genistein on age-dependent and stage-specific development of prostatic carcinoma and establish the molecular mechanism(s) of growth inhibition. The specific aims of this proposal are: First, we will determine the effects of genistein on the age-dependent development and progression of prostate cancer in TRAMP mice. To do so, TRAMP mice, before developing tumors, and mice bearing different stages of prostate cancer, will be treated with genistein for different time periods. Prostatic histopathology, cell proliferation and cell death will be examined in untreated vs. genistein-treated groups. Second, we will examine possible mechanisms by which genistein inhibits cell proliferation of prostate cancer in TRAMP mice in vivo, and in TRAMP cell lines (C1 and C2) in vitro. Specifically, we will investigate the effects of genistein on growth factor (TGF-alpha and/or IGF-I)-induced expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and MAPK and PI3K pathways in TRAMP cell lines and in TRAMP dorsolateral prostate. Third., to examine the mechanisms of genistein-induced cell death, alterations in cell survival factors, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins and activation of caspase pathways will be evaluated in TRAMP dorsolateral prostate and/or TRAMP cell lines. This project will demonstrate the efficacy of genistein in early prevention of prostate cancer, and the mechanism of action underlying the prostate cancer suppressing activity of genistein. This information will lead to more effective prostate cancer prevention and control strategies in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF PHYTOESTROGENS ON PRIMATE MATERNAL FETOPLACENTAL UNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Harrison, Richard M.; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Ten female rhesus monkeys, in early stages of pregnancy, were studied to determine the effects of a dietary supplement of genistein, a phytoestrogen found in soy, on the steroidogenesis in the maternal-fetoplacental unit. The monkeys were placed in two equal groups. The experimental group received 8mg/kg body weight of genistein each Monday through Friday. Dosing continued until day 155 of gestation, at which time a Cesarean section was performed to collect the fetus and placenta. Blood was collected from the maternal peripheral circulation twice weekly during the study period. At delivery blood was collected from the maternal peripheral circulation, the uterine veins, the ovarian veins, and the fetal heart. Placental tissues were collected and frozen until assayed. Sera from the blood sample were frozen until assayed for steroid hormones. Estradiol levels in the genistein-treated monkeys were higher than in the control monkeys during gestation and at delivery all maternal and fetal blood levels from the genistein-treated monkeys were significantly higher. The estrone levels in the
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genistein-treated monkeys trended to be higher than the control but were not significant (p=0.057). There were no significant differences between the two groups in weight gained during pregnancy, fetal weights, or placental weights. There were trends but no significant differences in blood levels of DHEA-S, or progesterone. The placental assays found no significant differences in placental LDL and HDL levels. These data suggest that the elevated levels of estradiol in the maternal blood may be due to deconjugation of estrone in the gut and conversion to estradiol. The higher levels in the fetal blood indicate that the genistein crossed the placental barrier and stimulated the production of estradiol, since estradiol produced by the placenta is preferentially directed to the maternal circulation, as a protective measure to the fetus. This finding is significant when the use of soy-based food products used by the mother during pregnancy and soy-based infant formulas is increasing. Reports in the literature suggest that soy-based formulas may be associated with an increased incidence of goiter and thyroid disease. FUNDING Chancellor?s Grant, Tulane University School of Medicine Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF SOY ISOFLAVONES ON THE PROSTATE/BREAST & BONE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gardner, Christopher D.; Asst. Professor; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-OCT-2005 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENDOCRINE MODULATION BY HORMONES AND NONSTEROIDALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Adler, Stuart R.; Associate Professor; Physiology; Southern Illinois University Carbondale 900 S. Normal Carbondale, Il 629014709 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Many compounds such as insecticides, plasticizers, and detergents can be classified as environmental estrogens or endocrine disrupters. At least some of these compounds are capable of binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) as ligands and therefore may affect gene regulation in estrogenic pathways. Exposure to these chemicals in the environment, in the food chain, and through occupational exposures, may affect human health and, through potential developmental effects in utero and increases in birth defects, the health of future generations. In addition, chemical compounds from soy and other plants have been identified that also have the potential to act as mimics of the natural female steroid hormone, estradiol, and these "phytoestrogens" have received attention as being beneficial to human health. Yet these compounds, since they also are capable of acting as estrogens, might also cause problems by interfering with the body's own natural hormonal regulation. These two classes of non-steroidal chemicals, both with the ability to act as estrogens, raise important questions. Mammals seem to be exposed to many potentially estrogenic signals. Why does it appear that only some of these signals disrupt endocrine signaling? Furthermore, the exposure to these compounds through soy and other foods is not a new phenomenon. If these compounds really interfere with hormonal signaling, why wouldn't there be more obvious detrimental effects on reproduction or development rather than apparent health benefits? This proposal is based on the idea that there are cellular compensatory adaptations to the presence of some of these estrogenic compounds, so that regulation
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by ERs can distinguish between valid natural signals and these non-steroidal mimics. We propose that this adaptation occurs through modulation of the expression of specific nuclear accessory proteins, the nuclear receptor coactivators and corepressors, by these compounds and even by estradiol. These adaptations would limit the actions of nonsteroidal hormone mimics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION
EFFECTS
ON
THE
MOLECULAR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Heffelfinger, Sue C.; Associate Professor; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2010 Summary: Project One has two focus areas. In the first focus area we shall use in vivo rat models of mammary carcinogenesis to define the role of specific environmental agents on the following: 1. Morphological mammary gland development, 2. Genetic and biochemical expression patterns of mammary gland development, 3. Dose and agedependent criteria of carcinogen susceptibility. Windows of susceptibility for mammary gland carcinogenesis are carcinogen, dose, and age dependent. Therefore, we have chosen as our model carcinogens two agents that are completely different with regard to chemistry, mechanism of initiation, and target window of mammary gland sensitivity: irradiation and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The hypothesis for this focus area is that fatty acids (FA) and phytoestrogens, through modification of estrogen synthesis, metabolism, and signaling, define not only mammary gland rates of maturation, but also the physiology of the animal in ways that impact the time frame of mammary gland susceptibility to initiation. In Specific Aim 1 we shall examine the potential for FA to alter degree and/or the age range in which the mammary gland is susceptible to initiation. Life-long diet composition will include high levels of n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA, or monounsaturated FA on a human low fat equivalent diet (20%) and high fat diet (40%), the latter including both lean and obese cohorts. Specific Aim 2 focuses on phytoestrogens. Isoflavones from soy protein or flaxseed extract will be introduced into the most carcinogen-stimulating diet identified in Aim 1. With each diet we shall examine degree and age of susceptibility to irradiation and B[a]P, with initiation at birth, weaning, 45 days, and 120 days, defining biochemical, morphological, and gene expression data that discriminate between mammary cells pre and post-initiation. The second focus area, Specific Aim 3, addresses the development of a mechanism-based screen for mammary carcinogens. Through analysis of isolated mammary epithelium initiated in vitro by four mechanistically unique mammary carcinogens (irradiation, B[a]P, 4-aminobiphenyl, and ochratoxin A) and four carcinogens that do not cause mammary cancers in animals (dibenz(c,g)carbazole, aminofluorene, d-limonene, and safrole), we shall define the biochemical, metabolic, and gene expression data that provide a fingerprint for an initiated mammary epithelial cell. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENISTEIN EXACERBATION OF ASTHMA IN MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Guo, Tai L.; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 02-MAY-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Genistein (GEN), a soy isoflavone, has been suggested to mediate its biological function mainly as an endocrine disruptor instead of
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a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in vivo. Despite the hypothesized beneficial effects of GEN, there are concerns about the long-term effects of this compound on human health, especially that of infants and young children. The recent epidemiological findings indicate that there is an increase in the use of asthma or allergy drugs in young adults who have been fed soy formula during infancy as compared to those who have been fed cow milk formula. One important mechanism for development of asthma is that allergens repeatedly stimulate T helper (Th) 2-polarized T-cell immunity in local airway tissue. Our studies have provided evidence that the developing immune system, especially the function of T cells, was altered following oral exposure to GEN at physiologically relevant concentrations in experimental animals. It is hypothesized that developmental exposure to GEN modulates the chromatin structure of Th2 cytokine genes (e.g., IL-4 and IL-13) and, thus, leads to an increase in the hypersensitivity responses to respiratory allergen trimellitic anhydride (TMA) in adult life. To test this hypothesis, two specific aims will be pursued: (1) To determine if developmental exposure to GEN leads to an enhancement in hypersensitivity responses to respiratory allergen TMA in adult life; (2) To determine if developmental exposure to GEN leads to DNA demethylation and chromosome remodeling of Th2 cytokine genes such as IL-4 and IL-13. Results of this investigation will provide a rational basis for understanding the health implications associated with the consumption of this compound. By identifying possible cytokines that are important at increasing risks, by looking at vulnerable periods in life, and by identifying environmental factors which through different mechanisms may be driving the immunological processes (amongst others) that lead to asthma, we will gain a better insight with which to make informed decisions regarding intervention studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENISTEIN IMPRITING AGAINST PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Lamartiniere, Coral A.; Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Provided by the applicant) Cancer is usually treated at time of diagnosis, and chemoprevention is not usually considered until adulthood. Our hypothesis is that early windows of development play a key role in protecting against prostate cancer. This is based on prostate and breast cancer epidemiological reports and our demonstration that genistein, a phytoestrogen component of soy, given only prepubertally, suppressed chemically-induced mammary cancer in rats. Our most recent data has shown that dietary exposure to physiological concentrations of genistein, starting at puberty, suppressed the development of spontaneously developing prostate cancer in "TRAMP" mice (TRAnsgenic Mouse Prostate adenocarcinoma). Also, we have observed that dietary genistein exposure down-regulated androgen receptor, estrogen receptor-alpha, IGF-I and ERK-1 mRNAs, and EGF-receptor expression in prostates of mice and rats. This suggests that genistein may be effective in modulating sex steroid and growth factor signaling. We hypothesize that an important component of reduced susceptibility to prostate cancer is dependent on "imprinting." We believe that imprinting in the prostate with genistein will determine the biochemical "blue print" of how the prostate will respond to future hormone and growth factor stimuli in adults. The aims are: 1) to determine the most effective developmental period for genistein chemoprevention of prostate cancer in TRAMP mice; 2) to investigate prostate gland morphology as the cellular mechanism of action; 3) to investigate genistein regulation of
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sex steroid receptors and specific growth factor receptors and ligands as mechanisms of chemoprevention; 4) to determine if activation of estrogen receptors-alpha and-beta is a required primary event for the action of genistein in the prostate; and 5) to investigate DNA methylation of sex steroid receptors as the imprinting mechanism. The importance of this lies in the need to know, prior to initiation of clinical trials, if early exposure to an appropriate imprinting agent such as genistein, will enhance protection against prostate cancer. We propose this in a dietary model at "physiological concentrations." Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENISTEIN INDUCES THYMIC ATROPHY: A HEALTH CONCERN? Principal Investigator & Institution: Cooke, Paul S.; Professor; Veterinary Sciences; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAY-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Relative consumption of the estrogenic soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein in infants fed soy-based formula is 10- fold greater than adults eating high-soy diets, and commercial rodent diets also contain high levels of soy and isoflavones. This has aroused concern due to potential estrogenic effects on the isoflavones. We have shown that subcutaneous genistein injections in ovariectomized adult mice produced dose-responsive decreases in thymic weight of up to 80%. Genistein's thymic effects occurred through both estrogen receptor (ER) and non-ER mediated mechanisms. Genistein decreased thymocyte numbers up to 86% and doubled apoptosis, and decreased relative percentages of CD4+CD8- and CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. This was accompanied by decreases in relative percentages of splenic CD4+CD8- cells, systemic lymphocytopenia, and suppressed humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Genistein injected at 8 mg/kg/day produced serum genistein levels comparable to those in soy-fed human infants, and this dose caused thymic and immune changes. Critically, dietary genistein at concentrations which produced serum genistein levels less than those in soy-fed infants and comparable to those in rodents fed soybased feed produced thymic atrophy. These results raise the possibility that serum genistein concentrations found in soy-fed infants or rodents fed soy-based chow may be capable of producing thymic and immune abnormalities, as suggested by previous reports of immune changes in soy-fed human infants and rodents consuming soy-based diets. The long-term objective of this project is to develop a mechanistic understanding of genistein' s action on the thymus and immune system, and determine if daidzein can exert similar thymic and immune effects. To accomplish this objective, a physiologically relevant system involving dietary administration of genistein will be used to determine if genistein affects T and B cell function, in addition to its effects on cell numbers. The reversibility of genistein's thymic and immune effects will be tested, and the roles that thymocyte apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation of thymocytes or their bone marrow precursors play in genistein effects will be established. We will also determine if daidzein has additive or antagonistic effects on thymic and immune changes induced by genistein. Finally, gene array analysis will be used to determine genistein effects on molecular pathways involving proliferation, apoptosis, and cell signaling. These studies will advance our understanding of isoflavone effects on the immune system, and also may have relevance for soy-fed infants and laboratory rodents consuming soy-based feed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GI SAFETY AND THERAPEUTICS OF OIL-BASED PC-NSAIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lichtenberger, Pharmaceuticals, Llc Box 2832 Bellaire, Tx 77402
Lenard
M.;
Grassroots
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-DEC-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The major objective of this Phase I STTR grant is to evaluate the GI safety, therapeutic activity and stability of a new class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that are formulated with a soy bean oil that is enriched in phosphatidylcholine (PC). This represents a second generation of PCNSAIDs, developed by the PI and associates, that would have additional benefits with regards to cost and stability of the drug. The specific aims of this application are focused on confirming preliminary data that the oil-based PC-NSAIDs (and specifically PCaspirin and PC-ibuprofen) possess low GI toxicity and enhanced therapeutic activity employing rodent models of acute and chronic NSAID-induced ulcer disease, and joint inflammation/pain. We also propose a series of in vivo and in vitro studies to define the molecular basis of the enhanced therapeutics of the PC-NSAIDs, evaluating the drugs' bioavailability, membrane permeability and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory activity. In the last specific aim, we will evaluate the stability of PC-aspirin and PC-ibuprofen in the presence and absence of fluidizers and anti-oxidants in hard capsules employing an encapsulation technique that would limit the NSAIDs' exposure to water, which is particularly critical for aspirin. The above studies will provide us with important information required for the initiation of clinical trials and commercialization of PCNSAIDs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPROV OF RES FACIL: NUTRITION, SOY-BASED COMP Principal Investigator & Institution: Lange, Peter; Phd; None; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of the proposed project is to create a unique, state-of-the-art facility for behavioral neuroscience and genomics research, to be called the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Genomics, within Duke's Center for Models of Human Disease. This facility will unite behavioral neuroscientists with cell and molecular biologists to investigate the brain and behavioral mechanisms underlying cognitive and motivational systems. Specific Aims: 1) bring behavioral neuroscientists in close proximity to cell biologists and geneticists so that they can join forces to seek molecular mechanisms underlying adaptive behaviors; 2) provide a facility with modular units that are easily adaptable to current and future research needs; 3) offer common research resources that can be readily used by all researchers in the facility and by collaborators; 4) create common infrastructure resources so that space is used maximally and efficiently; 5) provide expanded animal housing - 1,000 rat cages, 100 mouse rages, and 100 other types (e.g., birds, fish) - that will more than double current capacity, markedly enhancing long-term animal housing; and 6) establish a clear separation of animal research and public space so that security, noise, and air-handling can be tightly controlled and monitored, which is essential for high quality behavioral research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INFLUENCE OF SOY CONSUMPTION ON MENOPAUSE IN JAPAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Melby, Melissa K.; Anthropology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): For two decades, anthropologists have been aware that the experience and symptoms of menopause (i.e., hot flashes, night sweats) may not be universal. Several researchers have hypothesized that dietary factors such as phytoestrogens (plant estrogenic chemicals) in soy, which is consumed in great quantities by the Japanese, may play a role in their lower rate of menopausal symptoms. This dissertation project will test a biocultural, reproductive ecology model of whether and how soy consumption affects the menopausal transition (konenki) in Japan. Specifically, we hypothesize that: (1) Women with higher phytoestrogen exposure/intake will have less frequent or severe midlife symptoms; and (2) Variance in gonadotropins (FSH and LH) will be negatively correlated with phytoestrogen exposure. Two populations of Japanese women, aged 45-55, from the Tohoku and Kinki regions of Japan (which have the highest and lowest soy consumption respectively, providing a natural experiment in phytoestrogen exposure) will be sampled longitudinally for levels of E2, FSH, LH, SHBG, and the phoytoestrogens genistein and diadzein. This study will characterize the menopausal transition in Japan from multiple perspectives: (1) endocrinological/physiological; (2) ecological (diet), and (3) experimental. By combining new assays for measurement of phytoestrogens with our well-validated finger prick blood spot methods, this project will provide a biocultural characterization of menopause in Japan. These data are sorely needed to model crosscultural variation at the end of the reproductive lifespan, and the influence of the environment on endocrinology and experience over the menopausal transition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERACTION FLAVONOIDS
BETWEEN
IRINOTECAN
AND
DIETARY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Iyer, Lalitha V.; Sri International 333 Ravenswood Ave Menlo Park, Ca 94025 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over 50% of cancer patients use alternative medicines regularly while undergoing chemotherapy. These products, though derived from natural sources, may contain active ingredients that may influence the disposition and/or therapeutic outcome of concomitantly administered chemotherapeutics. This application will address the issue of drug/botanical interaction between the anticancer agent irinotecan (used against colorectal cancer) and the popular dietary flavonoids from soy (genistein and daidzein) and fruits and vegetables (chrysin and quercetin). Irinotecan has complex dispositional characteristics, with sequential metabolic activation and inactivation steps, biliary and urinary excretion. The PI has studied some of these pathways extensively and has shown that the enzyme UGT1A1 glucuronidates its active metabolite, SN-38, and that the multidrug resistance transporter, pglycoprotein (P-gp), plays a major role in irinotecan's biliary excretion. Flavonoids such as chrysin and quercetin are known inducers of UGT1A1. Our hypothesis are that (i) the selected dietary flavonoids will influence the disposition and toxicity of irinotecan via induction of the glucuronidation (by UGT1A1) of its active metabolite, SN-38; and (ii) induction of UGT1A1 by dietary flavonoids is influenced by genetic differences in the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene. The specific aims are to (1) investigate the in vivo
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interaction of soy isoflavones, chrysin and quercetin with irinotecan in rats, (2) determine whether hepatic UGT1A1 induction by flavonoids is responsible for their interaction with irinotecan, and (3) investigate the influence of the TATA polymorphism in the promoter region of UGT1A1 on inducibility by these flavonoids. Aim 1 will involve in vivo pharmacokinetic, biliary, and urinary excretion studies with irinotecan after chronic pretreatment of rats with the selected dietary flavonoids. The potential induction of UGT1A1 will be studied in Aim 2 by measuring SN-38 glucuronidation in hepatocytes and liver microsomes from flavonoid treated rats, as well as by measuring UGT1A1 protein levels. In Aim 3, luciferase reporter assays will be performed to investigate UGT1A1 activity after pretreatment with flavonoids in Hep G2 cells transfected with known polymorphic forms (TA5,TA6,TA7,TA8) of the TATA sequence of UGT1A1. As irinotecan has a narrow therapeutic index, minor changes in its disposition can significantly modify the therapeutic outcome, so this investigation will have major potential benefits to cancer patients and oncologists. This pilot/developmental project will generate significant preliminary results to propose larger (R01) grants being planned by the PI and colleagues on the interaction between natural medications & dietary supplements and conventional chemotherapy, and its pharmacogenetic implications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIETARY SOY COMPONENTS & TAMOXIFEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhou, Jin-Rong; Assistant Professor; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is focused on the interactive effects between soybean phytochemicals and tamoxifen (TAM) on breast cancer (BRCA). The hypothesis is that soy phytochemicals, especially soy isoflavone genistein, may counteract the inhibitory effect of TAM on estrogen-dependent BRCA, but may inhibit the growth of TAM-resistant BRCA and synergize the inhibitory effect of TAM on estrogen-independent BRCA. TAM has become the first-line treatment for estrogendependent BRCA, while its effect on estrogen-independent BRCA is limited. The positive response is usually of short duration, and most tumors eventually develop TAM-resistance. Soy phytochemicals, especially soy isoflavones, have anti-tumor activities. On the other hand, soy isoflavones are weak phytoestrogens and may interfere with TAM in competing with the binding sites of estrogen-receptors and modulate estrogen-mediated transcription. With more and more women are taking TAM and soy phytochemical supplements, it is imperative to evaluate the potential interactions between TAM and soy phytochemicals before any guideline and recommendations can be made. Our preliminary studies have found that soy isoflavone genistein counteracts the inhibitory effect of TAM on estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells, but may synergize the inhibitory effect of TAM on estrogen-independent breast cancer cells. Specific Aim 1 is to determine the combined effect of soybean components and TAM on the growth of estrogen-dependent human breast tumors. MCF-7 human BRCA cells will be implanted into mammary fat pad of immune deficient mice to develop estrogen-dependent breast tumor model to evaluate the interactive effects between a novel soy phytochemical concentrate or soy isoflavone genistin and TAM on MCF-7 tumor growth. Specific Aim 2 is to determine the effect of soybean bioactive components on the growth of TAM-resistant human breast tumors. A clinically relevant TAM-resistant human breast tumor model will be applied to evaluate the effects of
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soybean components on the growth of TAM-resistant breast tumor. Specific Aim 3 is to determine the combined effect of soybean components and TAM on the growth of estrogen-independent human breast tumors. MDA-MB-435 human BRCA cells will be implanted into mammary fat pad of immune deficient mice to develop an estrogenindependent breast tumor model to evaluate the combined effects of soy components with TAM on estrogen-independent BRCA. A series of biomarkers will be determined to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action. We will first determine the biomarkers that are related to estrogen-pathways such as tumor expressions of ER(alpha), ER(beta) and serum levels of estrogens. We will then quantify tumor proliferation index by PCNA staining and apoptotic index by TUNEL assay. We will quantify tumor microvessel density (factor VIII staining) as an angiogenesis marker and the expression of angiogenesis factors, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These in vivo bioassays and mechanistic studies will be expected to provide significant insight into the future consideration of potentiating the efficacy of TAM on BRCA treatment and prevention by soy bioactive component-containing supplements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SERMS, SOY AND BLACK COHOSH Principal Investigator & Institution: Shaw, Heather S.; Medicine; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tamoxifen is the most commonly used selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Raloxifene, a newer SERM, is currently widely used for treatment of osteoporosis and is in trials for breast cancer prevention. A new health awareness is growing among women, resulting in the use of natural supplements such as soy and black cohosh for the treatment and prevention of menopausal symptoms. Each of these substances has also been shown to contain phytoestrogens, plant derived substances, which interact functionally with ER. Therefore, there is a potential for competition between soy or black cohosh and SERMs, which may result in decreased efficacy of the prescribed medication. It is essential to know whether this interaction exists and what ramifications it may have in order to properly counsel patients about the combined use of SERMs and phytoestrogen containing natural supplements. We hypothesize that the natural products soy and black cohosh and/or their metabolites will alter the effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene on 1) ER-dependent transcription and cellular proliferation in vitro and 2) anti-tumor efficacy in a human breast cancer xenograft model in nude mice. The ultimate objective of this study is to determine the safety of combined use of SERMs and natural product dietary supplements. To begin to address this long-term goal, we plan to: 1) Determine effects of addition of genistein, daidzein, equol, and 27deoxyactein to tamoxifen, its metabolites, and raloxifene on ER-signaling of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 ceils in vitro. 2) Determine effects of addition of soy and black cohosh to tamoxifen and raloxifene on ER-signaling of MCF-7 cells and proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro in a simulated system of human colonic fermentation and hepatic metabolism. 3) Determine pharmacokinetics of black cohosh in female volunteers. 4) Determine pharmacokinetics of black cohosh and soy in immunocompetent mice. 5) Determine interactions between ingested standardized soy or black cohosh and tamoxifen on MCF7 breast cancer growth in an in vivo nude mouse model. The sponsors of the proposed study and the laboratories in which the candidate is working have extensive experience
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in isolation and characterization of natural products and in cancer research, which is essential to accomplishing the scientific goals outlined here as well as facilitating the development of the candidate into a productive independent investigator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ISOFLAVONES AND BONE RESORPTION IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Weaver, Connie M.; Head and Distinguished Professor; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Several types of botanical products containing isoflavones are being marked as an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The efficacy of these products is unknown. Estrogen suppresses bone resorption and may increase calcium absorption. Similar mechanisms of action are not understand for isoflavones partially because of methodological limitations in measuring bone resorption. The specific aims of this proposal are: 1. To identify the effective dose of soy protein isolate enriched with isoflavone concentrates on suppressing bone resorption, and 2. To establish the effective dose of isoflavone concentrates with different isoflavone profiles from soy cotyledon and germ, red clover leaf and flow extract, kudzu, and individual isoflavones on suppressing bone resorption. We hypothesize, based on our preliminary data, that isoflavones will not affect calcium absorption but will suppress bone resorption. We will use 41 Ca, a longlived isotope, to label the skeleton and monitor perturbations by diet and an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facility. This innovative approach to study bone resorption is free from noise and is a direct measure of bone resorption in contract to biochemical markers of bone turnover and traditional calcium kinetics, rapid compared to studying changes in bone density, and not invasive as is bone histomorphometry. We will be able to systematically determine the effect of various types and dosages of isoflavonecontaining botanical products sequentially in the same post- menopausal women for their effectiveness in suppressing bone resorption by measuring changes in 41 Ca excretion in the urine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ISOFLAVONES:ACUTE RESPONSE IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Fanti, Paolo; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Up to 40 percent of ESRD patients suffer from a chronic inflammatory process which is not currently amenable to specific treatment and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. High circulating levels and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines are essential part of this ongoing acute-phase response and they are believed to exacerbate many of the clinical manifestations of ESRD, including renal osteodystrophy. Like in all other inflammatory processes that have undergone more extensive investigation, the nuclear factor, Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NFKB) promises to be a critical cellular intermediate of this acute-phase response and to be both mediator and target of inflammatory cytokine effects. In the current search for agents that may be able to negate the ongoing acute-phase response of ESRD, the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein have emerged as potentially useful. These isoflavones are present in many soyfoods, are available as over-the-counter nutritional
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supplements and have received growing attention due to their biological properties and potential as therapeutic agents. Inhibitory effects of the isoflavones on tyrosine kinase and NFKB activity, on inflammatory cytokine production and on oxidative stress have been demonstrated by this group and by many other investigators and they may be highly relevant to the renal failure population. Additionally, we have found recently that intake of soy food by ESRD patients results in very high blood levels of isoflavones and it is well tolerated. It is our working hypothesis that in chronic renal failure a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors trigger acute-phase response with activation of NFKB and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and that intervention with soy isoflavones inhibits NFKB activation and cytokines production, thus blocking the ongoing acute-phase response and affecting positively clinically relevant parameters of disease activity in ESRD. Specific objective of this proposal is to conduct a randomized, double-blinded dietary intervention trial in hemodialysis patients to determine whether: 1. Dietary intake of the soy isoflavones by ESRD patients with clinical signs of ongoing acute-phase response decreases the production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 in peripheral blood, thus changing the balance between these cytokines and their antagonists sTNF RI, sTNF RII, and IL1ra. 2. Suppression of inflammatory cytokine production by soy isoflavones is associated with improvement of clinically relevant parameters of disease activity, including improvement of blood markers of acute-phase response, and decreased blood levels of markers of metabolic bone disease. 3. Intake of soy isoflavones suppresses NFKB activity in peripheral blood monocytic cells of ESRD patients, in a manner consistent with change of cytokine levels and of clinical parameters of disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MCF10DCIS.COM AS A PRECLINICAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE SCREEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Fred R.; Pathology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Our objective is to validate a preclinical xenograft model for assessment of the ability of chemical agents to alter surrogate end- point biomarker (SEB) expression in breast carcinoma in situ. We have developed a human breast epithelial cell line, MCF10DCIS.com, which produces ductal carcinoma in situ of the comedo type. Nearly one gram of tissue is obtained 6-8 weeks after injecting 1x10/7 cells in Matrigel into immune deficient mice. We will be able to validate results with the model by direct comparison with results of a clinical study being conducted at the Karmanos Cancer Institute in which patients diagnosed with DCIS are given 100 mg of soy isoflavones daily for three weeks prior to surgery. Surgical specimens are analyzed for expression of a number of markers including connexin 43, p21, bax, bcl-2, p21, and CDK5. However, the preclinical model allows us to treat groups of xenografted mice with chemopreventive agents and determine expression of biomarkers in lesions from treated and untreated at multiple intervals rather than the single time point possible in the clinical study. We will also be able to test additional chemopreventive agents, doses, and combinations. The size of the xenograft lesions will allow us to look at chemopreventive agents, doses, and combinations. The size of the xenograft lesions will allow us to look at many additional biomarkers, both before and after treatment, than the sparse material likely to be available from the clinical specimens. Once validated, MCF10DCIS.com will provide a unique xenograft model of human ductal carcinoma in situ for rapid screening of putative chemopreventive agents. In combination with the MCF10AT1 in
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situ for rapid screening of putative chemopreventive agents. In combination with the MCF10AT1 xenograft model of progressive premalignant breast disease, the model will also provide a means of validating the relevance of different SEBs for screening chemopreventive agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISM(S)OF ANTITUMOR ACTION OF TAMOXIFEN AND SOY Principal Investigator & Institution: Constantinou, Andreas I.; Surgical Oncology; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) antagonist, is an effective chemopreventive agent against breast cancer. The soy phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein selectively bind to ERbeta. Theoretically, these soy phytoestrogens (also known as soy isoflavones) may enhance or negate tamoxifen's chemopreventive effects. Women at high risk for developing breast cancer, or breast cancer patients with ER-positive tumors, are now treated with tamoxifen to prevent primary breast tumors or the development of recurrences, respectively. However, it is presently uncertain if these women are benefited or harmed by consuming soy products, or by taking phytoestrogens as supplements. Our recent preliminary studies in the dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis rat model suggest that soy compound(s), possibly phytoestrogens, enhance tamoxifen's chemopreventive action. We hypothesize that soy phytoestrogens (or other soy compounds) enhance tamoxifen's antitumor action. The proposed mechanism of action is that tamoxifen, acting mainly as an ER-alpha antagonist, and soy phytoestrogens acting mainly as ER-beta-selective agents, exert antiproliferative and/or antioxidant effects against mammary carcinogenesis. We propose to elucidate the mechanism(s) whereby tamoxifen and phytoestrogens exert their antitumor effects by examining both ER-dependent and ER-independent signaling pathways. The specific aims are: (1) Determine if the antitumor effects of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) and soy phytoestrogens are mediated through the estrogen response element (ERE), the activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, or the G-C rich simianvirus-40-protein-1 (SP-1) pathway. (2) Determine if the antioxidant response element (ARE) mediates the individual and combined effects of 4-OHT and soy phytoestrogens. (3) Evaluate how the combination of tamoxifen and soy phytoestrogens affects tumor recurrence in the DMBA/rat mammary carcinogenesis model, and the development of tamoxifen-stimulated mammary tumors in athymic mice. Increasing numbers of women are taking tamoxifen together with soy or soy isoflavones, yet little is known about the effects of this combination. This study will systematically explore their interactions to determine their safety and efficacy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: METABOLISM OF GENISTEIN BY RAT LIVER MICROSOMES & RECOMBINANT HUMAN CYTOCHROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Roberts-Kirchhoff, Es; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The metabolism of genistein, a phytoestrogen derived from varius soy products, was investigated with rat and human liver microsomes and various
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recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes. The microsomes obtained from rats treated with pyridine, phenobarbital, (-naphthoflavone, pregnenolone-16(-carbonitrile, or 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in very different product profiles consisting of five different metabolites as observed by HPLC reversed-phase analysis at 260 nm. The metabolism of genistein was also investigated with recombinant human cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2B6, 2C8, 2E1, or 3A4. P450s 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 metabolized genistein to predominantly form one product (peak 3) with lesser amounts of peaks 1 and 2. P450 3A4 produced high levels of peaks 1,2 and 3. These three products eluted off the HPLC column prior to the starting material genistein and the UV-VIS spectrum and GC-MS analysis of peak 3 support that this product results from hydroxylation of ge nistein. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: METABOLISM OF INTRAVENOUS LIPID EMULSIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Deckelbaum, Richard J.; Director, Professor of Nutrition; Institute of Human Nutrition; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our objective is to characterize pathways whereby intravenous (IV) lipid emulsions, commonly used clinically as nutritional support, deliver specific types of triglyceride (TG) to tissues and cells. With increasing recognition of the importance of omega-3 (omega-3) very long chain fatty acids (FA) (omega3-VLC FA) in multiple biological pathways, our major goal is to delineate mechanisms for delivery of these omega3 FA to different tissues, and to define the effects of this delivery on selected cellular endpoints related to cell TG and cholesterol metabolism. Recent evidence indicates that routes for blood clearance and tissue uptake of fish oil omega3 TG are very different from those of omega6 soy oil long chain TG (LCT). For example, removal of (omega3 VLCT) emulsions from blood seems to depend far less on intravascular lipolysis than does LCT emulsions. While substantial amounts of both emulsions are delivered to tissues as intact TG, this pathway is likely more important for omega3 TG particles. Omega3 TG particles are less dependent on "classical" lipoprotein receptor related clearance pathways, than are LCT. FA derived from omega3 TG appear to act as stronger inhibitors than LCT in sterol regulatory element (SRE) dependent gene expression-genes that are involved in both TG and cholesterol syntheses. The proposed research will systematically define mechanisms whereby TG composition, particle size, and specific ligand related pathways contribute to LCT vs. omega3-VLCT clearance and metabolism in different tissues and cell types. Aim 1 will use physical-chemical approaches (e.g., 13C-NMR) to clarify how omega3-TG and FA affect the properties of the emulsion particle surface, and how this in turn affects lipoprotein lipase and apoprotein E binding, structure, and function. Aim 2 utilizes in vitro cell culture experiments and Aim 3 in vivo mouse models to differentiate metabolic pathways for omega3-VLCT/FA and omega6 TG/FA, and how these differences affect expression of genes related to TG and cholesterol homeostasis. Studies in Aim 4 will test if hypotheses generated from cell and mouse models are likely to occur in humans -- by protocols whereby omega3-VLCT and LCT emulsions are infused in healthy volunteers. Our analyses will differentiate between mechanisms for clearance and metabolism omega3 vs. omega6 TG and FA. Our studies will allow new insight as to how fish oil derived emulsions reach different tissue, undergo metabolic processing, and regulate expression of certain genes, and will also provide carefully characterized models for the study of human lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR CORRELATES OF SOY IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bergan, Raymond C.; Director, Experimental Therapeutics; Medicine; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Soy is a promising cancer chemopreventive agent. Soy consumers appear to have a lower incidence of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). We have shown that a soy constituent, genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, acts to antagonize metastatic behavior by increasing PCa cell adhesion, while at high concentrations it inhibits PCa cell growth. We recently completed a single dose phase I study in humans, demonstrating that genistein modulates intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation (or cell signaling) of blood cells. To further understand soy's in vivo effects, we are implementing a phase II clinical trial in which patients with PCa who are to have radical prostatectomy will be randomized to treatment (or not) with 2 mg genistein/kg/day, allowing evaluation of tissue for intermediate biomarkers. We hypothesize that treatment with soy-derived genistein will antagonize metastatic behavior of human prostate cells, will have long term effects on cell signaling, and will also effect prostate cell survival and growth. We propose the following specific aims: #1 : Determine whether soy antagonizes metastatic behavior in humans. Metastatic prostate cells can be detected by amplifying PSA specific RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR). We will measure soy's ability to decrease circulating metastatic prostate cells in peripheral blood, as well as in operative field blood. In addition, treatment-related effects upon cellular morphology (a surrogate measure of effect upon cell adhesion) will be measured by quantitative image analysis of prostate tissue. #2: Evaluate effects of soy upon cell signaling pathways in vivo. Comparing soy-treated and control prostate tissue, changes in gene expression will be measured in adhesion-related genes (FAK and endoglin), as well as by gene array-based gene profiling. In addition, long-term effects upon cell signaling in vivo will be sought by measuring changes in protein-tyrosine phosphorylation of blood cells over time. #3: Determine whether soy modulates prostate cell survival and growth in vivo. Investigations will examine soy's effects upon a panel of biomarkers related to prostate cell viability and growth, including apoptotic index, cell-associated PCNA, p27 expression, serum PSA and serum testosterone. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF GENISTEIN IN PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Sarkar, Fazlul H.; Professor; Pathology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Epidemiological studies have shown that higher risk for prostate cancer is perhaps due to environmental (especially diet) rather than genetic differences. There is an association between decreased prostate cancer risk and increased soy consumption (Herbert JR, et al. JNCI 90: 1637-1647, 1998). The soy isoflavone, genistein is believed to be the primary anti-cancer agent found in whole grain cereal food, seeds and soybean products, which may play an important role in the prevention and/or treatment of human prostate cancer. In preliminary studies, we found that genistein inhibits the
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growth of prostate cancer cell lines with concomitant G2/M cell cycle arrest, upregulation of p21WAF1 and down-regulation of Cyclin-B and Bcl-2, which may be responsible for the induction of apoptosis observed in genistein treated cells. Furthermore, we also observed down regulation of NF-kappaB function in both androgen responsive as well as androgen non-responsive cell lines. The down regulation in NF-kappaB was found to be concomitant with the down regulation of androgen receptor (AR) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) gene transcription in androgen responsive cells. The down regulation of AR and PSA, and the observed inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis may be mediated by the inactivation of the NF-kappaB pathway. We hypothesize that genistein induces cell growth inhibition and apoptosis by inhibiting NF-kappaB and G2/M cell cycle progression. We also hypothesize that genistein abrogates NF-kappaB function resulting in the down regulation of AR and induction of apoptosis in androgen responsive cells. In this proposal, we will investigate cell growth and apoptotic processes in genistein treated prostate cancer cells by analyzing parameters of cell growth and apoptosis (p21, p53, cyclin B, CDK 1, and Bcl-2/Bax family members) using Northern and Western blot analysis. We will also investigate how genistein can mediate these effects through down regulation of NF-kappaB, AR and PSA by analyzing levels and activity of key kinase molecules and associated mechanisms that are involved in the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Moreover, we will employ gene transfection studies as well as transfection of AR and PSA reporter constructs to delineate whether the effects of genistein is directly mediated by the down regulation of NF-kappaB, AR and PSA. These results will be compared to those obtained from normal prostate epithelial cells, and the results of this study will elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) by which genistein exerts its biological effects on prostate epithelial cells. In addition, we also propose to test the anti-tumor activity of genistein in prostate cancer animal models and investigate whether the molecular alterations in animal tumors are similar to those observed in vitro. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MU CENTER FOR PHYTONUTRIENT AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Lubahn, Dennis B.; Associate Professor; Biochemistry; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: OVERALL This application continues and amplifies the work already undergoing at the Center. The overall goal of the MU proposal is to foster interdisciplinary research that will enable the systematic evaluation of the safety and efficacy of botanicals. The PI's of the current proposal have already established collaborations, which has been shown a productive one. The proposed studies are aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms of phytochemicals and phytonutrients in human disease. The Center grant contains five projects, pilot studies, core units and career development. The concepts directing the research program include 1) the influence of phytonutrients in the progression of prostate carcinoma, this proposal examines the effect of ERKO mice will be studies in the TRAMP mouse model. 2) The effects phytoestrogens in the innate immunity of ER deficient mice, this proposal aims to determine whether phytoestrogens act to innate immunity through either the ER alpha or beta, or both, in SCID mice. 3) This project will determine whether treatment of CF cystic fibrosis with soy derived isoflavones, (primarily Genistein) acts through a nonER-mediated pathway, on the mutated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). 4) To identify and characterize botanicals with primary emphasis on
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those used in food supplements. 5) To examine alternative molecular mechanisms of phytoestrogens when considered as polyphenols in neurodegenerative disease. The research is facilitated by resources and several well established core facilities. The center Advisory Committee will provide guidance from distinguished representatives that will meet twice a year. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ESTROGEN PROMOTED CANCERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Auborn, Karen J.; Associate Professor, Head Phytochemical; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 01-DEC-2001 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Estrogen is a player in the genesis of a number of cancers including cervical, breast, and endometrium. The goal of this application is to reduce the anti-estrogen enhancement of transformation of target cells with diet, thereby preventing many of these cancers. Cervical cancer is a particularly good model because cells infected with certain papilloma viruses are at high risk for transformation The hypothesis of this application is that weak or anti-estrogens, competing with potent estrogens, can prevent estrogen enhancement of cancer promoting activities. Certain dietary compounds induce enzymes that cause more estradiol to be metabolized to antiestrogens. Phytoestrogens found in many foods are themselves weak estrogens. The hypothesis will be tested in in vitro and in in vivo models for cervical cancer. Weak and anti-estrogenic compounds will be evaluated for their ability to reduce cancer promoting activities of estrogen in cells infected with high risk papilloma viruses. The anti-estrogen metabolite, 2-hydroxy estrone will be used to compete with the potent estrogen metabolite 16a-hydroxy estrone. Indole-3-carbinol, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids will be used to induce 2-hydroxy estrone. The phytoestrogens genistein and equol, from soy will be used as competing weak estrogens. Transcription of papilloma viruses oncogenes, proliferation of cells and acquisition of anchorage independent growth will be evaluated. Dietary indole-3carbinol will be tested in a mouse transgene papilloma virus model for the ability to reduce estrogen induced cervical dysplasia and/or cervical cancer. Results should establish ways to reduce estrogen associated transformation. Results will also establish whether or not the relative amounts of weak or anti-estrogens to potent estrogens determine the activity of estrogen. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHYTOESTROGENS AND COGNITION IN MENOPAUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Krikorian, Robert; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Estrogens produce a multitude of complex effects in the brain by means of a variety of mechanisms. Accumulating data has indicated that these actions mediate enhancing effects on cognition and mood as well as perhaps prophylaxis against age-and disease-related cognitive-cerebral decline. Phytoestrogens have demonstrated estrogenic activity. They have been studied with respect to benefits for cardiovascular function, preservation of bone, and reduction of risk for cancer, but there is little prospective research regarding effects on mental function. In addition, phytoestrogens generally are not prescribed by practitioners for mental health effects.
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However, many women experiencing peri-and post-menopausal symptoms consume marketed phytoestrogens, in particular soy-derived isoflavone products, under the perception of general health benefits, including presumably enhanced mental function. The goal of this exploratory research is to develop preliminary data regarding the efficacy of isoflavone phytoestrogens in producing improvement in cognitive function in late middle-aged and elderly postmenopausal women with symptoms of memory impairment and, therefore, increased risk for development of progressive dementia such as Alzheimer?s Disease. A secondary goal will be to examine changes in basal cortisol levels, as a means of assessing the effect of the intervention on an endocrine parameter that has significance for hippocampal function, particularly in the aged. We will administer a 16-week protocol of isoflavone supplementation in a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study to menopausal women aged 55 to 75 years with forgetfulness and other symptoms of cognitive decline, but who do not meet criteria for probable dementia. We will assess changes in neuropsychological measures of executive function ability and episodic memory, in basal cortisol levels, and in mood. It is our expectation that the demonstration of positive responses to this intervention in this atrisk population will establish the basis for future, more comprehensive studies of dosage, mechanisms, and duration of effect. Ultimately, such research may establish the basis for the use of isoflavones as an alternative treatment that would provide mental and general health benefits without the risks associated with traditional hormone replacement therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHYTOESTROGENS AND INNATE IMMUNITY IN ER DEFICIENT MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Estes, Don M.; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The goal of this project is to determine the range and mechanism of action of phytoestrogens (genistein, diadzein and soy extracts) on innate immune function via estrogen receptor-dependent and independent pathways. This goal will be accomplished using estrogen receptor deficient (ERKO) severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse models of bacterial inflammation in the gut, liver and spleen. The hypothesis is that estrogen and phytoestrogen signaling is a positive regulator of macrophage and natural killer cell function. Specifically, the project will. 1) Determine the effects of the loss of estrogen receptor alpha signaling on bacterialinduced inflammation. 2) Determine the effects of the loss of estrogen receptor beta signaling on bacterial-induced inflammation. 3) Determine the effects of the loss of estrogen receptors alpha and beta signaling on bacterial induced inflammation. The PI on this project is D. Mark Estes and the co-PI is Criag Franklin. Two consultants on the project are Helen Mullen and Dennis Lubahn. All of these personnel are based at the University of Missouri-Columbia. The sites for the research are the UM-C?s Horticulture and Agroforestery Research Center in New Franklin and the UM-C?s Southwest Research Station in Mt. Vernon. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHYTOESTROGENS AND PROGRESSION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hodis, Howard N.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): The fear and discontent with traditional hormone replacement therapy (HRT) coupled with the interest in natural products has resulted in an increased use of soy protein as a postmenopausal therapeutic alternative by both women and their physicians alike. Evidence from epidemiological and non-human primate studies indicate that isoflavone-rich soy protein has antiatherogenic activity, evidence supported by a large body of data that indicate mechanistic and biologic plausibility. No studies to our knowledge have been published or proposed to determine the long-term effects of soy protein on the progression of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. We propose to conduct a 2.5-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of isoflavone-rich soy protein in 300 healthy postmenopausal women without clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. We hypothesize that relative to placebo, isoflavone-rich soy protein (supplying genistein, daidzein and glycitein) will reduce the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women. The primary end point will be the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis measured as the rate of change in common carotid artery intima-media thickness in computer image processed B-mode ultrasonograms, a well-established noninvasive arterial imaging end point for antiatherosclerosis trials, lsoflavone-rich soy protein may provide a safe and effective alternative approach for extending premenopausal cardioprotection afforded by endogenous estrogen into menopause without the increased risk of thromboembolic events and certain cancers associated with traditional HRT. Since many postmenopausal women are using soy products to maintain their health, it is important to understand whether soy protein has an antiatherogenic effect so that women can make a truly informed decision concerning their expectations of this form of postmenopausal therapy. The question as to whether soy protein is effective in reducing the progression of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women is not only timely, but also of immense medical and financial importance since atherosclerosis remains the number I killer of postmenopausal women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHYTOESTROGENS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT FOR MS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bebo, Bruce F.; Assistant Professor; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. MS attacks occur less frequently during pregnancy, which is likely due to the increased production of steroidal sex hormones. Similarly, the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MSlike disease in mice, is also diminished during pregnancy. In mice, steroidal estrogens can inhibit anti-myelin helper T-lymphocyte responses and suppress EAE. In some women with MS, steroidal estrogens can decrease the number of demyelinating lesions in the CNS. Nevertheless, steroidal estrogens have a limited therapeutic potential because their long-term use increases the risk for hormone-related cancers. Consequently, the development of non-steroidal estrogens that reduce the severity of MS, while minimizing risks, is highly desirable. One class of non-steroidal estrogens that may have the capacity to suppress MS is phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens are plantderived compounds that are structurally similar to steroidal estrogens. Unlike steroidal estrogens, however, they have a higher affinity for estrogen receptor-beta (ER-beta) than for estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha). Because of the distinct tissue distribution of these two receptors, phytoestrogens have potent estrogen-agonist activity in bone and
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cardiovascular tissues, yet lack activity in breast and uterine tissues. In addition, phytoestrogens may regulate immune cell function, based on our recent discovery that ER-beta is expressed by immune cells. The therapeutic potential of phytoestrogens in MS, has yet to be studied. Isoflavones derived from soybeans are a rich source of phytoestrogens. Genistein, daidzein, and glycitein are the major isoflavones derived from soy. Our preliminary experiments found that the severity of EAE was diminished in mice treated either with a soy isoflavone preparation or genistein, and that this suppression occurred in the absence of injury to the reproductive system. In addition, soy isoflavone-treated mice had a reduced capacity to respond to myelin antigens and to produce TNF-alpha, a cytokine that is essential to the pathogenesis of EAE and MS. These data support our hypotheses that soy isoflavones reduce the severity of EAE by an ER-beta dependent pathway, which diminishes the capability of helper T lymphocytes to proliferate and secrete TNF-alpha, and results in the suppression of inflammation and demyelination in the CNS. The main objectives of this proposal are: (1) To identify the soy-isoflavones with the greatest ability to suppress EAE, (2) To determine whether soy isoflavone-mediated inhibition of TNF-alpha and suppression of EAE are dependent on signaling through ER-beta, (3) To determine which immune cells express ER-beta and whether transcription of immunologically relevant genes is regulated by soy isoflavones. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHYTOESTROGENS, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Kudwa, Andrea E.; Psychology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): My proposed research will test the role of dietary soy phytoestrogens in the sexual differentiation of the mouse basal forebrain and subsequent activation of adult sexual and aggressive behaviors. Phytostrogens are biologically active non-steroidal molecules found primarily in soy products, legumes and whole grains. High concentrations of these compounds are increasingly being used as supplements in many consumer products marketed as natural alternatives to hormone replacement therapy and as preventative agents for hormone- and agedependent cancers and diseases (2, 26). The roles of testosterone (T) and its aromatized metabolite, estradiol (E2), in sexual differentiation of the brain have been extensively examined, but only a handful of studies have examined a dimorphic role for phytoestrogens. Analysis of a standard soy-derived commercial laboratory diet revealed that isoflavone concentrations fed to rats and mice exceed endogenous estrogen levels by 30,000-60,000 fold (9). By comparison, serum isoflavone levels in infants fed soy formula are 13,000-22,000 fold higher than endogenous estradiol levels (38, 39). To explore their specific neuronal function, phytoestrogenic actions must be separated from those of endogenous E2. The aromatase knockout (ArKO) mouse provides a unique model to investigate phytoestrogen effects. These transgenic mutants lack the functional aromatase enzyme gene and are unable to produce endogenous estrogens, but they express both classic estrogen receptors (ERalpha, ERbeta), and thus can respond to exogenous estrogens. One bio-assay I have used to investigate phytoestrogenic actions is estradiol-mediated neural induction of progestin receptors (PR). The specific aims of this proposal are first, to determine whether phytoestrogens affect organization and/or activation of PR induction. Secondly, I will manipulate developmental phytoestrogen exposure/intake and assess sexual behaviors in both male and female mice. Finally, I
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will determine whether aggression, a non-sexual behavior, and the neural peptide, arginine vasopression (AVP), are altered by phytoestrogen manipulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PILOT--EFFECT OF SOY INTAKE ON GROWTH/ENDOCRINE FUNCTION/BONE/MINERAL METABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Hillman, Laura S.; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PILOT--ROLE OF SOY ISOFLAVONES IN TREATMENT OF CARCINOMAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rodabaugh, k; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This project will examine the effect of soy isoflavones on biomarkers of tumor progression in patients with tumors of the breast, ovary, endometrium or prostate and examine long term effects on survival and recurrence and on bone metabolism, lipid profiles of heart disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: POPULATION SCIENCES AND PREVENTION PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Severson, Rick; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The metropolitan Detroit area is home to a population that is ethnically and culturally diverse, and the Population Studies and Prevention Program brings together faculty with a variety of scholarly interests whose research is based on this diversity. The Program is composed of two interactive groups: 1) Population Studies, with a research emphasis on population-based studies of cancer etiology; and 2) Prevention, with a research emphasis on studies designed to prevent and/or control the development of cancer within this population. Our population-based studies focus on the interface between genetic and environmental exposures and their roles in the subsequent development of cancer. Although several different cancers are under investigation, our primary interests are in the etiology of breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Our prevention studies emphasize the roles that nutrition and tobacco prevention/cessation play in the prevention of cancer. Our primary interests involve the preventive effects of soy isoflavones, lycopene, folic acid, zinc, increased fruits and vegetables, and a low fat diet in a variety of cancers. The effects of these interventions on oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, serum sex-hormone levels, tissue markers of cell growth and differentiation, signal transduction, and growth factors are currently under investigation. We have 27 primary members and 10 clinical members within the Program. Currently, 18 of these members serve as Principal Investigators on 35 peerreviewed research projects that are supported at the national level. Although faculty within the Program collaborate with faculty from all the other programs of our CCC, we have especially strong inter-Programmatic collaborations with investigators in the
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Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer, and Molecular Biology and Genetics Programs. Approximately 80% of the research within this Program is supported by the CCC Core facilities and the research efforts of Program investigators are considerably enhanced by these Core facilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROGESTOGENS VS PHYTOESTROGENS-- AN ADJUNCT TO ERT Principal Investigator & Institution: Williams, James K.; Associate Professor; Pathology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) There is now a consensus that postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) reduces morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD). However, there is a continuing concern that the concurrent use of a progestogen (HRT) to protect the endometrium may reduce the cardiovascular benefits of ERT. This has stimulated interest in developing cardiovascular-safe (CV-safe) progestogens and/or alternative approaches to protect the endometrium and breast during estrogen replacement therapy. Progesterone does not diminish the cardiovascular benefits of ERT. However, it provides little or no additional beneficial effects on CV-risk, is associated with continued menstrual cycles and is not protective for the breast. Soy phytoestrogens (SPEs) may be an effective alternative approach to progestogen therapy. We have shown that SPEs have estrogen agonist effects on the cardiovascular system, but antagonizes the effects of ERT on mammary and endometrial tissue. Furthermore, SPEs combine with ERT to have additive beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and on preservation of bone density. Thus, we hypothesize that, because of their estrogen agonist/antagonist properties, SPEs can obviate the need for progestogen therapy during ERT of postmenopausal females. To this end, our specific aims are: 1) To assess the potential contribution of increasing doses of SPEs to the putative beneficial cardiovascular (plasma lipoprotein concentrations, carbohydrate metabolism, vascular reactivity, hemodynamics) and bone (plasma markers of bone metabolism) effects of ERT treatment in postmenopausal subjects; 2) To identify the dose of SPEs that protects the mammary and endometrial tissue from ERT-induced cell proliferation and hyperplasia; 3) To identify and compare the potential additive beneficial effects of SPEs with those of progestogen treatment (MPA or progesterone) on cardiovascular and bone endpoints in postmenopausal subjects receiving ERT; and 4) To measure and compare the effects of SPE administration with those of MPA and progesterone, on mammary and endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal subjects receiving ERT. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PROSTATE CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION CLINICAL TRIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bosland, Maarten C.; Professor; Environmental Medicine; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-1997; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Applicant s Description) The overall objectives of this project are (1) to develop a chemoprevention method for prostate cancer and (2) to develop a practical approach for testing prostate cancer chemoprevention efficacy in clinical trials. The applicant proposes as general approach to first test the ability of chemopreventive agents reduce prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men with rising PSA as the first sign of Recurrent prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy in a double-blind,
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randomized trial. Subsequently, the investigator will test in a double-blind, randomized trial the ability of the agent(s) that is/are active in this respect to delay prostate recurrence following radical prostatectomy (as measured by PSA failure using an ultra sensitive PSA assay) in men that are at high risk for this. In parallel, he will also determine whether these agents reduce the frequency of occurrence and/or quantity of circulating prostate cancer cells, as measured by a highly sensitive RT-PCR method that detects mRNA for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM) produced by these cells; this is a potential marker for the risk of progression to metastatic prostate cancer. Soy protein and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) have been selected as the two agents that will be tested in this project for their cancer chemoprevention efficacy. If substantive effects in the desired direction are found in the proposed studies, the stage is set for future prevention clinical trials in men at high risk for developing clinically evident prostate cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF ESTROGEN RECEPTORS AND TUMOR SUPPRESSORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hilakivi-Clarke, Leena A.; Professor; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: Prepubertal exposures to estradiol and some dietary estrogens, including genistein and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), have been shown to reduce carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis, while an exposure during pregnancy to dietary estrogens appears to increase dams' mammary tumor incidence. It is not known whether prepubertal or pregnancy exposure to a diet composed of both genistein and n3 PUFAs; i.e., a typical Asian diet, affects breast cancer risk. Further, the mechanisms mediating the opposing effects of prepubertal and pregnancy dietary estrogenic exposures on breast cancer risk remains to be determined. Our preliminary data suggest the prepubertal estrogen exposures up-regulate the expression of BRCA1, a tumor suppressor that participates in repairing DNA damage. High estrogenicity during pregnancy may promote the growth of premalignant cells. The goal of this study is to determine how prepubertal and pregnancy exposures to dietary estrogens mediate their effects on the breast. We will focus on BRCA1, estrogen receptor (ER) a, and cyclin D1. The three hypotheses are: HYPOTHESIS-1. Prepubertal exposure to the dietary estrogens present in soy and/or n-3 PUFA will reduce sporadic mammary tumorigenesis. HYPOTHESIS-2. Prepubertal exposure to genistein and/or n-3 PUFAs increases BRCA1 expression, which in turn alters expression of genes regulated by this tumor suppressor, including ER-a and cyclin D1. Consequently, prepubertal exposure to estrogens will increase the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutant mice. HYPOTHESIS-3. An exposure during pregnancy to estrogens and dietary estrogens increases mammary tumorigenesis in dams who either have acquired mutations in tumor suppressor genes or otherwise have undergone first events of malignant transformation. The increase in risk is related to elevated ER-a expression and unopposed cellular proliferation.These hypotheses will be studied using carcinogen-initiated mammary tumors in rats, conditional BRCA1 mutant mice, and cyclin D1 transgenic mice. Further, gene microarray approach will be used to identify genes that could be regulated by altered expression of BRCA1, ER-a and cyclin D1. The results obtained in this study will be used to develop childhood and pregnancy dietary intervention strategies to prevent some breast cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SERUM IGFS--EFFECTS OF A SOY INTERVENTION IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lampe, Johanna W.; Associate Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) regulate cell proliferation in the body. IGF-I circulates in blood and acts to promote growth in tissues. Its carrier protein, IGFBP-3, binds IGF-I in circulation. This reduces IGF-I activity, but also increases its half-life in blood. In observational studies, high serum IGF-I, low serum IGFBP-3, or a high molar ratio of IGF-I relative to IGFBP-3 are associated with increased risk of breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancers, as well as larger colon polyps. This suggests that it may be beneficial to modify levels of circulating IGFs. Intervention studies in humans have shown that it is possible to alter levels of circulating IGFs; several classes of drugs and calorie or protein restriction all decrease serum IGF-I, increase IGFBP3, or both. Studies in animals and one report in humans suggest that isoflavones, bioactive agents in soybeans, can also alter IGF levels in directions that may protect against cancer. Our specific aim is to determine whether a 12-month soy isoflavone intervention alters serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Secondly, we seek to determine whether serum IGF concentrations are associated with colonic epithelial cell proliferation indices in individuals with adenomatous polyps. We propose to measure IGFs in serum that has been collected from 140 participants in the Soy Isoflavone Prevention Study (SIP; NC1 U0l CA7203501). SIP is a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial in men and women, ages 50-80 years, with adenomatous polyps. SIP is a two-arm intervention. Participants consume a soy beverage that either contains isoflavones (intervention) or has had isoflavones removed (control). SIP is collecting and storing serum samples at 0,4, 8, and 12 months and colon biopsies at 0 and 12 months. We will measure serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in samples collected from the 4 time points, examine the effect of isoflavone intervention on IGF concentrations, and determine the relationship between IGFs and colon cell proliferation (Ki67-labeling). We will use data on cell proliferation and serum isoflavone concentrations from the SIP study. Thus, our proposed study makes efficient use of stored serum and other materials and data from the existing intervention. To date, SIP is the largest soy-isoflavone intervention in a study population at increased risk of colon cancer. It provides an ideal design to evaluate the effects of isoflavones on the IGF system and to explore relationships between IGFs and colonic epithelial cell proliferation in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SINGAPORE COHORT STUDY OF DIET AND CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Yu, Mimi C.; Professor; Preventive Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: This is a request for continued funding of a residential cohort of 60,000 Singapore Chinese men and women aged 45-74 years. The cohort was initiated in April 1993. At recruitment, each cohort subject is interviewed in-person by a trained interviewer using a structured questionnaire that focuses on current diet. The cohort has been passively followed for the occurrence of cancer and death through record linkage with the population-based Singapore Cancer Registry and the Singapore Vital Statistics Office. As shown in the grant application, this cost- efficient method of follow-up generates numbers of incident cancers and deaths that are as expected based on age-sexspecific general population rates applied to cumulative person-years of observation of
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the studied cohort. Beginning in April 1994, a 3 percent random sample of enrolled subjects were re-contacted and asked to provide a blood and spot urine sample. We propose to extend the blood and spot urine collection to 50 percent of all surviving members of the cohort under age 75 years. The expected size of this biospecimen subcohort is approximately 23,000. The availability of blood and urine specimens on cohort members will enable us to employ biochemical markers to assess exposures and to include genetic factors in exposure-disease association studies. A series of diet/cancer analyses will be conducted during the next five years. The aims are (1) to confirm Cantonese salted fish and related foods as major etiologic agents of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and high-risk southern Chinese, and to evaluate the possibly beneficial effects of fresh fruit and vegetables and associated micronutrients on NPC development; (2) to determine the independent and interactive roles of dietary isothiocyanates, carotenoids, tocopherols, vitamin C and selenium in lung carcinogenesis, and to evaluate their effects on the smoking/lung cancer association; (3) to determine the roles of dietary soy and various types of dietary fat (total, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids) in the development of female breast cancer; and (4) to determine the roles of dietary isothiocyanates and soy in the development of colorectal cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOLID CHOLESTEROL
SITOSTANOL
FORMULATIONS
LOWER
LDL-
Principal Investigator & Institution: Spilburg, Curtis A.; Lifeline Technologies, Inc. 16052 Clarkson Woods Dr Chesterfield, Mo 63017 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Scanned from the Applicant's Abstract): Incorporation of a new water-based sterol/stanol formulation system in foods and capsules lowers intestinal cholesterol absorption. This methodology is fat-free and provides a distinct improvement over existing inflexible oil-based strategies that increase the consumer's caloric load. A series of 14-week, double blind placebo controlled trials will examine the effect of formulated sterols on LDL-cholesterol reduction in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults maintained on the American Heart Association Step I diet. Two dosing strategies will be examined. In the first, formulated soy sterols will be dry blended with Instant Breakfast to provide a convenient, once a day dosing regimen. In the second strategy, soy stanols will be delivered in capsules to determine the optimum dose and dosing regimen. Each of these methods will then be tested in subjects who have problems with lipid management. Children who are not candidates for statin therapy because of long-term safety concerns will be enrolled and their LDL-cholesterol reduction monitored while consuming soy sterols in Instant Breakfast. Similarly, adults on statin drugs who have not reached their target LDL-cholesterol level will receive soy stanols in capsules to determine the extent of LDL-cholesterol reduction using this adjunct therapy. Positive results from these studies will provide a safe non-pharmaceutical approach to cholesterol reduction. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: A new formulation system allows plant sterols and stanols to be effective cholesterol absorption inhibitors in aqueous media. This will be used to determine the reduction in LDL cholesterol when these compounds are incorporated in capsules or a food product. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOY & MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Woods, Margo; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOY AND ESTROGEN INTERACTIONS IN THE BREAST Principal Investigator & Institution: Cline, John M.; Pathology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOY AND LIPOPROTEINS IN POSTMENOPASUAL WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Allen, Jerilyn K.; Associate Professor; None; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality and disability in postmenopausal women. Menopause alters serum lipids and lipoproteins to produce a more atherogenic lipid profile that may contribute significantly to the increased risk for the development of CVD over the lifetime of women. Clinical trials have demonstrated a beneficial effect of soy protein containing isoflavones (soy) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins; however, these studies included small numbers of postmenopausal women and virtually none included sufficient African-American women. In addition, no published data exist on the impact of soy on atherogenic lipoprotein subclasses in postmenopausal women. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to determine the effects of soy on lipids, lipoproteins and lipoprotein subclass in a sample of African-American and white postmenopausal women with lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol elevations that may increase their lifetime risk for CVD but would not qualify for definite pharmacotherapy under current guidelines. The secondary aims are to assess the impact of soy on menopausal quality of life, including menopausal symptoms, and to examine racial/ethnic differences in quality of life, acceptability, adherence to, and lipoprotein response to the soy supplementation. The proposed study is a double blind, parallel group, randomized clinical trial. A total of 160 healthy postmenopausal women (50 percent African-American) with LDL cholesterol between 130 mg/dL and 190 mg/dL will be enrolled. Following a pre-randomization run-in period on a NCEP Step I diet, women will be randomized to receive soy containing isoflavones or casein dietary supplements for 3 months. Major outcome variables will be assessed in both groups at baseline and again at 3 months. It is hypothesized that soy supplementation will result in significantly greater reduction in LDL cholesterol, LDL particle concentration, and prevalence of dense LDL particles and improvement in menopausal quality of life compared with placebo and that these effects will be comparable in African-Americans and whites. This will be the first study to determine whether a natural plant product can ameliorate the unfavorable changes in known and novel lipid risk factors that are a consequence of menopause in both African-American and white women. The unique transitional outcomes explored in this study will add substantially to the limited body of knowledge of the effects of soy.
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Evaluation of this nutritional alternative to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) that may provide a beneficial effect on lipid risk factors and menopausal symptoms but would be free of the adverse effects on triglycerides, the breast and uterus, and thrombotic events associated with HRT could have significant public health implications for postmenopausal women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOY CONSUMPTION AND ONSET OF MENARCHE Principal Investigator & Institution: Horn-Ross, Pamela L.; Associate Director, Epidemiology Program; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 09-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: In pursuit of our long-term goal of reducing breast cancer risk among women, Project 3 will expand on recent laboratory and epidemiologic fmdings which suggest that exposure to isoflavones during puberty may be the most critical period for breast cancer risk reduction. Early menarche is an established risk factor for breast and other estrogen-dependent cancers. Thus, to determine if isoflavone consumption is associated with the timing of menarche, we will conduct an observational study taking advantage of the naturally-occurring diversity of isoflavone intake in the San Francisco Bay Area. We propose to establish a cohort of 350 primarily Asian, largely Chinese, girls, age 10-13 at baseline, and follow them for two years to ascertain the onset of menarche. The study will take place in Cupertino, California and the surrounding area, which has an ethnically and culturally heterogeneous population, half of which is Chinese and includes a large number of immigrants as well as more westemly acculturated Chinese, providing substantial variation in dietary intake. Participating girls and their mothers will provide information on dietary history and a variety of lifestyle factors via inperson interviews. In addition, the girls will be asked to keep a 2-day food record and provide urine and blood (or buccal cell) samples. DNA samples will allow investigation of the independent and joint effects of genetic polymorphisms in estrogen synthesis and metabolism genes and their relationship to menarche. To our knowledge, this is the first study to address these issues. Analyses of these effects will take place in year 3 using the cross-sectional data from the baseline survey via logistic regression and in year 5 using the longitudinal data via Cox regression. Findings from the baseline analyses as well as some exploratory DNA sequencing analyses conducted in year 2 in conjunction with Core B will help direct analyses (or additional data collection) in the final years of the project. Finally, as part of this center grant we will establish a resource of plasma, DNA, urine, and epidemiologic data that will allow for future genetic, proteomic, and epidemiologic research spawned by the findings resulting from collaborations between Project 3 and the other Projects and Cores within this Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOY DIETARY SUPPLEMENT IN VASOMOTOR SYMPTOM THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Creinin, Mitchell D.; Associate Professor; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: Perimenopause is the period of time before actual menopause occurs and is often characterized by irregular menstrual cycles due to fluctuating estrogen levels. Hot flushes (warmth that begins on the face and radiates to the neck and chest, often
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accompanied by red flush) are experienced by approximately 80% of women once circulatory estrogen levels are decreased. Certain plant chemicals called phytoestrogens can modify or mimic the action of reproductive hormones in humans and whose biological actions suggest that they may provide natural protection for women from symptoms such as hot flushes. This study will test two doses of isoflavones, a phytoestrogen in a soy dietary supplement for the treatment of hot flushes in perimenopausal and menopausal women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DENSITIES
SOY
EFFECTS
ON
ESTROGENS
AND
MAMMOGRAPHIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Maskarinec, Gertraud; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOY ISOFLAVONES ON NO PRODUCTION IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Wong, William W.; Professor; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women in the United States. Postmenopausal women are most susceptible to this deadly disease. The dramatic increase in cardiovascular mortality rate among postmenopausal women is largely due to deterioration in arterial compliance associated with the reduction in nitric oxide (NO) production during menopause. Estrogen replacement therapy reverses the deterioration process by stimulating NO production but introduces increased risk of breast cancer. Isoflavones, which have chemical structures similar to estradiol but possess anti-cancer properties, are found in abundance in soybeans. Our preliminary data showed that diastolic blood pressure was reduced by 12% and urinary nitrate excretion was increased by 33% in postmenopausal women receiving soy isoflavone therapy. We are not aware of any studies confirming the stimulatory effect of soy isoflavones on NO production. Therefore, we propose to study 56 healthy postmenopausal women with high-normal blood pressure, using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, to confirm the stimulatory effect of soy isoflavone therapy on NO production and reduction in blood pressure and vascular resistance. We propose to use a primed, 6-h constant infusion of L-guanidino15N2]arginine to measure the NO production, both before and after 6 weeks of isoflavone or placebo therapy. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry will be used to measure the isotopic abundance of L-guanidino-'5N2]arginine and the products of the arginine-NO synthase pathway in the blood and urine samples. To monitor the hemodynamic effects of isoflavone therapy, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, arterial compliance, and basal and post-ischemic forearm blood flow will be measured, before and after 6 weeks of isoflavone or placebo therapy. Plasma isoflavone concentrations, an index of subject compliance, will be measured by HPLC-mass spectrometry. The sample size will allow us to detect differences of 0.3 % pool/h in NO production, 0.2 mmol/d in urinary nitrate excretion, 1 mmHg/mL/min in arterial compliance, 3 mL.min-1.100 mL forearm-1 in forearm bloodflow, and8 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOY PHYTOESTROGEN NEUROPROTECTION IN CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Schreihofer, Derek A.; Physiology Endocrinology; Medical College of Georgia 1120 15Th St Augusta, Ga 30912
and
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Estrogen is a powerful neuroprotective hormone that is particularly effective in reducing cerebral ischemic damage in stroke. Endogenous and exogenous estrogen is also associated with protection from neurodegenerative disease in humans. However, the benefits of estrogen are mitigated by recent clinical results suggesting that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has health consequences. Concerns about hormone dependent cancer will continue to deter women from taking replacement therapy. Pharmacological selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) show promise in preserving the beneficial effects of estrogen without increasing cancer risk. However, many women are already opting for "natural" SERMs such as plant derivatives containing soy and other phytoestrogens with the presumption that such therapies are both effective and safer than HRT. Epidemiological and experimental data suggest that diets high in soy phytoestrogens provide many of the same benefits as estrogen with the potential for decreased negative side effects seen with traditional HRT. Nevertheless, very little is known about the effects of dietary soy phytoestrogens in the brain. In vitro, soy phytoestrogens can mimic some of estrogen's neuroprotective actions, but these same compounds have also been shown to inhibit some estrogen actions in the brain. The present proposal seeks to determine the whether of soy phytoestrogens protect neurons from ischemic damage in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesize that physiologically relevant doses of soy phytoestrogens are neuroprotective by mimicking both genomic and non-genomic actions of estrogen. Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that the soy phytoestrogens genestein, daidzein, and equol inhibit apoptotic cell death in neuronal cell line models of cerebral ischemia in an estrogen receptor-dependent manner. Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that in the absence of endogenous estrogen a high soy diet will decrease infarct size and cell death associated with middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Aim 3 will test the hypothesis that in the absence of endogenous estrogen, ingestion of a high soy diet will induce the expression of the neuroprotective genes BDNF, NGF, Bcl-2, BCl-xL, and TrkB and reduce expression of the pro-apoptotic p75 NTR in brain regions damaged by middle cerebral artery occlusion. This proposal seeks to provide critical new information about the ability of phytoestrogens to protect the brain from focal cerebral ischemia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOY PROTEIN +/- ISOFLAVONOIDS AND PLASMA LIPIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Professor; Medicine; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The objective of the proposed studies is to assess, in older (40-70 years), hypercholesterolemic [low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 130-160 mg/dl] male subjects, the impact of consuming different sources of protein (mixed-animal versus soy) and/or different levels of isoflavonoids (primarily genestein and diadzein) on the concentration of plasma lipids [total cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride] and
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apolipoproteins (apo) [apo A-1, apo B, Lp (a)]; as well as isoflavonoids in plasma and urine; and hormonal status. The experimental design consists of two multi- phased studies devised to determine the independent effects of type of protein and/or level of isoflavonoids; in Study 1, within the context of a diet approximating that currently consumed in the U.S. [15 energy (E) % protein, 47 E% carbohydrate, 38 E% fat (15 E% SFA, 14 E% UFA, 6 E% PUFA), 170 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal] and Study 2, within the context of a diet consistent with recommendations for individuals with moderate hypercholesterolemia (Step 2 diet) [15 E% protein, 49 #% carbohydrate, 24 E% fat (7 E% SFA, 7 E% MUFA, 8 E% PUFA), 61 mg cholesterol/1,000 kcal]. The variable components of the diets, type of protein and isoflavoniods, will respectively comprise two-thirds (67%) of the protein of 10% of energy, and range from 3 to 49 mg/1000 kcal. The aims of the study are to determine the effect of 1) a one to one (E/E) substitution of soy for mixed-animal protein on plasma lipoprotein, on plasma lipoprotein patterns associated with CHD risk; 3) increasing the isoflavonoid content of the diet in a dose-related manner on plasma lipoprotein patterns associated with CHD risk; 4) dietary protein source on hormonal status (androgens, estrogens, thyroid); and 5) dietary isoflavonoids on hormonal status (androgens, estrogens, thyroid). The area of soy protein and isoflavonoids is highly controversial and in the public domain. The results of these studies, whether positive or negative, should contribute to the data base on which to formulate more specific public health recommendations with respect to decreasing risk of developing CHD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOY PROTEIN AND PLAMA LIPIDS. LIPOPROTEINS, VASCULAR REACTIVITY, CAM, PLATELETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; Distinguished Professor; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT ALONE OR WITH EXERCISE POSTMENOPA Principal Investigator & Institution: Villareal, Dennis; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOY SUPPLEMENTS INTERACT WITH CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shay, Neil F.; Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame 511 Main Bldg Notre Dame, in 46556 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAY-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project will investigate potential interactions between phytochemical-containing soy extracts and the prescription phamaceuticals, the statins. Statins are a pharmaceutical approach to reducing blood cholesterol levels, and soy supplements are an alternative, botanical approach to to reduce blood
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cholesterol levels. The long term goal of this research project is to enable individuals and physicians to include soy supplement products as a complementary treatment in addition to prescibing statin intake to reduce blood cholesterol levels. Currently, physicians typically advocate that individuals first use diet to try to reduce cholesterol levels. When a low-fat diet does not reduce cholesterol levels, then physicians will prescribe a cholesterol-lowering drug. Soy has been of interest since it is know that intake of soy reduces cholesterol levels. Nutrition researchers suspect a number of properties of soy may contribute to its cholesterol-lowering effect. Soy also has a second property, it can enhace the 'cytochrome P450' detoxification system of the liver. The P450 proteins enhance metabolism of organic compounds that enables them to be more easily excreted from the body. P450 proteins metabolize the category of cholesterollowering drugs called statins. This project will help determine how soy lowers cholesterol and which liver P450s are activated by soy. It appears that these two actions may simultaneously help and hinder the ability of an individual to lower their cholesterol levels while taking statins. This project will help provide critical information that could enhance the effectiveness of statins, help further lower an individual's cholesterol levels, and perhaps reduce the cost of routine drug therapy often required for those with elevated cholesterol levels. In the future, it may be possible to determine and chemically separate the different components of soy that reduce cholesterol and activate the P450 proteins. If this could be done, it is possible that a specific soy extract product could be produced that has a singular effect that helps lower blood cholesterol levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOY, PROBIOTICS AND BREAST CANCER PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kurzer, Mindy S.; Associate Professor; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This study will investigate the independent and interactive effects of soy an probiotic consumption on lipids and estrogen and phytoestrogen metabolism in women who have had breast cancer and controls. A randomized, cross-over human study will be performed, in which 20 post-menopausal breast cancer survivors and 20 postmenopausal controls will consume 4 different combinations of dietary supplements for six weeks each, separated by 2-week washout periods. The supplements will be: 1) soy powder containing 2mg phtoestrogens per kg body weight + placebo capsule; 2) casein powder + probiotic capsule; 3) soy powder containing 2mg phytoestrogen per kg body weight + probiotic capsule; 4) casein powder + placebo capsule. Urine (3, 24 hour samples) and one fasting blood draw will be collected at the beginning of the study and the end of each diet period. Samples will be evaluated for lipoproteins as well as urinary and blood estrogen and phytoestrogen metabolites. To assure that energy and nutrient intakes do not differ between diet periods, food records will be collected once at the beginning of the study and at the end of each diet period. Feces will be collected once before the study begins and once at the end of each diet period, for evaluation of intestional microflora profiles. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOYA ANTICARCINOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lu, Lee J.; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Soy consumption is associated with reduced rates of breast cancer but how soy reduces breast cancer is currently unknown. The quantity and duration of soy consumption needed to achieve an oncoprotective effect of soy on breast cancer is also unknown. The purpose of this study is to find out how much, how long and how often one has to consume soy in order to reduce breast cancer risk. Because breast cancer risk is hypothesized to be associated with excess female hormone levels, we measure female hormone levels after varying amount of soy consumption to determine the potential effectiveness of soy in reducing breast cancer risk. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOYBEAN DIETS AND BREAST CANCER PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lu, Lee-Jane W.; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Soy consumption is associated with reduced risk for breast cancer. However, the phytoestrogens in soy has also been shown to cause adverse reproductive effects such as infertility in sheep but not in every species. Also, weak estrogen such as tamoxifen while effective in preventing breast cancer causes excess risk of endometrial cancer. Before a long term dietary recommendation of soy consumption can be suggested as public health policy, the potential adverse effects of soy consumption needs to be established which is the main goal of this protocol. This study determines if soy consumption can induce amenorrhea in premenopausal women and adverse effect on endometrium of postmenopausal women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE YUCATAN MICROPIG CARDIOVASCULAR MODEL OF MENOPAUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Goodrich, James A.; Comparative Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Menopause in women is an understudied normal aspect of the aging process that is associated with a loss of estrogen production and increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other health problems. Estrogen is generally considered to be cardioprotective. There are currently unprecedented numbers of women, about 50 million, in the United States reaching menopause; cardiovascular disease is the number one killer of postmenopausal women. Animal models provide a means of performing critical studies of the biological mechanisms and responses to existing and emerging therapies for this condition (i.e. soy protein/isoflavones). A nonprimate animal model of menopause is needed to provide a research tool that is: 1) readily available to many researchers; 2) low in risk for zoonotic disease; 3) domesticated; 4) a low cost rapidly renewable resource; 5) possess a similar coronary artery anatomy; and 6) atherosclerotic lesion to that of women. The ovariectomized Yucatan Micropig has the potential to fill this void, and will serve the interests of both the NIA and NHLBI. The overall objective of this application is to develop, characterize, and improve the Yucatan Micropig Model of Menopause for use in cardiovascular studies. This will be approached by Aim 1 clarifying the cardioprotective effects of soy protein in this model by measuring the extent of the reduction in coronary artery atherosclerosis, serum lipids, inflammatory risk factors (C-reactive Protein, Interleukin-
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6) and blood pressure among soy, control, and conjugated equine estrogen treated groups. Establishing that soy protein can reduce coronary artery atherosclerosis in Micropigs, like it does in monkeys, would provide foundation data helpful to future soy isoflavone mechanistic studies in the Micropig model. Studies to determine how soy isoflavones and soy protein interact to reduce serum cholesterol and subsequently coronary artery atherosclerosis are needed. The next step is Aim 2, to examine the effects of these treatments on reproductive tissue. The investigators approach this aim by comparing uterine weights, and mammary and uterine immunohistology among these groups. The third step Aim 3, is to determine if and to what extent there is a natural female cardioprotection in the Yucatan Micropig. The investigators will approach this by comparing groups of male, ovariectomized female, and intact female Micropigs fed an atherogenic diet. The end points will be identical to those of the first aim. Finally, Aim 4, is to determine if and to what extent ovariectomized female Yucatan Micropigs experience vasomotor symptoms or hot flashes related to estrogen deficiency. This will be approached through continuous telemetric monitoring of skin temperature spikes before and after ovariectomy and then with and without estrogen replacement therapy. The future plans for this model are to use it to study the cardiovascular benefits/risks of new progestins, selective estrogen receptor modulators, tissue selective estrogens, and isoflavone products, as well as the mechanism by which soy protein lowers serum cholesterol and coronary artery atherosclerosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS WITH SOY DERIVED ISOFLAVONES Principal Investigator & Institution: Graff, Gavin R.; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The investigators propose to develop a aerosol delivery system containing genistein and a b-agonist (broncho-dilator) for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). Preliminary studies have shown that genistein interacts with the CF transmembrane conductance regulator which is defective in patients with CF as a result of a specific mutation. Genistein raises the bioelectric potential difference (PD) across the nasal membrane and increases chloride transport. These investigations are directed at developing an aerosol by evaluating the dose and pharmacokinetics of genistein in regard to altering PD, performing a repetitive dose experiment with the aerosol, and finally performing safety studies with this aerosol. A final study will investigate the efficacy of using oral genistein supplements to alter the nasal membrane PD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: UCLA CENTER FOR DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS RESEARCH: BOTANICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heber, David; Professor/Chief; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: This application proposes to establish the UCLA Center for Dietary Supplements Research: Botanicals (CDSRB) in order to foster interdisciplinary research to develop systematic evaluation of the safety and efficacy of botanical dietary supplements. We have assembled the multi-disciplinary scientific expertise required for
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the proposed CDSRB at the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition. to accomplish the following specific aims: 1) Identify, characterize and authenticate botanicals intended for use as dietary supplements or already being sold as dietary supplements; 2) Assess the bioavailability and bioactivity of botanical ingredients including phytochemical marker compounds and/or suspected or known active ingredients; 3) Identify active constituents in botanicals and explore their mechanisms of action in well-defined biological systems; 4) Conduct pre-clinical studies in cell culture and in animals; and 5) Conduct phase I and/or II clinical evaluations of botanicals. The UCLA CHN CDSRB will fulfill the critical need for additional basic and clinical research on the bioavailability and bioactivity of botanical ingredients, including phytochemical marker compounds and/or biologically active constituents in well-defined biological systems and will then conduct pre-clinical studies in animals and clinical phase I and/or II evaluations of botanicals. In this application we outline three well developed R01 Research Projects (Chinese Red Yeast Rice, Green Tea, and St. John's Wort), four Pilot Studies (Echinacea, Flavonoids, Soy Isoflavones, and Plant Phytoestrogens, and three Scientific Cores in Agriculture and Botany, Analytic Phytochemistry, and Biostatistics/Clinical Pharmacology. An Administrative and Planning Core will administer the overall CDSRB, a New Investigator Award and Pilot Study Program support training and educational initiatives which will begin to address many of the issues outlined above. The UCLA School of Medicine is one of the top ten biomedical research institutions in the United States and will provide a rich interdisciplinary environment where the primary mission of the proposed Dietary Supplements Research Center in Botanicals can be achieved. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VARIATIONS IN PLASMA PHYTOESTROGEN LEVELS IN EUROPE Principal Investigator & Institution: Peeters, Petra H.; University Medical Center Utrecht Box 8550 Utrecht, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Phytoestrogens, widespread plant compounds, have been proposed as protective agents against hormone dependent cancers in humans, but results from human studies are inconclusive. Their main two subclasses are isoflavones (soy and soy products) and lignans (whole grains, fruit and vegetables). Because of their possible preventive potential, large-scale prospective studies are needed to clarify the issue of phytoestrogens and cancer. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project, which includes over 500,000 men and women aged 35 to 69 years with full dietary data and available blood samples from 10 different European countries, is a suitable framework for such studies. However, average intake of soy (and soy products) in Western populations is low, therefore variations in concentrations may be too small to detect meaningful differences between cases and controls. Lignans are more widespread in foods habitually consumed by Western populations and their intake is generally higher, therefore they may prove to be more important in cancer prevention when Western populations are concerned. As number of stored blood samples is limited, it is important to first study the variation in plasma levels of these phytoestrogens throughout Europe and only then consider further nested case-control studies. We propose to study plasma concentrations of the well-studied isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycetein and equol and the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol in a sub-sample of EPIC participants, with emphasis on differences of gender, geographical and habitual diet, in order to determine the variation in exposure. The proposed study is cross-sectional. Study subjects will consist of around 1,600 randomly selected EPIC
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participants from 17 different geographical European regions. Demographic and detailed dietary data (which could be further used in future studies), as well as blood samples, will be available for each participant. Plasma levels of phytoestrogens will be determined for each participant by the Gas- and Liquid-chromatography MassSpectrometry (GC-MS, LC-MS) methods, in the MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit lab in Cambridge, the UK. We will describe the plasma means and standard deviations for each phytoestrogen, and study the influences of age, sex, region, habitual diet and possibly other factors on plasma levels of these phytoestrogens. This pilot study will determine whether the variation of phytoestrogen concentrations in the European EPIC population is sufficient to justify further large-scale prospective nested case-control studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “soy” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for soy in the PubMed Central database: •
Agarose soy casein digest medium for replacement of blood agar for potency determinations of live Pasteurella vaccines. by Rebers PA, Christianson GG, Laird GA, Symanowski J.; 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184062
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An investigation of soy intake and mammographic characteristics in Hawaii. by Maskarinec G, Meng L.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=13924
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Antagonism Between Osmophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeasts in Brine Fermentation of Soy Sauce. by Noda F, Hayashi K, Mizunuma T.; 1980 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291603
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Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of a Mutation That Confers a Decreased Raffinosaccharide and Phytic Acid Phenotype on Soybean Seeds. by Hitz WD, Carlson TJ, Kerr PS, Sebastian SA.; 2002 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148927
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Clinical comparison of an agar slide blood culture bottle with tryptic soy broth and a conventional blood culture bottle with supplemented peptone broth. by Weinstein MP, Reller LB, Mirrett S, Wang WL, Alcid DV.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271788
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Clinical comparison of isolator, Septi-Chek, nonvented tryptic soy broth, and direct agar plating combined with thioglycolate broth for diagnosing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. by Hay JE, Cockerill FR 3rd, Kaese D, Vetter EA, Wollan PC, Rakela J, Wilhelm MP.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228724
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Clinical comparison of the recoveries of bloodstream pathogens in Septi-Chek brain heart infusion broth with saponin, Septi-Chek tryptic soy broth, and the isolator lysis-centrifugation system. by Murray PR, Spizzo AW, Niles AC.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269905
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Comparative evaluation of radiometric tryptic soy broth versus radiometric tryptic soy broth with 10% sucrose for detection of bacteremia and fungemia in pediatric patients. by Weinstein MP, Reller LB, Mirrett S, Stratton CW, Paisley JW, Lauer BA.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267055
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Comparative evaluation of supplemented peptone broth with sodium polyanetholesulfonate and trypticase soy broth with sodium amylosulfate for detection of septicemia. by Tenney JH, Reller LB, Wang WL, Cox RL, Mirrett S.; 1982 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272304
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Comparison of the Du Pont Isolator 1.5 Microbial Tube and Trypticase soy broth for the recovery of Haemophilus influenzae type b in experimental bacteremia. by Rubin LG, Baranowski J.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268533
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Comparison of the Roche Septi-Chek blood culture bottle with a brain heart infusion biphasic medium bottle and with a tryptic soy broth bottle. by Henry NK, Grewell CM, McLimans CA, Washington JA 2nd.; 1984 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271055
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Comparison of three blood culture media with tryptic soy broth. by Hall MM, Ilstrup DM, Washington JA 2nd.; 1978 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275235
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Comparison of tryptic soy broth with tryptic soy broth supplemented with sucrose in the septi-chek blood culture system. by Pfaller MA, Westfall LM, Niles AC, Kinroth A, Murray PR.; 1983 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272621
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Controlled evaluation of Trypticase soy broth in agar slide and conventional blood culture systems. by Weinstein MP, Reller LB, Mirrett S, Wang WL, Alcid DV.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271733
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Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: sensitivities and specificities of serology with lipid antigen and isolation of the organism on soy peptone medium for identification of infections. by Kenny GE, Kaiser GG, Cooney MK, Foy HM.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268108
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Effect of soybean phytoestrogen intake on low density lipoprotein oxidation resistance. by Tikkanen MJ, Wahala K, Ojala S, Vihma V, Adlercreutz H.; 1998 Mar 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19702
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Effects of isoflavones (soy phyto-estrogens) on serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. by Yeung J, Yu TF.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=293472
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Genomic regions that underlie soybean seed isoflavone content. by Meksem K, Njiti VN, Banz WJ, Iqbal MJ, Kassem MM, Hyten DL, Yuang J, Winters TA, Lightfoot DA.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=79679
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Heat resistance of Desulfotomaculum nigrificans spores in soy protein infant formula preparations. by Donnelly LS, Busta FF.; 1980 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291651
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Influence of pH on Inhibitory Activity of Acetic Acid on Osmophilic Yeasts Used in Brine Fermentation of Soy Sauce. by Noda F, Hayashi K, Mizunuma T.; 1982 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241808
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Isolation and Analysis of Molds from Soy Sauce Koji in Thailand. by Bhumiratana A, Flegel TW, Glinsukon T, Somporan W.; 1980 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291348
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Isolation of Alkaline and Neutral Proteases from Aspergillus flavus var. columnaris, a Soy Sauce Koji Mold. by Impoolsup A, Bhumiratana A, Flegel TW.; 1981 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244072
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Lipids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cells Grown on Hydrocarbons and on Trypticase Soy Broth. by Edmonds P, Cooney JJ.; 1969 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249897
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Modified enrichment-serology procedure for detection of salmonellae in soy products. by Surdy TE, Haas SO.; 1981 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244087
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Nutrient-Enhanced Production of Remarkably High Concentrations of Ethanol by Saccharomyces bayanus through Soy Flour Supplementation. by Viegas CA, SaCorreia I, Novais JM.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238754
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Occurrence of toxicity among protease, amylase, and color mutants of a nontoxic soy sauce koji mold. by Kalayanamitr A, Bhumiratana A, Flegel TW, Glinsukon T, Shinmyo A.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204040
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Problematic Occurrence of Tyrosine Crystals in the Thai Soybean Paste Tao Chieo. by Flegel TW, Bhumiratana A, Srisutipruti A.; 1981 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243770
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Production of Soy Sauce Koji Mold Spore Inoculum in Plastic Bags. by Lotong N, Suwanarit P.; 1983 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239544
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Results of soy-based meal replacement formula on weight, anthropometry, serum lipids & blood pressure during a 40-week clinical weight loss trial. by Fontaine KR, Yang D, Gadbury GL, Heshka S, Schwartz LG, Murugesan R, Kraker JL, Heo M, Heymsfield SB, Allison DB.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=293436
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Suitability of selective plating media for recovering heat- or freeze-stressed Escherichia coli O157:H7 from tryptic soy broth and ground beef. by Rocelle M, Clavero S, Beuchat LR.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167607
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Tryptophan and hydrogen sulfide reaction from modified trypticase soy agar. by VON Riesen VL.; 1978 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274868
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Visual spatial memory is enhanced in female rats (but inhibited in males) by dietary soy phytoestrogens. by Lund TD, West TW, Tian LY, Bu LH, Simmons DL, Setchell KD, Adlercreutz H, Lephart ED.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64558
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater 6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with soy, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “soy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for soy (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A comparison of the effects of 2 doses of soy protein or casein on serum lipids, serum lipoproteins, and plasma total homocysteine in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Tonstad S, Smerud K, Hoie L. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 78-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081819&dopt=Abstract
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A novel soy-based meal replacement formula for weight loss among obese individuals: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Allison DB, Gadbury G, Schwartz LG, Murugesan R, Kraker JL, Heshka S, Fontaine KR, Heymsfield SB. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 57(4): 514-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700612&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective cohort study of soy product intake and stomach cancer death. Author(s): Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 July 1; 87(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12085252&dopt=Abstract
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A proteomic investigation of isolated soy proteins with variable effects in experimental and clinical studies. Author(s): Gianazza E, Eberini I, Arnoldi A, Wait R, Sirtori CR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 9-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514259&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Author(s): Crouse JR 3rd, Morgan T, Terry JG, Ellis J, Vitolins M, Burke GL. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 September 27; 159(17): 2070-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10510993&dopt=Abstract
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A soy protein isolate rich in genistein and daidzein and its effects on plasma isoflavone concentrations, platelet aggregation, blood lipids and fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipid in normal men. Author(s): Gooderham MH, Adlercreutz H, Ojala ST, Wahala K, Holub BJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1996 August; 126(8): 2000-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8759372&dopt=Abstract
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A study on severe food reactions in Sweden--is soy protein an underestimated cause of food anaphylaxis? Author(s): Foucard T, Malmheden Yman I. Source: Allergy. 1999 March; 54(3): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321562&dopt=Abstract
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AAP issues recommendations for the use of soy protein-based formulas in infant feeding. Author(s): Rose VL. Source: American Family Physician. 1998 June; 57(11): 2876. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9636345&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal thyroid function tests in infants with congenital hypothyroidism: the influence of soy-based formula. Author(s): Jabbar MA, Larrea J, Shaw RA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1997 June; 16(3): 280-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9176836&dopt=Abstract
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Absence of modification of endogenous soy allergens. Author(s): Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 October; 98(4): 854-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8876569&dopt=Abstract
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Absorption and metabolism of soy isoflavones-from food to dietary supplements and adults to infants. Author(s): Setchell KD. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 March; 130(3): 654S-5S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10702601&dopt=Abstract
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Absorption in humans of isoflavones from soy and red clover is similar. Author(s): Tsunoda N, Pomeroy S, Nestel P. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163662&dopt=Abstract
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Actions of the soy phytoestrogen genistein in models of human chronic disease: potential involvement of transforming growth factor beta. Author(s): Kim H, Xu J, Su Y, Xia H, Li L, Peterson G, Murphy-Ullrich J, Barnes S. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 2001 May; 29(Pt 2): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356157&dopt=Abstract
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Add some soy to your life! Author(s): Hagler L. Source: The Birth Gazette. 2000 Winter; 16(1): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11189645&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescent and adult soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Author(s): Wu AH, Wan P, Hankin J, Tseng CC, Yu MC, Pike MC. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 September; 23(9): 1491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189192&dopt=Abstract
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AHA Science Advisory: Soy protein and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the AHA. Author(s): Erdman JW Jr. Source: Circulation. 2000 November 14; 102(20): 2555-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11076833&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol-extracted, but not intact, dietary soy protein lowers lipoprotein(a) markedly. Author(s): Meinertz H, Nilausen K, Hilden J. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002 February 1; 22(2): 3126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834534&dopt=Abstract
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Allergen in soy oils. Author(s): Errahali Y, Morisset M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, Metche M, Nicolas JP, Fremont S. Source: Allergy. 2002 July; 57(7): 648-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100310&dopt=Abstract
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Allergy to soy formula and to extensively hydrolyzed whey formula in infants with cow's milk allergy: a prospective, randomized study with a follow-up to the age of 2 years. Author(s): Klemola T, Vanto T, Juntunen-Backman K, Kalimo K, Korpela R, Varjonen E. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 February; 140(2): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865274&dopt=Abstract
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American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Soy protein-based formulas: recommendations for use in infant feeding. Author(s): American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 January; 101(1 Pt 1): 148-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345979&dopt=Abstract
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An investigation of soy intake and mammographic characteristics in Hawaii. Author(s): Maskarinec G, Meng L. Source: Breast Cancer Research : Bcr. 2001; 3(2): 134-41. Epub 2001 January 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11250760&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of soy isoflavone conjugation in vitro and in human blood using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Doerge DR, Chang HC, Churchwell MI, Holder CL. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2000 March; 28(3): 298-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10681374&dopt=Abstract
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Antigenicity of the proteins in soy lecithin and soy oil in soybean allergy. Author(s): Awazuhara H, Kawai H, Baba M, Matsui T, Komiyama A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 December; 28(12): 1559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024228&dopt=Abstract
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Antimitotic peptide characterized from soybean: role in protection from cancer? Author(s): Hellerstein M. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1999 November; 57(11): 359-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628189&dopt=Abstract
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Antiplatelet activity of soy sauce as functional seasoning. Author(s): Tsuchiya H, Sato M, Watanabe I. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 October; 47(10): 4167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552785&dopt=Abstract
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Antiproliferative efficacy of lipophilic soy isoflavone phytoestrogens delivered by low density lipoprotein particles into cultured U937 cells. Author(s): Meng QH, Wahala K, Adlercreutz H, Tikkanen MJ. Source: Life Sciences. 1999; 65(16): 1695-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10573187&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Author(s): Divi RL, Chang HC, Doerge DR. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1997 November 15; 54(10): 1087-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9464451&dopt=Abstract
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Association of blood pressure with intake of soy products and other food groups in Japanese men and women. Author(s): Nagata C, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 June; 36(6): 692-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744912&dopt=Abstract
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Association of soy and fiber consumption with the risk of endometrial cancer. Author(s): Goodman MT, Wilkens LR, Hankin JH, Lyu LC, Wu AH, Kolonel LN. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 August 15; 146(4): 294-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270408&dopt=Abstract
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Attenuation of neurodegeneration-relevant modifications of brain proteins by dietary soy. Author(s): Kim H, Xia H, Li L, Gewin J. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2000; 12(1-4): 243-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216492&dopt=Abstract
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Because I had a lumpectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation for breast cancer in 1990, I am not a candidate for estrogen replacement therapy. One of my friends suggested that I should also avoid soy products because there is natural estrogen in them. This was news to me. Will the type and amount of estrogen in soy foods be detrimental to my future health? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 1998 February; 5(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9600050&dopt=Abstract
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Beneficial effects of a soy-based dietary supplement on lipid levels and cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetic subjects. Author(s): Hermansen K, Sondergaard M, Hoie L, Carstensen M, Brock B. Source: Diabetes Care. 2001 February; 24(2): 228-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11213870&dopt=Abstract
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Beneficial effects of soy phytoestrogen intake in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Jayagopal V, Albertazzi P, Kilpatrick ES, Howarth EM, Jennings PE, Hepburn DA, Atkin SL. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 October; 25(10): 1709-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351466&dopt=Abstract
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Beneficial effects of soybean isoflavone supplementation on bone metabolism and serum lipids in postmenopausal japanese women: a four-week study. Author(s): Uesugi T, Fukui Y, Yamori Y. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 April; 21(2): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999549&dopt=Abstract
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Benefits of soy isoflavone therapeutic regimen on menopausal symptoms. Author(s): Han KK, Soares JM Jr, Haidar MA, de Lima GR, Baracat EC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 March; 99(3): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864664&dopt=Abstract
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Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk extract stimulates hyaluronic acid production in human skin cells and hairless mouse skin. Author(s): Miyazaki K, Hanamizu T, Iizuka R, Chiba K. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2003 March-April; 16(2): 10816. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637786&dopt=Abstract
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Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements. Author(s): Setchell KD, Brown NM, Desai P, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Wolfe BE, Brashear WT, Kirschner AS, Cassidy A, Heubi JE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 April; 131(4 Suppl): 1362S-75S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285356&dopt=Abstract
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Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones from aglycone and glucoside forms in American women. Author(s): Zubik L, Meydani M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 June; 77(6): 1459-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791624&dopt=Abstract
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Bioavailability of the calcium in fortified soy imitation milk, with some observations on method. Author(s): Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Rafferty K, Bierman J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 May; 71(5): 1166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10799379&dopt=Abstract
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Bioavailability, disposition, and dose-response effects of soy isoflavones when consumed by healthy women at physiologically typical dietary intakes. Author(s): Setchell KD, Brown NM, Desai PB, Zimmer-Nechimias L, Wolfe B, Jakate AS, Creutzinger V, Heubi JE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 April; 133(4): 1027-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672914&dopt=Abstract
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Biological effects of a diet of soy protein rich in isoflavones on the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women. Author(s): Cassidy A, Bingham S, Setchell KD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 September; 60(3): 333-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8074062&dopt=Abstract
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Biology of atherosclerotic plaque formation: possible role of growth factors in lesion development and the potential impact of soy. Author(s): Raines EW, Ross R. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1995 March; 125(3 Suppl): 624S-630S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7884544&dopt=Abstract
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Bone mineral metabolism in full-term infants fed human milk, cow milk-based, and soy-based formulas. Author(s): Venkataraman PS, Luhar H, Neylan MJ. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1992 November; 146(11): 1302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1415066&dopt=Abstract
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Bone mineralization in the first year of life in infants fed human milk, cow-milk formula, or soy-based formula. Author(s): Mimouni F, Campaigne B, Neylan M, Tsang RC. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 March; 122(3): 348-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8441086&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor. I'm 53 and have been taking HRT with Estradiol and Prometrium daily for about a year. Should I also take a soy vitamin supplement? I took one before starting HRT because I thought it was supposed to prevent breast cancer. But I want to be on as little estrogen as possible. Will soy along with estrogen increase my risk of breast tumors? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2000 February; 7(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10637033&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor. I've started drinking soy milk instead of cow's milk because I've developed an intolerance to lactose. I know there are so-called phytoestrogens in soy products and that they are probably of some benefit to me. However, is there a problem for my husband? Author(s): Manson JE. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2000 April; 25(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712759&dopt=Abstract
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Candidate foods in the asia-pacific region for cardiovascular protection: nuts, soy, lentils and tempe. Author(s): Lukito W. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001; 10(2): 128-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11710352&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular and renal benefits of dry bean and soybean intake. Author(s): Anderson JW, Smith BM, Washnock CS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 September; 70(3 Suppl): 464S474S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479219&dopt=Abstract
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Cassava-soy weaning food: biological evaluation and effects on rat organs. Author(s): Babajide JM, Babajide SO, Uzochukwu SV. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2001; 56(2): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318505&dopt=Abstract
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Cellular and molecular characterization of a major soybean allergen. Author(s): Helm R, Cockrell G, Herman E, Burks A, Sampson H, Bannon G. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1998 September; 117(1): 2937. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9751845&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics and use of okara, the soybean residue from soy milk production--a review. Author(s): O'Toole DK. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 February; 47(2): 363-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563901&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of soy bread users and their beliefs about soy products. Author(s): Worsley A, Wahlqvist ML, Dalais FS, Savige GS. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890640&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of alpha-galactosidases from germinating soybean seed and their use for hydrolysis of oligosaccharides. Author(s): Guimaraes VM, de Rezende ST, Moreira MA, de Barros EG, Felix CR. Source: Phytochemistry. 2001 September; 58(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524115&dopt=Abstract
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Chemoprevention trials in men with prostate-specific antigen failure or at high risk for recurrence after radical prostatectomy: Application to efficacy assessment of soy protein. Author(s): Bosland MC, Kato I, Melamed J, Taneja S, Lepor H, Torre P, Walden P, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Lumey LH. Source: Urology. 2001 April; 57(4 Suppl 1): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11295628&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol lowering benefits of soy and linseed enriched foods. Author(s): Ridges L, Sunderland R, Moerman K, Meyer B, Astheimer L, Howe P. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001; 10(3): 204-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708310&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol synthesis and absorption by 2H2O and 18O-cholesterol and hypocholesterolemic effect of soy protein. Author(s): Wong WW, Hachey DL, Clarke LL, Zhang S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1995 March; 125(3 Suppl): 612S-618S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7884542&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol-lowering effect of soy protein in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic men. Author(s): Wong WW, Smith EO, Stuff JE, Hachey DL, Heird WC, Pownell HJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6 Suppl): 1385S1389S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848504&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of purified soy isoflavones: single-dose administration to healthy men. Author(s): Busby MG, Jeffcoat AR, Bloedon LT, Koch MA, Black T, Dix KJ, Heizer WD, Thomas BF, Hill JM, Crowell JA, Zeisel SH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 January; 75(1): 126-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756070&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical comparison of isolator, Septi-Chek, nonvented tryptic soy broth, and direct agar plating combined with thioglycolate broth for diagnosing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Author(s): Hay JE, Cockerill FR 3rd, Kaese D, Vetter EA, Wollan PC, Rakela J, Wilhelm MP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 January; 34(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8748267&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical effects of a standardized soy extract in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Swift M, West J. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2001 January-February; 8(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201520&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical effects of a standardized soy extract in postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Author(s): Scambia G, Mango D, Signorile PG, Anselmi Angeli RA, Palena C, Gallo D, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P, Riva A, Mancuso S. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2000 March-April; 7(2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746892&dopt=Abstract
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Combined effect of vegetable protein (soy) and soluble fiber added to a standard cholesterol-lowering diet. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Mehling CC, Parker T, Rao AV, Agarwal S, Novokmet R, Jones PJ, Raeini M, Story JA, Furumoto E, Vidgen E, Griffin LC, Cunnane SC, Ryan MA, Connelly PW. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1999 June; 48(6): 809-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10381159&dopt=Abstract
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Combined inhibition of estrogen-dependent human breast carcinoma by soy and tea bioactive components in mice. Author(s): Zhou JR, Yu L, Mai Z, Blackburn GL. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 1; 108(1): 8-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14618609&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of a rice-based, mixed diet versus a lactose-free, soy-protein isolate formula for young children with acute diarrhea. Author(s): Maulen-Radovan I, Brown KH, Acosta MA, Fernandez-Varela H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 November; 125(5 Pt 1): 699-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965421&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of soy-based formulas with lactose and with sucrose in the treatment of acute diarrhea in infants. Author(s): Fayad IM, Hashem M, Hussein A, Zikri MA, Zikri MA, Santosham M. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 July; 153(7): 675-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401799&dopt=Abstract
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Considering soy: its estrogenic effects may protect women. Author(s): Lindsay SH, Claywell LG. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 1999; 28(6 Suppl 1): 21-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10608493&dopt=Abstract
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Considering soy--its estrogenic effects may protect women. Author(s): Lindsay SH, Claywell LG. Source: Awhonn Lifelines / Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 1998 February; 2(1): 41-4. Erratum In: Awhonn Lifelines 1998 June; 2(3): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9526302&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of soy products among European consumers of a health-conscious diet. Author(s): Keinan BL, Peeters PH, Mulligan AA, Navarro C, Slimani N; EPIC Working Group on Dietary Patterns, Sub-Group on Soy Consumption. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 109-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484138&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of soy products in 10 European countries. Author(s): Keinan BL, Peeters PH, Mulligan AA, Navarro C, Slimani N; EPIC Working Group on Dietary Patterns, Sub-Group on Soy Consumption. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 105-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484137&dopt=Abstract
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Control of serum lipids with soy protein. Author(s): Erdman JW Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 August 3; 333(5): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7596379&dopt=Abstract
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Corn allergens: IgE antibody reactivity and cross-reactivity with rice, soy, and peanut. Author(s): Lehrer SB, Reese G, Malo JL, Lahoud C, Leong-Kee S, Goldberg B, Carle T, Ebisawa M. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 February-April; 118(24): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224418&dopt=Abstract
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Correspondence re: Jakes et al., Mammographic parenchymal patterns and selfreported soy intake in Singapore Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 11: 608-613, 2002. Author(s): Maskarinec G, Williams A. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 April; 12(4): 387; Author Reply 387. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692117&dopt=Abstract
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Cow's milk versus soy-based formula in mild and moderate diarrhea: a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Allen UD, McLeod K, Wang EE. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1994 February; 83(2): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8193499&dopt=Abstract
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Daily intake and urinary excretion of genistein and daidzein by infants fed soy- or dairy-based infant formulas. Author(s): Irvine CH, Shand N, Fitzpatrick MG, Alexander SL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6 Suppl): 1462S1465S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848517&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased growth of human prostate LNCaP tumors in SCID mice fed a low-fat, soy protein diet with isoflavones. Author(s): Aronson WJ, Tymchuk CN, Elashoff RM, McBride WH, McLean C, Wang H, Heber D. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 35(2): 130-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10693166&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased ovarian hormones during a soya diet: implications for breast cancer prevention. Author(s): Lu LJ, Anderson KE, Grady JJ, Kohen F, Nagamani M. Source: Cancer Research. 2000 August 1; 60(15): 4112-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10945618&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and identification of a soy protein component that cross-reacts with caseins from cow's milk. Author(s): Rozenfeld P, Docena GH, Anon MC, Fossati CA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002 October; 130(1): 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12296853&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of 1,3-dichloropropanol in soy and related sauces by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Author(s): Nyman PJ, Diachenko GW, Perfetti GA. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 October; 20(10): 903-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594674&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of 1,3-dichloropropanol in soy sauces by automated headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Crews C, LeBrun G, Brereton PA. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 April; 19(4): 343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962691&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of isoflavones in ready-to-feed soy-based infant formula. Author(s): Johns P, Dowlati L, Wargo W. Source: J Aoac Int. 2003 January-February; 86(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607743&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of the levels of isoflavonoids in soybeans and soy-derived foods and estimation of isoflavonoids in the Japanese daily intake. Author(s): Nakamura Y, Tsuji S, Tonogai Y. Source: J Aoac Int. 2000 May-June; 83(3): 635-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10868587&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of total fat in milk- and soy-based infant formula powder by supercritical fluid extraction. Author(s): LaCroix DE, Wolf WR. Source: J Aoac Int. 2003 January-February; 86(1): 86-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607745&dopt=Abstract
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Development and application of a selective detection method for genetically modified soy and soy-derived products. Author(s): Hoef AM, Kok EJ, Bouw E, Kuiper HA, Keijer J. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1998 October; 15(7): 767-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211183&dopt=Abstract
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Development of a soy food frequency questionnaire to estimate isoflavone consumption in US adults. Author(s): Kirk P, Patterson RE, Lampe J. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999 May; 99(5): 558-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333777&dopt=Abstract
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Diet, reproductive factors and lung cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore: evidence for a protective effect of soy in nonsmokers. Author(s): Seow A, Poh WT, Teh M, Eng P, Wang YT, Tan WC, Chia KS, Yu MC, Lee HP. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 January 20; 97(3): 365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11774290&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary inclusion of whole soy foods results in significant reductions in clinical risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in normal postmenopausal women. Author(s): Scheiber MD, Liu JH, Subbiah MT, Rebar RW, Setchell KD. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2001 September-October; 8(5): 384-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11528367&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy and cardiovascular disease risk. Author(s): Lobo RA. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2001 September-October; 8(5): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11528353&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy and fats in relation to serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels in premenopausal Japanese women. Author(s): Nagata C, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2003; 45(2): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881012&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy and increased risk of bladder cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Author(s): Sun CL, Yuan JM, Arakawa K, Low SH, Lee HP, Yu MC. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 December; 11(12): 1674-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496060&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy has both beneficial and potentially adverse cardiovascular effects: a placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal women. Author(s): Teede HJ, Dalais FS, Kotsopoulos D, Liang YL, Davis S, McGrath BP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 July; 86(7): 3053-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11443167&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy intake and urinary isoflavone excretion among women from a multiethnic population. Author(s): Maskarinec G, Singh S, Meng L, Franke AA. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1998 July; 7(7): 613-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681530&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy isoflavone intake in older Japanese American women. Author(s): Rice MM, LaCroix AZ, Lampe JW, van Belle G, Kestin M, Sumitani M, Graves AB, Larson EB. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2001 October; 4(5): 943-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784407&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy isoflavones and bone mineral density: results from the study of women's health across the nation. Author(s): Greendale GA, FitzGerald G, Huang MH, Sternfeld B, Gold E, Seeman T, Sherman S, Sowers M. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 April 15; 155(8): 746-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943693&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy protein isolate, compared with casein, reduces atherosclerotic lesion area in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Author(s): Ni W, Tsuda Y, Sakono M, Imaizumi K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 November; 128(11): 1884-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9808638&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy reduces colon carcinogenesis in human and rats. Soy and colon cancer. Author(s): Bennink MR. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2001; 492: 11-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480660&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy supplementation and phytoestrogen levels. Author(s): Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bottazzi M, Bonaccorsi G, De Aloysio D, Morton MS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 August; 94(2): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10432133&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy-derived isoflavone phytoestrogens. Could they have a role in coronary heart disease prevention? Author(s): Tikkanen MJ, Adlercreutz H. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2000 July 1; 60(1): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10807939&dopt=Abstract
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Different mechanisms of soy isoflavones in cell cycle regulation and inhibition of invasion. Author(s): Kim MH, Gutierrez AM, Goldfarb RH. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 November-December; 22(6C): 3811-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552999&dopt=Abstract
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Differential effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil or soy lecithin on human platelet adhesion. Author(s): Andrioli G, Carletto A, Guarini P, Galvani S, Biasi D, Bellavite P, Corrocher R. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1999 November; 82(5): 1522-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10595648&dopt=Abstract
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Do soy isoflavones lower cholesterol, inhibit atherosclerosis, and play a role in cancer prevention? Author(s): Arliss RM, Biermann CA. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 2002 October; 16(5): 40-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465217&dopt=Abstract
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Does high soy milk intake reduce prostate cancer incidence? The Adventist Health Study (United States) Author(s): Jacobsen BK, Knutsen SF, Fraser GE. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1998 December; 9(6): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189040&dopt=Abstract
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Drug interaction potential of soy extract and Panax ginseng. Author(s): Anderson GD, Rosito G, Mohustsy MA, Elmer GW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 June; 43(6): 643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12817527&dopt=Abstract
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Dubious benefits and potential risk of soy phyto-oestrogens. Author(s): Sirtori CR. Source: Lancet. 2000 March 4; 355(9206): 849. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711958&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of avocado and soybean unsaponifiables on gelatinase A (MMP-2), stromelysin 1 (MMP-3), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP- 1 and TIMP-2) secretion by human fibroblasts in culture. Author(s): Kut-Lasserre C, Miller CC, Ejeil AL, Gogly B, Dridi M, Piccardi N, Guillou B, Pellat B, Godeau G. Source: J Periodontol. 2001 December; 72(12): 1685-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811504&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soy milk on warfarin efficacy. Author(s): Cambria-Kiely JA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 December; 36(12): 1893-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452752&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soy phytoestrogens on hot flashes in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Van Patten CL, Olivotto IA, Chambers GK, Gelmon KA, Hislop TG, Templeton E, Wattie A, Prior JC. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 March 15; 20(6): 1449-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11896091&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soy protein on endogenous hormones in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Persky VW, Turyk ME, Wang L, Freels S, Chatterton R Jr, Barnes S, Erdman J Jr, Sepkovic DW, Bradlow HL, Potter S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 January; 75(1): 145-53. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 2002 September; 76(3): 695. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756072&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soy supplementation on endogenous hormones in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Foth D, Nawroth F. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2003; 55(3): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865591&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soy-derived isoflavones on hot flushes, endometrial thickness, and the pulsatility index of the uterine and cerebral arteries. Author(s): Penotti M, Fabio E, Modena AB, Rinaldi M, Omodei U, Vigano P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 May; 79(5): 1112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738504&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soymilk consumption on serum estrogen concentrations in premenopausal Japanese women. Author(s): Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Inaba S, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1998 December 2; 90(23): 1830-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9839524&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of vegetables, tea, and soy on endogenous N-nitrosation, fecal ammonia, and fecal water genotoxicity during a high red meat diet in humans. Author(s): Hughes R, Pollock JR, Bingham S. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 42(1): 70-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12235653&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a new soy/beta-sitosterol supplement on plasma lipids in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Cicero AF, Fiorito A, Panourgia MP, Sangiorgi Z, Gaddi A. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 December; 102(12): 1807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487546&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a soy milk supplement on plasma cholesterol levels and oxidative DNA damage in men--a pilot study. Author(s): Mitchell JH, Collins AR. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 1999 June; 38(3): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443336&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a standardized soy extract on hot flushes: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Faure ED, Chantre P, Mares P. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2002 September-October; 9(5): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218721&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure in hyperlipidemic men and women. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Jackson CJ, Connelly PW, Parker T, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Cunnane SC, Leiter LA, Josse RG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 76(2): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145008&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of oral soy protein on markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women with mild hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Blum A, Lang N, Peleg A, Vigder F, Israeli P, Gumanovsky M, Lupovitz S, Elgazi A, Ben-Ami M. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 February; 145(2): E7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595862&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy and other natural products on LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters: a literature review. Author(s): Hermansen K, Dinesen B, Hoie LH, Morgenstern E, Gruenwald J. Source: Adv Ther. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 50-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772818&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy consumption on gonadotropin secretion and acute pituitary responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in women. Author(s): Nicholls J, Lasley BL, Nakajima ST, Setchell KD, Schneeman BO. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 April; 132(4): 708-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925465&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy isoflavones on apoptosis induction and G2-M arrest in human hepatoma cells involvement of caspase-3 activation, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL downregulation, and Cdc2 kinase activity. Author(s): Su SJ, Chow NH, Kung ML, Hung TC, Chang KL. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2003; 45(1): 113-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791511&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy protein on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and lipid profile in postmenopausal women with mild hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Blum A, Lang N, Vigder F, Israeli P, Gumanovsky M, Lupovitz S, Elgazi A, Peleg A, Ben-Ami M. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 2003 February; 26(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659466&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy protein on levels of remnant-like particles cholesterol and vitamin E in healthy men. Author(s): Higashi K, Abata S, Iwamoto N, Ogura M, Yamashita T, Ishikawa O, Ohslzu F, Nakamura H. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001 August; 47(4): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767208&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy protein on renal function and proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Anderson JW, Blake JE, Turner J, Smith BM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6 Suppl): 1347S1353S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848497&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soybean ethanol extract on the cell survival and oxidative stress in osteoblastic cells. Author(s): Choi EM, Koo SJ. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 June; 17(6): 627-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820230&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy-protein supplementation on epithelial proliferation in the histologically normal human breast. Author(s): McMichael-Phillips DF, Harding C, Morton M, Roberts SA, Howell A, Potten CS, Bundred NJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6 Suppl): 1431S1435S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848512&dopt=Abstract
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Effects on the human serum lipoprotein profile of beta-glucan, soy protein and isoflavones, plant sterols and stanols, garlic and tocotrienols. Author(s): Kerckhoffs DA, Brouns F, Hornstra G, Mensink RP. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2494-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221200&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of a soy rich diet in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis: the Menfis randomized trial. Author(s): Chiechi LM, Secreto G, D'Amore M, Fanelli M, Venturelli E, Cantatore F, Valerio T, Laselva G, Loizzi P. Source: Maturitas. 2002 August 30; 42(4): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12191852&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of soyfoods and soybean isoflavone supplements for alleviating menopausal symptoms is positively related to initial hot flush frequency. Author(s): Messina M, Hughes C. Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2003 Spring; 6(1): 1-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804015&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging evidence on the role of soy in reducing prostate cancer risk. Author(s): Messina MJ. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 April; 61(4): 117-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795445&dopt=Abstract
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Estrogenic and antiproliferative properties of soy sapogenols in human breast cancer cells in vitro. Author(s): Rowlands JC, Berhow MA, Badger TM. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 December; 40(12): 1767-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419690&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult-fermented soymilk as a probiotic food. Author(s): Shimakawa Y, Matsubara S, Yuki N, Ikeda M, Ishikawa F. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003 March 15; 81(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457587&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for lack of absorption of soy isoflavone glycosides in humans, supporting the crucial role of intestinal metabolism for bioavailability. Author(s): Setchell KD, Brown NM, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Brashear WT, Wolfe BE, Kirschner AS, Heubi JE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 76(2): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145021&dopt=Abstract
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Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol. Author(s): Spilburg CA, Goldberg AC, McGill JB, Stenson WF, Racette SB, Bateman J, McPherson TB, Ostlund RE Jr. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 May; 103(5): 577-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728215&dopt=Abstract
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FDA approves health claim labeling for foods containing soy protein. Author(s): Stein K. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 March; 100(3): 292. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10719399&dopt=Abstract
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Feasibility and effect on blood pressure of 6-week trial of low sodium soy sauce and miso (fermented soybean paste). Author(s): Nakamura M, Aoki N, Yamada T, Kubo N. Source: Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society. 2003 June; 67(6): 530-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808272&dopt=Abstract
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Five-year follow-up of high-risk infants with family history of allergy who were exclusively breast-fed or fed partial whey hydrolysate, soy, and conventional cow's milk formulas. Author(s): Chandra RK. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1997 April; 24(4): 380-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9144119&dopt=Abstract
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Food allergy to egg and soy lecithins. Author(s): Palm M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, Denery-Papini S, Fremont S. Source: Allergy. 1999 October; 54(10): 1116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10536894&dopt=Abstract
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Gaining insight into the health effects of soy but a long way still to go: commentary on the fourth International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease. Author(s): Messina M, Gardner C, Barnes S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 132(3): 547S-551S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880591&dopt=Abstract
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Gas production in human ingesting a soybean flour derived from beans naturally low in oligosaccharides. Author(s): Suarez FL, Springfield J, Furne JK, Lohrmann TT, Kerr PS, Levitt MD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 January; 69(1): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9925135&dopt=Abstract
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Gastrointestinal absorption and plasma kinetics of soy Delta(5)-phytosterols and phytostanols in humans. Author(s): Ostlund RE Jr, McGill JB, Zeng CM, Covey DF, Stearns J, Stenson WF, Spilburg CA. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 April; 282(4): E911-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11882512&dopt=Abstract
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Gastrointestinal effects of modified guar gum and soy polysaccharide as part of an enteral formula diet. Author(s): Lampe JW, Effertz ME, Larson JL, Slavin JL. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1992 November-December; 16(6): 538-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1337362&dopt=Abstract
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Genistein, a soy isoflavone, induces glutathione peroxidase in the human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3. Author(s): Suzuki K, Koike H, Matsui H, Ono Y, Hasumi M, Nakazato H, Okugi H, Sekine Y, Oki K, Ito K, Yamamoto T, Fukabori Y, Kurokawa K, Yamanaka H. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 June 20; 99(6): 846-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115487&dopt=Abstract
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Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones. Author(s): Doerge DR, Sheehan DM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 June; 110 Suppl 3: 349-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12060828&dopt=Abstract
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Got soy? Author(s): Lichtenstein AH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 April; 73(4): 667-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273838&dopt=Abstract
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Growth and protein status of term infants fed soy protein formulas differing in protein content. Author(s): Churella HR, Borschel MW, Thomas MR, Breen M, Jacobs J. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1994 June; 13(3): 262-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8077575&dopt=Abstract
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Growth of newborn, term infants fed soy formulas for 1 year. Author(s): Lasekan JB, Ostrom KM, Jacobs JR, Blatter MM, Ndife LI, Gooch WM 3rd, Cho S. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1999 October; 38(10): 563-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10544862&dopt=Abstract
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Health potential of soy isoflavones for menopausal women. Author(s): Anderson JJ, Anthony MS, Cline JM, Washburn SA, Garner SC. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 1999 December; 2(4): 489-504. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656468&dopt=Abstract
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Herbal treatments for menopause. Black cohosh, soy and micronized progesterone. Author(s): Pick M. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2000 May; 8(5): 29-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11235332&dopt=Abstract
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High-throughput quantification of soy isoflavones in human and rodent blood using liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry detection. Author(s): Twaddle NC, Churchwell MI, Doerge DR. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 September 25; 777(1-2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270207&dopt=Abstract
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Hormonal and metabolic response in elite female gymnasts undergoing strenuous training and supplementation with SUPRO Brand Isolated Soy Protein. Author(s): Stroescu V, Dragan J, Simionescu L, Stroescu OV. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2001 March; 41(1): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317154&dopt=Abstract
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Hormonal effects of soy in premenopausal women and men. Author(s): Kurzer MS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 132(3): 570S-573S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880595&dopt=Abstract
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Hormonal effects of soy isoflavones: studies in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Author(s): Kurzer MS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 March; 130(3): 660S-1S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10702604&dopt=Abstract
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Hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in relation to soy product intake in Japanese women. Author(s): Nagata C, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K. Source: Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society. 1999 March; 2(1): 6-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11910681&dopt=Abstract
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Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a soy sauce brewer caused by Aspergillus oryzae. Author(s): Tsuchiya Y, Shimokata K, Ohara H, Nishiwaki K, Kino T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 February; 91(2): 688-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8436784&dopt=Abstract
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Hypocholesterolemic effect of soy protein. Author(s): Belleville J. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 July-August; 18(7-8): 6846. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093458&dopt=Abstract
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Hypocholesterolemic effect of soymilk supplementation with usual diet in premenopausal normolipidemic Japanese women. Author(s): Takatsuka N, Nagata C, Kurisu Y, Inaba S, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2000 October; 31(4): 308-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11006055&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of IgE-binding proteins in soy lecithin. Author(s): Gu X, Beardslee T, Zeece M, Sarath G, Markwell J. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 November; 126(3): 21825. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752879&dopt=Abstract
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Immune status of infants fed soy-based formulas with or without added nucleotides for 1 year: part 1: vaccine responses, and morbidity. Author(s): Ostrom KM, Cordle CT, Schaller JP, Winship TR, Thomas DJ, Jacobs JR, Blatter MM, Cho S, Gooch WM 3rd, Granoff DM, Faden H, Pickering LK. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 February; 34(2): 13744. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840030&dopt=Abstract
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Immune status of infants fed soy-based formulas with or without added nucleotides for 1 year: part 2: immune cell populations. Author(s): Cordle CT, Winship TR, Schaller JP, Thomas DJ, Buck RH, Ostrom KM, Jacobs JR, Blatter MM, Cho S, Gooch WM 3rd, Pickering LK. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 February; 34(2): 14553. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840031&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoassays of soy proteins. Author(s): Brandon DL, Friedman M. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 23; 50(22): 6635-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381163&dopt=Abstract
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Improved bacteriological surveillance of haemodialysis fluids: a comparison between Tryptic soy agar and Reasoner's 2A media. Author(s): van der Linde K, Lim BT, Rondeel JM, Antonissen LP, de Jong GM. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 October; 14(10): 2433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10528669&dopt=Abstract
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Incorporating soy protein into a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. Author(s): Dunn AV. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2000 October; 67(10): 767-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11060963&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of soybean processing, habitual diet, and soy dose on urinary isoflavonoid excretion. Author(s): Slavin JL, Karr SC, Hutchins AM, Lampe JW. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6 Suppl): 1492S1495S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848522&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of tryptophan supplementation of soy-based infant formulas on protein quality and on blood and brain tryptophan and brain serotonin in the rat model. Author(s): Sarwar G. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2001; 56(3): 275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442227&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of murine bladder tumorigenesis by soy isoflavones via alterations in the cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Author(s): Zhou JR, Mukherjee P, Gugger ET, Tanaka T, Blackburn GL, Clinton SK. Source: Cancer Research. 1998 November 15; 58(22): 5231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9823337&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of orthotopic growth and metastasis of androgen-sensitive human prostate tumors in mice by bioactive soybean components. Author(s): Zhou JR, Yu L, Zhong Y, Nassr RL, Franke AA, Gaston SM, Blackburn GL. Source: The Prostate. 2002 October 1; 53(2): 143-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12242729&dopt=Abstract
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Introduction and satellite session at the fourth International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease. Author(s): Barnes S, Messina M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 132(3): 545S-546S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880590&dopt=Abstract
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Iron absorption from fish sauce and soy sauce fortified with sodium iron EDTA. Author(s): Fidler MC, Davidsson L, Walczyk T, Hurrell RF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 78(2): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885708&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavone aglycon and glucoconjugate content of high- and low-soy U.K. foods used in nutritional studies. Author(s): Wiseman H, Casey K, Clarke DB, Barnes KA, Bowey E. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 March 13; 50(6): 1404-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879011&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavone profile and biological activity of soy bread. Author(s): Zhang YC, Albrecht D, Bomser J, Schwartz SJ, Vodovotz Y. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 December 17; 51(26): 7611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664516&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavone-rich or isoflavone-poor soy protein does not reduce menopausal symptoms during 24 weeks of treatment. Author(s): St Germain A, Peterson CT, Robinson JG, Alekel DL. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2001 January-February; 8(1): 17-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201510&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavone-rich soy protein prevents loss of hip lean mass but does not prevent the shift in regional fat distribution in perimenopausal women. Author(s): Moeller LE, Peterson CT, Hanson KB, Dent SB, Lewis DS, King DS, Alekel DL. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2003 July-August; 10(4): 322-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851515&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavones and cognitive function in older women: the SOy and Postmenopausal Health In Aging (SOPHIA) Study. Author(s): Kritz-Silverstein D, Von Muhlen D, Barrett-Connor E, Bressel MA. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2003 May-June; 10(3): 196-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792289&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavones and soy protein formulas. Author(s): Cantani A. Source: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 1998 March-April; 2(2): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229565&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavones in soy-based foods consumed in Brazil: levels, distribution, and estimated intake. Author(s): Genovese MI, Lajolo FM. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5987-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358470&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated soy protein improves endothelial function in postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women. Author(s): Cuevas AM, Irribarra VL, Castillo OA, Yanez MD, Germain AM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 57(8): 889-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879082&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of significant genotoxicity of purified soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) in 20 patients with prostate cancer. Author(s): Miltyk W, Craciunescu CN, Fischer L, Jeffcoat RA, Koch MA, Lopaczynski W, Mahoney C, Jeffcoat RA, Crowell J, Paglieri J, Zeisel SH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 875-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663286&dopt=Abstract
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Laminar analysis of the number of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia in the visual cortex (area 17) of 6- and 12-month-old rhesus monkeys fed a human infant soy-protein formula with or without taurine supplementation from birth. Author(s): Palackal T, Neuringer M, Sturman J. Source: Developmental Neuroscience. 1993; 15(1): 54-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8269868&dopt=Abstract
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Legumes and soybeans: overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. Author(s): Messina MJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 September; 70(3 Suppl): 439S450S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479216&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoprotein response to diets high in soy or animal protein with and without isoflavones in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Lichtenstein AH, Jalbert SM, Adlercreutz H, Goldin BR, Rasmussen H, Schaefer EJ, Ausman LM. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002 November 1; 22(11): 1852-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426215&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoprotein(a) and dietary proteins: casein lowers lipoprotein(a) concentrations as compared with soy protein. Author(s): Nilausen K, Meinertz H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 March; 69(3): 419-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075325&dopt=Abstract
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Liquid chromatographic analysis of vitamin B6 in soy-based infant formula. Author(s): Mann DL, Chase GW Jr, Eitenmiller RR. Source: J Aoac Int. 2001 September-October; 84(5): 1593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11601481&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term intake of soy protein improves blood lipid profiles and increases mononuclear cell low-density-lipoprotein receptor messenger RNA in hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women. Author(s): Baum JA, Teng H, Erdman JW Jr, Weigel RM, Klein BP, Persky VW, Freels S, Surya P, Bakhit RM, Ramos E, Shay NF, Potter SM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 September; 68(3): 545-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9734729&dopt=Abstract
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Lower calcium absorption in infants fed casein hydrolysate- and soy protein-based infant formulas containing palm olein versus formulas without palm olein. Author(s): Ostrom KM, Borschel MW, Westcott JE, Richardson KS, Krebs NF. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 December; 21(6): 564-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480803&dopt=Abstract
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Mammographic parenchymal patterns and self-reported soy intake in Singapore Chinese women. Author(s): Jakes RW, Duffy SW, Ng FC, Gao F, Ng EH, Seow A, Lee HP, Yu MC. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 July; 11(7): 608-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101107&dopt=Abstract
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Manganese absorption in humans: the effect of phytic acid and ascorbic acid in soy formula. Author(s): Davidsson L, Almgren A, Juillerat MA, Hurrell RF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 November; 62(5): 984-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572746&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of action of the soy isoflavone genistein: emerging role for its effects via transforming growth factor beta signaling pathways. Author(s): Kim H, Peterson TG, Barnes S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6 Suppl): 1418S1425S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848510&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by soy isoflavone genistein. Author(s): Sarkar FH, Li Y. Source: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 2002; 21(3-4): 265-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549765&dopt=Abstract
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Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. Author(s): Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 August 3; 333(5): 276-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7596371&dopt=Abstract
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Milk soy protein intolerance: a mother's perspective. Author(s): Field T. Source: Nebr Nurse. 2002 June-August; 35(2): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082804&dopt=Abstract
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Moderate intakes of intact soy protein rich in isoflavones compared with ethanolextracted soy protein increase HDL but do not influence transforming growth factor beta(1) concentrations and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in healthy subjects. Author(s): Sanders TA, Dean TS, Grainger D, Miller GJ, Wiseman H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 76(2): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145009&dopt=Abstract
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Modern applications for an ancient bean: soybeans and the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. Author(s): Messina M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1995 March; 125(3 Suppl): 567S-569S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7884533&dopt=Abstract
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Modest hormonal effects of soy isoflavones in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Duncan AM, Underhill KE, Xu X, Lavalleur J, Phipps WR, Kurzer MS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 October; 84(10): 3479-84. Erratum In: J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 January; 85(1): 448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10522983&dopt=Abstract
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Molybdenum absorption and utilization in humans from soy and kale intrinsically labeled with stable isotopes of molybdenum. Author(s): Turnlund JR, Weaver CM, Kim SK, Keyes WR, Gizaw Y, Thompson KH, Peiffer GL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 June; 69(6): 1217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357742&dopt=Abstract
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Natural history of soy allergy and/or intolerance in children, and clinical use of soyprotein formulas. Author(s): Cantani A, Lucenti P. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1997 May; 8(2): 59-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9617775&dopt=Abstract
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Neither background diet nor type of soy food affects short-term isoflavone bioavailability in women. Author(s): Xu X, Wang HJ, Murphy PA, Hendrich S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 April; 130(4): 798-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10736332&dopt=Abstract
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New onset migraine associated with use of soy isoflavone supplements. Author(s): Engel PA. Source: Neurology. 2002 October 22; 59(8): 1289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391374&dopt=Abstract
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Nutrient absorption and weight gain in persistent diarrhea: comparison of a traditional rice-lentil/yogurt/milk diet with soy formula. Author(s): Bhutta ZA, Molla AM, Issani Z, Badruddin S, Hendricks K, Snyder JD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1994 January; 18(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8126617&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional and health benefits of soy proteins. Author(s): Friedman M, Brandon DL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 March; 49(3): 1069-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312815&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional aspects of soy formula. Author(s): Lonnerdal B. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1994 September; 402: 105-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841612&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional evaluation of the soy-whey milk analog La colina. Author(s): Cioccia AM, Pinero D, Carias D, Brito O, Waggle DH, Hevia P. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1995 February; 47(2): 139-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7792262&dopt=Abstract
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Oats and soy in lipid-lowering diets for women with hypercholesterolemia: is there synergy? Author(s): Van Horn L, Liu K, Gerber J, Garside D, Schiffer L, Gernhofer N, Greenland P. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 November; 101(11): 1319-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716313&dopt=Abstract
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Overview of proposed mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy. Author(s): Potter SM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1995 March; 125(3 Suppl): 606S-611S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7884541&dopt=Abstract
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Oxalate content of soybean seeds (Glycine max: Leguminosae), soyfoods, and other edible legumes. Author(s): Massey LK, Palmer RG, Horner HT. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 September; 49(9): 4262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559120&dopt=Abstract
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Oxidative metabolism of the soy isoflavones daidzein and genistein in humans in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Kulling SE, Honig DM, Metzler M. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 June; 49(6): 3024-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410004&dopt=Abstract
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Paediatric group position statement on the use of soya protein for infants. Author(s): The British Dietetic Association. Source: J Fam Health Care. 2003; 13(4): 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14528647&dopt=Abstract
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Pass the tofu tacos. Soy-based foods are disease fighters, but they can taste pretty weird. Author(s): Schultz S. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 1999 November 22; 127(20): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10623307&dopt=Abstract
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Peanut and soy allergy: a clinical and therapeutic dilemma. Author(s): Sicherer SH, Sampson HA, Burks AW. Source: Allergy. 2000 June; 55(6): 515-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858981&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako). Author(s): Watanabe S, Yamaguchi M, Sobue T, Takahashi T, Miura T, Arai Y, Mazur W, Wahala K, Adlercreutz H. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 October; 128(10): 1710-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9772140&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein in men and women after consumption of a soy beverage. Author(s): Shelnutt SR, Cimino CO, Wiggins PA, Ronis MJ, Badger TM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 76(3): 588-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198004&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological activities of Genistein, an isoflavone from soy (Glycine max): part I-anti-cancer activity. Author(s): Suthar AC, Banavalikar MM, Biyani MK. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 June; 39(6): 511-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562011&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological activities of Genistein, an isoflavone from soy (Glycine max): part II-anti-cholesterol activity, effects on osteoporosis & menopausal symptoms. Author(s): Suthar AC, Banavalikar MM, Biyani MK. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 June; 39(6): 520-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562012&dopt=Abstract
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Phytochemical glyceollins, isolated from soy, mediate antihormonal effects through estrogen receptor alpha and beta. Author(s): Burow ME, Boue SM, Collins-Burow BM, Melnik LI, Duong BN, CarterWientjes CH, Li S, Wiese TE, Cleveland TE, McLachlan JA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 April; 86(4): 1750-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11297613&dopt=Abstract
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Phytoestrogens: the biochemistry, physiology, and implications for human health of soy isoflavones. Author(s): Setchell KD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6 Suppl): 1333S1346S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848496&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma lipoproteins in soy-treated postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Author(s): Vigna GB, Pansini F, Bonaccorsi G, Albertazzi P, Donega P, Zanotti L, De Aloysio D, Mollica G, Fellin R. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2000 December; 10(6): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11302006&dopt=Abstract
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Population-based case-control study of soyfood intake and breast cancer risk in Shanghai. Author(s): Dai Q, Shu XO, Jin F, Potter JD, Kushi LH, Teas J, Gao YT, Zheng W. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2001 August 3; 85(3): 372-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11487268&dopt=Abstract
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Possible beneficial effects of soy protein on the vascular endothelium in postmenopausal women--future directions. Author(s): Blum A. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 January; 5(1): 56-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592961&dopt=Abstract
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Postprandial kinetics of dietary amino acids are the main determinant of their metabolism after soy or milk protein ingestion in humans. Author(s): Bos C, Metges CC, Gaudichon C, Petzke KJ, Pueyo ME, Morens C, Everwand J, Benamouzig R, Tome D. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5): 1308-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730415&dopt=Abstract
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Potential public health implications of the hypocholesterolemic effects of soy protein. Author(s): Messina MJ. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 March; 19(3): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620535&dopt=Abstract
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Predictive value of the uterotrophic assay for genistein carcinogenicity in the neonatal mouse: relevance to infants consuming soy-based formula. Author(s): Ashby J, Odum J, Tinwell H. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 December; 109(12): A568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748018&dopt=Abstract
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Production of African breadfruit (Treculia africana) and soybean (Glycine max) seed based food formulations, 1: Effects of germination and fermentation on nutritional and organoleptic quality. Author(s): Ariahu CC, Ukpabi U, Mbajunwa KO. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1999; 54(3): 193-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716401&dopt=Abstract
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Promotion of health by soy isoflavones: efficacy, benefit and safety concerns. Author(s): Goldwyn S, Lazinsky A, Wei H. Source: Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2000; 17(1-4): 261-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201299&dopt=Abstract
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Protection against breast cancer with genistein: a component of soy. Author(s): Lamartiniere CA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 June; 71(6 Suppl): 1705S-7S; Discussion 1708S-9S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10837323&dopt=Abstract
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Protein utilization during soybean tempe fermentation. Author(s): Sparringa RA, Owens JD. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 October; 47(10): 4375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552819&dopt=Abstract
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Provocative relation between soy and bone maintenance. Author(s): Erdman JW Jr, Stillman RJ, Boileau RA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 September; 72(3): 679-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10966883&dopt=Abstract
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Quality attributes of fermented yam flour supplemented with processed soy flour. Author(s): Achi OK. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1999; 54(2): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646561&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitation of soy-derived phytoestrogens in human breast tissue and biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Maubach J, Bracke ME, Heyerick A, Depypere HT, Serreyn RF, Mareel MM, De Keukeleire D. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 January 25; 784(1): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504192&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative analysis of the principle soy isoflavones genistein, daidzein and glycitein, and their primary conjugated metabolites in human plasma and urine using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Author(s): Thomas BF, Zeisel SH, Busby MG, Hill JM, Mitchell RA, Scheffler NM, Brown SS, Bloeden LT, Dix KJ, Jeffcoat AR. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 September 5; 760(2): 191-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11530977&dopt=Abstract
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Questionable role of soy protein in childhood IgA nephropathy. Author(s): Murakami T, Kawakami H. Source: Nephron. 1993; 64(3): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8341384&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized clinical trial of soy formula with and without added fiber in antibioticinduced diarrhea. Author(s): Burks AW, Vanderhoof JA, Mehra S, Ostrom KM, Baggs G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 October; 139(4): 578-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598607&dopt=Abstract
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Rationale for the use of genistein-containing soy matrices in chemoprevention trials for breast and prostate cancer. Author(s): Barnes S, Peterson TG, Coward L. Source: J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1995; 22: 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8538197&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. Author(s): Fujimaki S, Hayashi K. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 December 17; 95(24): 1881-2; Author Reply 1881-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679159&dopt=Abstract
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Red blood cell and tissue phospholipid fatty acid profiles of weanling rats fed infant formula fat blends containing soy and/or corn oil. Author(s): Boyle FG, Yuhas RJ, Lien EL. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1996; 40(4): 234-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8886252&dopt=Abstract
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Reexamination of epidemic asthma in New Orleans, Louisiana, in relation to the presence of soy at the harbor. Author(s): White MC, Etzel RA, Olson DR, Goldstein IF. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 March 1; 145(5): 432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9048517&dopt=Abstract
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Refining the MAOI diet: tyramine content of pizzas and soy products. Author(s): Shulman KI, Walker SE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 March; 60(3): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192596&dopt=Abstract
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Regarding the safety of soy. Author(s): Messina M. Source: N Z Med J. 1995 July 28; 108(1004): 301. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7637946&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between soy-associated isoflavones and LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations in humans: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Weggemans RM, Trautwein EA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 57(8): 940-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879088&dopt=Abstract
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Risks and benefits of soy phytoestrogens in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, climacteric symptoms and osteoporosis. Author(s): Sirtori CR. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2001; 24(9): 665-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522120&dopt=Abstract
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Role of isoflavones in the cholesterol reduction by soy proteins in the clinic. Author(s): Sirtori CR, Gianazza E, Manzoni C, Lovati MR, Murphy PA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 January; 65(1): 166-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988932&dopt=Abstract
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Role of isoflavones in the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy. Author(s): Demonty I, Lamarche B, Jones PJ. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 June; 61(6 Pt 1): 189-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903829&dopt=Abstract
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Role of soy protein in cholesterol-lowering: how good is it? Author(s): Nestel P. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002 November 1; 22(11): 1743-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426196&dopt=Abstract
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Rye bran and soy protein delay growth and increase apoptosis of human LNCaP prostate adenocarcinoma in nude mice. Author(s): Bylund A, Zhang JX, Bergh A, Damber JE, Widmark A, Johansson A, Adlercreutz H, Aman P, Shepherd MJ, Hallmans G. Source: The Prostate. 2000 March 1; 42(4): 304-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10679760&dopt=Abstract
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Soy consumption and phytoestrogens: effect on serum prostate specific antigen when blood lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein are reduced in hyperlipidemic men. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, D'Costa MA, Jackson CJ, Vidgen E, Singer W, Silverman JA, Koumbridis G, Honey J, Rao AV, Fleshner N, Klotz L. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 February; 169(2): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544298&dopt=Abstract
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Soy foods and soybean isoflavones and menopausal health. Author(s): Messina MJ. Source: Nutrition in Clinical Care : an Official Publication of Tufts University. 2002 November-December; 5(6): 272-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557810&dopt=Abstract
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Soy formulas and nonbovine milk. Author(s): Muraro MA, Giampietro PG, Galli E. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 December; 89(6 Suppl 1): 97-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487214&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention. Author(s): Sarkar FH, Li Y. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(5): 744-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14628433&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones do not modulate circulating insulin-like growth factor concentrations in an older population in an intervention trial. Author(s): Adams KF, Newton KM, Chen C, Emerson SS, Potter JD, White E, Lampe JW. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5): 1316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730416&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones have a favorable effect on bone loss in Chinese postmenopausal women with lower bone mass: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Chen YM, Ho SC, Lam SS, Ho SS, Woo JL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 October; 88(10): 4740-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14557449&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones: a safety review. Author(s): Munro IC, Harwood M, Hlywka JJ, Stephen AM, Doull J, Flamm WG, Adlercreutz H. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 January; 61(1): 1-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638461&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones: hope or hype? Author(s): Fitzpatrick LA. Source: Maturitas. 2003 March 14; 44 Suppl 1: S21-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609556&dopt=Abstract
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Soy it ain't so. Author(s): Schub T. Source: Lab Anim (Ny). 2002 July-August; 31(7): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14619843&dopt=Abstract
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Soy phytochemicals and tea bioactive components synergistically inhibit androgensensitive human prostate tumors in mice. Author(s): Zhou JR, Yu L, Zhong Y, Blackburn GL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 February; 133(2): 516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566493&dopt=Abstract
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Soy product consumption in 10 European countries: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Author(s): Keinan-Boker L, Peeters PH, Mulligan AA, Navarro C, Slimani N, Mattisson I, Lundin E, McTaggart A, Allen NE, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Linseisen J, Haftenberger M, Lagiou P, Kalapothaki V, Evangelista A, Frasca G, Buenode-Mesquita HB, van der Schouw YT, Engeset D, Skeie G, Tormo MJ, Ardanaz E, Charrondiere UR, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1217-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639228&dopt=Abstract
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Soy product intake is inversely associated with serum homocysteine level in premenopausal Japanese women. Author(s): Nagata C, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 March; 133(3): 797-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612155&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein and isoflavone effects on vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: the Soy Estrogen Alternative Study. Author(s): Burke GL, Legault C, Anthony M, Bland DR, Morgan TM, Naughton MJ, Leggett K, Washburn SA, Vitolins MZ. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2003 March-April; 10(2): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627040&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. Author(s): Arjmandi BH, Khalil DA, Smith BJ, Lucas EA, Juma S, Payton ME, Wild RA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 88(3): 104854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629084&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein with isoflavones has favorable effects on endothelial function that are independent of lipid and antioxidant effects in healthy postmenopausal women. Author(s): Steinberg FM, Guthrie NL, Villablanca AC, Kumar K, Murray MJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816781&dopt=Abstract
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Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. Author(s): Yamamoto S, Sobue T, Kobayashi M, Sasaki S, Tsugane S; Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study on Cancer Cardiovascular Diseases Group. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 June 18; 95(12): 906-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813174&dopt=Abstract
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Soy: an anticancer agent in wide use despite some troubling data. Author(s): Cassileth BR, Vickers AJ. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(5): 817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14628440&dopt=Abstract
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Soy-enhanced lunch acceptance by preschoolers. Author(s): Endres J, Barter S, Theodora P, Welch P. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 March; 103(3): 346-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616257&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of chloropropanols in soy sauces and related products purchased in the UK in 2000 and 2002. Author(s): Crews C, Hasnip S, Chapman S, Hough P, Potter N, Todd J, Brereton P, Matthews W. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 October; 20(10): 916-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594676&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of chloropropanols in soy sauces and related products. Author(s): Nyman PJ, Diachenko GW, Perfetti GA. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 October; 20(10): 909-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14594675&dopt=Abstract
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The allergenicity of soybean-based products is modified by food technologies. Author(s): Franck P, Moneret Vautrin DA, Dousset B, Kanny G, Nabet P, GuenardBilbaut L, Parisot L. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 July; 128(3): 212-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119503&dopt=Abstract
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The cardiovascular effects of soy products. Author(s): Hasler CM. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2002 July; 16(4): 50-63; Quiz 75-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597262&dopt=Abstract
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The clinical applications of Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, saw palmetto, and soy. Author(s): Glisson J, Crawford R, Street S. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1999 June; 24(6): 28, 31, 35-6 Passim; Quiz 47-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10431295&dopt=Abstract
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The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Author(s): Setchell KD, Brown NM, Lydeking-Olsen E. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 December; 132(12): 3577-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468591&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of a soy rich diet on the vaginal epithelium in postmenopause: a randomized double blind trial. Author(s): Chiechi LM, Putignano G, Guerra V, Schiavelli MP, Cisternino AM, Carriero C. Source: Maturitas. 2003 August 20; 45(4): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12927310&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of combining plant sterols, soy protein, viscous fibers, and almonds in treating hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Lapsley KG, Trautwein EA, Parker TL, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 November; 52(11): 1478-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14624410&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of a soy rich diet on serum lipids: the Menfis randomized trial. Author(s): Chiechi LM, Secreto G, Vimercati A, Greco P, Venturelli E, Pansini F, Fanelli M, Loizzi P, Selvaggi L. Source: Maturitas. 2002 February 26; 41(2): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836040&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on lipids and indices of bone resorption in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Dalais FS, Ebeling PR, Kotsopoulos D, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 June; 58(6): 704-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780746&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of soy protein containing phytoestrogens on menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Kotsopoulos D, Dalais FS, Liang YL, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. Source: Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society. 2000 September; 3(3): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11910617&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of soy-derived phytoestrogens on serum lipids and lipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Author(s): Dewell A, Hollenbeck CB, Bruce B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 January; 87(1): 11821. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11788633&dopt=Abstract
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The health consequences of early soy consumption. Author(s): Badger TM, Ronis MJ, Hakkak R, Rowlands JC, Korourian S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 132(3): 559S-565S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880593&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of soy-derived phosphatidylserine on cognition in age-associated memory impairment. Author(s): Jorissen BL, Brouns F, Van Boxtel MP, Ponds RW, Verhey FR, Jolles J, Riedel WJ. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2001; 4(2): 121-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842880&dopt=Abstract
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The joy of soy. Author(s): Gorman C. Source: Time. 1999 June 7; 153(22): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10538023&dopt=Abstract
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The natural history of intolerance to soy and extensively hydrolyzed formula in infants with multiple food protein intolerance. Author(s): Hill DJ, Heine RG, Cameron DJ, Francis DE, Bines JE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 July; 135(1): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393618&dopt=Abstract
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The role of soy phytoestrogens in prostate cancer. Author(s): Castle EP, Thrasher JB. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 February; 29(1): 71-81, Viii-Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109358&dopt=Abstract
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The story of soy formula feeding in infants: a road paved with good intentions. Author(s): Zoppi G, Guandalini S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1999 May; 28(5): 541-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328136&dopt=Abstract
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Three measures show high compliance in a soy intervention among premenopausal women. Author(s): Maskarinec G, Robbins C, Riola B, Kane-Sample L, Franke AA, Murphy S. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 July; 103(7): 861-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830025&dopt=Abstract
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Tolerance to a rice hydrolysate formula in children allergic to cow's milk and soy. Author(s): Fiocchi A, Travaini M, D'Auria E, Banderali G, Bernardo L, Riva E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 November; 33(11): 1576-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616871&dopt=Abstract
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Two-week dietary soy supplementation has an estrogenic effect on normal premenopausal breast. Author(s): Hargreaves DF, Potten CS, Harding C, Shaw LE, Morton MS, Roberts SA, Howell A, Bundred NJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 November; 84(11): 4017-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566643&dopt=Abstract
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Types of dietary fat and soy minimally affect hormones and biomarkers associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Author(s): Brown BD, Thomas W, Hutchins A, Martini MC, Slavin JL. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 43(1): 22-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467131&dopt=Abstract
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Unsuspected sources of soybean exposure. Author(s): Vidal C, Perez-Carral C, Chomon B. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 October; 79(4): 350-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9357382&dopt=Abstract
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Unusual soy oil allergy. Author(s): Moneret-Vautrin DA, Morisset M, Flabbee J, Kanny G, Kirch F, Parisot L. Source: Allergy. 2002 March; 57(3): 266-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906350&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary equol excretion with a soy challenge: influence of habitual diet. Author(s): Lampe JW, Karr SC, Hutchins AM, Slavin JL. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1998 March; 217(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9492344&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of Bowman-Birk inhibitor in humans after soy consumption as determined by a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay. Author(s): Wan XS, Lu LJ, Anderson KE, Ware JH, Kennedy AR. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2000 July; 9(7): 741-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919746&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary isoflavonoid and lignan excretion on a Western diet: relation to soy, vegetable, and fruit intake. Author(s): Lampe JW, Gustafson DR, Hutchins AM, Martini MC, Li S, Wahala K, Grandits GA, Potter JD, Slavin JL. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1999 August; 8(8): 699-707. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744130&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Author(s): Karr SC, Lampe JW, Hutchins AM, Slavin JL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 July; 66(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209168&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary isoflavonoid phytoestrogen and lignan excretion after consumption of fermented and unfermented soy products. Author(s): Hutchins AM, Slavin JL, Lampe JW. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1995 May; 95(5): 545-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7722188&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary lignan and isoflavonoid excretion in men and women consuming vegetable and soy diets. Author(s): Kirkman LM, Lampe JW, Campbell DR, Martini MC, Slavin JL. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1995; 24(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7491293&dopt=Abstract
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Use of soy fiber in acute diarrhea in infants and toddlers. Author(s): Vanderhoof JA, Murray ND, Paule CL, Ostrom KM. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1997 March; 36(3): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9078414&dopt=Abstract
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Use of soy protein supplement and resultant need for increased dose of levothyroxine. Author(s): Bell DS, Ovalle F. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2001 May-June; 7(3): 193-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421567&dopt=Abstract
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Use of soy-protein formulas and soyfood for feeding infants and children in Asia. Author(s): Quak SH, Tan SP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6 Suppl): 1444S1446S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848514&dopt=Abstract
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Usual dietary consumption of soy foods and its correlation with the excretion rate of isoflavonoids in overnight urine samples among Chinese women in Shanghai. Author(s): Chen Z, Zheng W, Custer LJ, Dai Q, Shu XO, Jin F, Franke AA. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 33(1): 82-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10227048&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of a novel estrogen receptor-based microtitration plate assay for the determination of phytoestrogens in soy-based foods. Author(s): Garrett SD, Lee HA, Friar PM, Morgan MR. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 October; 47(10): 4106-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552774&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of a soy food frequency questionnaire with plasma concentrations of isoflavones in US adults. Author(s): Frankenfeld CL, Patterson RE, Kalhorn TF, Skor HE, Howald WN, Lampe JW. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 October; 102(10): 1407-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396157&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of a soy food-frequency questionnaire and evaluation of correlates of plasma isoflavone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Frankenfeld CL, Patterson RE, Horner NK, Neuhouser ML, Skor HE, Kalhorn TF, Howald WN, Lampe JW. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 March; 77(3): 674-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600860&dopt=Abstract
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Variable lipemic response to dietary soy protein in healthy, normolipemic men. Author(s): Nilausen K, Meinertz H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 December; 68(6 Suppl): 1380S1384S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848503&dopt=Abstract
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Variations in metabolism of the soy isoflavonoid daidzein by human intestinal microfloras from different individuals. Author(s): Rafii F, Davis C, Park M, Heinze TM, Beger RD. Source: Archives of Microbiology. 2003 July; 180(1): 11-6. Epub 2003 May 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12783157&dopt=Abstract
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Vasomotor symptom relief by soy isoflavone extract tablets in postmenopausal women: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Upmalis DH, Lobo R, Bradley L, Warren M, Cone FL, Lamia CA. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2000 July-August; 7(4): 236-42. Erratum In: Menopause 2000 November-December; 7(6): 422. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914616&dopt=Abstract
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Wheat bran and soy protein feeding do not alter urinary excretion of the isoflavan equol in premenopausal women. Author(s): Lampe JW, Skor HE, Li S, Wahala K, Howald WN, Chen C. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 131(3): 740-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238753&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SOY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and soy.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Soy The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “soy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on soy: •
Isoflavones, soy-based infant formulas, and relevance to endocrine function. Author(s): A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE. Source: Klein, K.O. Nutrition-reviews (USA). (July 1998). volume 56(7) page 193-204.
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Soy as superhero: guardian against many maladies of aging. Source: Hudnall, M. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (February 1999). volume 22(2) page 1, 4.
Additional consumer oriented references include: •
A practical guide to soyfoods. Source: Bindra, G. Veg-Times. New York, N.Y. : Vegetarian Life & Times. August 1985. (96) page 33-40. ill. 0164-8497
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Absorption of soy protein and minerals in ileostomy patients. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1987 June; 45(6): 166-7 0029-6643
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Adding soy protein to the diet. Source: Henkel, J. FDA-consum. Rockville, Md. : Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health & Human Services. May/June 2000. volume 34 (3) page 16-17. 0362-1332
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Antimitotic peptide characterized from soybean: role in protection from cancer? Author(s): Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley 947203104, USA. Source: Hellerstein, M Nutr-Revolume 1999 November; 57(11): 359-61 0029-6643
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Because I had a lumpectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation for breast cancer in 1990, I am not a candidate for estrogen replacement therapy. One of my friends suggested that I should also avoid soy products because there is natural estrogen in them. This was news to me. Will the type and amount of estrogen in soy foods be detrimental to my future health? Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1998 February; 5(6): 8 1070910X
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Beneficial effects of a soy-based dietary supplement on lipid levels and cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetic subjects. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
[email protected] Source: Hermansen, K Sondergaard, M Hoie, L Carstensen, M Brock, B Diabetes-Care. 2001 February; 24(2): 228-33 0149-5992
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Casein versus soy protein: further elucidation of their differential effect on serum cholesterol in rabbits. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1991 April; 49(4): 121-3 0029-6643
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Dairy vs. soy milk. Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 2001 February; 26(4): 7 1052-1577
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Is there a difference between soy foods and soy supplements? Source: Anonymous Johns-Hopkins-Med-Lett-Health-After-50. 2000 September; 12(7): 8 1042-1882
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Meatless soy dishes make healthy advances. Source: Welland, D. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (September 1995). volume 18(9) page 5. soybean products meat substitutes prepared foods nutritive value 0893-4452
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Someone's in the kitchen with soy dishing out disease prevention. Source: Hrabak, D. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (April 1995). volume 18(4) page 1, 4. soybean products disease control nutritive value 0893-4452
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Soy good for you! disguises are many for simple bean. Source: Antinoro, L. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. Sept 1999. volume 22 (9) page 5. 0893-4452
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Soy helps with hot flashes. Source: Leigh, E. HerbalGram. Austin, TX : American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation. Fall 1998. (44) page 22. 0899-5648
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Soy protein and cardiovascular disease: the impact of bioactive components in soy. Author(s): University of Illinois, USA. Source: Potter, S M Nutr-Revolume 1998 August; 56(8): 231-5 0029-6643
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Soy story. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 1999 May 10; 5(6): 6 1081-5880
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Soy: health claims for soy protein, questions about other components. Source: Schryver, T. FDA-consum. Rockville, Md. : Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health & Human Services. May/June 2000. volume 34 (3) page 13-15, 1820. 0362-1332
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Soy--a perfect food? Source: Anonymous Harv-Heart-Lett. 1998 October; 9(2): 5-7 1051-5313
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The soy solution. Source: Hayhow, S. Messina, M. Veg-times. Mt. Morris, Ill. : Vegetarian Times. March 1994. (199) p. 77-84 (6 page not consecutive). 0164-8497
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The soy story. Source: Liebman, B. Nutr-action-health-lett. [Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest,. Sept 1998. volume 25 (7) page 1, 3-7. 0885-7792
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “soy” (or a synonym): •
Effect of soy oil supplementation and protein level in laying hen diets on praecaecal nutrient digestibility, performance, reproductive performance, fatty acid composition of yolk fat, and on other egg quality parameters. Source: Daenicke, S. Halle, I. Jeroch, H. Boettcher, W. Ahrens, P. Zachmann, R. Goetze, S. European-Journal-of-Lipid-Science-and-Technology (Germany). (2000). volume 102(3) page 218-232.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
A comparison of oral micronized estradiol with soy phytoestrogen effects on tail skin temperatures of ovariectomized rats. Author(s): Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA. Source: Pan, Y Anthony, M S Binns, M Clarkson, T B Menopause. 2001 May-June; 8(3): 171-4 1072-3714
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A prospective cohort study of soy product intake and stomach cancer death. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, Gifu 500-8705, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Nagata, C Takatsuka, N Kawakami, N Shimizu, H Br-J-Cancer. 2002 July 1; 87(1): 31-6 0007-0920
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A soy sloppy Joe on a spelt bun, please. And pass the algae. Source: Hall, T. N-Y-Times. [New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co.]. June 24, 1992. page B1, B5. 0362-4331
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By the way, doctor. I'm 53 and have been taking HRT with Estradiol and Prometrium daily for about a year. Should I also take a soy vitamin supplement? I took one before starting HRT because I thought it was supposed to prevent breast cancer. But I want to be on as little estrogen as possible. Will soy along with estrogen increase my risk of breast tumors? Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 2000 February; 7(6): 8 1070910X
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By the way, doctor. I've started drinking soy milk instead of cow's milk because I've developed an intolerance to lactose. I know there are so-called phytoestrogens in soy products and that they are probably of some benefit to me. However, is there a problem for my husband? Author(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Source: Manson, J E Harv-Health-Lett. 2000 April; 25(6): 8 1052-1577
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Capitalizing on increasing consumer interest in soy protein. Source: Tockman, J. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. May 2002. volume 47 (5) page 172-174. 0146-6283
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Chemical effects of processing and food preparation on carotenoids and soy and garlic phytochemicals. Source: Zhou, J.R. Erdman, J.W. Jr. Nutraceuticals designer foods III garlic, soy, and licorice /. Trumbull, CT : Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. c1997. page 23-37. ISBN: 0917678400
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Composition, red blood cell uptake, and serum protein binding of phytoestrogens extracted from commercial kudzu-root and soy preparations. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul Campus, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. Source: Benlhabib, E Baker, J I Keyler, D E Singh, A K J-Med-Food. 2002 Fall; 5(3): 109-23 1096-620X
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Development and sensory evaluation of soy milk based yoghurt. Author(s): Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, EMBRAPA-CTAA, Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Source: Trindade, C S Terzi, S C Trugo, L C Della Modesta, R C Couri, S Arch-LatinoamNutr. 2001 March; 51(1): 100-4 0004-0622
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Development of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure for quantitation of free and conjugated phytoestrogens in human urine: application in pharmacokinetic studies after soy consumption. Source: Cimino, C. King, S. Ronis, M.J.J. Hakkak, R. Shelnutt, S.R. Torres, A. Badger, T.M. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. 1999. volume 2 (3/4) page 203-205. 1096-620X
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Development of a novel fermented soymilk product with potential probiotic properties. Source: Rossi, E.A. Vendramini, R.C. Carlos, I.Z. Pei, Y.C. Valdez, G.F. de. Eur-food-restechnol. Berlin : Springer, c1999-. 1999. volume 209 (5) page 305-307. 1438-2377
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Development of a rat total enteral nutrition model for delivery of high levels of dietary phytoestrogens using soy protein isolate. Source: Ronis, M.J.J. Hakkak, R. Irby, D. Shelnutt, S.R. King, S. Cimino, C. Badger, T.M. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. 1999. volume 2 (3/4) page 223-225. 1096-620X
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Dietary inclusion of whole soy foods results in significant reductions in clinical risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in normal postmenopausal women. Author(s): Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA. Source: Scheiber, M D Liu, J H Subbiah, M T Rebar, R W Setchell, K D Menopause. 2001 Sep-October; 8(5): 384-92 1072-3714
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Dietary soy phytoestrogen effects on brain structure and aromatase in Long-Evans rats. Author(s): 1Neuroscience Center and 2Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; 3Institute for Preventive Medicine, Nutrition, and Cancer, Folkhalsan Research Center, and Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland. Source: Lephart, E D Adlercreutz, H Lund, T D Neuroreport. 2001 November 16; 12(16): 3451-5 0959-4965
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Dietary soy protein and soy isoflavones: histological examination of reproductive tissues in female rats. Source: Greer Baney, J.A. Banz, W.J. Lightfoot, D.A. Winters, T.A. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. 1999. volume 2 (3/4) page 247-249. 1096-620X
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Dietary supplementation with isolated soy protein reduces metastasis of mammary carcinoma cells in mice. Author(s): Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
[email protected] Source: Yan, L Li, D Yee, J A Clin-Exp-Metastasis. 2002; 19(6): 535-40 0262-0898
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Differentially abundant mRNAs in rat liver in response to diets containing soy protein isolate. Author(s): Center of Excellence for Soybean Research, Teaching and Outreach, Dept. of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4317, USA.
[email protected];
[email protected] Source: Iqbal, M J Yaegashi, S Ahsan, R Lightfoot, D A Banz, W J Physiol-Genomics. 2002 December 3; 11(3): 219-26 1094-8341
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Do soy isoflavones lower cholesterol, inhibit atherosclerosis, and play a role in cancer prevention? Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA. Source: Arliss, R M Biermann, C A Holist-Nurs-Pract. 2002 October; 16(5): 40-8 08879311
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Effect of raw soy flour, feeding regime, and azaserine on rat pancreas. Source: Nitsan, Z Hasdai, A Liener, I E Drug-Nutr-Interact. 1985; 3(4): 223-8 0272-3530
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Effect of soy phytoestrogens on hot flashes in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Author(s): British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver Cancer Centre, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Van Patten, Cheri L Olivotto, Ivo A Chambers, G Keith Gelmon, Karen A Hislop, T Gregory Templeton, Edith Wattie, Angela Prior, Jerilynn C J-Clin-Oncol. 2002 March 15; 20(6): 1449-55 0732-183X
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Effect of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (a soy protein) on in vitro bladder neck/urethral and penile corporal smooth muscle activity. Author(s): Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
[email protected] Source: Malkowicz, S B Liu, S P Broderick, G A Wein, A J Kennedy, A R Levin, R M Neurourol-Urodyn. 2003; 22(1): 54-7 0733-2467
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Effects of a standardized soy extract on hot flushes: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Department of Gynecology, Hospital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France. Source: Faure, E D Chantre, P Mares, P Menopause. 2002 Sep-October; 9(5): 329-34 10723714
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Effects of alkalized cocoa powder and soy lecithin on physical characteristics of chocolate beverage powders. Source: Selamat, J. Hussin, N. Zain, A.M. Che Man, Y.B. J-food-process-preserv. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press Inc. August 1998. volume 22 (3) page 241-254. 0145-8892
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Effects of dietary animal and soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Author(s): Nutrition Department, The Pennsylvania State University, S126 Henderson Bldg., University Park, PA 16802, USA.
[email protected] Source: Hecker, K D Curr-Atheroscler-Repage 2001 November; 3(6): 471-8 1523-3804
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Effects of soy protein and isoflavones on plasma lipid profiles in patients with cardiovascular disease. Source: Fache, W.A. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. 1999. volume 2 (3/4) page 261. 1096-620X
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Fatty liver induced by the addition of excess cystine to a soya-bean protein diet in rats. Source: Aoyama, Y. Matsumoto, H. Hitomi Ohmura, E. Yoshida, A. Comp-BiochemPhysiol-A-Comp-Physiol. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd. May 1992. volume 102 (1) page 185-189. 0300-9629
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Fluorescence studies on native and bound to trifluraline soy bean Lb”a” in the enhanced N2 fixation. Author(s): Institute of Plant Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
[email protected] Source: Kolev, K Dolashka Angelova, P Spectrochim-Acta-A-Mol-Biomol-Spectrosc. 2001 October; 57(12): 2535-45 1386-1425
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Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies of soy isoflavones. Author(s): Office of Preventive Oncology, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Source: Misra, R R Hursting, S D Perkins, S N Sathyamoorthy, N Mirsalis, J C Riccio, E S Crowell, J A Int-J-Toxicol. 2002 Jul-August; 21(4): 277-85 1091-5818 •
Health tips. Put soy in your diet. Source: Anonymous Mayo-Clin-Health-Lett. 2002 October; 20(10): 3 0741-6245
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High-throughput quantification of soy isoflavones in human and rodent blood using liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry detection. Author(s): National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA. Source: Twaddle, N C Churchwell, M I Doerge, D R J-Chromatogr-B-Analyt-TechnolBiomed-Life-Sci. 2002 September 25; 777(1-2): 139-45 1570-0232
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Hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in relation to soy product intake in Japanese women. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, Gifu 500-8705, Japan. Source: Nagata, C Shimizu, H Takami, R Hayashi, M Takeda, N Yasuda, K Climacteric. 1999 March; 2(1): 6-12 1369-7137
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How soy fares in fight against cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis. Source: Walsh, J. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. May 2002. volume 25 (5) page 1, 6. 0893-4452
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How to choose a soy milk. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. May 2001. volume 19 (3) page 8.
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HPLC with coulometric electrode array detection--determination of daidzein and genistein in soy based infant food, soy milk and soy based supplements. Source: Mullner, C. Sontag, G. Eur-food-res-technol. Berlin : Springer, c1999-. 2000. volume 211 (4) page 301-304. 1438-2377
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HPLC-mass spectrometry of isoflavonoids in soy and the American groundnut, Apios americana. Source:
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Improving soy varieties to make soy proteins more widely appreciated in the human diet. Author(s): Ecole Superieure d' Agriculture de Purpan, Toulouse (France). Laboratoire d' Agro Physiologie Source: Dayde, J. Oleagineux-Corps-Gras-Lipides (France). (Nov-December 1999). volume 6(6) page 509-512. 1258-8210
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Inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by soy isoflavones, in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
[email protected] Source: Doerge, D R Chang, H C J-Chromatogr-B-Analyt-Technol-Biomed-Life-Sci. 2002 September 25; 777(1-2): 269-79 1570-0232
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Increasing health benefits using soy germ. Source: Schryver, T. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. May 2002. volume 47 (5) page 185-188. 0146-6283
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Interactions of different phenolic acids and flavonoids with soy proteins. Source:
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Interactive effects of soy protein and estradiol on coronary artery reactivity in atherosclerotic, ovariectomized monkeys. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, The Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1040, USA. Source: Williams, J K Anthony, M S Herrington, D M Menopause. 2001 Sep-October; 8(5): 307-13 1072-3714
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Milk soy protein intolerance: a mother's perspective. Author(s): Alegent Midlands Hospital, Papillion, NE, USA. Source: Field, Tamara Nebr-Nurse. 2002 Jun-August; 35(2): 8 0028-1921
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Pharmacological activities of Genistein, an isoflavone from soy (Glycine max): part I-anti-cancer activity. Author(s): Ajanta Pharma Ltd., Research Centre, Ajanta House, 98, Govt. Industrial Area, Charkop, Kandivali (West), Mumbai 400 067, India. Source: Suthar, A C Banavalikar, M M Biyani, M K Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 June; 39(6): 511-9 0019-5189
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Physical and sensory characteristics of extruded corn/soy breakfast cereals. Source: Faller, J.F. Faller, J.Y. Klein, B.P. J-food-qual. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press Inc. March 2000. volume 23 (1) page 87-102. 0146-9428
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Phytoestrogen and intact soy protein consumption differ in their effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Source: Greaves, K.A. Zhang, L. Williams, J.K. Parks, J. Wagner, J.D. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. 1999. volume 2 (3/4) page 267-269. 1096-620X
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Population-based case-control study of soyfood intake and breast cancer risk in Shanghai. Author(s): Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-8300, USA. Source: Dai, Q Shu, X O Jin, F Potter, J D Kushi, L H Teas, J Gao, Y T Zheng, W Br-JCancer. 2001 August 3; 85(3): 372-8 0007-0920
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Radioprotective effects of miso (fermented soy bean paste) against radiation in B6C3F1 mice: increased small intestinal crypt survival, crypt lengths and prolongation of average time to death. Author(s): Department of Environment and Mutation, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan. Source: Ohara, M Lu, H Shiraki, K Ishimura, Y Uesaka, T Katoh, O Watanabe, H Hiroshima-J-Med-Sci. 2001 December; 50(4): 83-6 0018-2052
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Relation of soy consumption to nutritional knowledge. Source: Wansink, B. Chan, N. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. Fall 2001. volume 4 (3) page 145-150. 1096-620X
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Renewed interest in soy isoflavones and saponins. Source: Arditi, T. Meredith, T. Flowerman, P. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. Sept 2000. volume 45 (9) page 414-417. 01466283
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Serum and urinary isoflavonoids and their metabolites in elderly men on diets supplemented with beverages containing untreated and alcohol-extracted soy protein. Source: Smith, M. Kirk, M. Weiss, H. Irwin, W. Markiewicz, M.A. Urban, D. Grizzle, W.E. Barnes, S. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. 1999. volume 2 (3/4) page 219-222. 1096-620X
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Shining the light on soy. Source: Anderson, B.B. School-foodserv-nutr. Alexandria, VA : American School Food Service Association, c1994-. August 1997. volume 51 (7) page 56-58, 60. 1075-3885
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Solvent extraction selection in the determination of isoflavones in soy foods. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, 2312 Food Science Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
[email protected] Source: Murphy, P A Barua, K Hauck, C C J-Chromatogr-B-Analyt-Technol-BiomedLife-Sci. 2002 September 25; 777(1-2): 129-38 1570-0232
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Soy (Glycine max)-derived phospholipids exhibit potent anti-apoptotic activity. Source: Bathurst, I.C. Bradley, J.D. Goddard, J.G. Foehr, M.W. Shapiro, J.P. Barr, P.J. Tomei, L.D. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. April 1998. volume 36 (2) page 111-123. 1388-0209
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Soy and health: do real men eat tofu? Should they? Source: Anonymous Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2002 October; 7(3): 1-3 1089-1102
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Soy and its isoflavones: a review of their effects on bone density. Author(s): Southern California University of Health Sciences, 16200 East Amber Valley Drive, Whittier, CA 90609, USA. Source: Brynin, R Altern-Med-Revolume 2002 August; 7(4): 317-27 1089-5159
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Soy and other protein sources. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. Source: Muraro, M A Pediatr-Allergy-Immunol. 2001; 12 Suppl 14: 85-90 0905-6157
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Soy beverage consumption by young men: increased plasma total antioxidant status and decreased acute, exercise-induced muscle damage. Source: Rossi, A.L. Blostein Fujii, A. DiSilvestro, R.A. J-nutraceuticals-funct-med-foods. Binghamton, NY : Pharmaceutical Products Press, an imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc., c1997-. 2000. volume 3 (1) page 33-44. 1089-4179
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Soy for hot flashes. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. June 2001. volume 19 (4) page 7.
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Soy intake and the maintenance of peak bone mass in Hong Kong Chinese women. Author(s): Department of Community and Family Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Source: Ho, S C Chan, S G Yi, Q Wong, E Leung, P C J-Bone-Miner-Res. 2001 July; 16(7): 1363-9 0884-0431
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Soy isoflavone genistein modulates cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis in HER-2/neu oncogene expressing human breast epithelial cells. Author(s): Weill Medical College of Cornell University, and Strang Cancer Research Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. Source: Katdare, M Osborne, M Telang, N T Int-J-Oncol. 2002 October; 21(4): 809-15 1019-6439
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Soy power. Source: Webb, R. Diabetes-forecast. Alexandria, Va. : American Diabetes Association Inc. February 2000. volume 53 (2) page 25-29. 0095-8301
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Soy product intake and serum isoflavonoid and estradiol concentrations in relation to bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan.
[email protected]
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Source: Nagata, C Shimizu, H Takami, R Hayashi, M Takeda, N Yasuda, K OsteoporosInt. 2002 March; 13(3): 200-4 0937-941X •
Soy protein isoflavones, lipids and arterial disease. Author(s): Departments of aPublic Health Sciences and bPathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1063, USA. Source: Vitolins, M Z Anthony, M Burke, G L Curr-Opin-Lipidol. 2001 August; 12(4): 433-7 0957-9672
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Soy. Health claims for soy protein, questions about other components. Source: Henkel, J FDA-Consum. 2000 May-June; 34(3): 13-5, 18-20 0362-1332
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The cardiovascular effects of soy products. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA. Source: Hasler, C M J-Cardiovasc-Nurs. 2002 July; 16(4): 50-63; quiz 75-6 0889-4655
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The effects of soy flour and N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl) amine on the pancreas of the hamster. Source: Hasdai, A Liener, I E Drug-Nutr-Interact. 1985; 3(3): 173-9 0272-3530
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The effects of soy protein containing phytoestrogens on menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia. Source: Kotsopoulos, D Dalais, F S Liang, Y L McGrath, B P Teede, H J Climacteric. 2000 September; 3(3): 161-7 1369-7137
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The joy of soy. Source: Hayes, D. School-foodserv-nutr. Alexandria, VA : American School Food Service Association, c1994-. May 2001. volume 55 (5) page 18, 20-21, 40. 1075-3885
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The role of soy phytoestrogens in prostate cancer. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
[email protected] Source: Castle, Erik P Thrasher, J Brantley Urol-Clin-North-Am. 2002 February; 29(1): 71-81, viii-ix 0094-0143
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Twin-screw extrusion of cassava starch and isolated soybean protein blends. Author(s): Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasilia. Source: Chang, Y K Hashimoto, J M Moura Alcioli, R Martinez Bustos, F Nahrung. 2001 August; 45(4): 234-40 0027-769X
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Uses and benefits of soy fiber. Source: Riaz, M.N. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. March 2001. volume 46 (3) page 98-100. 0146-6283
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Using soy in everyday meals. Source: Coplin, S. J-nutraceuticals-funct-med-foods. Binghamton, NY : Pharmaceutical Products Press, an imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc., c1997-. 2000. volume 2 (4) page 65-71. 1089-4179
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Vascular effects of a soy leaves (Glycine max) extract and kaempferol glycosides in isolated rat carotid arteries. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, China.
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Source: Ho, H M Chen, R Huang, Y Chen, Z Y Planta-Med. 2002 June; 68(6): 487-91 00320943 •
What we still don't know about soy. Source: Anonymous Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 2001 August; 8(12): 1-3 1070-910X
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When it comes to soy, have we overshot the mark. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. May 2000. volume 18 (3) page 4-5.
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to soy; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,887,00.html Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Alternative names: Folate, Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Tocopherol, D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Delta-Tocopherol, Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Minerals Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biotin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Biotin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10008,00.html Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium: Which Form Is Best? Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnitine (L-Carnitine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com D-Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com L-Carnitine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Lecithin and Choline Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10040,00.html Lecithin/Phosphatidylcholine/Choline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stinging Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens, Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Food and Diet Beverages Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Biscuits Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bok Choy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Burdock Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,235,00.html Cheese Alternatives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Cold Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Sour Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diet Drinks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diet Powders Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Duck Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,87,00.html Egg-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Energy Bars Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fat Alternatives and Fat Replacers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flaxseeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flour Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Game Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,88,00.html Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High-Fiber Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Purine Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mackerel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,310,00.html Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meal Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meat Alternatives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miso Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miso Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,201,00.html Multi-Grain Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Non-Dairy Frozen Desserts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nuts and Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oat Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Octopus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pasta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Polyunsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Power Shake Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Protein Powders Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rice Cakes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seitan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Soy and Protein Shakes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Flour Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Flour Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,293,00.html Soy Foods Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,200,00.html Soy Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,135,00.html Soy Sauce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soybeans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,105,00.html Soy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Special Diets Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sprouts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,36,00.html Tempeh Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Textured Vegetable Protein Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Zone Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,136,00.html Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trans-fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Tropical Fruit Smoothie Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tyramine-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Udon Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SOY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to soy. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “soy” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •
Annual Bibliography of Significant Advances in Dietary Supplement Research: 2000 Source: Bethesda, MD: Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. 2001. 16 p. Contact: Available in print and online from Office of Dietary Supplements. National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Boulevard, Room 3B01, MSC 7517, Bethesda, MD 20892-7517. (301) 435-2920. Fax (301) 480-1845. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: ods.od.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This bibliography, developed by the Office of Dietary Supplements at the National Institutes of Health and the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, highlights important research on dietary supplements that appeared in scientific journals in 2000. The purpose is to help develop an overall perspective on the science being conducted in the dietary supplement field. There are 25 citations grouped into the following categories: vitamins; minerals; fats, fatty acids, and fat substitutes; fiber and
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soy; botanicals; and other dietary supplements. A list of journals and editors, as well as scientific reviewers, are included at the end of the document. •
Annual Bibliography of Significant Advances in Dietary Supplement Research: 2002 Source: Bethesda, MD: Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2003. 26 p. Contact: Available in print and online from Office of Dietary Supplements. National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Boulevard, Room 3B01, MSC 7517, Bethesda, MD 20892-7517. (301) 435-2920. Fax (301) 480-1845. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: ods.od.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This bibliography, produced by the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements, contains citations to original research papers on dietary supplements that appeared in scientific journals in 2002. A rigorous multi-step process was used to select the top 25 papers, which were then annotated and compiled into this bibliography. The papers are categorized into the following groups: antioxidants; vitamins; minerals; amino acids and fatty acids; botanicals; and fiber and soy. A list of journals and editors, as well as scientific reviewers, are included at the end of the document. Lists of papers that appeared in the 2001 and 2000 annual bibliographies are included as appendices. 2 appendices.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to soy and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “soy” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to soy: •
A comparison of the effects of 2 doses of soy protein or casein on serum lipids, serum lipoproteins, and plasma total homocysteine in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Tonstad S, Smerud K, Hoie L. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 78-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081819&dopt=Abstract
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A high isoflavone soy protein diet and intravenous genistein delay rejection of rat cardiac allografts. Author(s): O'Connor TP, Liesen DA, Mann PC, Rolando L, Banz WJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163676&dopt=Abstract
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A model to estimate the oestrogen receptor mediated effects from exposure to soy isoflavones in food. Author(s): Safford B, Dickens A, Halleron N, Briggs D, Carthew P, Baker V.
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Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 2003 October; 38(2): 196-209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14550760&dopt=Abstract •
A novel soy-based meal replacement formula for weight loss among obese individuals: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Allison DB, Gadbury G, Schwartz LG, Murugesan R, Kraker JL, Heshka S, Fontaine KR, Heymsfield SB. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 57(4): 514-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700612&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective cohort study of soy product intake and stomach cancer death. Author(s): Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 July 1; 87(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12085252&dopt=Abstract
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A proteomic investigation of isolated soy proteins with variable effects in experimental and clinical studies. Author(s): Gianazza E, Eberini I, Arnoldi A, Wait R, Sirtori CR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 9-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514259&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized double blind-cross over trial of soya protein for the treatment of cyclical breast pain. Author(s): McFadyen IJ, Chetty U, Setchell KD, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Stanley E, Miller WR. Source: Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2000 October; 9(5): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14732177&dopt=Abstract
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A soy protein diet alters hepatic lipid metabolism gene expression and reduces serum lipids and renal fibrogenic cytokines in rats with chronic nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Tovar AR, Murguia F, Cruz C, Hernandez-Pando R, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Correa-Rotter R, Torres N. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2562-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221209&dopt=Abstract
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Absorption in humans of isoflavones from soy and red clover is similar. Author(s): Tsunoda N, Pomeroy S, Nestel P. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163662&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescent and adult soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Author(s): Wu AH, Wan P, Hankin J, Tseng CC, Yu MC, Pike MC.
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Source: Carcinogenesis. 2002 September; 23(9): 1491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189192&dopt=Abstract •
Antitumor activity of milk kefir and soy milk kefir in tumor-bearing mice. Author(s): Liu JR, Wang SY, Lin YY, Lin CW. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 44(2): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734066&dopt=Abstract
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Beneficial effects of soy phytoestrogen intake in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Jayagopal V, Albertazzi P, Kilpatrick ES, Howarth EM, Jennings PE, Hepburn DA, Atkin SL. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 October; 25(10): 1709-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351466&dopt=Abstract
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Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk extract stimulates hyaluronic acid production in human skin cells and hairless mouse skin. Author(s): Miyazaki K, Hanamizu T, Iizuka R, Chiba K. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2003 March-April; 16(2): 10816. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637786&dopt=Abstract
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Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones from aglycone and glucoside forms in American women. Author(s): Zubik L, Meydani M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 June; 77(6): 1459-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791624&dopt=Abstract
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Bioavailability, disposition, and dose-response effects of soy isoflavones when consumed by healthy women at physiologically typical dietary intakes. Author(s): Setchell KD, Brown NM, Desai PB, Zimmer-Nechimias L, Wolfe B, Jakate AS, Creutzinger V, Heubi JE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 April; 133(4): 1027-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672914&dopt=Abstract
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Chemopreventive effects of soy protein and purified soy isoflavones on DMBAinduced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Author(s): Constantinou AI, Lantvit D, Hawthorne M, Xu X, van Breemen RB, Pezzuto JM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 41(1-2): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094632&dopt=Abstract
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Combined inhibition of estrogen-dependent human breast carcinoma by soy and tea bioactive components in mice. Author(s): Zhou JR, Yu L, Mai Z, Blackburn GL. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 1; 108(1): 8-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14618609&dopt=Abstract
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Composition, red blood cell uptake, and serum protein binding of phytoestrogens extracted from commercial kudzu-root and soy preparations. Author(s): Benlhabib E, Baker JI, Keyler DE, Singh AK. Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2002 Fall; 5(3): 109-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495583&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of soy products among European consumers of a health-conscious diet. Author(s): Keinan BL, Peeters PH, Mulligan AA, Navarro C, Slimani N; EPIC Working Group on Dietary Patterns, Sub-Group on Soy Consumption. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 109-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484138&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of soy products in 10 European countries. Author(s): Keinan BL, Peeters PH, Mulligan AA, Navarro C, Slimani N; EPIC Working Group on Dietary Patterns, Sub-Group on Soy Consumption. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 105-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484137&dopt=Abstract
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Design and baseline characteristics of a trial on health effects of soy protein with isoflavones in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Kok L, Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Grobbee DE, van der Schouw YT. Source: Maturitas. 2004 January 20; 47(1): 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706762&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of isoflavones in ready-to-feed soy-based infant formula. Author(s): Johns P, Dowlati L, Wargo W. Source: J Aoac Int. 2003 January-February; 86(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607743&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of rat oral bioavailability of soy-derived phytoestrogens using an automated on-column extraction procedure and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Mallis LM, Sarkahian AB, Harris HA, Zhang MY, McConnell OJ.
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Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 October 25; 796(1): 71-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14552818&dopt=Abstract •
Dietary flaxseed meal is more protective than soy protein concentrate against hypertriglyceridemia and steatosis of the liver in an animal model of obesity. Author(s): Bhathena SJ, Ali AA, Haudenschild C, Latham P, Ranich T, Mohamed AI, Hansen CT, Velasquez MT. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 April; 22(2): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672712&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy and fats in relation to serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels in premenopausal Japanese women. Author(s): Nagata C, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2003; 45(2): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881012&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy and increased risk of bladder cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Author(s): Sun CL, Yuan JM, Arakawa K, Low SH, Lee HP, Yu MC. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 December; 11(12): 1674-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496060&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy and soy isoflavones have gender-specific effects on plasma lipids and isoflavones in golden Syrian f(1)b hybrid hamsters. Author(s): Blair RM, Appt SE, Bennetau-Pelissero C, Clarkson TB, Anthony MS, Lamothe V, Potter SM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 December; 132(12): 3585-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468592&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy isoflavones and estrone protect ovariectomized ERalphaKO and wildtype mice from carcinogen-induced colon cancer. Author(s): Guo JY, Li X, Browning JD Jr, Rottinghaus GE, Lubahn DB, Constantinou A, Bennink M, MacDonald RS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 January; 134(1): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14704314&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy oil content and soy-derived phytoestrogen genistein increase resistance to alopecia areata onset in C3H/HeJ mice. Author(s): McElwee KJ, Niiyama S, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Wenzel E, Kissling S, Sundberg JP, Hoffmann R.
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Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2003 February; 12(1): 30-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631244&dopt=Abstract •
Dietary soy phytoestrogens and ERalpha signalling modulate interferon gamma production in response to bacterial infection. Author(s): Curran EM, Judy BM, Newton LG, Lubahn DB, Rottinghaus GE, Macdonald RS, Franklin C, Estes DM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2004 February; 135(2): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14738448&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy phytoestrogens effects on retinal thickness in rats. Author(s): Lund TD, Fleming DE, Dayton JR, Lephart ED, Salyer DL. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2003 February; 6(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608736&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soy protein maintains some indices of bone mineral density and bone formation in aged ovariectomized rats. Author(s): Blum SC, Heaton SN, Bowman BM, Hegsted M, Miller SC. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5): 1244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730404&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary supplementation with fermented soybeans suppresses intimal thickening. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Kondo K, Ichise H, Tsukamoto Y, Urano T, Umemura K. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 March; 19(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620531&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary supplementation with isolated soy protein reduces metastasis of mammary carcinoma cells in mice. Author(s): Yan L, Li D, Yee JA. Source: Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 2002; 19(6): 535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405291&dopt=Abstract
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Difference in flavonoid and isoflavone profile between soybean and soy leaf. Author(s): Ho HM, Chen RY, Leung LK, Chan FL, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2002 August; 56(6): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224600&dopt=Abstract
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Different mechanisms of soy isoflavones in cell cycle regulation and inhibition of invasion. Author(s): Kim MH, Gutierrez AM, Goldfarb RH.
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Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 November-December; 22(6C): 3811-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552999&dopt=Abstract •
Differentially abundant mRNAs in rat liver in response to diets containing soy protein isolate. Author(s): Iqbal MJ, Yaegashi S, Ahsan R, Lightfoot DA, Banz WJ. Source: Physiological Genomics. 2002 December 3; 11(3): 219-26. Epub 2002 September 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388795&dopt=Abstract
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Do soy isoflavones lower cholesterol, inhibit atherosclerosis, and play a role in cancer prevention? Author(s): Arliss RM, Biermann CA. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 2002 October; 16(5): 40-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465217&dopt=Abstract
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Drug interaction potential of soy extract and Panax ginseng. Author(s): Anderson GD, Rosito G, Mohustsy MA, Elmer GW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 June; 43(6): 643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12817527&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of phytate in soy protein on the serum and liver cholesterol levels and liver fatty acid profile in rats. Author(s): Koba K, Liu JW, Bobik E Jr, Mills DE, Sugano M, Huang YS. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2003 January; 67(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619668&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of single neonatal treatment with the soy bean phytosteroid, genistein on the sexual behavior of adult rats. Author(s): Csaba G, Karabelyos C. Source: Acta Physiol Hung. 2002; 89(4): 463-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489755&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soy milk on warfarin efficacy. Author(s): Cambria-Kiely JA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 December; 36(12): 1893-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452752&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soy protein added to casein diet on the development of glomerular injury in spontaneous hypercholesterolemic male Imai rats. Author(s): Sakemi T, Ikeda Y, Shimazu K.
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Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 2002 September-December; 22(5-6): 548-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381957&dopt=Abstract •
Effect of soy protein isolate and conjugated linoleic acid on the growth of Dunning R3327-AT-1 rat prostate tumors. Author(s): Cohen LA, Zhao Z, Pittman B, Scimeca J. Source: The Prostate. 2003 February 15; 54(3): 169-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518321&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soy supplementation on endogenous hormones in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Foth D, Nawroth F. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2003; 55(3): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865591&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of soy-derived isoflavones on hot flushes, endometrial thickness, and the pulsatility index of the uterine and cerebral arteries. Author(s): Penotti M, Fabio E, Modena AB, Rinaldi M, Omodei U, Vigano P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 May; 79(5): 1112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738504&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a new soy/beta-sitosterol supplement on plasma lipids in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Cicero AF, Fiorito A, Panourgia MP, Sangiorgi Z, Gaddi A. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 December; 102(12): 1807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487546&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a standardized soy extract on hot flushes: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Faure ED, Chantre P, Mares P. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2002 September-October; 9(5): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218721&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and soy isoflavones on lipid oxidation of structured lipid-based emulsions. Author(s): Osborn-Barnes HT, Akoh CC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 November 5; 51(23): 6856-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14582986&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary intake of soy protein and isoflavones on cardiovascular disease risk factors in high risk, middle-aged men in Scotland. Author(s): Sagara M, Kanda T, NJelekera M, Teramoto T, Armitage L, Birt N, Birt C, Yamori Y.
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Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2004 February; 23(1): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14963058&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of genistein or soy milk during late gestation and lactation on adult uterine organization in the rat. Author(s): Hughes CL, Liu G, Beall S, Foster WG, Davis V. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2004 January; 229(1): 10817. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709783&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of high- and low-isoflavone (phytoestrogen) soy foods on inflammatory biomarkers and proinflammatory cytokines in middle-aged men and women. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Connelly PW, Jackson CJ, Parker T, Faulkner D, Vidgen E. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 July; 51(7): 919-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12077742&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure in hyperlipidemic men and women. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Jackson CJ, Connelly PW, Parker T, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Cunnane SC, Leiter LA, Josse RG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 76(2): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145008&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of isoflavones (soy phyto-estrogens) on serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Author(s): Yeung J, Yu TF. Source: Nutrition Journal [electronic Resource]. 2003 November 19; 2(1): 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14627440&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of oral soy protein on markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women with mild hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Blum A, Lang N, Peleg A, Vigder F, Israeli P, Gumanovsky M, Lupovitz S, Elgazi A, Ben-Ami M. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 February; 145(2): E7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595862&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy and other natural products on LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters: a literature review. Author(s): Hermansen K, Dinesen B, Hoie LH, Morgenstern E, Gruenwald J. Source: Adv Ther. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 50-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772818&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy isoflavones on apoptosis induction and G2-M arrest in human hepatoma cells involvement of caspase-3 activation, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL downregulation, and Cdc2 kinase activity. Author(s): Su SJ, Chow NH, Kung ML, Hung TC, Chang KL. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2003; 45(1): 113-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791511&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy oligosaccharides on plasma and cecal isoflavones, and cecal enzyme activities in mice. Author(s): Tamura M, Hirayama K, Itoh K. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2003 June; 49(3): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953794&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy protein diet on the expression of adipose genes and plasma adiponectin. Author(s): Nagasawa A, Fukui K, Funahashi T, Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kihara S, Waki M, Takamatsu K, Matsuzawa Y. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 2002 November-December; 34(11-12): 635-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660873&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soy protein on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and lipid profile in postmenopausal women with mild hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Blum A, Lang N, Vigder F, Israeli P, Gumanovsky M, Lupovitz S, Elgazi A, Peleg A, Ben-Ami M. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 2003 February; 26(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659466&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soybean agglutinin on nitrogen metabolism and on characteristics of intestinal tissues and pancreas in rats. Author(s): Li Z, Li D, Qiao S. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 2003 October; 57(5): 369-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14620910&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of soybean ethanol extract on the cell survival and oxidative stress in osteoblastic cells. Author(s): Choi EM, Koo SJ. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 June; 17(6): 627-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820230&dopt=Abstract
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Effects on the human serum lipoprotein profile of beta-glucan, soy protein and isoflavones, plant sterols and stanols, garlic and tocotrienols. Author(s): Kerckhoffs DA, Brouns F, Hornstra G, Mensink RP.
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Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2494-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221200&dopt=Abstract •
Efficacy of a soy rich diet in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis: the Menfis randomized trial. Author(s): Chiechi LM, Secreto G, D'Amore M, Fanelli M, Venturelli E, Cantatore F, Valerio T, Laselva G, Loizzi P. Source: Maturitas. 2002 August 30; 42(4): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12191852&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of soyfoods and soybean isoflavone supplements for alleviating menopausal symptoms is positively related to initial hot flush frequency. Author(s): Messina M, Hughes C. Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2003 Spring; 6(1): 1-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804015&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging evidence on the role of soy in reducing prostate cancer risk. Author(s): Messina MJ. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 April; 61(4): 117-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795445&dopt=Abstract
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Estrogenic and antiproliferative properties of soy sapogenols in human breast cancer cells in vitro. Author(s): Rowlands JC, Berhow MA, Badger TM. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 December; 40(12): 1767-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419690&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for lack of absorption of soy isoflavone glycosides in humans, supporting the crucial role of intestinal metabolism for bioavailability. Author(s): Setchell KD, Brown NM, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Brashear WT, Wolfe BE, Kirschner AS, Heubi JE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 76(2): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145021&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence that soyasaponin Bb retards disease progression in a murine model of polycystic kidney disease. Author(s): Philbrick DJ, Bureau DP, Collins FW, Holub BJ. Source: Kidney International. 2003 April; 63(4): 1230-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631339&dopt=Abstract
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Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol.
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Author(s): Spilburg CA, Goldberg AC, McGill JB, Stenson WF, Racette SB, Bateman J, McPherson TB, Ostlund RE Jr. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 May; 103(5): 577-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728215&dopt=Abstract •
Feasibility and effect on blood pressure of 6-week trial of low sodium soy sauce and miso (fermented soybean paste). Author(s): Nakamura M, Aoki N, Yamada T, Kubo N. Source: Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society. 2003 June; 67(6): 530-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808272&dopt=Abstract
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Genistein, a soy isoflavone, induces glutathione peroxidase in the human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3. Author(s): Suzuki K, Koike H, Matsui H, Ono Y, Hasumi M, Nakazato H, Okugi H, Sekine Y, Oki K, Ito K, Yamamoto T, Fukabori Y, Kurokawa K, Yamanaka H. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 June 20; 99(6): 846-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115487&dopt=Abstract
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Genistein, an isoflavone included in soy, inhibits thrombotic vessel occlusion in the mouse femoral artery and in vitro platelet aggregation. Author(s): Kondo K, Suzuki Y, Ikeda Y, Umemura K. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 November 22; 455(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433594&dopt=Abstract
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Genomic regions that underlie soybean seed isoflavone content. Author(s): Meksem K, Njiti VN, Banz WJ, Iqbal MJ, Kassem MM, Hyten DL, Yuang J, Winters TA, Lightfoot DA. Source: Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology. 2001; 1(1): 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488625&dopt=Abstract
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Genotoxic activity of four metabolites of the soy isoflavone daidzein. Author(s): Schmitt E, Metzler M, Jonas R, Dekant W, Stopper H. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 December 9; 542(1-2): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14644352&dopt=Abstract
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Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies of soy isoflavones. Author(s): Misra RR, Hursting SD, Perkins SN, Sathyamoorthy N, Mirsalis JC, Riccio ES, Crowell JA. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2002 July-August; 21(4): 277-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171629&dopt=Abstract
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Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by fermented soy milk. Author(s): Chang WH, Liu JJ, Chen CH, Huang TS, Lu FJ. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 43(2): 214-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588701&dopt=Abstract
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High-throughput quantification of soy isoflavones in human and rodent blood using liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry detection. Author(s): Twaddle NC, Churchwell MI, Doerge DR. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 September 25; 777(1-2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270207&dopt=Abstract
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HPLC-mass spectrometry of isoflavonoids in soy and the American groundnut, Apios americana. Author(s): Barnes S, Wang CC, Kirk M, Smith-Johnson M, Coward L, Barnes NC, Vance G, Boersma B. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 505: 77-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083468&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by soy isoflavones, in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Doerge DR, Chang HC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 September 25; 777(1-2): 269-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270219&dopt=Abstract
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Infant feeding with soy formula milk: effects on the testis and on blood testosterone levels in marmoset monkeys during the period of neonatal testicular activity. Author(s): Sharpe RM, Martin B, Morris K, Greig I, McKinnell C, McNeilly AS, Walker M. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 July; 17(7): 1692-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093826&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of dietary soy isoflavones on the accessory sex organs of the Wistar rat. Author(s): Stroheker T, Cabaton N, Berges R, Lamothe V, Lhuguenot JC, Chagnon MC. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2003 August; 41(8): 1175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842186&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of orthotopic growth and metastasis of androgen-sensitive human prostate tumors in mice by bioactive soybean components. Author(s): Zhou JR, Yu L, Zhong Y, Nassr RL, Franke AA, Gaston SM, Blackburn GL.
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Source: The Prostate. 2002 October 1; 53(2): 143-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12242729&dopt=Abstract •
Inhibition of reactive nitrogen species effects in vitro and in vivo by isoflavones and soy-based food extracts. Author(s): Yen GC, Lai HH. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 December 31; 51(27): 7892-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690370&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones on rat prostate carcinogenesis induced by 2amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[[!LB]]4,5-b[[!RB]]pyridine (PhIP). Author(s): Hikosaka A, Asamoto M, Hokaiwado N, Kato K, Kuzutani K, Kohri K, Shirai T. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2003 December 4 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14656947&dopt=Abstract
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Interactions of different phenolic acids and flavonoids with soy proteins. Author(s): Rawel HM, Czajka D, Rohn S, Kroll J. Source: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2002 June 18; 30(3-4): 137-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063116&dopt=Abstract
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Interactions of phytoestrogens with estrogen receptors alpha and beta (III). Estrogenic activities of soy isoflavone aglycones and their metabolites isolated from human urine. Author(s): Kinjo J, Tsuchihashi R, Morito K, Hirose T, Aomori T, Nagao T, Okabe H, Nohara T, Masamune Y. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2004 February; 27(2): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14758030&dopt=Abstract
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Iron absorption from fish sauce and soy sauce fortified with sodium iron EDTA. Author(s): Fidler MC, Davidsson L, Walczyk T, Hurrell RF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 78(2): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885708&dopt=Abstract
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Iron indexes and total antioxidant status in response to soy protein intake in perimenopausal women. Author(s): Swain JH, Alekel DL, Dent SB, Peterson CT, Reddy MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081830&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavone profile and biological activity of soy bread. Author(s): Zhang YC, Albrecht D, Bomser J, Schwartz SJ, Vodovotz Y.
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Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 December 17; 51(26): 7611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664516&dopt=Abstract •
Isoflavone-free soy protein prepared by column chromatography reduces plasma cholesterol in rats. Author(s): Fukui K, Tachibana N, Wanezaki S, Tsuzaki S, Takamatsu K, Yamamoto T, Hashimoto Y, Shimoda T. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 September 25; 50(20): 5717-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236704&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavone-rich soy protein prevents loss of hip lean mass but does not prevent the shift in regional fat distribution in perimenopausal women. Author(s): Moeller LE, Peterson CT, Hanson KB, Dent SB, Lewis DS, King DS, Alekel DL. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2003 July-August; 10(4): 322-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851515&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavones and cognitive function in older women: the SOy and Postmenopausal Health In Aging (SOPHIA) Study. Author(s): Kritz-Silverstein D, Von Muhlen D, Barrett-Connor E, Bressel MA. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2003 May-June; 10(3): 196-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792289&dopt=Abstract
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Isoflavones in soy-based foods consumed in Brazil: levels, distribution, and estimated intake. Author(s): Genovese MI, Lajolo FM. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5987-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358470&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated soy protein improves endothelial function in postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women. Author(s): Cuevas AM, Irribarra VL, Castillo OA, Yanez MD, Germain AM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 57(8): 889-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879082&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of significant genotoxicity of purified soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) in 20 patients with prostate cancer. Author(s): Miltyk W, Craciunescu CN, Fischer L, Jeffcoat RA, Koch MA, Lopaczynski W, Mahoney C, Jeffcoat RA, Crowell J, Paglieri J, Zeisel SH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 875-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663286&dopt=Abstract
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LC-MS/MS analysis of lysophospholipids associated with soy protein isolate. Author(s): Fang N, Yu S, Badger TM. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 November 5; 51(23): 6676-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14582959&dopt=Abstract
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Limited Lipid-Lowering Effects of Regular Consumption of Whole Soybean Foods. Author(s): Meyer BJ, Larkin TA, Owen AJ, Astheimer LB, Tapsell LC, Howe PR. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2004 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679315&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoprotein response to diets high in soy or animal protein with and without isoflavones in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Lichtenstein AH, Jalbert SM, Adlercreutz H, Goldin BR, Rasmussen H, Schaefer EJ, Ausman LM. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002 November 1; 22(11): 1852-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426215&dopt=Abstract
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Mammographic parenchymal patterns and self-reported soy intake in Singapore Chinese women. Author(s): Jakes RW, Duffy SW, Ng FC, Gao F, Ng EH, Seow A, Lee HP, Yu MC. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 July; 11(7): 608-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101107&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by soy isoflavone genistein. Author(s): Sarkar FH, Li Y. Source: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 2002; 21(3-4): 265-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549765&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolism of the soy isoflavones daidzein, genistein and glycitein in human subjects. Identification of new metabolites having an intact isoflavonoid skeleton. Author(s): Heinonen SM, Hoikkala A, Wahala K, Adlercreutz H. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2003 December; 87(4-5): 285-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14698210&dopt=Abstract
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Moderate intakes of intact soy protein rich in isoflavones compared with ethanolextracted soy protein increase HDL but do not influence transforming growth factor beta(1) concentrations and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in healthy subjects. Author(s): Sanders TA, Dean TS, Grainger D, Miller GJ, Wiseman H.
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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 76(2): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145009&dopt=Abstract •
Neutrophil myeloperoxidase chlorinates and nitrates soy isoflavones and enhances their antioxidant properties. Author(s): Boersma BJ, D'Alessandro T, Benton MR, Kirk M, Wilson LS, Prasain J, Botting NP, Barnes S, Darley-Usmar VM, Patel RP. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2003 December 1; 35(11): 1417-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14642389&dopt=Abstract
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New onset migraine associated with use of soy isoflavone supplements. Author(s): Engel PA. Source: Neurology. 2002 October 22; 59(8): 1289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391374&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional and clinical evaluation of a modified soy protein with covalently bound branched-chain amino acids in cirrhotic sprague-dawley rats. Author(s): Rodriguez MF, Wall A, Kondrup J, Lopez-Cervantes G, Calderon de la Barca AM. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2003; 47(2): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652060&dopt=Abstract
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Optimized separation conditions of soy isoflavonoids in urine by capillary zone electrophoresis. Author(s): Dabas PC, Bancora P, Vescina CM. Source: J Capillary Electrophor. 2003 May-August; 8(3-4): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14596336&dopt=Abstract
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Oral administration of a soy extract improves endothelial dysfunction in ovariectomized rats. Author(s): Catania MA, Crupi A, Firenzuoli F, Parisi A, Sturiale A, Squadrito F, Caputi AP, Calapai G. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 December; 68(12): 1142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12494349&dopt=Abstract
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Paediatric group position statement on the use of soya protein for infants. Author(s): The British Dietetic Association. Source: J Fam Health Care. 2003; 13(4): 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14528647&dopt=Abstract
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma ) as a molecular target for the soy phytoestrogen genistein. Author(s): Dang ZC, Audinot V, Papapoulos SE, Boutin JA, Lowik CW.
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Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 January 10; 278(2): 962-7. Epub 2002 November 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421816&dopt=Abstract •
Pharmacokinetics of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein in men and women after consumption of a soy beverage. Author(s): Shelnutt SR, Cimino CO, Wiggins PA, Ronis MJ, Badger TM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 76(3): 588-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198004&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological activities of Genistein, an isoflavone from soy (Glycine max): part I-anti-cancer activity. Author(s): Suthar AC, Banavalikar MM, Biyani MK. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 June; 39(6): 511-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562011&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological activities of Genistein, an isoflavone from soy (Glycine max): part II-anti-cholesterol activity, effects on osteoporosis & menopausal symptoms. Author(s): Suthar AC, Banavalikar MM, Biyani MK. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 June; 39(6): 520-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562012&dopt=Abstract
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Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of unconjugated soy isoflavones administered to individuals with cancer. Author(s): Takimoto CH, Glover K, Huang X, Hayes SA, Gallot L, Quinn M, Jovanovic BD, Shapiro A, Hernandez L, Goetz A, Llorens V, Lieberman R, Crowell JA, Poisson BA, Bergan RC. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 November; 12(11 Pt 1): 1213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14652284&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma isoflavone levels versus self-reported soy isoflavone levels in Asian-American women in Los Angeles County. Author(s): Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Twaddle NC, Doerge DR. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2004 January; 25(1): 77-81. Epub 2003 October 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14555615&dopt=Abstract
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Polyphenolic content in different plant parts of soy cultivars grown under natural conditions. Author(s): Romani A, Vignolini P, Galardi C, Aroldi C, Vazzana C, Heimler D.
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Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 August 27; 51(18): 5301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926874&dopt=Abstract •
Possible beneficial effects of soy protein on the vascular endothelium in postmenopausal women--future directions. Author(s): Blum A. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 January; 5(1): 56-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592961&dopt=Abstract
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Potential public health implications of the hypocholesterolemic effects of soy protein. Author(s): Messina MJ. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 March; 19(3): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620535&dopt=Abstract
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Pressor responsiveness to angiotensin in soy-fed spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Martin DS, Williams JL, Breitkopf NP, Eyster KM. Source: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2002 December; 80(12): 1180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564644&dopt=Abstract
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Protective role of n-3 lipids and soy protein in osteoporosis. Author(s): Fernandes G, Lawrence R, Sun D. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2003 June; 68(6): 361-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798656&dopt=Abstract
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Provisional Recommended Soy Protein and Isoflavone Intakes for Healthy Adults: Rationale. Author(s): Messina M, Messina V. Source: Nutrition Today. 2003 May-June; 38(3): 100-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813189&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitation of soy-derived phytoestrogens in human breast tissue and biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Maubach J, Bracke ME, Heyerick A, Depypere HT, Serreyn RF, Mareel MM, De Keukeleire D. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 January 25; 784(1): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504192&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. Author(s): Fujimaki S, Hayashi K.
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Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 December 17; 95(24): 1881-2; Author Reply 1881-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14679159&dopt=Abstract •
Regulation of male sex hormone levels by soy isoflavones in rats. Author(s): Yi MA, Son HM, Lee JS, Kwon CS, Lim JK, Yeo YK, Park YS, Kim JS. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 42(2): 206-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416261&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between soy-associated isoflavones and LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations in humans: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Weggemans RM, Trautwein EA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 57(8): 940-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879088&dopt=Abstract
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Reusing soy residue for the solid-state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum. Author(s): Hsieh C, Yang FC. Source: Bioresource Technology. 2004 January; 91(1): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14585628&dopt=Abstract
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Risks and benefits of soy phytoestrogens in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, climacteric symptoms and osteoporosis. Author(s): Walsh PC. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 1): 1637. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356048&dopt=Abstract
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Role of isoflavones in the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy. Author(s): Demonty I, Lamarche B, Jones PJ. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 June; 61(6 Pt 1): 189-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903829&dopt=Abstract
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Role of soy isoflavones in the hypotriglyceridemic effect of soy protein in the rat. Author(s): Demonty I, Lamarche B, Deshaies Y, Jacques H. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2002 November; 13(11): 671-677. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12550064&dopt=Abstract
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Role of soy protein in cholesterol-lowering: how good is it? Author(s): Nestel P. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002 November 1; 22(11): 1743-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426196&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and pharmacokinetics of purified soy isoflavones: single-dose administration to postmenopausal women. Author(s): Bloedon LT, Jeffcoat AR, Lopaczynski W, Schell MJ, Black TM, Dix KJ, Thomas BF, Albright C, Busby MG, Crowell JA, Zeisel SH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 76(5): 1126-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399289&dopt=Abstract
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Safety issues of soy phytoestrogens in breast cancer patients. Author(s): De Lemos M. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 July 1; 20(13): 3040-1; Author Reply 3041-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089239&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of soy-derived phosphatidylserine in elderly people. Author(s): Jorissen BL, Brouns F, Van Boxtel MP, Riedel WJ. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2002 October; 5(5): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385596&dopt=Abstract
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Serum isoflavones and soya food intake in Japanese, Thai and American end-stage renal disease patients on chronic haemodialysis. Author(s): Fanti P, Stephenson TJ, Kaariainen IM, Rezkalla B, Tsukamoto Y, Morishita T, Nomura M, Kitiyakara C, Custer LJ, Franke AA. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 September; 18(9): 1862-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937236&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous identification of soyasaponins and isoflavones and quantification of soyasaponin Bb in soy products, using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Dalluge JJ, Eliason E, Frazer S. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 June 4; 51(12): 3520-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769517&dopt=Abstract
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Solvent extraction selection in the determination of isoflavones in soy foods. Author(s): Murphy PA, Barua K, Hauck CC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 September 25; 777(1-2): 129-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270206&dopt=Abstract
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Soy and isoflavone consumption in relation to prostate cancer risk in China. Author(s): Lee MM, Gomez SL, Chang JS, Wey M, Wang RT, Hsing AW.
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Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 July; 12(7): 665-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869409&dopt=Abstract •
Soy and its isoflavones: a review of their effects on bone density. Author(s): Brynin R. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 August; 7(4): 317-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197783&dopt=Abstract
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Soy and social stress affect serotonin neurotransmission in primates. Author(s): Shively CA, Mirkes SJ, Lu NZ, Henderson JA, Bethea CL. Source: The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 2003; 3(2): 114-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746737&dopt=Abstract
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Soy consumption and colorectal cancer. Author(s): Spector D, Anthony M, Alexander D, Arab L. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2003; 47(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14769532&dopt=Abstract
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Soy consumption and phytoestrogens: effect on serum prostate specific antigen when blood lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein are reduced in hyperlipidemic men. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, D'Costa MA, Jackson CJ, Vidgen E, Singer W, Silverman JA, Koumbridis G, Honey J, Rao AV, Fleshner N, Klotz L. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 February; 169(2): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544298&dopt=Abstract
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Soy extract inhibits mammary adenocarcinoma growth in a syngeneic mouse model. Author(s): Hewitt AL, Singletary KW. Source: Cancer Letters. 2003 March 31; 192(2): 133-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668277&dopt=Abstract
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Soy food consumption is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese women. Author(s): Zhang X, Shu XO, Gao YT, Yang G, Li Q, Li H, Jin F, Zheng W. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 133(9): 2874-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949380&dopt=Abstract
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Soy foods and soybean isoflavones and menopausal health. Author(s): Messina MJ.
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Source: Nutrition in Clinical Care : an Official Publication of Tufts University. 2002 November-December; 5(6): 272-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557810&dopt=Abstract •
Soy for the treatment of perimenopausal symptoms-a systematic review. Author(s): Huntley AL, Ernst E. Source: Maturitas. 2004 January 20; 47(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706760&dopt=Abstract
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Soy formulas and nonbovine milk. Author(s): Muraro MA, Giampietro PG, Galli E. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 December; 89(6 Suppl 1): 97-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487214&dopt=Abstract
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Soy infant formula and phytoestrogens. Author(s): Tuohy PG. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2003 August; 39(6): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919490&dopt=Abstract
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Soy intake and other lifestyle determinants of serum estrogen levels among postmenopausal Chinese women in Singapore. Author(s): Wu AH, Stanczyk FZ, Seow A, Lee HP, Yu MC. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 September; 11(9): 844-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12223428&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavone genistein modulates cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis in HER-2/neu oncogene expressing human breast epithelial cells. Author(s): Katdare M, Osborne M, Telang NT. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 October; 21(4): 809-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239620&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention. Author(s): Sarkar FH, Li Y. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(5): 744-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14628433&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones and melatonin for the relief of climacteric symptoms: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study.
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Author(s): Secreto G, Chiechi LM, Amadori A, Miceli R, Venturelli E, Valerio T, Marubini E. Source: Maturitas. 2004 January 20; 47(1): 11-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14706761&dopt=Abstract •
Soy isoflavones do not modulate circulating insulin-like growth factor concentrations in an older population in an intervention trial. Author(s): Adams KF, Newton KM, Chen C, Emerson SS, Potter JD, White E, Lampe JW. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5): 1316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730416&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones exert antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects through the PPAR pathways in obese Zucker rats and murine RAW 264.7 cells. Author(s): Mezei O, Banz WJ, Steger RW, Peluso MR, Winters TA, Shay N. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5): 1238-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730403&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones have a favorable effect on bone loss in Chinese postmenopausal women with lower bone mass: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Chen YM, Ho SC, Lam SS, Ho SS, Woo JL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 October; 88(10): 4740-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14557449&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones increase latency of spontaneous mammary tumors in mice. Author(s): Jin Z, MacDonald RS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 October; 132(10): 3186-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368416&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones prevent ovariectomy-induced atherosclerotic lesions in Golden Syrian hamster model of postmenopausal hyperlipidemia. Author(s): Lucas EA, Lightfoot SA, Hammond LJ, Devareddy L, Khalil DA, Daggy BP, Soung do Y, Arjmandi BH. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2003 July-August; 10(4): 314-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851514&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones: a safety review. Author(s): Munro IC, Harwood M, Hlywka JJ, Stephen AM, Doull J, Flamm WG, Adlercreutz H. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 January; 61(1): 1-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638461&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones: hope or hype? Author(s): Fitzpatrick LA. Source: Maturitas. 2003 March 14; 44 Suppl 1: S21-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609556&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavones: no effects on bone mineral content and bone mineral density in healthy, menstruating young adult women after one year. Author(s): Anderson JJ, Chen X, Boass A, Symons M, Kohlmeier M, Renner JB, Garner SC. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 October; 21(5): 388-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356779&dopt=Abstract
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Soy isoflavonoid equol modulates the growth of benign and malignant prostatic epithelial cells in vitro. Author(s): Hedlund TE, Johannes WU, Miller GJ. Source: The Prostate. 2003 January 1; 54(1): 68-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12481257&dopt=Abstract
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Soy it ain't so. Author(s): Schub T. Source: Lab Anim (Ny). 2002 July-August; 31(7): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14619843&dopt=Abstract
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Soy milk intake in relation to serum sex hormone levels in British men. Author(s): Allen NE, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 41(1-2): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094627&dopt=Abstract
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Soy milk lowers blood pressure in men and women with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Rivas M, Garay RP, Escanero JF, Cia P Jr, Cia P, Alda JO. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 July; 132(7): 1900-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097666&dopt=Abstract
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Soy phytochemicals and tea bioactive components synergistically inhibit androgensensitive human prostate tumors in mice. Author(s): Zhou JR, Yu L, Zhong Y, Blackburn GL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 February; 133(2): 516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566493&dopt=Abstract
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Soy phytoestrogens do not prevent bone loss in postmenopausal monkeys. Author(s): Register TC, Jayo MJ, Anthony MS.
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Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4362-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970311&dopt=Abstract •
Soy product consumption in 10 European countries: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Author(s): Keinan-Boker L, Peeters PH, Mulligan AA, Navarro C, Slimani N, Mattisson I, Lundin E, McTaggart A, Allen NE, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Linseisen J, Haftenberger M, Lagiou P, Kalapothaki V, Evangelista A, Frasca G, Buenode-Mesquita HB, van der Schouw YT, Engeset D, Skeie G, Tormo MJ, Ardanaz E, Charrondiere UR, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1217-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639228&dopt=Abstract
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Soy product intake is inversely associated with serum homocysteine level in premenopausal Japanese women. Author(s): Nagata C, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 March; 133(3): 797-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612155&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein and isoflavone effects on vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: the Soy Estrogen Alternative Study. Author(s): Burke GL, Legault C, Anthony M, Bland DR, Morgan TM, Naughton MJ, Leggett K, Washburn SA, Vitolins MZ. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2003 March-April; 10(2): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627040&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein consumption and bone mass in early postmenopausal Chinese women. Author(s): Ho SC, Woo J, Lam S, Chen Y, Sham A, Lau J. Source: Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the Usa. 2003 October; 14(10): 835-42. Epub 2003 August 14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12920508&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein enhances the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterol esters in cholesterol-fed hamsters. Author(s): Lin Y, Meijer GW, Vermeer MA, Trautwein EA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 January; 134(1): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14704307&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. Author(s): Arjmandi BH, Khalil DA, Smith BJ, Lucas EA, Juma S, Payton ME, Wild RA.
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Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 88(3): 104854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629084&dopt=Abstract •
Soy protein isolate with isoflavones does not prevent estradiol-induced endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal women: a pilot trial. Author(s): Murray MJ, Meyer WR, Lessey BA, Oi RH, DeWire RE, Fritz MA. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2003 September-October; 10(5): 456-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14501608&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein reduces paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. Author(s): Aoki H, Otaka Y, Igarashi K, Takenaka A. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163672&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein supplementation increases serum insulin-like growth factor-I in young and old men but does not affect markers of bone metabolism. Author(s): Khalil DA, Lucas EA, Juma S, Smith BJ, Payton ME, Arjmandi BH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2605-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221217&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein with isoflavones has favorable effects on endothelial function that are independent of lipid and antioxidant effects in healthy postmenopausal women. Author(s): Steinberg FM, Guthrie NL, Villablanca AC, Kumar K, Murray MJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816781&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein with isoflavones, but not an isoflavone-rich supplement, improves arterial low-density lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis. Author(s): Wagner JD, Schwenke DC, Greaves KA, Zhang L, Anthony MS, Blair RM, Shadoan MK, Williams JK. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2003 December; 23(12): 2241-6. Epub 2003 October 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14576074&dopt=Abstract
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Soy protein with or without isoflavones, soy germ and soy germ extract, and daidzein lessen plasma cholesterol levels in golden Syrian hamsters. Author(s): Song T, Lee SO, Murphy PA, Hendrich S. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2003 October; 228(9): 1063-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530516&dopt=Abstract
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Soy supplement: why is the effect so elusive? Author(s): Albertazzi P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 July; 87(7): 3508; Author Reply 3508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107273&dopt=Abstract
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Soy, garlic, and ginkgo biloba: their potential role in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Author(s): Gardner CD, Messina M, Lawson LD, Farquhar JW. Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2003 November; 5(6): 468-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14525680&dopt=Abstract
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Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. Author(s): Yamamoto S, Sobue T, Kobayashi M, Sasaki S, Tsugane S; Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study on Cancer Cardiovascular Diseases Group. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 June 18; 95(12): 906-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813174&dopt=Abstract
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Soy: an anticancer agent in wide use despite some troubling data. Author(s): Cassileth BR, Vickers AJ. Source: Cancer Investigation. 2003; 21(5): 817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14628440&dopt=Abstract
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Soy-based formulae and infant growth and development: a review. Author(s): Mendez MA, Anthony MS, Arab L. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2127-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163650&dopt=Abstract
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Soy-based formulas and phyto-oestrogens: a safety profile. Author(s): Miniello VL, Moro GE, Tarantino M, Natile M, Granieri L, Armenio L. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 2003 September; 91(441): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14599051&dopt=Abstract
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Soybean isoflavones inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis and the production of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 in osteoblastic cells. Author(s): Suh KS, Koh G, Park CY, Woo JT, Kim SW, Kim JW, Park IK, Kim YS. Source: Phytochemistry. 2003 May; 63(2): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711143&dopt=Abstract
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Soybean isoflavones reduce postmenopausal bone resorption in female Japanese immigrants in Brazil: a ten-week study.
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Author(s): Yamori Y, Moriguchi EH, Teramoto T, Miura A, Fukui Y, Honda KI, Fukui M, Nara Y, Taira K, Moriguchi Y. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 December; 21(6): 560-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480802&dopt=Abstract •
Soybeans, Soy Foods, Isoflavones and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: a Review of Experimental and Epidemiological Data. Author(s): Toyomura K, Kono S. Source: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2002; 3(2): 125-132. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718590&dopt=Abstract
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Soy-derived isoflavones exert opposing actions on Guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Author(s): Liew R, Williams JK, Collins P, MacLeod KT. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 March; 304(3): 985-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604673&dopt=Abstract
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Stability and Bioaccessibility of Isoflavones from Soy Bread during In Vitro Digestion. Author(s): Walsh KR, Zhang YC, Vodovotz Y, Schwartz SJ, Failla ML. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 July 30; 51(16): 4603-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705884&dopt=Abstract
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Stability of isoflavones in soy milk stored at elevated and ambient temperatures. Author(s): Eisen B, Ungar Y, Shimoni E. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 April 9; 51(8): 2212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670158&dopt=Abstract
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Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. Author(s): Brooks JD, Ward WE, Lewis JE, Hilditch J, Nickell L, Wong E, Thompson LU. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 February; 79(2): 318-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14749240&dopt=Abstract
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The atheroprotective effect of dietary soy isoflavones in apolipoprotein E-/- mice requires the presence of estrogen receptor-alpha. Author(s): Adams MR, Golden DL, Register TC, Anthony MS, Hodgin JB, Maeda N, Williams JK. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002 November 1; 22(11): 1859-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426216&dopt=Abstract
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The cardiovascular effects of soy products. Author(s): Hasler CM. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2002 July; 16(4): 50-63; Quiz 75-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597262&dopt=Abstract
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The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Author(s): Setchell KD, Brown NM, Lydeking-Olsen E. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 December; 132(12): 3577-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468591&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of a soy rich diet on the vaginal epithelium in postmenopause: a randomized double blind trial. Author(s): Chiechi LM, Putignano G, Guerra V, Schiavelli MP, Cisternino AM, Carriero C. Source: Maturitas. 2003 August 20; 45(4): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12927310&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of combining plant sterols, soy protein, viscous fibers, and almonds in treating hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Lapsley KG, Trautwein EA, Parker TL, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 November; 52(11): 1478-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14624410&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on lipids and indices of bone resorption in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Dalais FS, Ebeling PR, Kotsopoulos D, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 June; 58(6): 704-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780746&dopt=Abstract
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The role of soy phytoestrogens in prostate cancer. Author(s): Castle EP, Thrasher JB. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 February; 29(1): 71-81, Viii-Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109358&dopt=Abstract
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The soy isoflavone genistein decreases adipose deposition in mice. Author(s): Naaz A, Yellayi S, Zakroczymski MA, Bunick D, Doerge DR, Lubahn DB, Helferich WG, Cooke PS.
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Source: Endocrinology. 2003 August; 144(8): 3315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865308&dopt=Abstract •
Therapeutic effects of NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce in anaemic children in China. Author(s): Huo J, Sun J, Miao H, Yu B, Yang T, Liu Z, Lu C, Chen J, Zhang D, Ma Y, Wang A, Li Y. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11(2): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074178&dopt=Abstract
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Three measures show high compliance in a soy intervention among premenopausal women. Author(s): Maskarinec G, Robbins C, Riola B, Kane-Sample L, Franke AA, Murphy S. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 July; 103(7): 861-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830025&dopt=Abstract
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Tomato and soy polyphenols reduce insulin-like growth factor-I-stimulated rat prostate cancer cell proliferation and apoptotic resistance in vitro via inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways involving tyrosine kinase. Author(s): Wang S, DeGroff VL, Clinton SK. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7): 2367-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840208&dopt=Abstract
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Types of dietary fat and soy minimally affect hormones and biomarkers associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Author(s): Brown BD, Thomas W, Hutchins A, Martini MC, Slavin JL. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 43(1): 22-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467131&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound-assisted extraction of soy isoflavones. Author(s): Rostagno MA, Palma M, Barroso CG. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 September 19; 1012(2): 119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14521308&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of a soy food frequency questionnaire with plasma concentrations of isoflavones in US adults. Author(s): Frankenfeld CL, Patterson RE, Kalhorn TF, Skor HE, Howald WN, Lampe JW. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 October; 102(10): 1407-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396157&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of a soy food-frequency questionnaire and evaluation of correlates of plasma isoflavone concentrations in postmenopausal women.
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Author(s): Frankenfeld CL, Patterson RE, Horner NK, Neuhouser ML, Skor HE, Kalhorn TF, Howald WN, Lampe JW. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 March; 77(3): 674-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600860&dopt=Abstract •
Variations in isoflavone levels in soy foods and soy protein isolates and issues related to isoflavone databases and food labeling. Author(s): Setchell KD, Cole SJ. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 July 2; 51(14): 4146-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12822960&dopt=Abstract
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Variations in metabolism of the soy isoflavonoid daidzein by human intestinal microfloras from different individuals. Author(s): Rafii F, Davis C, Park M, Heinze TM, Beger RD. Source: Archives of Microbiology. 2003 July; 180(1): 11-6. Epub 2003 May 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12783157&dopt=Abstract
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Vascular effects of a soy leaves (Glycine max) extract and kaempferol glycosides in isolated rat carotid arteries. Author(s): Ho HM, Chen R, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 June; 68(6): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094288&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to soy; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Age-Related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anxiety Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ear Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Hyperparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Infantile Colic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kidney Stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopausal Symptoms (Other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menopause Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Otitis Media Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psoriasis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinus Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tension Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroid Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroiditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Vitamin B12 Deficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Alternative Therapy Daniel's Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html Ionized Air (Negative Ions) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Chinese Medicine Colla Corii Asini Alternative names: Donkey-hide Glue; %Colla Corii Asini%% Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Colla Cornus Cervi Alternative names: Deerhorn Glue; %Colla Cornus Cervi%% Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Dandouchi Alternative names: Fermented Soybean; Semen Sojae Preparatum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pinggan Shuluo Wan Alternative names: Pinggan Shuluo Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Herbs and Supplements Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amino Acid K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Arctium Alternative names: Burdock, Gobo; Arctium lappa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Beta-sitosterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-sitosterol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,972,00.html Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Camellia Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinensis, Ma huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Estrogens (Combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Fructo-Oligosaccharides (FOS) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glutathione Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,854,00.html Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ipratropium Bromide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ipriflavone Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10039,00.html Isoflavones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lecithin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com L-lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Lysine Alternative names: Amino Acid K, L-Lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ma Huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10096,00.html Natural Progesterone Cream Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10099,00.html Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Origanum Alternative names: Oregano; Origanum vulgare Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Peppermint Alternative names: Mentha piperita Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenylalanine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phosphatidylserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phosphatidylserine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphatidylserine (PS) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,813,00.html Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pregnenolone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pueraria Alternative names: Kudzu; Pueraria lobata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Silybum Alternative names: Milk Thistle; Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Soy Isoflavones Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10057,00.html Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thyroid Hormone Alternative names: Armour Thyroid, S-P-T, Thyrar Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thyroid Hormones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tyrosine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Dioica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Urens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Yam Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Women's Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10100,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SOY Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to soy. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “soy” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on soy, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Soy ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to soy. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Study of in Vitro and in Vivo Biological Effects of Soy- and Hop-Derived PhytoOestrogens by Maubach, Julie, PhD from Rijksuniversiteit Te Gent (Belgium), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f290593
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Adaptation of Recipes to Promote Soy Food Consumption by Participants in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program by Salazar, Laura Denise, Ms from Mississippi State University, 2003, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414599
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Characterization of Soyasaponin Metabolism by Human Gut Microorganisms and Bioavailability in Humans by Hu, Jiang, PhD from Iowa State University, 2003, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085917
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Effects of Dietary Casein and Soy Protein on Lipoprotein Metabolism in Rabbits by Khosla, Pramod; PhD from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL49307
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Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Breast Tumorigenesis in MMTV-NEU Transgenic Mice by Jin, Zeming, PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2003, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3101026
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Investigation of the Interaction of Modified Soy Protein Fractions with Wheat Starch Granule Components by Ryan, Kevin Joseph, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2003, 299 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086171
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Part 1. a Comparison of Enantioselective Uptake and Degradation of Chiral Pesticides Through Biotic and Abiotic Processes in the Aquatic Environment and Part 2. Development of a Soybean Oil Based Epoxy Resin System and Its Application in Composite Materia by Maples, Michael Fred, PhD from University of Missouri - Rolla, 2003, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090106
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Soybeans As an Indicator of the Progress of Southern Agriculture since the Second World War by Parry, Bruce E., PhD from The American University, 1980, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8017449
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Structural Stability and Refolding of the Soybean Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor by Roychaudhuri, Robin, PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2003, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078610
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The Location of Marginal Production for Value-Added and Intermediate Goods: Optimal Policies and Trade Volume (Broiler Production, Corn, Soy Bean Meal) by Fuller, Frank Harland, PhD from Iowa State University, 1996, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9626036
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The Physico-Chemical Properties of Soy Isolates and Their Effects on Rheological and Baking Performance of Supplemented Wheat Blends by Chen, Shy-show; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43781
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND SOY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning soy.
Recent Trials on Soy The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to soy.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Examination of a Soy-Based Supplement for Major Depression Condition(s): Depression Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to find out if the soy-based dietary supplement Novasoy (Registered Trademark) is effective for the short-term treatment of clinical depression. This study will also evaluate whether Novasoy (Registered Trademark) is effective in treating the anxiety that often accompanies depression and will assess the best dose level. Novasoy (Registered Trademark) is a marketed botanical dietary supplement containing soy isoflavones. The active form of the soy isoflavone genistin may be a novel treatment for neuropsychiatric illnesses. The soy isoflavone's specific hormonal properties may also have beneficial effects on brain function in depressed patients. This study will be conducted in two phases. During Phase I, participants will stop all medications for at least 1 week. A psychiatric and medical examination will be conducted. During Phase II, participants will be randomly assigned to receive either Novasoy (Registered Trademark) or a placebo (an inactive pill) for 8 weeks. Participants who do not respond to treatment after 5 weeks will be given a higher dose of their assigned medication. After the 8-week period, participants will be monitored for up to 3 months before being referred back to their clinician for further treatment. Phase(s): Phase II
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00042380 •
Soy Isoflavone Compared With No Treatment Before Surgery in Treating Patients With Breast Cancer Condition(s): stage I breast cancer; stage II breast cancer; stage IIIA breast cancer; stage IIIC breast cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Soy isoflavone may stop the growth of cancer by stopping blood flow to the tumor. It is not yet known if isoflavone is more effective than no treatment before surgery for breast cancer. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to study the effectiveness of soy isoflavone compared with no treatment before surgery in treating patients who have breast cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00022269
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Soy Protein Supplement in Preventing Prostate Cancer in Patients With Elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels Condition(s): Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Cancer and Leukemia Group B; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Soy protein supplement may prevent or delay the development of prostate cancer in patients who have elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to determine the effectiveness of soy protein supplement in preventing prostate cancer in patients who have elevated PSA levels. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031746
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Soy Protein Supplement In Treating Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women Receiving Tamoxifen for Breast Disease Condition(s): Breast Cancer; breast cancer in situ; Hot Flashes Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Cancer and Leukemia Group B; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Soy protein supplement may be effective in reducing hot flashes in postmenopausal women who are receiving tamoxifen for breast disease. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to determine the effectiveness of soy protein
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supplement in reducing hot flashes in postmenopausal women who are receiving tamoxifen for breast disease such as ductalhyperplasia or breast cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031720 •
Vitamin E, Selenium, and Soy Protein in Preventing Cancer in Patients With HighGrade Prostate Neoplasia Condition(s): Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute of Canada Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain substances to try to prevent the development or recurrence of cancer. Vitamin E, selenium, and soy protein may be effective in preventing the development of prostate cancer. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to study the effectiveness of combining vitamin E, selenium, and soy protein in preventing prostate cancer in patients who have high-grade prostate neoplasia. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064194
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Soy Protein in Early Diabetic Nephropathy Condition(s): Diabetic Nephropathy; Diabetes Mellitus Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: Diabetic nephropathy is a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease. Reduction of dietary protein has been used to slow down renal disease progression, but patients are often unwilling to make these dietary changes. Other research suggests that changing the quality of dietary protein may be as effective as reducing the total amount of ingested protein. This study hopes to show that soy protein, a plant protein relatively high in essential amino acids and with high nutritional value, maye be beneficial to Type I diabetic patients with incipient renal disease. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067678
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Bone Response to Soy Isoflavones in Women Condition(s): Osteopenia; Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment.
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Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will provide valuable data on whether soy isoflavones impact bone loss in postmenopausal women. The study will help clarify potential mechanisms and contribute to our understanding of isoflavones as an alternative to traditional hormone therapy. Phase(s): Phase II; Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00043745 •
Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study of Soy Protein Isolate for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Condition(s): Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); Yale University Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Evaluate migraine prophylaxis with soy protein isolate in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. II. Assess whether soy protein isolate reduces the frequency and severity of epistaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004654
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Soy Estrogen Alternative Study (SEA) Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Heart Diseases; Menopausal Complaints; Uterine Diseases; Menopause Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To conduct a three-armed trial assessing the effect of soy phytoestrogens on menopausal complaints, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, vaginal bleeding and endometrial proliferation, and health related quality of life. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000612
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Using Soy Estrogens to Prevent Bone Loss and Other Menopausal Symptoms Condition(s): Menopause; Osteoporosis; Osteopenia Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment.
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Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine if soy-derived phytoestrogens (naturally occurring compounds similar to estrogen) can prevent bone loss and other menopausal symptoms in women who have recently gone through menopause. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00076050
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “soy” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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•
For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON SOY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “soy” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on soy, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Soy By performing a patent search focusing on soy, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will
9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on soy: •
Calcium enrichment composition and method for producing the same Inventor(s): Buddemeyer; Bruce (Raytown, MO), Cheong; Weng Kit (Gladstone, MO), Hagedorn; Herman H. (Kansas City, MO) Assignee(s): American Micronutrients, Inc. (independence, Mo) Patent Number: 6,599,544 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: An improved calcium-enriched composition and method of supplementing food products with the composition are provided. Broadly, the compositions include respective sources of phosphate ions, citrate ions, and calcium ions, metal hydroxides, and water, with the molar ratio of citrate ions to phosphate ions in the composition being from about 1.0:1.35 to about 1.0:2.35. The compositions have high solids contents relative to prior art compositions, and at least about 70% of the theoretically available calcium ions remain dispersed in the compositions at ambient temperatures. The compositions are in the form of a colloidal suspension having very little or no sedimentation. Finally, the compositions can be mixed with food products (e.g., cow's milk, soy milk) to substantially increase the calcium available in the product without negatively affecting the taste, color, or smell of the product. Excerpt(s): The present invention is broadly concerned with calcium-enriched compositions and methods of supplementing food products with those compositions. More particularly, the inventive compositions include respective sources of phosphate ions, citrate ions, and calcium ions, a metal hydroxide, and water. The compositions have high solids contents and are in the form of substantially uniform, colloidal suspensions in which a high percentage of the available calcium ions remains dispersed. The food industry has long sought stable, water-dispersible forms of calcium which would allow significant amounts of calcium to be introduced into food products without substantially increasing the bulk of the product. To be effective in this context, the calcium-containing substances must be essentially odorless, colorless, tasteless, and producible at a relatively low cost. In addition, these substances must be stable under the extreme conditions dictated by formulation, processing, and storage of the food products. Numerous food products would benefit from calcium enrichment. For example, animal milk products (particularly those formed from cow's milk) are already considered to be a good dietary source of calcium. However, these products contain only limited quantities of calcium in each serving, requiring the average person to consume a large portion of the product to obtain the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calcium. Furthermore, some people have medical conditions (e.g., osteoporosis) which require the consumption of calcium beyond that required for others. Therefore, supplemental products which increase the amount of calcium in each serving of milk products at a low cost and without negatively affecting the quality of the milk product are always in demand. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599544__
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Coating for gypsum board face with uniform gloss intensity Inventor(s): Deodhar; Subhash (Vernon Hills, IL), Haugeberg; Tom (Mundelein, IL), Negri; Robert (Lake Villa, IL) Assignee(s): United States Gypsum Company (chicago, Il) Patent Number: 6,663,979 Date filed: December 19, 2001 Abstract: A coating for gypsum board includes a binder, a soy protein, and two or more pigments. Two of the pigments include calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate and the magnesium carbonate makes up at least 20% by weight of the coating on a dry basis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for coating gypsum board panels. More particularly, the present invention relates to a coating that provides a smooth, even and uniformly glossy wall surface across seams and nail spots that have been covered with a joint compound. The coating withstands sanding between coats of joint compound, resulting in a surface that takes paint and other decorative finishes evenly. This invention concerns a gypsum board, particularly, a coated gypsum board. Gypsum board is a well known building material which has been used for years, primarily as an interior wall and ceiling material, but also to a certain extent as an exterior material. These boards have a gypsum core with pressed paper cover sheets on the back and face of the boards. A slurry of calcium sulfate hemihydrate and water is used to form the core, and is permitted to set by allowing the calcium sulfate hemihydrate to react with sufficient water to convert the hemihydrate into a matrix of interlocking dihydrate crystals. As the crystal matrix forms, the product slurry becomes firm and holds the desired shape. Excess water is then removed from the product by drying. In the construction of buildings, gypsum wallboard, often known as drywall, is frequently used in the construction of walls and/or ceilings. Walls made from gypsum wallboard are traditionally constructed by affixing the panels to wood studs, metal framing or other substrate, and treating the joints between adjoining panels with a specially prepared adhesive called a joint compound. The side edges of the drywall panels are tapered, thus allowing the joint compound to be applied to the seam, between adjoining panels, in such a way that a monolithic surface is created when finished. This process generally proceeds by placing a taping joint compound within the joint formed by the abutted edges of the wallboards, and embedding a liquid-permeable paper or fiberglass tape within that compound. When dry (or set), a second coating referred to as a topping joint compound is applied over the joint, which can be subsequently lightly sanded upon drying. A third or finish coat is applied, allowed to dry, and lightly sanded to create a smooth monolithic surface that conceals any indication of where the drywall seams were. Another type of joint compound is an allpurpose grade that can be used for both embedding the joint tape and for applying the finish coats. A patterned or textured effect can be given to the finished wall and joint through the use of special application tools. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06663979__
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Composition comprising soy protein, dietary fibres and a phytoestrogen compound and use thereof in the prevention and/or treatment of pulmonary diseases Inventor(s): H.o slashed.ie; Lars Henrik (London, GB) Assignee(s): Nutri Pharma Asa (oslo, No) Patent Number: 6,509,043 Date filed: August 15, 2001 Abstract: A composition comprising (a) soy protein, (b) a phytoestrogen compound, and (c) dietary fibers. The soy protein (a) is present in an amount of at least 45 weight percent of the total protein content of the composition, said total protein content providing at least 15% of the total energy content of the composition. The phytoestrogen compound (b) is preferably a naturally occurring isoflavone and is present in an amount of more than 0.10 weight percent of the soy protein, and the dietary fibers (c) are preferably soybean fibers and are present in an amount of more than 4 weight percent of the total weight of the nutritional composition on a dry basis. The composition is useful for treating pulmonary diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to soy protein, phytoestrogens and dietary fibres and compositions thereof suitable for preventing, alleviating and/or treating pulmonary diseases. The compositions are particularly useful in treating e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammation of the airways, asthma, bronchoconstriction, bronchitis, and small airways disease. The present invention also relates to the use of these compositions as a medicament and/or in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a subject suffering from a pulmonary disease, more particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammation of the airways, asthma, bronchoconstriction, bronchitis, and/or small airways disease. The present invention also concerns use of a composition according to the present invention in the prevention and/or treatment of said diseases and disorders. In addition, the present invention also provides methods for preventing and/or treating and/or prophylactically treating and/or alleviating by therapy said diseases and disorders. The airways of the human and animal body consist of a series of tubes and passages that include the throat, the larynx and the trachea. In the chest cavity the trachea divides into the right and left bronchi, or bronchial tubes, that enter the lungs. The branches of the bronchi subsequently become more narrow and form tubes, the bronchioles, that divide into even more narrow tubes, the alveolar ducts. The end of each alveolar duct forms a cluster of thinly walled sacs termed the alveoli. Pulmonary diseases are diseases generally affecting the lungs. The airways and the lungs are subject to many disease causing and/or disease stimulating factors such as e.g. inhaled pathogens like bacteria and viruses, allergens and toxic substances such as cigarette smoke or air pollutants. Such factors generate disorders with symptoms like e.g. difficulty in breathing, chest pains, coughing, and wheezing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06509043__
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Composition containing plant sterol, soy protein and isoflavone for reducing LDL cholesterol Inventor(s): Henley; E. C. (St. Louis, MO), Potter; Susan M. (St. Louis, MO), Waggle; Doyle H. (St. Louis, MO) Assignee(s): Protein Technologies International, Inc. (st. Louis, Mo) Patent Number: 6,544,566 Date filed: April 23, 1999 Abstract: A composition is provided comprising a plant sterol and a soy protein material and/or and isoflavone selected from genistein, daidzein, glycitein, biochanin A, formononetin, and their naturally occurring glycosides, where the plant sterol comprises at least 0.49% of the composition, by weight. The present invention is also a method for decreasing the blood concentration of total and LDL cholesterol in a human in which the plant sterol and a soy protein material and/or an isoflavone are co-administered to the human, where the plant sterol comprises at least 0.49%, by weight, of the combined weight of the plant sterol and the soy protein material and/or the isoflavone. Also provided is also a method for preventing or minimizing the development of atherosclerosis in a human in which a plant sterol and a soy protein material and/or an isoflavone are co-administered to the human, where the plant sterol comprises at least 0.49%, by weight, of the combined weight of the plant sterol and the soy protein material and/or the isoflavone. A preferred method involves co-administering to a human a plant sterol and a soy protein material containing at least 49% by weight soy protein and containing the isoflavone glycoside, glycitin. The plant sterol is at least 0.49% by combined weight of the co-administered plant sterol and soy protein material. The plant sterol can be B-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitostanol, or campestanol. Also an isoflavone can be administered in combination with the plant sterol and soy protein material. This isoflavone can be genistein, daidzein, glycitein, biochanin A, formononetin, and their naturally occurring glycosides and glycoside conjugates. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for and methods of reducing low density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol concentrations in the blood. In particular, the present invention relates to compositions containing plant sterols, soy protein, and isoflavones, and combinations thereof, which are useful for lowering LDLcholesterol and total cholesterol blood concentrations and for preventing or minimizing development of atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the United States and in Western European countries. Several causative factors are implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease including hereditary predisposition to the disease, gender, lifestyle factors such as smoking and diet, age, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, including hypercholesteremia. Several of these factors, particularly hyperlipidemia and hypercholesteremia, contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, a primary cause of vascular and heart disease. High blood cholesterol concentration is one of the major risk factors for vascular disease and coronary heart disease in humans. Elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (hereafter "LDL-cholesterol") and elevated total cholesterol are directly related to an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Cholesterol and Mortality: 30 Years of Follow-Up from the Framingham Study, Anderson, Castelli, & Levy, JAMA, Vol 257, pp. 2176-80 (1987). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06544566__
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Dietary supplements comprising soy hypocotyls containing at least one isoflavone Inventor(s): Kelly; Graham Edmund (Northbridge, AU) Assignee(s): Novogen Research Pty. Ltd. (au) Patent Number: 6,497,906 Date filed: April 11, 2000 Abstract: Composition enriched with natural phyto-estrogens or analogs thereof selected from Genistein, Daidzein, Formomometin, and Biochanin A. These may be used as food additives, tablets, or capsules for promoting health in cases of cancer, premenstrual syndrome, menopause, or hypercholestrolaemia. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to natural products containing phyto-oestrogens, or phyto-oestrogen metabolites, which have various beneficial physiological effects in man, and which have a variety of uses, such as to promote good health and as a dietary additive, for example. The particular product in accordance with the invention is an extract of certain plants with the particular purpose of enrichment for phyto-oestrogens, both in their natural state and their closely related derivatives and metabolites. Plants which are used as foodstuffs or medicinal herbs contain a wide variety of chemicals which are assimilated into the body following ingestion. Some of these chemicals are important nutrients for man and animals (e.g. fats, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals) while others have none, or little or no known nutritional value. The phytooestrogens hitherto have fallen into this latter category of no known nutritional value. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06497906__
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Extreme volume flexible integrity prosthesis Inventor(s): Eaton; L. Daniel (Little Rock, AR) Assignee(s): Board of Trustees of the University of Arkansas (little Rock, Ar) Patent Number: 6,520,989 Date filed: January 18, 2000 Abstract: A flexible external prosthesis formed by first creating a thin walled hollow elastomeric shell of the shape required for anatomical augmentation. The interior of the hollow shell is filled with a flexible foam body formed into the same shape. The foam is formed by either of two methods. In one method the same mold used to form the thin walled hollow shell is used again to shape the foam into the same shape as the hollow shell. The hollow prosthesis may then be opened, the foam body inserted and the shell resealed. In another method, the foam is injected into the hollow shell while it is contained in the mold. The foam is desirably a two-part material which chemically generates a foaming agent when the two parts are mixed together. The foam then expands into the interior of the hollow shell and assumes the shape imposed by the mold. The foam body is lubricated to ensure free movement of the shell with respect to the foam body, desirably using a triglyceride oil, such as soy bean oil. By using the foam body to support the hollow prosthesis shell, it is possible to make the thickness of the shell walls thinner and thus more natural in feel and appearance. The foam body is colored with an opaque pigment and the shell is colored with a translucent pigment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an external prosthesis for augmenting deficient anatomy, and in particular, to an external prosthesis which has both visual and tactile similarities to the natural anatomy. Prostheses, both internal and external, are
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known for the purpose of augmenting deficient anatomy. Both internal and external prostheses must accurately replicate the size and shape of the deficient anatomy and if possible, the function of the replicated anatomy. External prostheses present additional unique problems in that external prostheses, since they are not implanted within the body, are more exposed to the visual and tactile impressions of the person fitted with the prosthesis, and, in some cases, to other persons as well. An example of an internal prosthesis is Carlisle et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,330) which discloses a breast prosthesis implant with an outer elastic shell which encloses a biocompatible fluid and a silicone foam insert having the shape and consistency of breast tissue. A possible material for the outer shell is silicone. In one embodiment the foam body has a volume substantially equal to the unstretched volume of the elastic shell. The outer elastic shell may be formed on a mandrel which may also be used as the form for a mold to shape the foam insert. Among the biocompatible fluids, saline and silicone gel are disclosed. Carlisle et al. note that the prior art discloses multilumen prostheses where a lubricating material is provided between an outer shell and an inner lumen. It is also disclosed that the silicone foam body formed as described in the patent comprises both open cell and closed cell characteristics. The foam body may be either bonded to a portion of the inner surface of the shell or left free floating. The method of manufacturing the silicone foam body requires the uncured silicone to be blended with air, injected into a mold, and placed under a vacuum while the mold is heated to cure the silicone. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06520989__ •
Food ingredient Inventor(s): Stark; Ann M. (Marion, IA) Assignee(s): Cargill, Incorporated (minneapolis, Mn) Patent Number: 6,589,584 Date filed: April 16, 1999 Abstract: The present invention includes a food ingredient that comprises soy flour and gluten wherein the ratio of gluten to soy flour in the additive is greater than a natural ratio of gluten to flour in wheat flour. The ingredient is effective for making a food product having a structure and height substantially the same as a corresponding soyfree product made with wheat flour. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an ingredient that adds vegetable protein and/or phytochemicals to leavened and unleavened food products. Soy products are known to have constituents of high nutritional value. One constituent is protein. The Food and Drug Administration, FDA, has recently proposed that food products containing 6.25 grams of soy protein per Reference Amount Customarily Consumed (RACC), that are low in fat and low cholesterol as well, may carry a health claim. FDA's proposal that 4 servings of 6.25 grams of soy protein per day (25 grams total) as a part of a low fat, low cholesterol diet may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Soy also contains phytochemicals such as isoflavones, also referred to as phytoestrogens, have been associated with many positive health benefits. These health benefits include preventing hormone-dependent cancers and with substantially eliminating symptoms such as hot flashes in peri- and post-menopausal women as well as reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Soy flour has been reported to have isoflavone concentrations ranging from about 1 mg/g to about 3 mg/g of soy flour. Isoflavone levels in soy flour generally exceed those in other soy products, such as soy protein concentrates and isolates. Soy flour is also a good source of dietary fiber, minerals and B vitamins.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589584__ •
Growth enhancers Inventor(s): Evju; Hans (Sarpsborg, NO) Assignee(s): Borregaard Industires Limited (sarpsborg, No) Patent Number: 6,596,326 Date filed: June 27, 2001 Abstract: The present invention comprises an additive for compound feed for pigs, sheep, goats, poultry, cattle, horses, dogs, cats and fur-bearing animals, which contains an organic or inorganic acid, or salts thereof, espacially formic acid, with a beneficial effect on the treatment of compound feed, and a spent sulphite liquor from an acidic or neutral cellulose sulphite cook. The additive contains the acid or salts thereof in an amount ranging from 10-90 percentage weight, and the spent sulphite liquor in an amount ranging from 10-90 percentage weight. The additive is added is added to the compound feed in an amount ranging from 0,2 to 3,0 %. The spent sulphite liquor can be adsorbed on a suitable carrier, such as soy meal or water-adsorbing silicates, in order to attain a dry composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a growth enhancing additive to compound feed, containing an organic or inorganic acid, or salts thereof, with a beneficial effect on the treatment of compound feed, and a spent sulphite liquor from an acidic or neutral cellulose sulphite cooking. It is known that the addition of acid to compound feed for pigs has an efficacious effect on their growth and health. Further, the acid addition to compound feed reduces the amount of consumed compound feed per kg of growth without the increased growth affecting the quality of the meat, since the percentage of meat remains relatively unchanged. This also saves on feed costs by reducing the feeding period and promoting better housing utilization. The quality of the feed is also improved, as the acid kills undesirable bacteria and microorganisms in the feed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596326__
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High Beta-Conglycinin products and their use Inventor(s): Bringe; Neal A. (Saint Charles, MO) Assignee(s): Monsanto Company (st. Louis, Mo) Patent Number: 6,566,134 Date filed: December 20, 2000 Abstract: The utility of soybeans having a composition of greater than 40% of the protein as beta-conglycinin and less than 10% of the protein as glycinin for making highly functional high beta-conglycinin compositions was discovered. The discovered ingredients are useful for mimicking the texturizing properties of casein while also maintaining or improving physiological benefits of soy protein ingredients (e.g., cholesterol and triglyceride lowering properties). The high stability of the high betaconglycinin compositions against protein--protein aggregation reactions is valuable for creating good tasting beverages and beverage mixes. Cheese with good spreadability, gloss and smoothness was made using an enzyme-modified version of the new ingredient composition. Cheese with good firmness and meltability was also created
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using a different enzyme-treatment. High beta-conglycinin compositions were found to demonstrate excellent emulsifying and gelling properties in the pH region (5.5-6.2) relevant to meat applications. High beta-conglycinin compositions also have possible use for improving the composition of essential amino acids for infant humans and animals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a high beta-conglycinin composition, meat analog, cheese analog, beverage and animal feed and to methods of producing a high beta-conglycinin composition, cheese analog, beverage, meat analog and animal feed. The publications and other materials used herein to illuminate the background of the invention or provide additional details respecting the practice, are incorporated by reference. Glycinin and beta-conglycinin (BC) account for approximately 70% of the proteins in soybeans. It has been postulated that the functional properties of soy protein ingredients in food systems can be improved by modifying the ratio of these proteins. Previous attempts have been to increase the ratio of glycinin to beta-conglycinin to improve the yield and quality of tofu-type soybean gels and to improve the content of sulfur amino acids for nutritional purposes (Kitamura, K., Trends Food Science & Technology 4:64-67, (1993), Murphy, P., et al., Food Technology 51:86-88, 110 (1997)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06566134__ •
Infant formula with free amino acids and nucleotides Inventor(s): Gohman; Sharon (New Brighton, MN), Lowry; Carol Jo (Minneapolis, MN) Assignee(s): Novartis Nutrition AG (berne, Ch) Patent Number: 6,511,696 Date filed: December 13, 2000 Abstract: A fat-rich powder provides the complete nutritional needs of an at-risk infant no more than one year old, who has acquired a milk allergy, such as cow's milk allergy ("CMA"), and/or an allergy to protein in "soy milk", as well as digestive or absorption problems resulting in a damaged gut. Because such an infant must derive all its protein from amino acids it is not fed any ingredient derived from mammalian milk, but a combination of amino acids with nucleotides in specified amounts along with free Lglutamine, maintaining specified ratios of their relative amounts, which ratios in the ranges stated are found to be beneficial for healing of the infant's damaged gut, and for promoting cell division to assure its normal growth. A typical feeding of 32.6 gm of the powder delivers 160 cals; the powder, including triglycerides of relatively long chain fatty acids which contribute about 50% of the total caloric content of the powder, is nevertheless solubilized when the powder is manually shaken at 35.degree. C. in a bottle containing 240 ml (8 fl oz) of water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a non-milk based hypoallergenic infant-formula for "at-risk" infants no more than one year old, who have a documented milk allergy, such as cow's milk allergy ("CMA"), and/or an allergy to protein in "soy milk". By "non-milk based" is meant that no ingredient of the formula is derived from mammalian milk. Because typically, such infants have acquired digestive or absorption problems, the only source of protein in the formula is to be from free amino acids, and the formula is to be storable in powder form but have specified deliverability. By "specified deliverability" is meant that the powder is solubilized in an essentially homogeneous liquid form within less than 30 secs when a unit dosage amount of 32.6 gm of the powder is manually shaken with water at 35.degree. C. in a bottle containing 240 ml (8 fl oz) of water. By
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"solubilized" is meant that the powder is either soluble in water or forms an emulsion in water forming a liquid having physical characteristics analogous to those of human milk. Still more particularly, the novel formula of the invention does not otherwise mimic human milk in that nutrient powder contains no intact or antigenic proteins; when the powder is solubilized as a ready-to-feed liquid, it is required to have a viscosity less than 10 cp at 25.degree. C. to allow flow through a tube if the formula is delivered enterally rather than taken orally. By "intact protein" is meant a tripeptide or larger molecule having a molecular weight greater than about 500 Daltons; protein hydrolysates of whey or casein contain a major proportion by weight of tripeptides or larger molecules. Hereafter the term "enterally" specifically refers to feeding through a tube such as is typically inserted into the stomach of an infant who cannot easily be fed orally; and the term "at-risk infant" is used to specify one which is no more than one year old. The age limit is critical because a child more than one year old is not seriously "at-risk" since a one-year old is typically fed other food along with formula, and is relatively tolerant to an unbalanced formula for long enough a time to allow a competent nutritionist to alleviate the effects of the misdirected or misapplied diet. A typical infant, not a prematurely born infant, who is to be fed the novel formula weighs in the range from about 2.3 kg (5 lb) to 5.5 kg (12 lb) at birth, and weighs in the range from about 4.5 kg (10 lb) to 11.5 kg (25 lb) after one year. The problem is to provide a storable powder formula which (i) provides the entire nutrition requirement of an atrisk infant needing an energy content in the range from about 200-250 Kcal/g nitrogen, without including any intact protein, (ii) is "gut-healing", that is, effective to heal damage already inflicted on the infant's digestive system, and (iii) yet meets the deliverability requirements specified. The problem is solved with a formula having a tailored distribution of amino acids and nucleotides which in combination with a source of unsaturated fats and relatively short chain carbohydrates and other ingredients, provide all the vitamin and mineral needs of the infant, yet prevent GI problems. A nucleotide consists of a nucleoside combined with phosphoric acid; a nucleoside is a compound made of a sugar and a purine or pyrimidine base, especially one obtained by hydrolysis of a nucleic acid, such as adenosine. The term "nucleotide" is used herein as an equivalent of "nucleoside" in that the form in which the compound is present is not critical so long as the specified number of "nucleotide equivalents" are used. A "nucleotide equivalent" refers to the nucleotide content present in any one or more of the following forms: ribo-nucleosides, ribo-nucleotides, RNA, phosphate esters and d-ribose adducts of one with another; the various forms of nucleotides are determined, calculated and expressed as the monophosphate esters. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06511696__ •
Isolation of natural L-.beta.-3-indolylalanine and enrichment of natural aliphatic amino acid mixtures with natural L-.beta.-3-indolylalanine Inventor(s): Godfrey; John C. (Huntingdon Valley, PA), Pollack; Robert L. (Philadelphia, PA) Assignee(s): Aminopath Labs, Llc (st. Helens, Or) Patent Number: 6,541,644 Date filed: August 7, 2001 Abstract: Processes for isolating substantially pure natural L-.beta.-3-indolylalanine (L.beta.-3) from a mixture of amino acids, such as a protein hydrolysate. A protein hydrolysate, for example of casein or soy protein, is passed over a polymeric resin
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attractive to aromatic amino acids but not attractive to aliphatic amino acids. The aromatic amino acids are retained on the resin while the aliphatic amino acids pass over the resin and are collected. The resin is then washed to displace any residual aliphatic acids which may be physically associated with but not bound to the resin. Thereafter, the resin is eluted with a dilute acid to displace L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine and provide a solution thereof while allowing L-.beta.-3 to be retained on the resin. The resin is then further eluted with a dilute base to displace L-.beta.-3 from the resin and provide a solution of L-.beta.-3. Substantially pure natural L-.beta.-3 is recoverable from this solution. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the isolation of natural L-.beta.-3indolylalanine (L-.beta.-3) and the provision of natural amino acid mixtures enriched with natural L-.beta.-3. The L-.beta.-3 and amino acid mixtures containing L-.beta.-3 provide dietary therapeutic supplements for increasing the production of serotonin within the brain, thereby decreasing or eliminating undesirable physiological conditions brought about by a decreased brain serotonin level. In order for multicellular organisms to function, it is necessary for the cells of a body to communicate with each other. In this way, it is possible to coordinate responses as required to constantly adjust to a continually changing external and internal environment [1]. This communication process is dependent on two operating systems, i.e., the nervous system in which signals or messages are transmitted, and hormones which are secreted and transported to adjacent or distant tissues. Both of these systems initiate specific physiological actions dependent on the particular type of cell that is activated. The first step in the transmission of a brain signal is the synthesis of a chemical molecule called a neurotransmitter. Of the many brain neurotransmitters that have been identified, several are not synthesized de novo in nerve terminals, but rather are the result of a series of enzymatic reactions which modify a precursor molecule, usually an amino acid. After the molecules of the neurotransmitter have been biosynthesized, they are stored in the axon terminals of pre-synaptic nerve fibers in tiny membrane-bound sacs called synaptic vesicles which serve to protect the neurotransmitter molecules until they are used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541644__ •
Liquid soy nutritional products Inventor(s): Hahn; Douglas Earl (Plymouth, MN) Assignee(s): Novartis Nutrition AG (berne, Ch) Patent Number: 6,471,981 Date filed: March 27, 2001 Abstract: The present invention comprises a novel nutritional dietary composition that can be formulated for oral and enteral administration. The formulation derives substantially all of its protein from soy protein isolate or, in a second embodiment, from soy protein isolate and soy protein concentrate. If desirable, up to 10.0 wt. % of the soy protein component can be replaced with caseinates, free amino acids and mixtures thereof. A carbohydrate such as corn syrup, a gum such as carrageenan gum, a nonreactive magnesium source and optionally, dietary soy protein concentrate as well as various vitamins and other excipients may also make-up the rest of the formulation. The high soy composition provides an inexpensive and high nutritional quality source of protein.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to liquid nutritional dietary compositions and their use as dietary supplements or in enteral feeding formulations. More specifically, the present invention relates to nutritional dietary formulations in which substantially all of the available protein is derived from soy. There are many nutritional dietary supplements known in the art that are commercially available. Most consist of a protein component, a carbohydrate component, a lipid fraction and any number of other components such as vitamins, stabilizers, emulsifiers, flavor agents and the like. These are particularly of value in the treatment of patients who are too old, sick or disabled to bite, chew and swallow their food. The liquid nutritional formulations can be administered to the patient by using a gastrostomy or enteral feeding tube. Gastrostomy tubes enter the stomach directly through an incision in the stomach known as an ostomy or down the through the mouth and throat. The use of enteral feeding tubes which supply nutritional requirements of a patient directly to the stomach or other location in the digestive tract is often required when the patient for one reason or another cannot swallow, is unable to chew his or her food, or is unable to ingest enough food to meet the body's caloric requirements. Burn victims, the chronically ill, those afflicted with Alzheimer's disease and cancer patients are prime examples of these types of individuals. Enteral feeding usually employs a nasogastric tube to transport the liquid nutritional products through the nasal cavity and pharayrx and into the stomach. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06471981__ •
Meat product Inventor(s): Altemueller; Andreas G. (Webster Groves, MO), Guevara; Balagtas F. (Sunset Hills, MO) Assignee(s): Solae, Llp (st. Louis, Mo) Patent Number: 6,582,746 Date filed: February 28, 2001 Abstract: A novel meat product is provided. The meat product contains a blend of at least one meat and an unrefined plant protein material. In one embodiment, the unrefined plant protein material of the meat product has a nitrogen solubility index of from about 30% to about 80% and at least one of the following properties: a salt tolerance index of from about 30% to about 80%; a water hydration capacity of at least 3.75 times the weight of the unrefined plant protein material; or a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise at a temperature of 15.degree. C. to 25.degree. C. In another embodiment, the unrefined plant protein material of the meat product has at least one of the following properties: a gel weight of at least 30 grams at a temperature of from about 15.degree. C. to about 25.degree. C. in a 5 fluid ounce mixture containing 5 parts water per 1 part of unrefined plant protein material, by weight; or a refrigerated gel strength of at least 50 grams when combined with 5 parts of water per part of soy material, by weight. In a particularly preferred embodiment the unrefined plant protein material is an unrefined soy protein material, most preferably soy flour, soy grits, soy meal, or soy flakes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel meat product containing at least one meat and a functional unrefined plant protein material. Plant protein materials are used as functional food ingredients, and have numerous applications in enhancing desirable characteristics in food products. Soy protein materials, in particular, have seen extensive use as functional food ingredients. Soy protein materials are used as an emulsifier in meats--including frankfurters, sausages, bologna, ground and minced meats and meat patties--to bind the meat and give the meat a good texture and a firm bite. Another
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common application for soy protein materials as functional food ingredients is in creamed soups, gravies, and yogurts where the soy protein material acts as a thickening agent and provides a creamy viscosity to the food product. Soy protein materials are also used as functional food ingredients in numerous other food products such as dips, dairy products, tuna, breads, cakes, macaroni, confections, whipped toppings, baked goods and many other applications. Plant protein concentrates and plant protein isolates are plant protein materials that are most commonly used as functional food ingredients due to: 1) their high protein content; and 2) their low oligosaccharide/carbohydrate content. Soy protein concentrates and soy protein isolates are the most highly refined commercially available soy protein containing products. Both soy protein concentrates and soy protein isolates are processed to increase soy protein content and to decrease oligosacharride content relative to whole soybeans and relatively unprocessed soy protein materials such as soy flakes, soy grits, soy meal and soy flour. Soy protein concentrates are processed to contain from 65% to about 80% soy protein and little or no water soluble oligosaccharides/carbohydrates, where the major non-protein component of a soy protein concentrate is fiber. Soy protein isolates, the most highly refined soy protein product, are processed to contain at least 90% soy protein and little or no water soluble oligosaccharides/carbohydrates or fiber. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06582746__ •
Method and apparatus for the manufacture of meat Inventor(s): Howsam; Stuart (Wodonga, AU) Assignee(s): Mars, Incorporated (mclean, Va) Patent Number: 6,635,301 Date filed: April 8, 2002 Abstract: A method of manufacturing a texturised proteinaceous meat analogue product, including: subjecting, in a food extruder a mixture containing: about 40 to 95% by weight edible proteinaceous materials selected from the group of predetermined mixtures of defatted soy flour, soy meal, soy concentrate, cereal gluten in vital or starchcontaining form and egg white, and up to about 7% by weight of edible mineral binding and cross-linking compounds; to mechanical pressure and added heat sufficient to convert the mixture into a hot, viscous protein lava; extruding the protein lava through and from a temperature controlled cooling die which cools and reduces the viscosity of the protein lava to obtain a cohesive, texturised, extrudate slab or ribbon in which vapour-flashing is substantially inhibited; and subjecting the solidified extrudate slab or ribbon to mechanical shredding in a hammer mill having a cage plate with a plurality of elongate discharge openings and a plurality of hammer bars hinged to discs attached to a rotating shaft, so as to obtain a plurality of extrudate shred that resemble in consistency and texture flaked or shredded meat. Excerpt(s): The present invention broadly relates to the manufacture of edible proteinaceous products, in particular texturised protein products (TPPs) for human and/or animal consumption. In particular, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for the manufacture of fibrous meat analogue products using cookingextrusion technology, as well as to a meat analogue product obtained by such method and apparatus. The industrial manufacture of meat analogue products from protein-rich precursor materials, including plant based precursors such as cereal grain gluten (of wheat, rice, or maize; vital or with residual starch), defatted oil seed, cereal and bean flours, meals and derivatives (e.g. defatted soy flour, soy protein concentrates, wheat
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flour), or animal based precursors such as meat by-products obtained by mechanical separation, fish meal, dried egg white and others, alone or in combination, is nowadays well established practice. Cooking-extrusion technology is by far the most widely used one of different possible manufacturing methods to obtain such meat analogues. The texture of such products (hereinafter also simply referred to as texturised protein products (or TPPs), whether based solely on grain or bean sourced proteins or having additional, meat-based precursors) is an especially important criteria if such product is to be used as a replacement for real meat products, as acceptance of the product, in particular if intended for human consumption, will depend on its capability to simulate existing meat as far as bite, chewiness, structure, appearance (and taste) are concerned. Whilst appearance may not seem as important where the analogue product is to be used in pet foods, either alone or mingled with real meat pieces and embedded in semi-liquid carriers (eg gravy), its structure and texture are still important factors, as these determine the suitability of the analogue product for further processing after its manufacture. For instance, the structure and texture may determine whether the analogue product may be suitable to be subjected to certain steps to obtain the end product (e.g. in retorted or hydrated form, such as in canned pet food products). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635301__ •
Method for the use of isolated soy protein in the production of fresh, unripened cheese analogs and cheese analogs Inventor(s): Borders; Cheryl (Moweaqua, IL), Egbert; W. Russell (Decatur, IL), Gottemoller; Thomas (Mt. Zion, IL), Lobo; Victor (Decatur, IL), True; Lewis (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Archer-daniels-midland Company (decatur, Il) Patent Number: 6,495,187 Date filed: November 30, 2000 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, in general, to fresh, unripened cheese analog and a method for making a fresh, unripened cheese analog by incorporating isolated soy protein. The invention also relates to hard, ripened cheeses or cheese analogs and methods for making hard, ripened cheeses or cheese analogs by incorporating isolated soy protein. While the art of cheesemaking has been practiced for centuries, the cheesemaker is always looking for ways to improve the finished cheese yield obtained from the starting quantity of milk. This becomes very important in areas of the world where the milk supply is limited. Attempts have been made over the years to incorporate soy protein as an economic replacement for milk proteins. Problems can be encountered due to differences between milk and soy proteins in molecular and functional properties which can affect the quality of the finished cheese. Therefore, a method is provided which incorporates isolated soy protein into a coagulated milk matrix. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06495187__
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Method of preparing and using compositions extracted from vegetable matter for the treatment of neurological conditions Inventor(s): Empie; Mark (Forsyth, IL), Gugger; Eric (Latham, IL) Assignee(s): Archer Daniels Midland Company (decatur, Il) Patent Number: 6,509,381 Date filed: May 1, 2002 Abstract: A composition is prepared by extracting and isolating phytochemical fractions from plant matter for treatment for neurological conditions and especially for migraine headaches, inflammations, dementia, and Alzheimer's Disease. The composition is enriched, preferably with two or more different fractions, namely: isoflavones, lignans, saponins and saponogenins, catechins, and phenolic acids. The two selected fractions are different from each other and are combined specifically to form a composition to treat a neurological condition. Soy is the preferred source of these phytochemicals; however, other plants may also be used, such as wheat, psyllium, rice, oats, red clover, kudzu, alfalfa, flax, and cocoa. The composition may be delivered in an easy to use or consume form, such as cream, pills, tablets, capsules, pellets, dry powder, health bars, food ingredients and supplements, soft gels, and the like. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions extracted from vegetable matter and more particularly to phytochemicals, including saponogenins and saponins, catechins, lignans, phenolic acids, catechins and isoflavones, and especially those extracted from a family of plants including soy, flax, tea, and cocoa and methods of using these compositions as nutritional supplements or food additives. Plant materials are known to contain a number of classes of organic low molecular weight compounds which exert bioactivity in various animals. Historically, these compounds have been considered to be somewhat non-nutritive, however, recent scientific evidence now suggests these compounds may play an important role in the maintenance of health, in chemoprevention, and in the mitigation of certain conditions or diseases associated with the circulation of sex hormones, including sleep disorders and vaginal dryness. Edible plants normally contained in the diet, or materials used as herbal remedies/dietary supplements, may contain collections of structurally related compounds. These related substances are often unique in their amounts and distribution when compared among various plant sources. The most notable groups of compounds exhibiting bioactivity are known as flavonoids, isoflavones, saponins, lignans, alkaloids, catechins and phenolic acids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06509381__
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Method of processing soy flour Inventor(s): Whalen; Paul (200 Fifth St. NW., Suite L, Elk River, MN 55330) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,589,589 Date filed: May 21, 2001 Abstract: A method of processing a soybean material including feeding the soybean material into a reactor. The soybean material is stirred with a paddle in the reactor so that the soybean material forms a thin film on an inner surface of the reactor. Steam is
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injected into the reactor. The soybean material is passed through a drying cyclone. The dried soybean material is fully functional and has substantially no off-flavor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method of processing soy flour. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of processing soy flour to reduce the off-flavor. Soybean flour or soy flour is a nutritious, high protein ingredient used in numerous food formulations. Soy flour is generally the flour produced by milling the whole, dehulled soybean. Flour or meal is made from fat extracted soybeans by numerous well-known means. Defatted flour or soybean concentrate is commonly used to make texturized soy product by extrusion processes. Soy protein isolates are produced by fractionating soy flour or concentrate to obtain functionality and other desirable attributes. All soy products suffer from a beany flavor claimed to be the primary result of lipases and lipoxygenase (Lusas, Oil Seeds and Oil-bearing Materials, Chpt. 11, p.297, Handbook of Cereal Science & Technology, 2000) or a component of the carbohydrate fraction (Swartz, U.S. Pat. No. 4,556,069). Lipase and lipoxygenase produces a range of rancid flavors through action on the fat in the soy flour or concentrate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589589__ •
Methods for the production of D-chiro-inositol and the use of D-chiro inositol obtained therefrom Inventor(s): Campbell; A. S. (Brighton, MA), Johnson, Jr.; Leland L. (Virginia Beach, VA), Leonard; Patrick (Epping, NH), Miller; Paul (Missoula, MT), Plourde; Robert (Chapel Hill, NC), Sleevi; Mark C. (Midlothian, VA) Assignee(s): Insmed Incorporated (glen Allen, Va) Patent Number: 6,660,891 Date filed: May 11, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for the production and isolation of Dchiro-inositol (DCI) from plant extracts. Specifically the present invention provides a method to produce D-chiro-inositol from a precursor moiety by conversion in concentrated hydrochloric acid. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for the efficient production of DCI by a process involving the extraction of Dpinitol from soy hulls followed by conversion thereof to DCI. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for the production and isolation of D-chiro-inositol (DCI) from plant extracts. Specifically the present invention provides a method to produce D-chiro-inositol from a precursor moiety by hydrolysis in an aqueous acid, preferably HCl. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for the efficient production of DCI by a process involving the extraction of Dpinitol from soy hulls followed by conversion thereof to DCI. A source of DCI is the aminoglycoside kasugamycin, a fermentation product of Streptomyces kasugaspinus and Streptomyces kasugaensis, which contains a molecule of DCI bound through a glycosidic linkage to the aminosugar kasugamine. Treatment of kasugamycin with strong acid cleaves this glycosidic linkage, liberating DCI and kasugamine, along with various other nitrogen-containing side products. Several processes exist for producing DCI from kasugamycin, each with unique attendant disadvantages or limitations. The first process disclosed (Kennington et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,596) involved large quantities of ion-exchange resins being used to neutralize the hydrolysis mixture and to purify the DCI. A subsequent approach (Sato et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,643) employed a
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strongly acidic ion exchange resin, rather than aqueous acid, to effect the hydrolysis, but also required large quantities of ion exchange resin to purify the resulting DCI. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06660891__ •
Micro-particulate microbound diet for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans Inventor(s): D'Abramo; Louis R. (Starkville, MS) Assignee(s): Mississippi State University (mississippi State, Ms) Patent Number: 6,645,536 Date filed: March 29, 2002 Abstract: A formulated, microbound diet product for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans either in a dry or moist form is disclosed. The food product contains protein sources such as fish protein hydrosylate, casein, egg yolk, binding agents such as soy lecithin, wheat gluten, and alginate. Other ingredients such as vitamins and minerals, lipid sources, carbohydrate sources, pigment sources, and attractant compounds are included in the diet for nutritional completeness. A method for preparation of the food product is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a microparticulate diet for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans. In particular, the present invention relates to a proteinaceous and nutritionally complete formulated food product to replace live feed as the diet for larval fish and crustaceans using Macrobrachium rosenbergii as the test organism. The availability and nutritional value of live food is considered to be a limiting factor in larviculture of many fish and crustacean species. Larvae of many species have been successfully raised using live food (e.g., Artemia nauplii and rotifers). However, there are several major disadvantages that are associated with the use of live food, such as variable nutrient composition, the potential for introduction of a pathogen into the culture system, and the amount of labor required for preparation of the live feed. Formulated feed is an attractive and valuable alternative to live food. For example, successful formulated diets can be used in nutritional studies and can serve as a vehicle for the delivery of hormones and therapeutic agents. Moreover, formulated diets introduce flexibility in adjustment of size. Newly hatched Artemia nauplii and juveniles are commonly used as food for larval culture. However, the results of past research have led to concern about lack of consistency in the nutritional value of Artemia. For example, the nutritional quality and physical properties of Artemia vary depending upon the source and time of harvest of cysts (dormant eggs). In response to potential nutritional deficiencies, Artemia are commonly enriched with HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acids) and other nutrients before feeding them to larval fish and crustaceans. (Clawson and Lovell, 1992). This enrichment is achieved by feeding algae, enriched yeast cells, or encapsulated, emulsified lipids to the larvae. The availability of Artemia cysts is subject to change. Because the availability and nutrient quality of Artemia is inconsistent, there is a need for a complete, formulated feed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645536__
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Modified soy protein adhesives Inventor(s): Bian; Ke (Henan, CN), Sun; Xiuzhi (Manhattan, KS) Assignee(s): Kansas State University Research Foundation (manhattan, Ks) Patent Number: 6,497,760 Date filed: July 2, 2001 Abstract: Modified soy protein adhesives are provided which have increased bonding abilities. The adhesives are prepared by forming a dispersion of soy protein, water, and a modifier selected from two classes of modifiers. The preferred modifiers are urea, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and guanidine hydrochloride. The resulting dispersion is stirred, freeze-dried, and milled into a powder to be stored until use. The adhesives of the invention have superior bonding qualities while being safe for the environment. The urea-modified, GH-modified, SDSmodified, and SDBS-modified soy protein adhesives have higher water resistance than non-modified soy protein adhesives. Excerpt(s): The present invention is broadly concerned with modified soy protein adhesives, and methods of production and use thereof. More particularly, the invention relates to such adhesives produced by the reaction of soy protein with a modifier selected from two classes of compounds in an aqueous system wherein the adhesives exhibit higher water resistance than non-modified soy protein adhesives. In the use of the adhesives of the invention, the bonds between the adherends have high shear strengths. The adhesives are preferably formulated by mixing a quantity of soy protein with an aqueous dispersion comprising the modifier and reacting the mixture; the resultant adhesive may be used in a liquefied form or dried to a reconstitutable powder. Large quantities of adhesives are used annually for such things as interior and exterior applications of plywood and particle board, paper manufacturing, book binding, textile sizing, abrasives, gummed tape, and matches. Petroleum-based and soy protein-based adhesives are two general types of adhesives used in such applications. Soy protein adhesives known in the art generally lack the gluing strength and water resistance compared to petroleum-based adhesives. Most of the petroleum-based adhesives, however, contain phenol formaldehyde which is harmful to the environment. Also, petroleum resources are naturally limited and politically controlled. Furthermore, petroleum-based adhesives are not biodegradable thus resulting in an unwanted accumulation of waste. As a result, soy protein polymers are being reconsidered as an alternative adhesive to reduce the usage of petroleum polymers and to prevent environmental pollution. In soy protein-based adhesives, the protein molecules are dispersed, and thus partially unfolded, in dispersion. The unfolded molecules increase the contact area and adhesion of the protein molecules onto other surfaces and entangle each other during the curing process to provide bonding strength. However, while soy protein-based adhesives are environmental friendly and are derived from soybeans which are renewable and more abundant than petroleum resources, the currently available soy protein-based adhesives lack the increased gluing strength and water resistance which are advantageous in typical adhesive applications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06497760__
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Organic composition for erosion control and barrier formation Inventor(s): Hoeck, Jr.; John L. (Eugene, OR) Assignee(s): Rexius Forest By-products, Inc. (eugene, Or) Patent Number: 6,585,452 Date filed: June 27, 2002 Abstract: A biodegradable product for use as a ground cover or in the formation of a berm and comprising a major component of organic particulate as compost or a mulch containing compost. Additional components include granular molasses, granular guar, cotton seed meal and soy bean meal. A blower system for delivery of the product is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,036,406 incorporated herein by reference, and which discloses a vehicle supported system for mixing and discharging the product. The present product applied as a blanket serves to inhibit erosion and promote plant growth. When used in berm construction, the product constitutes a barrier aiding in the confinement of hazardous matter. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains generally to a product for ground placement as a cover or as a berm to protect water runoff quality and promote vegetation growth when desired. At construction sites for commercial buildings, homes, roadways, mines, etc., substantial damage is imparted to ground surfaces. Destruction of natural ground cover is commonplace by reason of construction equipment disturbing the ground surface. For a period of time, during and after construction efforts, considerable erosion may occur. Construction or work sites may additionally be subject to contamination which when not confined may migrate to adversely affect ground surfaces and waterways adjacent the construction site. The foregoing problems have been recognized by the federal government resulting in legislation that in the near future all construction projects, one acre in size or larger, will be required to file an erosion control plan. Further, particulate flow from such sites toward waterways will be severely restricted under such legislation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06585452__
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Paint stripping compositions Inventor(s): Machac, Jr.; James R. (Lago Vista, TX), Marquis; Edward T. (Austin, TX), Woodrum; Susan A. (Round Rock, TX) Assignee(s): Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 6,479,445 Date filed: September 1, 2000 Abstract: This invention concerns a composition useful as a paint remover, comprising: an organic carbonate, an alcohol, an activator, hydrogen peroxide, and water. The alcohol may be benzyl alcohol. The organic carbonate may be propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, or combination thereof. The activator may be an alkyl-substituted cycloalkane (naphthene), a soy oil, an alkyl soyate, or combination thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions for paint and coating removal. More particularly, this invention relates to compositions containing hydrogen peroxide, water, and an organic carbonate, such as propylene carbonate, and optionally an activator and an alcohol. Paint removing compositions are commonly used in industry, such as for stripping paint from airplane fuselages. Conventional paint remover compositions
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include methylene chloride, phenol, or caustic. Each of these materials, however, has inherent problems during use. While methylene chloride based compositions are very effective as paint removers, methylene chloride is a highly volatile material which is considered toxic. Similarly, phenol is highly toxic. Furthermore, caustic causes burns and attacks aluminum. Due to the deficiencies and disadvantages of conventional paint removing compositions, new paint removing compositions are highly desirable. The present invention provides a solution to one or more of the disadvantages and deficiencies described above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479445__ •
Preparation of fiber, L-glutamine and a soy derivative for the purpose of enhancement of isoflavone bioavailability Inventor(s): Hsu; Charles C. (Long Beach, CA), Hu; Qing-Fu (Laguna Niguel, CA), Paul; Stephen M. (Rancho Santa Margarita, CA), See; Melissa (Long Beach, CA), Shu; Daniel (Laguna Niguel, CA) Assignee(s): Sun Ten Laboratories, Inc. (irvine, Ca) Patent Number: 6,488,968 Date filed: February 22, 2002 Abstract: A method of enhancing phytoestrogen bioavailability and a method for supplementing the dietary needs of warm blooded animals comprising orally administering an effective amount of a dietary supplement composition comprising a phytoestrogen, a fiber and L-glutamine, and optionally N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, in admixture with a biologically acceptable inert carrier. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nutritional supplements. More particularly, the invention relates to a nutritional supplement composition, and methods of use thereof, to enhance the bioavailability of isoflavone. Nearly 70 years ago, it was reported that certain plants could induce estrus in animals. Subsequently, over 300 plants have been found to possess estrogenic activity (see e.g., Bradbury and White, Vitamin Horm. 12:207 (1954), and Farnsworth et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 64:717(1954)). These compounds have been given the general name of "phytoestrogens" and represent several chemical classes of diphenolic plant compounds that are somewhat related structurally to the mammalian sex hormone 17-beta-estradiol. See Setchell, K. D. R., et al Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 40:569 to 578 (1984). Similarities in the molecular structure of phytoestrogens facilitate binding to the estrogen receptor. An important class of the phytoestrogens is the isoflavone class. Two chemical classes of phytoestrogens are abundant in soybeans, total soy products, and soy protein isolates. Those two classes are coumestrol and isoflavones. The latter class includes daidzein, genistein, glycitein, as well as their glycoside and acetylated forms. Phytoestrogens and their metabolites interact with specific cell receptors and compete with endogenous hormone molecules [see Folman, Y. et al, J. Endocr., 44:213 to 218 (1969)], but the biological estrogen-like effect of these compounds is relatively weak. See Kaziro, R. et al, J. Endocr., 103:395 to 399 (1984) and Tang, B. Y. et al, J. Endocr. 85:291 to 297 (1980). Phytoestrogens can induce two different effects in an organism. When the level of endogenous sex hormones is relatively high, the antiestrogenic effect prevails. There are several mechanisms of antiestrogenic activity of the phytoestrogens, including feedback inhibition at the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and competition and blockade of cell receptors. It has been observed that a phytoestrogen and lignan-rich diet is associated with a reduction in free plasma estradiol, and in reduction of the risk of breast cancer. See Adlercreutz, H. et al, J.
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Steroid. Biochem., 27:1135 to 1144 (1987) and Mousavi, Y. et al, Steroids, 58:301 to 304 (1993). On the other hand, in postmenopausal women, phytoestrogens can provoke an estrogenic response. See Adlercruetz, H. et al, Lancet, 339:1233 (1992). This dual effect of weak estrogens is demonstrated, and well known "partial" antigens such as Tamoxifen have these properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06488968__ •
Preparation of metal complexes of amino acids obtained by hydrolysis of soy protein Inventor(s): Abdel-Monem; Mahmoud M. (Moscow, ID), Anderson; Michael D. (Eden Prairie, MN) Assignee(s): Zinpro Corporation (eden Prairie, Mn) Patent Number: 6,541,051 Date filed: May 30, 2001 Abstract: Trace element/amino acid complexes are prepared from a processable blend of soy isolate and soy concentrate with the amount of soy concentrate not exceeding 50% by weight of the blend. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of animal feed supplements and more particularly to preparing metal complexes of amino acids from soy protein hydrolysates. The importance of the trace elements copper, iron, manganese and zinc in animal nutrition has long been recognized. Maintaining the health and well being of domestic animals and poultry requires that these essential elements be present in the diet in sufficient amounts and in a biologically available form. Because common feed ingredients may be deficient in these elements, supplemental amounts of the elements are added to the feed of domestic animals and poultry. Many commercial feed additives have been developed to provide the essential elements in forms that are readily biologically utilizable. The degree of biological availability that is the extent nutrients are actually in a form that can be assimilated and used is often referred to as "bioavailability". Bioavailability depends on the physical and chemical properties of the form in which the nutrient is present in the diet. Increased bioavailability of supplemental essential metals is beneficial because it allows the use of lower concentration of the additive in the diet to meet the nutritional needs of animals, while at the same time lowering the potential harmful effects of high levels of the trace metals both on the animals and on the environment. Several commercial products are available in which trace elements are more bioavailable than the corresponding inorganic source of the metal. The enhanced bioavailability is attributed to the association of the metal with an organic molecule, generally known as ligand. This association or bonding modifies the physical and chemical properties of the metal resulting in increased solubility, enhanced stability in the gut, improved absorption into circulation and increased metabolic utilization. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541051__
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Process for making partially digested soy protein-containing dressing Inventor(s): Han; Xiao-Qing (Naperville, IL), Kissner; Lori Michelle (Glenview, IL), Simonson; Julie A. (Sun Prairie, WI) Assignee(s): Kraft Food Holdings, Inc. (northfield, Il) Patent Number: 6,479,083 Date filed: November 15, 2000 Abstract: A process for incorporating soy proteins in emulsions of edible oils is provided. Such emulsions include, but are not limited to, pourable and spoonable salad dressings. The process comprises treating a soy protein isolate with one or more protease enzymes in an enzymatic hydrolysis step to prepare a partial hydrolysis or digest of the soy protein. The hydrolysis step is carried out using an effective amount of protease enzymes selected for their effectiveness in hydrolyzing the soy proteins, and for the flavor profile provided in the final end product using the partially digested protein. The soy protein is hydrolyzed for a time and at a temperature effective to partially digest the soy protein isolate without developing adverse flavor characteristics in the partially digested isolate. Typically, the degree of hydrolysis or proteolysis of the soy protein is about 3 to about 30 percent, and more preferably, about 5 to about 15 percent. The dressings prepared with the partially hydrolyzed or digested soy protein do not exhibit the graininess, poor texture, or soy bean flavor normally associated with soy proteins. Excerpt(s): The invention is generally directed to processes for utilizing soy proteins in food products made using emulsions of edible food oils and/or lipids. The present invention is especially directed to utilizing soy proteins in salad dressings and related products. Emulsions of edible food oils and lipids, water, emulsifiers, and various flavorings are commonly used as various forms of salad dressings and related food condiments or ingredients. Such emulsions also may be used to form whipped food products, spreads, and frozen dessert products. When used as salad dressings, such emulsions may take various forms, including pourable dressings and spoonable dressings. The pourable and spoonable dressings differ in oil/lipid and water content, as well as in the flavorings they contain. Pourable dressings typically have a relatively low oil and/or lipid content and low viscosity so that they can be dispensed in liquid form from a bottle or other container. Spoonable dressings typically have a relatively high oil and/or lipid content and viscosity and are dispensed in a thickened or semisolid form. One example of spoonable dressing emulsions are conventional mayonnaise products which are water continuous emulsions, containing not less than 65 percent by weight dispersed oil, based on U.S. FDA Standards of Identity. As naturally constituted, mayonnaise compositions employ egg yolk as an emulsifying agent to disperse the oil phase in the water phase. Mayonnaise products also commonly include other optional ingredients such as salt, sweeteners, spices, vinegar, and other flavor components. The oils in traditional mayonnaise products may be one or more edible vegetable oils such as soybean or safflower oil. Mayonnaise is generally understood to be sufficiently viscous as to be semi-solid and non-pourable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479083__
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Process for the production of hydrogenated nitrile rubber Inventor(s): Nguyen; Paul (London, CA), Von Hellens; Carl Walter (Bright's Grove, CA) Assignee(s): Bayer Inc. (sarnia, Ca) Patent Number: 6,602,962 Date filed: December 19, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for the production of hydrogenated nitrile rubber. The appearance of corrosion in the plant equipment in which hydrogenated nitrile rubber is produced is due to the unexpected presence of relatively large amounts of HCl, generated, surprisingly, by the hydro-dehalogenation of the monochlorobenzene solvent under the reaction conditions. The addition of a compatible weakly basic additive, such as Epoxidized Soy Bean Oil (ESBO), to the reaction mixture has alleviated this serious problem. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improvements in a process for the production of hydrogenated nitrite rubber. Hydrogenated nitrite butadiene rubber (HNBR) is a valuable elastomer known for its combination of unique properties, including high tensile strength, resistance to abrasion, high oil resistance and resistance to oxidation. HNBR may be produced by the homogeneously catalyzed selective hydrogenation of NBR with hydrogen in an organic solvent. In the context of the invention, "selective hydrogenation" is understood to mean the hydrogenation of the olefinic carbon-carbon double bonds, with the carbon-nitrogen triple bonds remaining intact. The expression "with the carbon-nitrogen triple bonds remaining intact" in this context means that less than 7%, preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 3% and, most preferably, less than 1.5% of the nitrite groups originally present in the NBR are hydrogenated. The hydrogenation may be monitored by IR or NMR spectroscopy. Rhodium and ruthenium compounds are commonly used to catalyze such hydrogenations (see, for example DEPS 25 39 132, DE-OS 33 37 294, 34 33 392, 35 29 252, 35 40 918 and 35 41 689, EP-A 134 023 and 298 386 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,700,637, 4,464,515, 4,503,196 and 4,795,788). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06602962__
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Product containing healthful component and process for preparing the same Inventor(s): Shiraishi; Jitsuo (Tokyo, JP), Takebe; Minoru (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Nichimo Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,517,831 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: A product which contains a health-promoting component and a process for preparing such a product, in the present invention, using a pulse crop as a raw material. The product accomplishes health promotion very effectively by means of at least one member of the group consisting of liver function improving constituents, cardiac function improving constituents, anti-inflammatory constituents, antifat constituents, antioxidation consititents, antimutagen constituents, and components which have an intestine-regulating effect in single-stomached animals; and the method produces such a product with good efficiency. The product of the present invention can be used directly "as is"; and alternatively, specified components may be concentrated or may be usefully utilized in applied products which use the product of the present invention as a raw material, e.g., food products, livestock feeds, pet foods or drug raw materials, etc. In
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miso and soy sauce, since salt is added following the koji preparation step, they are high in salt content and lack all-purpose utility; and in addition, since the aging period following the koji preparation step is extremely long, there are problems in productivity. However, the product of the present invention is easy to manufacture and is also a lowcost product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a product containing a healthful or salutary component and a process for preparing the same. In particular, the product of the present invention is prepared from a pulse crop as a starting material. The term "pulse crop" used herein means leguminous crops such as soybeans, defatted products and hycopotyls thereof, soy protein extracts, soy protein isolates and so forth, and the term "product" means products as such (plain products) which are made from a pulse crop as a starting material, applied products containing the plain product as an ingredient, for example, foods, livestock feeds and aquacultural feeds, cosmetics, diets of pets, and precursory products for pharmaceutical preparations. In general, soybean, which is one of the pulse crops, contains isoflavone compounds including daidzin, daidzein, genistin and genistein. Of these isoflavone compounds, daidzein is an aglycone of daidzin having its glucose as a glycosidic saccharide hydrolytically separated therefrom, and genistein is an aglycone of genistin having its glucose as a glycosidic saccharide hydrolytically separated therefrom. With respect to the isoflavone compounds, contents thereof and percentages between daidzin and daidzein and between genistin and genistein in a defatted soybean are shown in the following Table 1. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06517831__ •
Production of isoflavone enriched fractions from soy protein extracts Inventor(s): Grabiel; Richard (Decatur, IL), Gugger; Eric (Decatur, IL) Assignee(s): Archer-daniels-midland (decatur, Il) Patent Number: 6,565,912 Date filed: October 26, 2000 Abstract: The temperature sensitive differential of solubilities of various isoflavone fractions is used to initially separate the fractions, preferably by heating an aqueous soy molasses or soy whey feed stream. The temperature of the feed stream is selected according to the temperature at which a desired isoflavone fraction or fractions become soluble. Then, the heated feed stream is passed through an ultrafiltration membrane in order to concentrate the isoflavones. The feed stream is put through a resin adsorption process. The isoflavone fractions are treated with either reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration (or both) to complete a solvent removal and to achieve a higher isoflavone concentration in the end product. Then, the feed stream is dried, preferably by spray drying, to produce dry particles. Excerpt(s): This invention will find use when processing any one of a number of plants or plant material, the preferred one of which is the soybean. Those who are skilled in the art will readily perceive a variety of other plants or plant material which may be used, for example, red clover, kudzu, alfalfa, tea, cocoa, and subterranean clover are also expected to work in this invention. Accordingly, the terms plant, plant material, vegetable matter, and vegetable are to be construed herein as including these and other suitable materials. As used herein, the term "isoflavone" is a flavonoid and includes saponins, lignans, alkaloids, catechins, and phenolic acids and also includes malonyl, acetyl, glucoside, and aglycone forms of the isoflavones.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06565912__ •
Reduced-fat soy compositions and preparative processes thereof Inventor(s): Fenske; Douglas J. (Waconia, MN), Fenske; William D. (Waconia, MN) Assignee(s): Sunrich, Inc. (hope, Mn) Patent Number: 6,548,102 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: A process including: mixing a high-fat soybean liquid with at least one demulsifier; and separating the resulting cream component from the reduced-fat liquid component. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to edible soy compositions and more specifically to soy compositions having lowered or reduced total fat content and increased protein content, and to processes for making soy products with a reduced-fat and protein enriched content. Soybean beverages and preparative processes thereof are generally known, reference for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,041,187. Reduced-fat soymilks are also known and can be produced by, for example, supplementing the non-fat portion of conventionally produced soymilk by, for example, the addition of a soy protein concentrate or a carbohydrate. The added non-fat component decreases the fat content and increases the relative protein-to-fat ratio by dilution. Other processes for oil seed fat-removal or fat-reduction are also known, see for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,005,076 and 5,591,477. Also U.S. Pat. No. 5,269,939, discloses the use of a natural flocculent chitosan to treat soy waste to recover material useful in feed and fuel stocks. Currently available natural or organic soybean milks typically have a protein-to-fat ratio of about 1.8:1. To ingest the Food and Drug Administration's recommended 6.5 grams of protein in an 8 ounce serving of soy beverage, a consumer would also consume over 3.5 grams of fat. Label regulations for reduced-fat soy beverages limit the fat content to no more than 2 grams per 8 ounce serving, which equates to a protein-to-fat ratio of about 3.25:1. A 3.25:1 ratio was not heretofore readily attainable without resort to adding the above mentioned supplemental soy protein concentrate or carbohydrate. Organic or natural labelling considerations limit the ingredients in soymilk base to soybeans and water and optionally the inclusion of other organically approved process aids or ingredients. Soymilk consumers have expressed concern over the use of other "nonnatural" chemical compounds and the effects of residual chemicals in the final reducedfat soybean products. There is considerable consumer demand for foods that are "organic" which contain only "natural" ingredients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548102__
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Soy formulations and their use for promoting health Inventor(s): Tabor; Aaron (726 Morris Rd., Winston-Salem, NC 27101) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,482,448 Date filed: July 16, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides novel soy formulations comprising 3-23 milligrams of at least one isoflavone per gram of the formulation. The soy formulations
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may additionally comprise 0.4 to 1.2 grams of protein per gram of the formulation. In another aspect, the present invention provides novel soy formulations comprising diadzin, genistin and glycitin in a ratio of 3:1:2 to 3:4.5:1, preferably approximately 2:1:1 such that diadzin is a major isoflavone component. The present invention further provides dietary supplements and food products comprising a soy formulation of the present invention.In another aspect the present invention provides pharmacological compositions comprising a soy formulation of the present invention. The pharmacological compositions may additionally comprise a medicinal composition.Also disclosed are methods for promoting the health of an individual, preferably utilizing the soy formulations, dietary supplements, food products and/or pharmacological compositions of the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to soy formulations, dietary supplements comprising the soy formulations and food products which include the soy formulations and/or the dietary supplements. The present invention also relates to pharmacological compositions comprising the soy formulation that may additionally comprise a medicinal composition. The present invention further relates to processes for producing soy formulations. In addition, the present invention relates to methods for promoting the health of an individual utilizing the soy formulations, dietary supplements, food products and/or pharmacological compositions of the present invention. Soybeans include natural plant estrogens, known as phytoestrogens or isoflavones. These isoflavones are thought to bind to estrogen receptors and thus exert an estrogenic response. Medical studies have shown that isoflavones in soy protein have many beneficial interactions with a variety of human tissues, are safe, cause no significant side-effects, and are the primary reason for many health benefits. Research has discovered in Asian countries like Japan, where the traditional diet is high in soy protein, very few women complain about menopausal symptoms, for example only 9% of Japanese women complain about hot flashes. In addition, younger women have fewer menstrual periods per year, and occurrences of some cancers (breast and endometrial), heart disease, and other chronic diseases are very low. It has been reported that Japanese women consume up to 200 mg of isoflavones in their daily diet and have a lower incidence of perimenstrual and menopausal symptoms than women in other cultures consuming less daily dietary isoflavones. Previous studies using isoflavone dosages of 76 mg per day report a 45% reduction in hot flashes in women after 12 weeks. In addition to providing isoflavones, soybeans provide a source of protein. It is believed that the benefits from soy come from the phytoestrogens (isoflavones) other compounds such as lignans and saponins, the soy protein itself and undoubtedly undiscovered compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06482448__ •
Soy milk compositions and methods of preparation Inventor(s): Chen; Manxiang (Grafton, WI), Gandhi; N. R. (River Hills, WI), Hackbarth; Harlan R. (Allenton, WI) Assignee(s): Jeneil Biotech Inc. (saukville, Wi) Patent Number: 6,663,912 Date filed: November 27, 2001 Abstract: Soy milk and beverage compositions together with methods for preparation, such compositions utilizing soy particulates of consistent micron dimension, either
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alone or in conjunction with high process pressures, to provide texture and taste characteristics. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to soy drink compositions, and more particularly, to soy milks and beverages and related methods of preparation. The inventive compositions retain the natural components and health and nutritional benefits of soy, yet have a taste and texture similar to dairy milk. Simulated milk products utilizing vegetable materials have been known for many years. The most common vegetable material used to prepare simulated milk products is a soybean. Two of the most common simulated milk products made from soybeans are soy milk and tofu. Soy milk is a water extract of soybeans which has been found to be nutritionally comparable to cow's milk in most respects. Because soy milk does not contain lactose and has no cholesterol, it is an ideal substitute for cow's milk. Individuals who are lactose-intolerant and on restricted cholesterol intake diets can now be able to drink a product similar to milk without the adverse side effects. Additionally, soy milk is much less expensive and is a more readily available protein source for individuals in developing nations. For these reasons, it is important to solve problems pertaining to production and storage of soy milk. Unfortunately, the present methods of making soy milk result in a less than optimal dairy milk substitute. Generally, soy milk has a clear, distinct, and unappealing flavor difference and a difference in texture that gives the soy milk a poor and unpleasant "mouthfeel." The poor mouthfeel is a result of cellulosic, proteinaceous and carbohydrate constituents of the soybean. These constituents are known by those skilled in the art as okara. Additionally, the appearance of soy milk manufactured by traditional methods is quite unlike milk in both color and degree of opacity. Dairy milk's appearance as a suspension has not been subject to accurate replication with the vegetable food materials, partially because of the high dispersability of milk solids and low dispersability of vegetable solids in water, wherein such dispersability is the ability to partially dissolve and partially suspend as tiny nonsettling particles, and partially because of the off-yellow, off-brown, or off-green color of the vegetable based liquid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06663912__ •
Soy-based dough and products made from the dough Inventor(s): Cohen; Deborah W. (P.O. Box 17, Butler, MD 21023) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,479,089 Date filed: July 19, 2001 Abstract: A cohesive machineable dough having a high soy content and products made from the dough are described. The dough contains a soy-component, a pre-gelatinized starch component, a liquid component, and optionally other ingredients. Preferably, the soy-component contains from about 60% to about 90% of the dry ingredients, the pregelatinized starch component contains from about 10% to about 40% of the dry ingredients, and water contains from about 25% to 45% of the total dough. The dough may be sheeted, cut, and baked to produce products such as flatbreads, crackers, chips, and other snack and bread products of various cuisines. The dough may also be fried after baking. Excerpt(s): Soybeans supply outstanding nutritional and nutraceutical benefits, and products containing a high percentage of soy are an excellent source of protein, iron,
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vitamin-B, calcium and isoflavones. Soy isoflavones are now considered helpful in reducing risks for cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis. In addition, since soybeans do not contain particular glutens, products made from soy offer an alternative for people suffering from celiac disease or gluten allergies. Unfortunately, there are several drawbacks to producing products from one hundred percent soy dough. Products that require forming by sheeting, rolling or flattening prior to cutting or die cutting of dough, such as tortillas, crackers, and flat breads cannot be produced from a one hundred percent soy dough using standard food processing equipment. Soybeans neither contain gluten forming proteins such as the prolamins, gliadin or glutenin, that provide elasticity, cohesiveness and binding. Nor do soybeans contain starches that help bind and expand dough, such as those starches contained in grains like corn or wheat. High soy content doughs therefore do not bind well, are sticky, and are not pliable. One hundred percent soy dough will not properly machine since it adheres to rollers and wires of dough sheeter heads and cannot be pressed out to a uniform thickness. Applying or spraying rollers or wires with water or cooking oil, as processing aids, does not achieve enough additional pliability or sheeting action for soy dough. These disadvantages have limited the use of soy flours in dough products to less than about thirty percent of total content. Typically, one sees recommendations to use soy flours replacing wheat or other grain flours at suggested rates such as two tablespoons per cup flour. In this case, less than thirteen percent of the total content is replaced by soy flour. In addition to functional concerns, the taste and texture e.g. "mouth feel", of one hundred percent soy products can range from unpleasantly chalky to bland, bitter, and mealy. Further, due to soy dough's soft texture, soy products intended to be crisp are fragile and easily damaged during shipping to market. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479089__ •
Two-phase preparation Inventor(s): Hamm; Michael (Heimweg 6, D-20148 Hamburg, DE), Schlachter; Herbert (Kolumbusstrasse 7, D-81543 Munich, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,471,969 Date filed: March 30, 1998 Abstract: The invention relates to a two-phase preparation for use at differential times and comprising a product A for the first phase and a product B for the second phase which comprise, independently of each other, at least one representative of the unsaturated fatty acids and/or, at least one representative of the group of trace elements and minerals and/or at least one representative of the group of vitamins and/or at least one representative of the group of bioactive plant substances, e.g. polyphenoles, bioflavonoids or dietary fiber and/or at least one amino acid and/or amino acid derivative, product A and/or) product B optionally additionally containing soy lecithin, with the proviso that product A and product B differ from each other in their quantitative and/or their material composition. The preparation can be used as a food supplement (dietary supplement) or as a drug. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a two-phase preparation for use at differential times containing a product A for the first phase and a product B for the second phase which comprise, independently of each other, at least one representative of the unsaturated fatty acids and/or at least one representative of the group of trace elements and minerals and/or at least one representative of the group of vitamins and/or at least one
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representative of the group of bioactive plant substances, e.g. polyphenoles, bioflavonoids or dietary fiber, and/or at least one amino acid and/or amino acid derivative, product A and/or product B optionally additionally containing soy lecithin, with the proviso that product A and product B differ from each other in their quantitative and/or their material composition. The preparation can be used as a food supplement (dietary supplement) or as a drug. In particular, the invention relates to a two-phase preparation for use at differential times comprising a product A and a product B which include, independently of each other, at least one representative of the unsaturated fatty acids, one representative of the group of trace elements and minerals and one representative of the group of vitamins, product A and/or product B optionally additionally containing soy lecithin, and/or at least one representative of the group of bioactive plant substances and/or at least one amino acid and/or amino acid derivative which is used as a food supplement (dietary supplement). It is generally known that the nutrients carbohydrates as well as the dietary fats are mainly used to cover the body's energy requirement. Proteins are important building components for cells and endogenous active substances such as enzymes and certain hormones. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and trace elements as well as bioactive plant substances such as flavonoids are becoming more and more important for health and fitness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06471969__ •
Water and oil containing emulsion Inventor(s): Bauer-Plank; Christina (Vlaardingen, NL), De Vries; Isabella Christina (Vlaardingen, NL), Fabian; Juergen Heinz (Vlaardingen, NL), Van Den Berg; Ton (Rotterdam, NL), Van Dieren; Frank (Valladolid, ES) Assignee(s): Lipton, Division of Conopco, Inc. (englewood Cliffs, Nj) Patent Number: 6,517,884 Date filed: November 14, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a food product comprising 0.1 to 1.5 wt % of one or more anti-spattering agents comprising no native soy lecithin or native soy lecithin in an amount of from 0 to 0.05 wt % on total product, whereby the anti-spattering agent is preferably selected from the group comprising hydrolyzed lecithin, fractionated lecithin, citric acid esters or combinations thereof; optionally one or more emulsifiers in a total amount of from 0 to 0.5 wt %; optionally one or more browning agents in a total amount of from 0 to 0.07 wt %; one or more salts in an amount of from 0.5 to 3 wt %. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a food product which is a water and oil containing emulsion which comprises an anti-spattering agent. The emulsions are pourable or squeezable products as evidenced by a Bostwick value of equal to or more than 7, preferably more than 10 at 15.degree. C. Preferred food products are water in oil emulsions. Pourable or squeezable food products of a water phase and a fat phase are for example known as liquid frying products which are pourable or squeezable water in oil emulsions at ambient temperature. These products are for example used in shallow frying. Pourable and squeezable products are considered to be more easily dosed than plastic products for example packed in a wrapper or a tub, and are therefore desired frying products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06517884__
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Patent Applications on Soy As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to soy: •
Anti-regurgitation formula and uses thereof Inventor(s): Byard, Julia A.; (Columbus, OH), Franz, Mary P.; (Johnstown, OH), Lasekan, John B.; (Worthington, OH), Linke, Hawley K.; (Upper Arlington, OH) Correspondence: Ross Products Division OF Abbott Laboratories; Department 108140ds/1; 625 Cleveland Avenue; Columbus; OH; 43215-1724; US Patent Application Number: 20030165606 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: It has been discovered that reducing the amount of lactose in standard non-soy protein based infant formulas will help to alleviate the regurgitation that is commonly experienced by infants during the first six to twelve months of life. Lactose levels should be 75 wt/wt %, or less, of the carbohydrate component. Excerpt(s): This application is related to the U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/306,304, which was filed on Jul. 18, 2001. The present invention relates to a non-soy protein-based infant formula having reduced lactose content and to its use in reducing regurgitation in infants. Further aspects of the invention are directed to methods of providing nutrition to an infant predisposed to regurgitation. Regurgitation (spit-up) is a common problem in infants, affecting up to 50% of all infants at 2 months of age. The peak incidence of spit-up typically occurs around 3-4 months of age, impacting up to 67% of the population. Typically, the problem spontaneously resolves itself between the ages of 6 months and one year. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Asphalt sealer composition Inventor(s): Freisthler, Michael; (Sidney, OH) Correspondence: Emch, Schaffer, Schaub & Porcello CO; P O Box 916; One Seagate Suite 1980; Toledo; OH; 43697 Patent Application Number: 20040025745 Date filed: November 18, 2002 Abstract: This agricultural sealant relates to rejuvenating, sealing, and preserving asphalt pavements and concrete surfaces. More specifically, the sealant composition includes soy products and other vegetable products. More specifically, the agricultural sealant composition is a combination of soybean oil, alkyl esters of soybean oil, and at least one of d-limonene or other terpine hydrocarbons. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of provisional application Serial No. 60/401,713 filed Aug. 7, 2002. This invention relates to rejuvenating, sealing, and preserving asphalt pavements and concrete surfaces with an agricultural product. More
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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specifically, this invention relates to a composition comprising soy products and other vegetable products. Asphalt pavements are at their optimum performance shortly after they are properly designed, placed, compacted, and have cooled to ambient temperatures. From this point of time, they begin to oxidize from environmental elements. Two of the primary causes are water and ultraviolet light. This oxidation process causes pavements to become brittle and harden, resulting in cracking and raveling in just a few short years after placement. This is evidenced by the result of penetration and viscosity tests of asphalt cements before they are introduced to the manufacturing process versus test results after the mixing process is complete. And again, two to three years after their service life has began. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Cardiovascular health enhancement with soy fortified citrus juice compositions Inventor(s): Green, Nancy; (Bradenton, FL), McArdle, Richard N.; (Bradenton, FL), McGill, Carla; (Sarasota, FL), Mellican, Renee; (Bradenton, FL), Parshall, Kristin; (Bradenton, FL) Correspondence: Cook, Alex, Mcfarron, Manzo, Cummings & Mehler Ltd; Suite 2850; 200 West Adams Street; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20040022876 Date filed: July 30, 2002 Abstract: A method is provided for administering to an individual a soy fortified citrus juice composition which includes soy protein that readily dissolves in citrus juice and does not unacceptably negatively impact sensory, mouth feel and viscosity attributes of the citrus juice component. When administered daily, these compositions enhance cardiovascular health indicators in the individual. The cardiovascular health indicators include cholesterol levels and blood pressure readings for the individual so treated. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to therapeutic procedures for positively modifying one or more health indicator levels in mammals. More particularly, the invention relates to modifying cholesterol levels and/or blood pressure levels in a manner which is believed to result in health benefits, especially cardiovascular health benefits. The effects achieved in accordance with the present invention are consistent with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease. It is generally accepted that an important component in maintaining a profile for good cardiovascular health is the maintenance of desirable cholesterol levels and/or blood pressure readings. Currently it is generally accepted that an individual should avoid certain elevated plasma total cholesterol levels. Two major components of plasma cholesterol are low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. More particularly, LDL cholesterol levels should be maintained below an acceptable level, while high HDL cholesterol levels are considered to contribute cardiovascular health. It is generally accepted that a decreased LDL to HDL cholesterol ratio is an advantageous goal for those whose cholesterol ratio is higher than desirable levels. A typically accepted dietary intervention regimen for altering blood cholesterol concentrations is to take measures in order to reduce LDL cholesterol levels. Generally, such dietary intervention does not enjoy the ability of increasing HDL cholesterol and/or reducing blood pressure levels. It will be appreciated that, if a viable dietary intervention program were available for reducing LDL cholesterol levels, increasing HDL cholesterol and/or for decreasing the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol levels, while also reducing blood pressure, considerable potential benefits would be provided.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Cochleates made with purified soy phosphatidylserine Inventor(s): Tan, Feng; (Newark, NJ), Zarif, Leila; (Valbonne, FR) Correspondence: Lahive & Cockfield; 28 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030219473 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: Purified soy phosphatidylserine is used to make cochleates. The cochleates contain at least about 75% soy phosphatidylserine and optionally a bioactive load. A preferred cochleate contains the antifungal agent amphotericin B. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the ability of purified soy phosphatidylserine (PS) (PSPS) to make cochleates versus non-purified soy PS (NPSPS), to methods of preparing drug-cochleates from PSPS and to the use of this drug-loaded cochleate as a pharmaceutical treatment. Cochleate delivery vehicles are a broad-based technology for the delivery of a wide range of bioactive therapeutic products. Cochleate delivery vehicles are stable phospholipid-cation precipitates composed of simple, naturally occurring materials, for example, phosphatidylserine and calcium. The bilayer structure of cochleates provides protection from degradation for associated, or "encochleated," molecules. Since the entire cochleate structure is a series of solid layers, components within the interior of the cochleate structure remain substantially intact, even though the outer layers of the cochleate may be exposed to harsh environmental conditions or enzymes. This includes protection from digestion in the stomach. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compositions for treating keratinous surfaces Inventor(s): Detore, Donna Marie; (Morris Plains, NJ), Ferone, James Joseph; (Bridgewater, NJ), Reinhart, Gale McElroy; (Middletown, NJ) Correspondence: Revlon Consumer Products Corporation; 625 Madison Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20040009130 Date filed: July 8, 2002 Abstract: A cosmetic composition comprising a mixture of extracts from yam and soy in combination with at least one protective agent which is a daytime protective agent, a night time protective agent, or mixtures thereof and methods for ameliorating the adverse effects of aging and menopause on skin. Excerpt(s): The invention is in the field of compositions for treatment of keratinous surfaces such as skin (including lips), hair and nails. Treatment of skin with various types of botanical extracts is well known. As women age, cosmetics companies are becoming more interested in incorporating botanical extracts into skin treatment products because, in many cases, these extracts are believed to contain very minute amounts of ingredients that exert a beneficial effect on the skin. When women approach menopausal age, certain skin conditions become more noticeable such as laxity, skin roughness, and dryness. It is believed that these skin conditions and the other effects experienced by women are due to a decrease in the levels of the hormone estrogen.
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Many women alleviate the uncomfortable symptoms of estrogen loss by taking oral or topically absorbed estrogen in the form of pills, patches, or creams. However, there are some known negative effects from use of such preparations. In particular, it has been said that estrogen supplementation during menopause may increase the risk of cancer. It has long been known that extracts from certain plants contain molecules that are very similar to estrogen in chemical structure. These estrogen-like compounds are referred to as "phytoestrogens". Phytoestrogens are believed to have some minimal estrogenic activity at very high concentrations. Proponents of this theory cite the well known fact that women from far eastern countries that have plant based diets consisting of soy based products (which have high levels of phytoestrogens) do not generally exhibit menopausal symptoms of the severity found in western women. This is believed to be due to the significant amounts of phytoestrogens consumed by these women in their daily diet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dipping sauce and method of preparation Inventor(s): Wood, Bruce; (Tallahassee, FL) Correspondence: Carnes, Cona & Dixon; Innovation Park; 1736 West Paul Dirac Drive; Tellahassee; FL; 32308; US Patent Application Number: 20030185958 Date filed: April 1, 2002 Abstract: A dipping sauce includes generally egg, mayonnaise, sugar, distilled water, salt, vegetable oil, sour cream, lime juice, horseradish sauce, slaw dressing, sandwich and salad sauce, and soy. A method of preparing the dipping sauce includes combining an interim mixture with a second interim mixture which is agitated to form a homogeneous status. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a novel and unique distinctive tasting dipping sauce and method of preparation, and more particularly, to a tasty dipping sauce which offers "something different" and which will compliment the flavor of seafood, poultry, steak, sandwiches, snacks, hors d'oeuvres and other gastronomical delights. Throughout the United States steps are being taken to search for an out-of-theordinary dipping sauce capable of exciting the palate in only one or two bites. The constant goal for snacks, hors d'oeuvres and appetizers is to avoid the pitiful displays of those foods that have become synonymous with the run-of-the-mill entertaining. Many of the prior art dipping sauces are limited in their use and do not offer out-of-theordinary flavor combinations. In addition, many sauces have a runny consistency, which makes them unsuitable for spreading on a sandwich or for dipping. Dipping sauces are well known in the prior art. By way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,074,683 issued to Rosing et al discloses a process for preparing a savory flavor. Patent '683 is concerned with savory flavors that resemble that of roast, fried or boiled meat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Feed supplement for livestock Inventor(s): Rounds, Kent D.; (Glenwood, IA), Schreck, M.J.; (Omaha, NE) Correspondence: Law Offices OF Adam H. Jacobs; Patent Attorney; Suite 726; 1904 Farnam Street; Omaha; NE; 68102; US Patent Application Number: 20030165610 Date filed: February 28, 2003 Abstract: A feed supplement for livestock includes, in a feed supplement combination, a quantity of waste product material selected from the group comprising dissolved air floatation product (DAF) and paunch manure and a quantity of an inert dry medium which will not chemically react with the waste product material such as soy hulls, hay, alfalfa, corn and other such dry mediums. The waste product material comprises between one percent (1%) and ninety-nine percent (99%) of the feed supplement combination. The feed supplement combination is then processed through an extrusion process involving the cooking, grinding and mixing of the feed supplement combination under pressure and elevated temperature, wherein the temperature of the feed supplement combination is raised above 250 degrees Fahrenheit to sterilize and dehydrate the feed supplement combination. Excerpt(s): This continuation application claims priority to the filing date of related utility patent application Ser. No. 09/844,720 filed Apr. 28, 2001 which in turn based on a provisional patent, specifically on U.S. Provisional Patent Serial No. 60/221,710 filed Jul. 31, 2000. The present invention relates to feed supplements and, more particularly, to a feed supplement for livestock which includes a quantity of paunch manure in a percentage by weight of one percent (1%) to one hundred percent (100%), pressing or squeezing the paunch manure in a press device to remove a large percentage of the moisture content of the paunch manure and then extruding the pressed paunch manure at a temperature of at least 250 degrees Fahrenheit thereby sterilizing the paunch manure and flashing off excess moisture, the extruded paunch manure being used alone or in combination with a dry medium such as soy hulls, hay or dissolved air floatation product, also known as "DAF", for increased "by-pass" protein and nutritional values. Ideally, one would hope to find uses for various types of waste products produced by industry in order to recycle those waste products to gain beneficial use therefrom. One type of waste product for which little, if any, use has been found is dissolved air flotation product ("DAF") which is a product removed from waste water treatment plants. The DAF is formed at the top of the settling tank of the sewer treatment system and is composed generally of oil and grease separated from the sewer effluent. The DAF is then mechanically and/or chemically removed from the top surface of the sewer water being treated and thus becomes a liability as it is difficult to properly dispose of and can be environmentally hazardous. Commonly, the DAF is placed in a landfill or the like and left to decompose, which presents additional hazards should the DAF leak into the groundwater. There is therefore a need for a use to be found for DAF which will substantially lessen or eliminate the need for the DAF to be disposed of in a landfill or the like. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Feminine care products for the delivery of therapeutic substances Inventor(s): Dvoracek, Barbara Jo; (Appleton, WI), Geiser, Kimberly Marie; (Appleton, WI), Koenig, David William; (Menasha, WI), Krzysik, Duane Gerard; (Appleton, WI), Minerath, Bernard Joseph; (Oshkosh, WI), Tyrrell, David John; (Appleton, WI) Correspondence: Kimberly-clark Worldwide, INC.; 401 North Lake Street; Neenah; WI; 54956 Patent Application Number: 20030120224 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: An absorbent personal care device, such as an interlabial pad, tampon, sanitary pad or liner, or incontinence product adapted to deliver a therapeutic agent to the vaginal epithelium for systemic and topical treatment, the tampon including absorbent material and a formulation including a therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent is a botanical. The botanical may be, but is not limited to, Agnus castus, aloe vera, comfrey, calendula, dong quai, black cohosh, chamomile, evening primrose, Hypericum perforatum, licorice root, black currant seed oil, St. John's wort, tea extracts, lemon balm, capsicum, rosemary, Areca catechu, mung bean, borage seed oil, witch hazel, fenugreek, lavender, soy, heath, cranberries, blueberries, azaleas, red onion skin, short red bell peppers, long red bell peppers, beet root extract, capsanthin, whortleberry, lingenberry, chokeberry, sweet rowan, rowanberry, seabuckhrouberry, crowberry, strawberries, or gooseberries. Excerpt(s): Many disease states and physiological conditions can occur in a woman, including symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome, menstruation, and menopause. These symptoms may include dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramping), irritability, water retention, moodiness, depression, anxiety, skin changes, headaches, breast tenderness, tension, weight gain, cravings, fatigue, and hot flashes. Symptoms of conditions can include itching and other associated sensory maladies. Many of these symptoms are due to changes in hormonal levels throughout the menstrual cycle. Menstrual cramping is associated with increased levels of prostaglandin F2.alpha., prostaglandin E2, and in some cases leukotrienes in the endometrium and menstrual fluid. These eicosinoids lead to restricted blood flow to the uterus and increased uterine contractions, causing pain. One example is dysmenorrhea, which is the occurrence of painful uterine cramps during menstruation that affects a large number of postpubescent women. The pain of dysmenorrhea originates in the uterus. Various analgesics can be effective in limiting the pain from dysmenorrhea; some have used orally-delivered analgesics, while others have searched for alternative analgesic delivery methods. Attempts have been made to deliver analgesics in the vicinity of the cervix and the vaginal mucosa using various vaginally-inserted devices and methods. A similar situation exists with many other disease states and physiological conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Flexographic ink composition containing hydrolyzed gelatin as a binder resin Inventor(s): Smith, Doreen E.; (Belleville, NJ) Correspondence: Sun Chemical Coporation; 222 Bridge Plaza South; Fort Lee; NJ; 07024; US Patent Application Number: 20030136302 Date filed: December 28, 2001
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Abstract: A flexographic preprint ink composition, which includes at least 3 weight percent of a pigment; at least 15 weight percent of a hydrolyzed gelatin; and water. The ink composition may also contain conventional additives, such as surfactants and defoaming agents, typically found in flexographic ink compositions. The flexographic ink composition can exhibit better heat resistance, mileage, strength, wet trap, foam resistance, drying, stability, and plate transfer than conventional flexographic inks which contain soy as a binder. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to flexographic ink compositions. More specifically, the invention relates to a flexographic ink which contains hydrolyzed gelatin as a binder resin and which has particular utility as a preprint ink for paper packaging. A flexographic printing ink will generally contain a pigment and a binder resin dispersed in water. The binder serves as a carrier for the pigment and affixes the pigment to the surface to be printed. A wide variety of binder systems have been used for flexographic ink compositions, including acrylic and methacrylic polymers and copolymers, rosin modified phenolic resins, polystyrene resins and soy protein. Flexographic printing inks may be used as preprint inks for corrugated paper packaging materials. The ink is printed upon one side of a paper liner, which is then glued to a series of flutes and then glued to a second paper liner. The preprint ink must be able to withstand the heat and pressure of corrugation, and should preferably display acceptable printing properties such as mileage, strength, wet trap, foam resistance, drying, gloss, plate transfer and water resistance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Food products and their method of preparation Inventor(s): Engesser, Eric R.; (Grand Rapids, MN), Engesser, Michael D.; (St. Paul, MN), McGuire, James E.; (Crystal, MN), Murphy, Maeve; (Plymouth, MN) Correspondence: General Mills, INC.; P.O. Box 1113; Minneapolis; MN; 55440; US Patent Application Number: 20030224101 Date filed: March 21, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for preparing at least pasteurized hydrated emulsifier compositions. The methods for preparing an aseptic hydrated emulsifier comprise the steps of: A. Preparing a hydrated emulsifier blend of lactylated mono- and di-glycerides; B. Treating the hydrated blend to at least pasteurize the blend to form an at least pasteurized hydrated emulsifier blend; and, C. Cooling the at least pasteurized hydrated emulsified blend to refrigerator temperatures forming a cooled pasteurized hydrated emulsifier blend. The hydrated emulsifier described herein is also useful in the aeration of food products such as yogurt, other refrigerated milk products, ready-to-spread frostings, fermented and unfermented soy, rice and nut milk products, beverages, and whipped toppings. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned "Food Products And Their Method of Preparation" U.S. application Ser. No. 09/952,362 filed Sep. 11, 2001 to Murphy et al., now pending, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to food products and to their methods of preparation. More particularly, the present invention provides novel compositions that are hydrated emulsifiers useful in the preparation of food products, especially aerated yogurt products. The present invention provides novel compositions comprising aseptic hydrated emulsifiers useful for post fermentation addition to dairy products especially
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cultured dairy products such as stirred style yogurt. The hydrated emulsifiers are useful in the preparation of a structurally stable aerated refrigerated food product, more specifically a structurally stable aerated dairy product with visual aircells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Formulation and method for preventing antibiotics-induced diaper rash Inventor(s): Bartels, Jennifer F.; (Hammond, IA) Correspondence: Jennifer F. Bartels; 601 N. Hazel ST.; Hammond; IA; 70401; US Patent Application Number: 20030157067 Date filed: February 18, 2003 Abstract: A formulation and method for the prevention of antibiotics induced diaper rash comprising a) live active cultures selected from the group consisting of lactobacillus bulgaricus, streptococcus thermophilus, lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidus, and mixtures thereof; b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; c) sugars or syrups selected from the group consisting of glucose, dextrose, fructose, sucrose, and derivatives and mixtures thereof, and d) flavorings. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of purified water, soy milk, infant formula, juices, and mixtures thereof. The formulation might further comprise preservatives, diluents, fillers, starches and coloring. In its preferred embodiment, the formulation would be placed, poured or mixed into a dropper dispenser bottle for infant dosage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a convenient liquid formulation for children and infants who are too young to chew probiotic tablets or consume probiotic drink mixes or persons who otherwise are unable to ingest other forms of probiotics due to age, illness, or disability. It has long been known that antibiotics dosages often cause diarrhea. The resulting diaper rash which invariably accompanies this diarrhea due to the intestinal flora imbalance caused by the antibiotics is a cause of great discomfort for both infants, patients, and caregivers. The present invention focuses on the diaper rash which results from intestinal flora imbalances that occur during antibiotic dosages. It is difficult to say that there is prior art relating to the diaper rash component of intestinal imbalances, since none of the many probiotics formulations found ever mentioned the problem of diaper rash. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Functional seasonings Inventor(s): Doumoto, Nobuiko; (Tokyo, JP), Koriyama, Tsuyoshi; (Tokyo, JP), Kosaka, Masahito; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Armstrong, Kratz, Quintos, Hanson & Brooks, Llp; 1725 K Street, NW; Suite 1000; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20040005383 Date filed: February 5, 2003 Abstract: It is intended to provide functional seasonings having a function of promoting the penetration into materials, preferably together with another function of softening food materials, and a process for producing the functional seasonings.The functional seasonings are characterized in using krill as starting materials and having a function of
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promoting the penetration of seasonings and/or a function of softening food materials. A method of seasoning food materials by employing seasonings with krill used as starting materials and utilizing a function of the seasonings for promoting the penetration of various seasonings into food materials and/or a function of the seasonings for softening food materials. Dried krill, preferably dried krill particles containing all the components of krill, are used as the starting materials. The functional seasonings are produced by adding water, salt (sodium chloride) and koji (mould cultured material) to krill employed as the starting material in the step of producing moromi (soy sauce mash), further adding lactic acid bacteria and yeast, preferably halotolerant lactic acid bacteria and yeast, and then fermenting and aging the moromi. The lactic acid bacteria are added in an amount 10 times or more as much as the yeast. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to functional seasonings, which employ, as starting materials, krill, particularly dried krill particles containing all the components of krill, and have a function of promoting the penetration of seasonings and/or a function of softening food materials. Seasonings used for spicing food materials are requested to have various functions depending on types of cooking and materials. It has been tried to promote the penetration of seasonings into food materials by improving, e.g., the heating method rather than the seasonings themselves. However, the operation to realize an improvement with the heating method is complicated and difficult for domestic use. For softening food materials, there are a variety of softeners such as phosphates, alkaline agents, emulsifiers and enzymes. However, those softeners other than enzymes are chemical compounds, and softeners derived from natural materials are required. Also, enzymes are difficult to control, and the softness of enzyme treated foods is not satisfactorily preferable as a texture of foods. Recently, various natural seasonings have been popularized and include, as a typical example, fish sauces represented by nuoc nam and nampla. Those fish sauces are produced as follows. Fishes and shellfishes as starting materials are preserved in a cask with addition of about 2030% of salt, and then just left to stand for one to two years. During the preservation, protein is decomposed and an extract is obtained through the action of a self-digesting enzyme specific to fishes and shellfishes. After filtering the extract and removing the residue, a resulting product is heated, following which sediments and suspended matters are removed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Healthy bone formulation Inventor(s): Gorsek, Wayne F.; (Boynton Beach, FL) Correspondence: Hoffman, Wasson & Gitler, P.C.; Suite 522; 2361 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20040005366 Date filed: July 3, 2002 Abstract: The key to the unique formulation is a combination of specific vitamins, minerals, herbs and nutrients. These essential components in the amounts provided uniquely contribute to improved blood sugar levels and insulin delivery to the cells. The formulation contains essential amounts of Calcium, magnesium Vitamin D, Vitamin K1, Folic Acid and Soy Isoflavones, as well as other ingredients and healthy filler components.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition that contains the most potent combination of nutrients with clinical studies proven to assist in the maintenance of normal bone density and development. The advanced formulation is designed to reduce bone loss and reduce bone fracture rates by significant amounts. It helps in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. It is estimated that between 37 to 50 million people in this country suffer with some degree of bone loss. An unique and effective combination of minerals and supplements are required to prevent such loss and deterioration. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
High protein, low carbohydrate dough and bread products, and method for making same Inventor(s): Anfinsen, Jon Robert; (Alachua, FL) Correspondence: Hasse Guttag & Nesbitt, Llc; 7577 Central Park BLVD.; Suite 316; Mason; OH; 45040; US Patent Application Number: 20030134023 Date filed: December 13, 2002 Abstract: A dough composition for making a high protein, low carbohydrate bread, the dough containing at least 5% vital wheat gluten, a hydrolyzed wheat protein having a degree of hydrolysis from about 0.5% to 50%, a moisture-managing agent, a fungal protease enzyme, a carbohydrate component consisting of digestible carbohydrate material and non-digestible carbohydrate material, and water. A milk protein or soy protein hydrocolloid can be used as the moisture-managing agent to improve the shelf life of the resulting bread. A dough conditioner is used to improve the machinability of the dough composition, especially at less intense mixing conditions. The invention also includes a process for making the dough composition using high shear mixing equipment. The invention includes also the bread made from the dough composition, and from the dough making process. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to low carbohydrate, high protein dough and bread products for use in standard and special diets designed to limit and control the intake of digestible carbohydrates, as well as to methods for making such doughs and breads. Diabetes or diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder of glucose (sugar) metabolism caused by the body's inability to adequately produce or utilize insulin, a hormone produced and released from the pancreas, when blood sugar levels increase as a result of ingesting digestible carbohydrates. The diabetic condition is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (normal blood sugar levels are between 70 and 100 mg/dL). There are two types of diabetic conditions: juvenile-onset diabetes (Type I) and the mature-onset diabetes (Type II). In Type I diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. The administration of insulin is necessary to lower blood glucose to normal levels. In Type II diabetes, either the body doesn't produce enough insulin or cells lose their ability to efficiently use insulin (insulin resistance) to facilitate the transport of glucose into cells. High levels of insulin from self administration or from over production by the body can cause obesity as well as the deterioration of general health. Excessive consumption of digestible carbohydrates over an extended period of time can lead to Type II diabetic conditions, while reducing digestible carbohydrate intake can often control Type II diabetic conditions without administering medications. There are over 16 million Americans afflicted by diabetes. The American Diabetes Association predicts that a million more persons will be diagnosed with diabetes every year. Type II diabetes
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accounts for 90 to 95 percent of the cases. Type II diabetes has been known as matureonset diabetes, and has been associated primarily with persons over 40. However, there has been a dramatic rise in Type II diabetes among people in their 30s, where the incidence of Type II diabetes has increased by 70 percent in the past decade. Children are now being diagnosed with Type II diabetes. This was unheard of a few years ago. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Infant formula and methods of improving infant stool patterns Inventor(s): Benson, John D.; (Powell, OH), Halter, Robin J.; (Columbus, OH), Kuchan, Matthew A.; (Gahanna, OH), Masor, Marc L.; (Worthington, OH), Ponder, Debra L.; (Atlanta, GA) Correspondence: Ross Products Division OF Abbott Laboratories; Department 108140ds/1; 625 Cleveland Avenue; Columbus; OH; 43215-1724; US Patent Application Number: 20030171433 Date filed: February 28, 2003 Abstract: The invention is directed to an improved infant formula containing a lipid blend that softens the firmer stools associated with typical infant formula. A specific formula in accordance with the invention comprises carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals and a lipid mixture of high oleic safflower oil, soy oil and coconut oil at specific levels and ratios. The invention also discloses novel mixtures of fatty acids that provides infant stool patterns more closely resembling the breast-fed infant. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/585,221 filed Jan. 11, 1996; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/178,687 filed Jan. 10, 1994 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,492,899 issued Feb. 20, 1996. The complete teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,492,899 are incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to an improved enteral nutritional formula and more particularly to infant formulas which contain a lipid fraction possessing a fatty acid profile resulting in more desirable infant stool patterns compared to stool patterns associated with conventional infant formula. More specifically, this invention relates to a blend of high oleic safflower oil, and/or high oleic sunflower oil, soy oil and coconut oil (or a blend of fats that have a similar fatty acid profile to the inventive blend) that has been found effective in producing stool patterns in infants that are similar to those of the breast-fed infant. The composition of human milk serves as a valuable reference for improving infant formula However, human milk contains living cells, hormones, active enzymes, immunoglobulins and components with unique molecular structures that cannot be replicated in infant formula Unlike human milk infant formula must remain stable on the shelf for up to thirty-six (36) months. These fundamental differences between human milk and infant formula often mandate differences in the composition to achieve similar clinical outcome. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Infant formula supplemented with phospholipids Inventor(s): Rutenberg, David; (Haifa, IL) Correspondence: Mark Friedman; Bill Polkinghorn; Discovery Dispatch; 9003 Florin Way; Upper Marlboro; MD; 20772; US Patent Application Number: 20040022922 Date filed: November 8, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to pharmaceutical or nutritional or food composition for feeding infants which is more similar to human milk in a powder or fluid form, having an effect of addressing the shortcomings of the presently known infant formulas by the inclusion of a phospholipid supplement which contains at least 1% (w/w) phosphatidyserine out of the total phospholipid content of the composition wherein the phosphatidylserine has a structural fatty acid chain derived from at least one raw material lecithin selected from the group consisting of soy bean lecithin, rapeseed lecithin, or egg yolk lecithin, and which is produced by reaction pith phospholipase-D. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an infant formula supplemented with glycerophospholipids (hereinafter phospholipids) and more particularly, to a formula supplemented with phosphatidylserine. Breastfeeding, the natural feeding mode, has multiple beneficial effects on the infant and is known to be the most suitable diet for infant's nutritional requirements. Jensen R G. (Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy, Second Edition, edited by E. Lebenthal. Raven Press, Ltd., pp. 157208, New York 1989) reviewed measurements of the total lipid content of human milk and reports that phospholipids are found in the human milk lipids at levels of about 20 to 40 mg/dl. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Low isoflavones, high saponins soy protein product and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Singh, Navpreet; (Fort Wayne, IN) Correspondence: Baker & Daniels; 111 E. Wayne Street; Suite 800; Fort Wayne; IN; 46802 Patent Application Number: 20040013791 Date filed: May 7, 2003 Abstract: A soy protein material having a very low isoflavones content and a high saponins content is produced by a process that involves removal, by adsorption, of isoflavones from a soy protein material obtained by removing fiber from soy flour or flakes. The soy protein material also has a high Nitrogen Solubility Index ("NSI"). The low isoflavones, high saponins soy protein material has at least about 55.0 wt. % protein, less than about 200.mu.g/g isoflavones of total dry matter and at least about 1000.mu.g/g soyasapogenols of total dry matter. The process for producing the low isoflavones, high saponins soy protein material involves removing fiber from a defatted soybean material and obtaining a liquor that is subsequently pasteurized. Next, sugars and other small molecular weight components are optionally removed from the liquor using membrane separation to increase the protein content of the final material. The resulting liquor or retentate is subjected to adsorptive removal of isoflavones, and is optionally pasteurized and spray dried.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under Title 35, U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/378,618, entitled PROCESS FOR PRODUCING HIGH SOLUBILITY, ISOFLAVONES-DEPLETED SOY PROTEIN MATERIAL AND THE PRODUCT THEREOF, filed on May 7, 2002. This invention relates to a low isoflavones, high saponins vegetable material and a process for producing the same. The benefits of soy protein are well documented. Cholesterol is a major concern with consumers throughout the industrialized world. It is well known that vegetable products contain no cholesterol. For decades, nutritional studies have indicated that the inclusion of soy protein in the diet actually reduces serum cholesterol levels in people who are at risk. The higher the cholesterol, the more effective soy proteins are in lowering that level. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Medium for the protein-free and serum-free cultivation of cells Inventor(s): Dorner, Friedrich; (Vienna, AT), Grillberger, Leopold; (Vienna, AT), Mitterer, Artur; (Orth/Donau, AT), Mundt, Wolfgang; (Vienna, AT), Reiter, Manfred; (Vienna, AT) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030203448 Date filed: April 1, 2003 Abstract: A medium is described for the protein-free and serum-free cultivation of cells, especially mammalian cells, whereby the medium contains a proportion of soy hydrolysate. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to a medium for the protein-free and serumfree cultivation of cells. The cultivation of cells, especially eukaryotic cells or mammalian cells, constantly calls for the use of special culture media that make available to the cells the nutrient substances and growth substances that are required for efficient growth and for the production of the proteins that are desired. As a rule, serum or compounds that are derived from serum (e.g. bovine serum) are used as a component of the medium in this regard. However, in the case of the use of serum or protein additives that are derived from human or animal sources in cell cultures, numerous problems exist, especially if the starting material for the preparation of a medicinal agent that is to be administered to humans is made available via the cell culture. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and composition which inhibits the oxidation of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids Inventor(s): Akashe, Ahmad; (Mundelein, IL), Hill, Steven E.; (Prospect Heights, IL) Correspondence: Fitch Even Tabin And Flannery; 120 South LA Salle Street; Suite 1600; Chicago; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20030149118 Date filed: February 28, 2003
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Abstract: The invention is directed to a method and composition which inhibits the oxidation of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids in an aqueous emulsion. This invention is especially directed to a method and composition which inhibits the oxidation of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated lipids in an aqueous emulsion. When soy protein, and in particular, soy protein isolates, are blended with omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids, the rate of oxidation of the omega-3 and/or omega-6 lipids is reduced and the shelf life of such lipids is extended. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a method and composition which inhibits the oxidation of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids in an aqueous emulsion. When soy protein, and in an important aspect, soy protein isolates, are blended with omega-3 and/or omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids, the rate of oxidation of the omega-3 and/or omega-6 lipids is reduced and the shelf life of such lipids is extended. This invention is especially adapted for increasing the oxidative stability of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated lipids in aqueous emulsions. Lipid oxidation is a major cause of food deterioration affecting flavor, aroma, color, texture, and the nutritional value of the particular food. Additionally, free radicals formed during lipid oxidation may participate in the development of arteriosclerosis and other diseases. Long chain omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or lipids such as 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-eicosapentaenoic acid and 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid (EPA and DHA, respectively) are fatty acids naturally found in fish or marine oil at about a 15 to about 30 percent level, and are known to have a wide range of nutritional and health benefits such as, for example, lowering blood triglycerides in humans and, therefore, lowering the risk and/or incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Other health benefits associated with long chain omega-3 oils include health immunity (anti-arthritis) and mental and visual acuity in developing infants and children. Based on these and other emerging benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, foods containing omega-3 fatty acids can be considered as functional foods. The increase in popularity of such functional foods and nutraceuticals demonstrates that consumer demand for healthful foods is on the rise. Unfortunately, formulating foods with omega-3 lipids is difficult because of their oxidative instability. Highly unsaturated lipids, such as fats and oils, undergo oxidation. While not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the oxidation of these lipids is caused by a free radical chain reaction involving peroxides and the formation of the highly odorous reaction products. It may be that a free radical is formed by an initiator such as ozone or a oxide radical formed from the interaction of contaminants in lipids. Other initiators could include UV radiation and enzymes, such as xanthine oxidase, which produce radicals which ultimately cause the oxidation of the unsaturated lipids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for preparing improved soybean products Inventor(s): Loh, Jim Bay; (Green Oaks, IL) Correspondence: Fitch Even Tabin And Flannery; 120 South LA Salle Street; Suite 1600; Chicago; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20030219526 Date filed: May 24, 2002 Abstract: A method is provided for producing an improved soybean product for use in food applications. The process enables the efficient denaturation of undesirable soy enzymes and removal of oligosaccharides from soybeans, preferably whole soybeans, without the development of off-flavors. The general method comprises: (1) heating an
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aqueous solution of a water soluble calcium salt to at least about 65.degree. C. to provide a heated salt solution; (2) mixing soybeans with the heated salt solution to form a mixture; (3) heating the mixture for a time and at a temperature effective for deactivating protease inhibitors and lipoxygenase and removing oligosaccharides from the soybeans; (4) removing the aqueous solution from the mixture after the heating step; and (5) collecting the improved soybean product. The improved soybean product may be further processed for use in various food applications. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method of preparing soybeans for use in food applications. The process enables the rapid and efficient deactivation of soy enzymes without the development of off-flavors and the rapid and efficient removal of undesirable oligosaccharides from whole soybeans to provide a soybean material having an improved nutritional profile. After initial processing, soybeans may be further processed for use in various food applications. The health benefits of soybeans have been known for some time. For centuries, soybeans have been the primary source of protein in Asian countries, and in recent years the popularity of soy-based products has increased in the United States. Along with a tendency to lower cholesterol levels, soybeans have recently been linked with, or suggested as having, a possible role in inhibiting cancerous or tumor cells. Additionally, soy protein contains an amino acid profile that is among the most complete of all vegetable protein sources, and resembles, with the exception of the sulfur-containing amino acids, the pattern derived from highquality animal protein sources. Thus, efforts have been made to incorporate soy into a wide variety of foods. In order for the maximum nutritional value to be realized from soy protein, inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes such as the trypsin inhibitor must be deactivated, typically by heat treatment. Oligosaccharides, which are also found in soybeans, may cause flatulence, if the level of soy protein ingested is sufficiently high. The flatulence is generally attributed to the fact that humans do not possess the enzyme a-galactosidase, necessary for hydrolyzing the.alpha.-galactodidic linkages found in oligosaccharides to yield readily absorbable sugars. It is therefore desirable to remove the oligosaccharides from soybeans prior to their incorporation in foodstuffs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of brewing soy sauce Inventor(s): Kasuga, Masashi; (Kasukabe-shi, JP), Kimura, Isao; (Sashima-gun, JP), Numomura, Nobutake; (Kitasoma-gun, JP), Ohkubo, Shizuya; (Nagareyama-shi, JP), Watanabe, Machiko; (Noda-shi, JP), Yaginuma, Atsuo; (Noda-shi, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030129277 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: According to the present invention, there is reliably provided a soy sauce having desired ethanol and lactic acid concentrations and a mellow flavor. A method of brewing soy sauce which comprises mixing soy sauce koji into a salt water to prepare a soy sauce moromi mash, adding pre-cultured soy sauce lactic acid bacteria and soy sauce yeast to the moromi mash, performing fermentation and aging of the moromi mash after adding by ordinary techniques, wherein the soy sauce yeast is added to the soy sauce moromi mash within 10 days after mixing such that the cell count of the soy sauce yeast is 10 to 100 fold greater than that of wild yeast already existing in the
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moromi mash and is 2.times.10.sup.5 or less cells/g moromi mash to the soy sauce moromi mash, so that the desired soy sauce is obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improvement of a method of brewing soy sauce which comprises mixing soy sauce koji into a salt water to prepare a soy sauce moromi mash, adding pre-cultured soy sauce lactic acid bacteria and soy sauce yeast to the moromi mash, and performing fermentation and aging of the moromi mash after adding by ordinary techniques, and relates to a method of reliably obtaining soy sauce having a desired ethanol concentration and lactic acid concentration and having a mellow flavor. A traditional method of brewing soy sauce comprises admixing steamed soybean products with roasted and milled wheat, inoculating the mixture with seed koji mold for soy sauce, and culturing the mixture to obtain soy sauce koji, adding an appropriate amount of a salt water to the soy sauce koji to obtain a soy sauce moromi mash, fermenting and aging for a certain time period the moromi mash to obtain a aged moromi mash, and finally press-filtering the aged moromi mash. However, the fermentation and aging of a soy sauce moromi mash are normally performed in an open system, and almost no microorganism, such as soy sauce yeast or soy sauce lactic acid bacteria, are artificially added. Hence, all of the microorganisms (yeast and lactic acid bacteria) acting in the moromi mash are derived by natural contamination from the natural flora inhabiting the brewing sites, facilities, instruments or the like. In the present invention, the term "wild yeast" indicates yeast which inhabits sites, facilities, instruments and air and the like for brewing soy sauce, and naturally contaminates and proliferates in a soy sauce moromi mash. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of producing soy milk products Inventor(s): Sakurai, Seiya; (Saitama, JP) Correspondence: Browdy And Neimark, P.L.L.C.; 624 Ninth Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20030165609 Date filed: January 15, 2003 Abstract: A method of producing soy milk products which comprises the steps of mixing soybean powder having an NSI of less than or equal to 50 with water to obtain a mixture and reducing pH of the mixture to less than or equal to 4. Soy milk products can be produced by this method simply and conveniently. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of producing soy milk products employing soybean powder, and to soy milk products obtained by these methods. Conventionally, soy milk is prepared by thoroughly soaking raw soybeans in water, pulverizing the soybeans to prepare a paste, and heating the paste obtained to not less than 100.degree. C. for about 3 to 5 minutes. Recently, a variety of improved producing methods have been developed, along with a variety of soy milk products employing soy milk. Since soy milk is more than half water, it has a high specific gravity and is problematic in that it requires time and effort to transport. Thus, it is costly to transport soy milk that has been produced in one factory to another factory for the production of a final product; there is a need to reduce this cost. Further, adequate sterilization at high temperature is necessary in the process of producing a final product using soy milk. There is also a need to simplify the equipment and operations required in the
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sterilization process. There is a further need to improve the quality and tastiness of the final product. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of recovering pinitol or chiro-inositol in high yield from soy fractions Inventor(s): Choi, Chi-Man; (Jinju Gyeongsangnam-do, KR), Jeon, Yeong-Joong; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Jong-Jin; (Jinju Gyeongsangnam-do, KR), Shin, Yong-Chul; (Jinju, KR) Correspondence: David A Einhorn; Anderson Kill & Olick; 1251 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10020; US Patent Application Number: 20030186401 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a method for recovering useful products from soy fractions with high efficiency, and more specifically to increasing the recovery yield of pinitol or chiro-inositol from soy fractions, in which it is contained by a process comprising the steps of culturing a microorganism to transform pinitol derivatives into pinitol in soy fractions, thereby to increase the pinitol content in soy fractions, followed by removing microorganisms, insoluble materials and other macromolecules from said fractions by centrifugation or filtration to obtain an aqueous solution containing pinitol or chiro-inositol, contacting said solution with activated carbon to adsorb the pinitol or chiro-inositol, contacting said solution with activated carbon to adsorb the pinitol or chiro-inositol, and then recovering it by stepwise or gradient elution with an organic solvent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, in general, to the recovery of pinitol or chiroinositol from soy fractions and, particularly, to a method of isolating pinitol or chiroinositol at high efficiency with economic benefit from soybean curd whey, which is wasted after the production of soybean curd from soybean; or from soy molasses left after production of soy proteins; or from hydrothermal solution of defatted soybean meals, by microbial treatment and activated charcoal column chromatography. With recent increasing interest in health, various attempts have been made to develop novel health food materials. Considered as a health food material, soybean is now studied for its novel functions in the body. In addition to being highly valuable in a sitological aspect, soybean is known to have a variety of physiological activities, including activities against cancer, arteriosclerosis, oxidation and bacteria, and blood glucose reduction. Responsible for such physiological activities, ingredients of soybean are exemplified by isoflavone, saponin, lecithin, trypsin inhibitor, etc. Isoflavone, which was proven effective in preventing cancer and osteoporosis, has been commercialized as a material for health foods in many advanced countries. Also, soybean oligosaccharides, such as raffinose and stachyose, were identified as being effective for promoting growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria, and commercialized in Japan. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of treating soy proteins and soy protein product produced by this method Inventor(s): Emerson, Tim; (Churchville, NY), Higgins, Mary R.; (Fridley, MN), Kakade, Madhu; (Roseville, MN), Kitchar, Jane; (Elkhart, IN), Miller, Bill L.; (Fort Dodge, IA), Penet, Christopher S.; (Henrietta, NY) Correspondence: Philip F Fox; Kinney & Lange; The Kinney & Lange Building; 312 South Third Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55415; US Patent Application Number: 20030211202 Date filed: March 11, 2003 Abstract: A method of treating a proteinaceous material having a first concentration of.beta.-conglycinin, the method including combining the proteinaceous material with an enzyme to form a reaction mixture, the reaction mixture initially having a pH of at least about 7.0 standard pH units, allowing the enzyme to hydrolyze.beta.-conglycinin present in the reaction mixture to form a proteinaceous intermediate, and inactivating the enzyme present in the reaction mixture after a reaction period to form a proteinaceous product, the proteinaceous product having a second concentration of.beta.-conglycinin, the second concentration of.beta.-conglycinin being at least 99 percent less than the first concentration of.beta.-conglycinin. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/199,758 that was filed on Apr. 26, 2000. The present invention generally relates to a method of reducing the antigenicity of vegetable proteins, while also improving the solubility characteristics of the vegetable proteins. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of enzymatically hydrolyzing vegetable proteins, such as raw, natural soy proteins and denatured soy proteins, to reduce the antigenicity of the vegetable proteins while also improving the solubility characteristics of the vegetable proteins. Over the years, researchers have found that soybeans may be processed to recover or extract a number of valuable components, such as soy protein and soybean oil, from the soy beans. Also, soybeans may be processed to form soy flours high in nutritionally beneficial substances, such as fiber and protein. Such processing of soybeans often include heat treatment for a variety of purposes, such as inactivating destructive enzymes or inactivating compounds responsible for off-flavors that are unpalatable to humans and/or animals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Modified soy products and methods for reducing odor and improving flavor of soy products Inventor(s): Boatright, William L.; (Lexington, KY) Correspondence: Mcdermott, Will & Emery; 600 13th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3096; US Patent Application Number: 20040005346 Date filed: April 24, 2003 Abstract: A method for reducing odor in soy products and compositions containing soy products by adding or admixing a compound having one or more disulfide bonds to the soy product or composition. The disulfide compound includes a peptide containing at least cystine residue, a peptide or polypeptide containing at least one disulfide bond, Lcystine, D-cystine, DL-cystine and any combination thereof.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/375,429, filed Apr. 26, 2002. While soybeans provide a high-quality protein, and there are increasing reports of health benefits from consuming soy protein products (FDA, 1999), the demand for soybeans in human foods has not been large. In 1971, less than one percent of the U.S. soybean crop was used as a protein source for human foods (Wolf and Cowen, 1971) and in 1999, this value was about the same (Soy Source, 1999). This is largely due to the undesirable flavor and odor associated with soy products (Kinsella, 1979; McLeod and Ames, 1988; Wilson et al., 1990; Freese, 1999). Jorge et al. (1999) demonstrated that the introduction of as little as two-percent powdered soymilk into chocolate significantly lowered sensory scores, with levels above six percent being deemed unacceptable. Incorporating soy protein isolate (SPI) at a level of two percent into frankfurters significantly lowered sensory scores (He and Segranek, 1996). Boatright and Lei (2000) employed gas chromatography/olfactometry (GCO) to identify major odorants from the headspace of aqueous solutions of soy protein isolates (SPI) using both static and dynamic headspace methods. Based on dynamic headspace analyses, the most powerful odorants were dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS); methanethiol; hexanal; an unidentified charred sweaty feet-like odor; 2-pentyl furan; 2,3-butadione; and an unknown burnt-like odor. The most powerful odorants by static headspace analyses were dimethyl trisulfide, hexanal, methanethiol and 2-pentyl furan. Using deuterium labeled DMTS as an internal standard, DMTS was quantified at 60.1 and 45.5 ppb in the SPIs on a dry basis. This corresponds to odor values of 301 and 228, respectively in the 5% aqueous SPI slurries. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nutrient clusters for food products and methods of preparation Inventor(s): Borek, James R.; (Burnsville, MN), Evenson, Keith A.; (Elk River, MN), Froseth, Barrie R.; (Plymouth, MN), Green, Daniel R.; (Minnetonka, MN), Lakkis, Jamileh; (Morris Plains, NJ), van Lengerich, Bernhard; (Plymouth, MN) Correspondence: John A. O'toole, ESQ.; P.O. Box 1113; Minneapolis; MN; 55440; US Patent Application Number: 20030170370 Date filed: March 4, 2003 Abstract: Nutrient clusters for food products, such as for addition to Ready-To-Eat cereals, are made in the form of aggregates or clusters comprising a first particulate component; a nutrient powder blend, and sufficient binder to adhere the powder to the particulates. The nutrient clusters are in the form of pieces each weighing from about 0.3 to 5 g. and having a moisture content of about 2% to 10%. Such nutrient clusters are prepared by applying a liquid binder to the particulates to form sticky particulates, adding a powdered nutrient blend, and curing the mixtures to form hardened dried nutrient clusters. The nutrient cluster can contain 100% US recommended daily allowance of essential vitamins and minerals and can contain added macronutrients such as soy proteins, soluble fiber, and/or calcium in nutritionally dense form in as little as 5 to 15 g of nutrient clusters. The clusters find particular suitability for use in providing to-order customized cereal products in response to particular customer requirements for nutrition. Excerpt(s): This patent application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/596,543, filed Jun. 19, 2000, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to food products and to their methods of preparation. More particularly, the present invention relates to nutrient clusters comprising vitamin
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and mineral fortifiers and macronutrients that are especially useful for blending with Ready-To-Eat Cereals and to their methods of preparation. The present invention provides an improvement in nutritionally fortified Ready-To-Eat cereals ("R-T-E"), to nutritionally fortified clusters useful as additives for adding to R-T-E cereals, and to methods of preparing such additives and to methods of preparing fortified R-T-E cereals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nutritional food product and process for its preparation Inventor(s): Shemer, Michael; (Haifa, IL) Correspondence: Blank Rome Llp; The Farragut Building Suite 1000; 900 17th Street NW; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20040028796 Date filed: August 20, 2003 Abstract: A nutritional "Humus"-like product consisting of a mixture of cooked ground soy-beans and sesame paste. In the product the weight ratio between sesame paste and cooked soy-beans is in the range of 5-50% on a wet soy-beam basis. The product conserves the nutritional value associated with the soy beans component, while possessing a desirable taste and texture of the chickpeas and sesame (Humus). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel nutritional product based on soybeans, and to a process for its preparation. Soy-beans are well recognized as raw materials for food product. They contain nutritious components, such as lecithin and proteins in amounts much higher than other natural products. The nutraceutical value of soy-beans has also been recognized lately by the FDA, and permission has been given, in October of 1999, to the food industry to indicate, in products containing at least 6,25 gr. protein per serving, that consuming the product reduces the risk of heart diseases. Other components, namely isoflavones, which are present almost exclusively in soy-beans, have been recognized in many researches to be useful in reducing the risk of cancer, especially in women. It has been known for years that the occurrence of cancer in women is substantially lower in the Far East than in Western countries. Epidemiological studies have shown the relation between cancer and nutritional habits, and particularly soy consumption. Additional research has determined that this effect is connected to the consumption of phytoestrogens of the isoflavons family, and particularly genestein which is found in nature almost only in soy. In later studies it was found that the beneficial effect of isoflavons is enhanced by the presence of soy protein in the diet, and therefore the natural presence of both materials is vital. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Powered composition for food and drink Inventor(s): Obata, Akio; (Noda-Shi, JP), Saito, Makoto; (Noda-Shi, JP), Yamazaki, Emiko; (Noda-Shi, JP) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030138531 Date filed: December 27, 2001 Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a powdered composition for food and drink comprising powdered soy protein isolate and an anthocyanin, which composition is dissolved or suspended in water, milk, a sports drink, etc. to develop a vivid reddish purple color characteristic of the anthocyanin, and in which the anthocyanin is stabilized to maintain its various functions. The present invention relates to a powdered composition for food and drink which comprises powdered soy protein isolate, an anthocyanin-containing powder, and an organic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a powdered composition for food and drink which comprises powdered soy protein isolate, an anthocyanin-containing powder, and an organic acid. More particularly, it relates to a powdered composition for food and drink which is dissolved or suspended in water, milk, etc. to stably provide a drink with a bright color developed by an anthocyanin pigment present in the anthocyanincontaining powder. Although powdered soy protein isolate is widely used for food and drink for health maintenance, it is hard to take as such because of its peculiar beany flavor. Therefore, compositions containing soy protein isolate together with fruit components such as fruit juice or comminuted fruit for making the composition easy to take have been manufactured and commercially sold. Fruits used in combination with soy protein isolate are usually selected from those are rich in nutriment, such as vitamins, and contain a relatively vivid color juice. Such fruits include blueberries and cranberries. They not only contain nutriment such as various vitamins but assume an appetizing bright reddish purple color. Of the pigments contained in these fruits, anthocyanins, which are glycosides of anthocyanidins, have now been turned out to possess various physiological functions, such as a rhodopsin (visual purple) resynthesizing function, a capillary protecting function, an anti-ulcer function, a circulatory organ improving function, an anti-inflammatory function, and a vitamin Plike function as reported, e.g., in 2nd Blueberry Function Symposium, held by Japan Blueberry Association at Minami Aoyama Kaikan in Minato-ku, Tokyo on Apr. 24, 1998. Addition of powder of such fruit containing an anthocyanin to soy protein isolate provides a powdered composition for food and drink which has the functions of soy protein isolate supplemented by the above-mentioned various functions and is easy to take. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for isolating genistin from mixtures of soy isoflavones Inventor(s): Dobbins, Thomas A.; (Howard, OH), Hurst, Deborah C.; (New Concord, OH) Correspondence: Thompson Hine L.L.P.; 2000 Courthouse Plaza , N.E.; 10 West Second Street; Dayton; OH; 45402; US Patent Application Number: 20030216557 Date filed: March 26, 2003 Abstract: A process for enriching the relative concentration of genistin from a mixture of isoflavones is described. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the process comprises providing a material containing a mixture of isoflavones, extracting the material with an aqueous organic solvent solution, adding calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide to the extract to form calcium-isoflavone complexes and separating precipitated calcium-isoflavone complexes from the extract. The precipitated calciumisoflavone complexes contain a higher concentration of genistin complexes than daidzin and glycitin complexes. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/367,566, filed Mar. 26, 2002. Isoflavones are a unique class of phytoestrogens--plant hormones--that naturally occur in many plants, including soybeans (Glycine max). The three isoflavones found in soybeans are genistin, daidzin, and glycitin, typically in a ratio of genistin: daidzin: glycitin of 1.1:1.0:0.3. It is widely anticipated that market demand for soy isoflavones will continue to grow. Scientists have demonstrated that isoflavones have the ability to inhibit cancer cell growth, and some researchers believe that isoflavones may contribute to soy's ability to lower blood-cholesterol levels. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for producing a high solubility, low viscosity, isoflavone-enriched soy protein isolate and the products thereof Inventor(s): Singh, Navpreet; (Fort Wayne, IN) Correspondence: Baker & Daniels; 111 E. Wayne Street; Suite 800; Fort Wayne; IN; 46802 Patent Application Number: 20030211225 Date filed: April 3, 2003 Abstract: A soy protein isolate that has increased amounts of isoflavones and saponins and a high Nitrogen Solubility Index ("NSI") is produced by a process that involves ultrafiltration and the avoidance of isoelectric precipitation. The soy protein isolate has at least about 90.0 wt. % protein of total dry matter; an isoflavone content of at least about 1.0 mg/g isoflavones of total dry matter; a Nitrogen Solubility Index ("NSI") of at least about 75%; and wherein a solution of about 12.0 wt. % of the soy protein isolate in water at a temperature of about 22.degree. C. has a viscosity of less than about 500 centipoise (cp). The isolate is high in saponins and has at least 2.0 mg/g soyasapogenols. The process for producing the soy protein isolate involves removing fiber from a defatted soybean material and obtaining liquor that is subsequently pasteurized. Next, sugars and other small molecular weight components are removed from the liquor using membrane separation with diafiltration while retaining isoflavones and saponins and the resulting retentate is subjected to pasteurization, and optionally spray dried.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under Title 35, U.S.C.sctn.119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/369,691, entitled PROCESS FOR PRODUCING ISOFLAVONE-ENRICHED SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE AND THE PRODUCT THEREOF, filed on Apr. 3, 2002. 1. Field of the Invention. This invention relates to a high solubility, low viscosity, isoflavone enriched vegetable protein isolate and a process for producing the same. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for the production of soybean sugars and the product produced thereof Inventor(s): Cegla, Uriel G.; (Tel Aviv, IL), Shuster, Moshe; (Petha Tikva, IL) Correspondence: Blank Rome Comisky & Mccauley, Llp; 900 17th Street, N.W., Suite 1000; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030130501 Date filed: April 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for utilizing soy molasses as a source for soy sugars which are of high oligosaccharaide content. The invention provides a method for purifying soy molasses comprising the following steps: (i) contacting the soy molasses with alcohol and hydrocarbon solvent mixture, thereby two layers comprising a lower aqueous-alcohol layer and an upper hydrocarbon layer are formed; (ii) collecting the lower aqueous-alcohol layer; (iii) removing coloring, off-flavor and odorous substances; and (iv) removing minerals, thereby a purified soy molasses of more than 90 wt. % sugars, on dry matter basis, is obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to soybean processing and utilization and more specifically to a process for utilizing soy molasses, a by-product in the soy protein concentrate production, for producing purified soy sugars rich in oligosaccharaides. Recently there is an increasing interest in oligosaccharaides as food supplements or food additives in health foods. The present invention relates to a process for producing soy sugars of high oligosaccharaide content, from soy molasses, a low cost by-product in the soy protein concentrate production. Soy is one of the main vegetable sources for both edible oil and high protein foods throughout the world. Whole soybeans contain about 40% protein, 20% fat, 5% ash and 35% carbohydrates on dry matter basis. In the Far East, soy was used as a source for human protein requirement for thousands of years. In the West, by contrast, the majority of soybeans are processed into oil while the high-protein soybean meal is used mainly for various high-protein animal feeds and only to a small extent for as a resource for human protein requierment. However, over the last decades, the importance of soy as a source for human protein requierment has been increasingly recognized in the Western market as well, and various human food products based on soy protein are now available for western customers. Some of these products are based on soy protein concentrates for use as protein sources for human requierment and also as milk powder substitute for calves. The present invention relates to a process for utilizing a by-product of the soy protein concentrate production. Soy protein concentrates (SPC) is prepared either by aqueous extraction of whole soybeans or by aqueous ethanol extraction of defatted soybeans flakes. The present invention relates to soy molasses which is obtained as a byproduct of the latter process. According to this method, the starting material for the production of SPC is dehulled, defatted soybean flakes with high protein solubility, known as white flakes. The concentration of protein is increased by removing most of the soluble non-protein constituents by extraction with aqueous ethanol. Soy molasses is
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the aqueous alcoholic extract so obtained after the removal of the alcohol and part of the water. The soluble constituents include primarily soluble carbohydrates in the form of mono, di, and oligosaccharadies, and also to a much lesser extent proteins of low molecular weight, lipids and minerals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Processed cheese made with soy Inventor(s): Laye, Isabelle; (Wheeling, IL), Lindstrom, Ted Riley; (Lake Forest, IL), MacBlane, Glenn; (Chicago, IL), Mei, Fu-I; (Wheeling, IL) Correspondence: Fitch Even Tabin And Flannery; 120 South LA Salle Street; Suite 1600; Chicago; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20040018292 Date filed: July 29, 2002 Abstract: A method for preparing processed cheese containing significant levels of soy protein which possesses all of the melt, firmness, and flavor characteristics of regular processed cheese is provided. The method utilizes one or more emulsions containing dairy ingredients and a soy protein ingredient. The emulsion(s) are blended with natural cheese, and heated in the presence of emulsifying salts to form a homogeneous, pumpable fluid cheese material that may be formed into sheets, slices or other desired forms. Preferred sources of soy protein include soy protein concentrates and soy protein isolates. Process cheese products containing between about 9 to about 12 percent soy protein may be obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method of preparing a nutritionally modified processed cheese product. More particularly, the present invention relates to a processed cheese product enriched with high levels of soy protein which possesses all of the melt, firmness, and flavor characteristics of regular processed cheese. Processed cheese, widely available in sliced and loaf forms, has become one of the most popular selling cheese products. Processed cheese products are particularly popular with children. Therefore, opportunities to increase the nutritional values and/or health benefits of processed cheese products without significantly impacting the organoleptic properties of the resulting product would be highly desirable. Process cheese is conventionally prepared by grinding, and/or mixing while heating, one or more varieties of milk fat-containing natural cheeses, such as, for example, Cheddar cheese, Colby cheese, Swiss cheese, Brick cheese, Muenster cheese, Pasta Filata cheese, washed curd, and granular curd cheese. The resulting cheese is then blended with other dairy products, such as non-fat dry milk and whey solids, and emulsifying salts, such as disodium phosphate, at temperatures which are sufficiently elevated to pasteurize the cheese, to produce a homogeneous, pumpable, fluid cheese material that may be formed into sheets, slices, or other desired forms. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Protein enhanced gelatin-like dessert Inventor(s): Howard, Ryan D.; (Indianapolis, IN), Mulvaney, Faye; (Indianapolis, IN), Narsimham, Ganesan; (West Lafayette, IN) Correspondence: Intellectual Property Group; Bose Mckinney & Evans Llp; 2700 First Indiana Plaza; 135 North Pennsylvania Street; Indianapolis; IN; 46204; US Patent Application Number: 20030211216 Date filed: June 10, 2003 Abstract: Various compositions for producing translucent to opaque protein enhanced dessert gels are disclosed. In general, the dessert gels comprise a gelling system plus flavorings, colorings, and nutritional additives. Exemplary embodiments of the gelling system comprise water, sweetener, carrageenan, and various proteins such as soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate, whey, and sodium caseinate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to food products, and more particularly to, a gelatin-like dessert containing protein. Gelatin desserts have come a long way since their inception. The patent to produce gelatin was first granted to Peter Cooper, of Tom Thumb engine and Cooper Union fame, in 1845. Over 150 years later, gelatin snacks produced under the Jell-O brand name sell more than 400 million boxes annually. Touted as "America's favorite food", Jell-O brand gelatin desserts has gained extraordinary popularity and is regularly eaten in 72% of all American households. This results in sales of over $212 million. Hospital food ideally should be highly nutritious and functional in nature, but currently most hospital food does not measure up to this ideal. For example, hospitalized patients on fluid-only diets are allowed to eat gelatin desserts. The water inside the gelatin desserts serves to rehydrate the body. However, besides helping to rehydrate the body and the presence of sugar, gelatin desserts provide little nutritional value to aid in the recovery of the patient. Each day, over ten thousand servings of gelatin desserts are taken to the bedsides of people with a variety of ailments, from cancer patients to children recovering from tonsillectomies. These people would greatly benefit from a gelatin-like dessert which also included essential vitamins, minerals, and phyto-chemicals to aid their recovering bodies. Since diet has been linked to heart disease and some types of cancer, it would make sense that providing the sick patients with nutritious, healthy food would be a great option. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Protein isolates, compositions comprising protein isolates and methods of use Inventor(s): Mikaelian, Garegin; (Tavares, FL), Teissier, Pierre; (Oceanside, CA) Correspondence: Mary Anne Schofield; Fulbright & Jaworski L.L.P.; 801 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030215559 Date filed: March 31, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed is a method for improving flavor quality and reducing water absorption of protein isolates, particularly soy protein concentrates. The method involves a surface treatment of the protein isolates with an aqueous solution containing a polysaccharide, in order to coat the protein isolates and block off the flavor of the protein molecule as well as serving as a moisture barrier. The treated protein isolates are then dried to a powder form. The resulting protein isolates are bland in taste, have a
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reduced water adsorption ratio as compared to the untreated protein isolate and can be used in a wide range of food products without flavor reversion. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for treating a protein isolate to mask the characteristic taste and odor of the protein isolate and to reduce its water adsorption. The protein isolate can be converted into many different food forms and may be incorporated into a variety of food products to increase their protein content without conferring the taste of the protein isolate onto the food product. This invention also relates to compositions comprising the treated protein isolates wherein the water adsorption ratio of the composition is similar to the water adsorption ratio of the untreated protein isolates. Soy is found in a variety of food forms, e.g., soy drinks, tofu, soy burgers, soy hot-dogs, soy oil, soy butter. In addition, soy protein and isoflavones are linked to a broad band of healthy benefits e.g., cancer prevention, heart protection, menopause relief and bone health. (see e.g., Energy Times, February 2001). In October 1999, the FDA approved a health claim that can be used on labels of soy based foods to tout their heart-healthy benefits. The agency reviewed research from 27 studies that showed soy protein's value in lowering levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL, or "bad" cholesterol). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Recovery composition and method Inventor(s): Boudreau, Edward L.; (Bakersfield, CA) Correspondence: Blakely Sokoloff Taylor & Zafman; 12400 Wilshire Boulevard, Seventh Floor; Los Angeles; CA; 90025; US Patent Application Number: 20030188864 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: A method and composition are described for improving recovery of oil from an oil reservoir. The method includes adding an effective amount of a fatty acid alkyl ester oil recovery composition to an oil reservoir and recovering oil from the reservoir. The composition may include in predominant proportion a fatty acid alkyl ester as well as effective concentrations of a surfactant, a colloid, and an acid. One exemplary composition includes 96% soy methyl ester, 3% surfactant, and 1% vinegar. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to a method and composition for, in one aspect, improving oil recovery from a reservoir. More particularly, the invention relates to composition including a fatty acid alkyl ester and methods for adding the composition to an oil reservoir to recover oil from the reservoir. Other uses are also contemplated. Crude oil or petroleum is a complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons containing primarily carbon, hydrogen, and varying amounts of other atoms such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and others. Crude oil is recovered from subsurface oil reservoirs, wherein the oil is held within pores and voids of rock and sand, and then refined to produce a number of useful substances such as gasoline, lubricants and chemical building blocks. There are several problems associated with steam flooding. A first problem is channeling wherein steam added to the reservoir takes the path of least resistance to the oil production well by improving the recovery of the weakest attached and most available oil first. Once a route to the oil production well has been established further steam flooding has decreased effectiveness due to the easy bypass to the low pressure oil production well. A second problem with steam flooding is that it is less
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favorable for deep oil reservoirs with high pressures. This is partly due to the increased pressure and heating needs to make the steam suitable for the high reservoir pressures. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Recovery of isoflavones from soy molasses Inventor(s): Bryan, Barbara A.; (University City, MO), Waggle, Doyle H.; (St. Louis, MO) Correspondence: Richard B. Taylor; P.O. Box 88940; ST. Louis; MO; 63188; US Patent Application Number: 20030119759 Date filed: October 30, 2002 Abstract: A health supplement composition is disclosed. The health supplement composition contains a solid health supplement material that is separated from a soy molasses material. The solid health supplement material contains at least least two isoflavones. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of patent application Ser. No. 10/016,461 filed on Oct. 19, 2001 which is a divisonal application of patent application Ser. No. 09/204,808 filed on Dec. 3. 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,018, which is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 09/086,658 filed on May 29, 1998, now U.S Pat. No. 5,919,921, which is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 08/661,845 filed on Jun. 11, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,361. The present invention relates to a health supplement containing at least two isoflavones that is derived from a soy molasses material. Isoflavones occur in a variety of leguminous plants, including vegetable protein materials such as soybeans. These compounds include daidzin, 6"-OAc daidzin, 6"OMal daidzin, daidzein, genistin, 6"-OAc genistin, 6"-OMal genistin, genistein, glycitin, 6"-OAc-glycitin, 6"-OMal glycitin, glycitein, biochanin A, formononentin, and coumestrol. Typically these compounds are associated with the inherent, bitter flavor of soybeans. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Soy based hand cleaner and method of use Inventor(s): Denton, Robert; (Delray Beach, FL) Correspondence: Stockwell & Associates; Suite 201; 861 Corporate Drive; Lexington; KY; 40503; US Patent Application Number: 20030125223 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: A composition for cleaning hands is composed of methyl soyate, a surfactant, an emulsifier, an emollient, a wetting agent, a pH-modifying agent, water and optionally other ingredients. The composition lacks d-limonene. Hands are cleaned by applying the composition to the hands, rubbing the composition over the soiled region, and removing the composition by wiping. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/346,472, filed Dec. 29, 2001, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to hand cleaners. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a hand cleaner comprising, inter alia,
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methyl soyate. There has been a trend in the manufacture of personal care products to use ingredients that are environmentally safe and biodegradable. As a consequence, Dlimonene, a terpene generally derived from the distilled rind oils of citrus fruits has become a popular constituent in hand cleaners, such as those manufactured under the trademarks DL, PERMATEX, FAST ORANGE by Loctite Corporation, Newington, Conn. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Soy beverage and related method of manufacture Inventor(s): Nsofor, Leslie M; (Lansing, MI) Correspondence: Warner Norcross & Judd; Intellectual Property Practice Group; 900 Fifth Third Center; 111 Lyon Street N W; Grand Rapids; MI; 49503-2487; US Patent Application Number: 20030124223 Date filed: June 26, 2002 Abstract: A process for producing a stabilized soy beverage from dehulled-whole soybeans partially hydrolyzed with enzymes. The process generally includes: providing whole soybeans (100); activating endogenous enzymes of the whole soybeans (110), hydrolyzing proteins in the soybeans (120); and hydrolyzing carbohydrates in the soybeans (130) to form a hydrolyzed soy base (140) including proteins and carbohydrates that do not form an observable colloidal phase. A preferred process includes: providing whole soybeans; hydrating the soybeans to activate endogenous enzymes within the soybeans; dehulling the soybeans; hydrolyzing the proteins within the dehulled soybean cotyledons by incubating the cotyledons at elevated temperatures; gelatinizing the incubated cotyledons to induce coagulation of the soybean polysaccharides; milling the gelatinized cotyledons into a slurry; hydrolyzing the polysaccharides of the cotyledons with the aid of added cellulose and/or hemicellulase to form a hydrolyzed soy base; deodorizing the slurry; mixing sweeteners, flavoring, and solubilization aids with the hydrolyzed soy base; homogenizing the hydrolyzed soy base; and heat treating the hydrolyzed soy base to form a soy beverage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to soy products, and more particularly to stabilized soy beverages manufactured from dehulled-whole soybeans. Soybean or legume based food products are known for their high protein content and other health benefits such as the reduction of blood cholesterol and incidents of osteoporosis. The manufacture of soy beverage products presents a variety of distinct problems due to the chemical composition of the soybeans. For example, typical whole soy beverages usually have a chalky, gritty, or fibrous texture due to the complex carbohydrates present in the soybean cotyledons and hulls. Further, soy beverages are typically plagued with a "beany" flavor caused by enzyme activity, in particular, lipoxygenase activity, that results from the cell tissue of soybean cotyledons being disrupted in the presence of moisture and oxygen. In conventional soy beverage manufacturing processes, these problems have been addressed. Typical soymilk beverages include a combination of water and soymilk concentrate produced from a process whereby whole soybeans are dehulled and blanched. To reduce the chalky texture of the soy beverage, the soybeans are dry-dehulled prior to processing. Dry-dehulling is the industrial process whereby the soybeans are heated so that the hull is separated from the cotyledon. The soybean hull is then physically cracked and subsequently separated from the cotyledon. Alternatively, the chalky texture may be reduced by extracting the soybeans. Conventional extraction includes crushing the whole soybeans in water and
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pressing the resultant slurry to squeeze out a soybean liquid. To address the "beany" flavor of the resultant soy beverage, the soybeans are blanched--that is, boiled or steamed at very high temperatures. Blanching inactivates the lipoxygenase enzyme present in the soybean and eliminates the possibility of the soybean developing the "beany" flavor during subsequent processing. During the blanching step, however, the soy proteins are substantially denatured whereby solubilization of the soy proteins is inhibited. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Soy composition for balancing combination skin Inventor(s): Liu, Jue-Chen; (Belle Mead, NJ), Wu, Jeffrey; (Warrington, PA) Correspondence: Philip S. Johnson; Johnson & Johnson; One Johnson & Johnson Plaza; New Brunswick; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20030224075 Date filed: February 20, 2003 Abstract: The present invention features legume products, compositions containing such legume products, and the topical application of such legume products for treating combination skin and maintaining balanced facial skin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods of treating combination skin so as to provide the benefit of balancing the skin's oily and dry areas such that the oily areas appear less shiny and the dry areas appear and feel more moist. A large proportion of the adult population considers their facial skin to be a combination type with both dry and oily areas. There is a lack of effective skin care products on the market today that address this need. Thus, it would be desirable to have compositions and methods of treatment that address the condition of combination skin so as to permit treatment of combination skin with one composition. It would be further desirable that such a composition would balance the skin condition, in order to render the appearance of the skin neither overly-oily nor overly-dry. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Soy nucleic acid molecules and other molecules associated with transcription plants and uses thereof for plant improvement Inventor(s): Cao, Yongwei; (Chesterfield, MO), Kovalic, David K.; (University City, MO), La Rosa, Thomas J.; (Fenton, MO), Zhou, Yihua; (Ballwin, MO) Correspondence: Lawrence M. Lavin, JR.; Patent Department, E2na; Monsanto Company; 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard; ST. Louis; MO; 63167; US Patent Application Number: 20040031072 Date filed: April 28, 2003 Abstract: Polynucleotides useful for improvement of plants are provided. In particular, polynucleotide sequences are provided from plant sources. Polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotide sequences are also provided. The disclosed polynucleotides and polypeptides find use in production of transgenic plants to produce plants having improved properties.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. applications 09/198,779 filed Nov. 24, 1998, Ser. No. 09/199,129 filed Nov. 24, 1998, Ser. No. 09/206,040 filed Dec. 4, 1998, Ser. No. 09/210,297 filed Dec. 8, 1998, Ser. No. 09/227,586 filed Jan. 8, 1999, Ser. No. 09/229,413 filed Jan. 12, 1999, Ser. No. 09/233,218 filed Jan. 20, 1999, Ser. No. 09/237,183 filed Jan. 26, 1999, Ser. No. 09/244,000 filed Feb. 8, 1999, Ser. No. 09/252,974 filed Feb. 19, 1999, Ser. No. 09/262,979 filed Mar. 4, 1999, Ser. No. 09/263,191 filed Mar. 5, 1999, Ser. No. 09/267,199 filed Mar. 12, 1999, Ser. No. 09/283,466 filed Apr. 2, 1999, Ser. No. 09/300,482 filed Apr. 28, 1999, Ser. No. 09/304,517 filed May 6, 1999, Ser. No. 09/306,349 filed May 10, 1999, Ser. No. 09/333,535 filed Jun. 14, 1999, Ser. No. 09/371,146 filed Augu. 9, 1999, Ser. No. 09/391,630 filed Sep. 8, 1999, Ser. No. 09/421,106 filed Oct. 15, 1999, Ser. No. 09/440,687 filed Nov. 16, 1999, Ser. No. 09/521,640 filed Mar. 10, 2000, Ser. No. 09/531,113 filed Mar. 22, 2000, Ser. No. 09/552,086 filed Apr. 19, 2000, Ser. No. 09/552,087 filed Apr. 21, 2000, Ser. No. 09/565,240 filed May 8, 2000, Ser. No. 09/615,606 filed Jul. 13, 2000, Ser. No. 09/663,423 filed Sep. 15, 2000, Ser. No. 09/733,089 filed Dec. 11, 2000, Ser. No. 09/733,370 filed Feb. 1, 2001, Ser. No. 09/733,370 filed Feb. 1, 2001, Ser. No. 09/754,853 filed Jan. 5, 2001, Ser. No. 09/760,427 filed Jan. 13, 2001, Ser. No. 09/816,660 filed Mar. 26, 2001, Ser. No. 09/826,019 filed Apr. 5, 2001, Ser. No. 09/826,019 filed Apr. 5, 2001, Ser. No. 09/855,768 filed May 15, 2001, Ser. No. 09/874,708 filed Jun. 5, 2001, Ser. No. 09/922,293 filed Aug. 6, 2001, Ser. No. 09/938,294 filed Aug. 24, 2001, Ser. No. 09/955,216 filed Sep. 19, 2001, Ser. No. 09/975,254 filed Oct. 12, 2001, Ser. No. 09/978,703 filed Oct. 18, 2001, Ser. No. 09/985,678 filed Nov. 5, 2001, Ser. No. 09/987,899 filed Nov. 16, 2001, Ser. No. 10/155,881 filed May 22, 2002, Ser. No. 10/219,999 filed Aug. 15, 2002, No. 60/067,000 filed Nov. 24, 1997, No. 60/069,472 filed Dec. 9, 1997, No. 60/074,201 filed Feb. 10, 1998, No. 60/074,280 filed Feb. 10, 1998, No. 60/074,281 filed Feb. 10, 1998, No. 60/074,282 filed Feb. 10, 1998, No. 60/074,565 filed Feb. 12, 1998, No. 60/074,566 filed Feb. 12, 1998, No. 60/074,567 filed Feb. 12, 1998, No. 60/074,789 filed Feb. 19, 1998, No. 60/075,459 filed Feb. 19, 1998, No. 60/075,460 filed Feb. 19, 1998, No. 60/075,461 filed Feb. 19, 1998, No. 60/075,462 filed Feb. 19, 1998, No. 60/075,463 filed Feb. 19, 1998, No. 60/075,464 filed Feb. 19, 1998, No. 60/077,229 filed Mar. 9, 1998, No. 60/077,230 filed Mar. 9, 1998, No. 60/077,231 filed Mar. 9, 1998, No. 60/078,368 filed Mar. 18, 1998, No. 60/080,844 filed Apr. 7, 1998, No. 60/083,067 filed Apr. 27, 1998, No. 60/083,386 filed Apr. 29, 1998, No. 60/083,387 filed Apr. 29, 1998, No. 60/083,388 filed Apr. 29, 1998, No. 60/083,389 filed Apr. 29, 1998, No. 60/085,222 filed May 13, 1998, No. 60/085,223 filed May 13, 1998, No. 60/085,224 filed May 13, 1998, No. 60/086,183 filed May 21, 1998, No. 60/086,184 filed May 21, 1998, No. 60/086,185 filed May 21, 1998, No. 60/086,186 filed May 21, 1998, No. 60/086,187 filed May 21, 1998, No. 60/086,188 filed May 21, 1998, No. 60/089,524 filed Jun. 16, 1998, No. 60/089,793 filed Jun. 18, 1998, No. 60/089,810 filed Jun. 18, 1998, No. 60/089,814 filed Jun. 18, 1998, No. 60/099,668 filed Sep. 9, 1998, No. 60/099,670 filed Sep. 9, 1998, No. 60/099,697 filed Sep. 9, 1998, No. 60/100,672 filed Sep. 16, 1998, No. 60/100,673 filed Sep. 16, 1998, No. 60/100,674 filed Sep. 16, 1998, No. 60/101,130 filed Sep. 21, 1998, No. 60/101,131 filed Sep. 21, 1998, No. 60/101,132 filed Sep. 21, 1998, No. 60/104,722 filed Oct. 19, 1998, No. 60/108,996 filed Nov. 18, 1998, No. 60/109,018 filed Nov. 18, 1998, No. 60/110,108 filed Nov. 25, 1998, No. 60/110,109 filed Nov. 25, 1998, No. 60/111,033 filed Dec. 4, 1998, No. 60/111,742 filed Dec. 10, 1998, No. 60/111,981 filed Dec. 11, 1998, No. 60/112,221 filed Dec. 14, 1998, No. 60/112,229 filed Dec. 14, 1998, No. 60/112,808 filed Dec. 18, 1998, No. 60/113,224 filed Dec. 22, 1998, No. 60/124,269 filed Mar. 11, 1999, No. 60/125,816 filed Mar. 23, 1999, No. 60/125,817 filed Mar. 23, 1999, No. 60/125,818 filed Mar. 23, 1999, No. 60/130,174 filed Apr. 20, 1999, No. 60/130,463 filed Apr. 22, 1999, No. 60/130,464 filed Apr. 22, 1999, No. 60/130,465 filed Apr. 22, 1999, No. 60/133,690 filed May 10, 1999, No. 60/133,691 filed May 10, 1999, No. 60/133,692 filed May 10, 1999, No. 60/140,769 filed Jun. 23, 1999, No. 60/141,128 filed Jun. 28, 1999, No. 60/141,129 filed Jun. 28, 1999, No.
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60/141,132 filed Jun. 28, 1999, No. 60/141,134 filed Jun. 28, 1999, No. 60/141,135 filed Jun. 28, 1999, No. 60/141,136 filed Jun. 28, 1999, No. 60/141,137 filed Jun. 28, 1999, No. 60/141,139 filed Jun. 28, 1999, No. 60/144,084 filed Jul. 16, 1999, No. 60/154,375 filed Sep. 17, 1999, No. 60/179,730 filed Feb. 2, 2000, No. 60/179,730 filed Feb. 2, 2000, No. 60/211,750 filed Jun. 15, 2000, No. 60/228,466 filed Aug. 29, 2000, No. 60/312,544 filed Aug. 15, 2001, and No. 60/324,109 filed Sep. 21, 2001, hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Two copies of the sequence listing (Seq. Listing Copy 1 and Seq. Listing Copy 2) and a computer-readable form of the sequence listing, all on CD-ROMs, each containing the file named pa.sub.--00561.rpt, which is 294,817,960 bytes (measured in MS-DOS) and was created on Apr. 28, 2003 are herein incorporated by reference. Two copies of Table 1 (Table 1 Copy 1 and Table 1 Copy 2) all on CD-ROMs, each containing the file named pa 00561.txt, which is 57,461,037 bytes (measured in MS-DOS) and was created on Apr. 25, 2003, are herein incorporated by reference. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Soy protein based adhesive containing a vegetable oil derivative Inventor(s): Cook, Richard C.; (Evansville, IN), Mendon, Sharathkumar K.; (Hattiesburg, MS), Thames, Shelby F.; (Hattiesburg, MS) Correspondence: Craig M. Lundell; Howrey Llp; Attorneys AT Law; 750 Bering Drive; Houston; TX; 77057-2198; US Patent Application Number: 20040007156 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: A soy protein based adhesive useful in particleboards and other composites is formed from a mixture of soy protein isolate, a polyol plasticizer and a vegetable oil derivative. The preferred plasticizer is glycerol and the preferred vegetable oil derivative is the maleinized methyl ester of tung oil. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to soy protein based adhesives useful in the manufacture of particleboard and other composites. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a water resistant soy protein based adhesive containing a vegetable oil derivative. Soy protein was used as an adhesive ingredient in plywood in the early 1900s. However, the problem of low moisture resistance led to its replacement with petroleum-based resins in the 1930s. Particleboard composites were subsequently developed that utilized urea-formaldehyde resins to bind the wood particles rather than agricultural adhesives. However, increasing environmental awareness and the recognized hazards of formaldehyde-based adhesives has created a strong demand for more environmentally friendly wood adhesives. Successful replacement of urea formaldehyde resins in particleboard requires an adhesive that can produce composites having characteristics matching or exceeding those attainable with urea formaldehyde. Accordingly, water resistance is a necessary characteristic of any suitable replacement. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Soy protein products and methods for producing soy protein products Inventor(s): Hammond, Neal A.; (Woodland, CA), Prevost, John E.; (Slaughter, LA) Correspondence: Neil J. Coig; 2355 Drusilla Lane; Baton Rouge; LA; 70809; US Patent Application Number: 20040028774 Date filed: June 10, 2003 Abstract: A method for producing an enzymatically stabilized soy meal containing a naturally-occurring trypsin inhibitor to produce a soluble, pleasant-tasting soy product which comprises enzymatically deactivating the trypsin inhibitors in the soy meal without using heat, and treating the soy meal makes the carbohydrates and proteins more digestible. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new and useful soy products and methods for producing the products. The increasing evidence that a proper diet is linked to good health and the prevention of diseases has led consumers to demand products that help develop healthy diets with more nutrients and less fat, cholesterol, and calories. Food processors interested in satisfying consumer demand are looking at healthy ingredients to develop such food products. One source for healthy ingredients is the soybean. The increasing evidence that soybeans may help prevent and treat certain diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, has renewed consumer and processor interest in soybeans as a source for foods and ingredients. Food processors are familiar with many uses of soybeans because of their multifunctional value, natural ingredients, and reasonable prices. Many processors prefer to use soybeans because of their high protein content and their ability to mimic animal products such as meat, eggs, or milk. Processors also prefer soybeans because of their broad consumer appeal. Food processors have been careful and reluctant to use soybeans as ingredients in their finished products because soybeans have several negative factors. First, soy meal has a very beany flavor. Second, most soybean meal has reduced protein solubility, normally less than 50% because most of the current processes use heat to deactivate the trypsin inhibitors and remove residual hexane from the extraction process. Third, because the protein solubility is reduced and the trypsin-inhibitors have not been completely deactivated, the body absorbs less protein. Finally, soy meal causes flatulence and bloating and has a chalky texture stachyose and raffinose are present. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Soy protein-containing imitation dairy compositions and methods of making Inventor(s): Chen, Wen-Sherng; (Glenview, IL), Gao, Song; (Lansdale, PA), Harrison, Veronic M.; (Bartlett, IL) Correspondence: Fitch Even Tabin And Flannery; 120 South LA Salle Street; Suite 1600; Chicago; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20040028801 Date filed: August 12, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to use of soy protein to replace sodium caseinate or other dairy proteins in imitation dairy compositions. The invention relates to the imitation dairy compositions and methods of making such compositions. The stable, healthful and cost-effective composition is most desirably obtained when soy flour is treated prior to making the composition, either by heat treatment or protease treatment.
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This invention is especially directed to preparation of dips wherein a substantial amount, and preferably essentially all, dairy protein is replaced with soy protein. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to use of soy protein to replace a significant portion of sodium caseinate or other dairy proteins in imitation dairy compositions. The invention relates to the imitation dairy compositions and methods of making such compositions. The stable, healthful and cost-effective composition is most desirably obtained when soy flour is treated prior to making the composition, either by heat treatment or protease treatment. This invention is especially directed to preparation of dips wherein a substantial amount, and preferably essentially all, dairy protein is replaced with soy protein. The health benefits of soybeans have been known for some time. For centuries, soybeans have been the primary source of protein in Asian countries, and in recent years the popularity of soy-based products has increased in the United States. Along with a tendency to lower cholesterol levels, soybeans have recently been linked with, or suggested as having a possible role in, inhibiting cancerous or tumor cells. Additionally, soy protein contains an amino acid profile that is among the most complete of all vegetable protein sources, and resembles, with the exception of the sulfur-containing amino acids, the pattern derived from high-quality animal protein sources. Thus, efforts have been made to incorporate soy into a wide variety of foods. Examples of efforts to utilize soy proteins in cheese or cheese-like products include, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,080,477 (a process cheese-like product containing soy cheese); U.S. Pat. No. 4,284,656 (a curd product derived by water extraction of protein from a defatted soy bean followed by coagulation of the protein to form curds and whey; curd product can be mixed with or incorporated into cheese); U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,691 (stimulated cheese containing soy protein); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,349,576 and 4,345,438 (vegetable protein isolates, including soy protein isolates, which can be incorporated into imitation cheese products); U.S. Pat. No. 4,556,569 (cheese analog product prepared from soy milk, vegetable oil, dairy whey, caseinate, and water); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,449 (isoflavone-enriched soy protein product which can be used as an ingredient in cheese products (as well as other food products)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Topical treatment of skin Inventor(s): Bhide, Vaishali; (Maharashtra, IN), Gomes, Anna; (Dulwich Hill, AU), Khaiat, Alain V.; (Singapore, SG) Correspondence: Audley A. Ciamporcero JR.; Johnson & Johnson; One Johnson & Johnson Plaza; New Brunswick; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20030180339 Date filed: January 10, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to the use as a sebum regulating agent of a hydrolysed vegetable protein produced by enzymatic hydrolysis, and to compositions comprising a hydrolysed vegetable protein produced by enzymatic hydrolysis for application to the skin to inhibit or regulate sebum production, to inhibit or treat oily skin, or to prevent, inhibit or treat acne. The vegetable protein may be for example a cereal protein such as soy protein, wheat protein or an extract from a tree such as cedar, poplar or mimosa, or from the foliage or from the various stages of the flower, such as the bud. Preferably the vegetable protein has a molecular weight in the region of 100,000 to 500,000 Daltons.The invention also relates to methods of preventing, controlling or inhibiting the oily/shiny appearance and nature of skin and consequential disorders such as acne, comprising the
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topical application of a hydrolysed vegetable protein, produced by enzymatic hydrolysis, to the skin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of skin and more particularly to the treatment of conditions of skin caused through excess sebum production and the consequences thereof such as acne. Excess sebum production is a common problem particularly with teenagers leading to an oily/shiny appearance of the skin which in itself causes embarrassment and is also one of the principal factors causing acne. The oily/shiny appearance of skin results from excess sebum excretion in the sebaceous glands. The classic approach to addressing oily/shiny skin is the use of powders that provide an immediate masking effect by absorbing the excess sebum on the skins surface. Such an approach has short term benefit only and has a minimal effect on conditions such as acne caused through excess sebum production. More recently, topical agents have been studied and found to have activity as oil controlling agents. One of these is elubiol (dichlorophenyl-imidazoltioxolan). Elubiol is an effective oil control agent. Regulatory approval is being sought for its use for this purpose. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Vegetable protein adhesive compositions Inventor(s): Trocino, Frank S. SR.; (Bellingham, WA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030148084 Date filed: August 1, 2002 Abstract: Vegetable protein-based adhesive compositions and methods for preparing them are provided. The adhesives are prepared by copolymerizing hydrolyzed vegetable protein that has been functionalized with methylol groups and one or more co-monomers also having methylol functional groups. Preferred hydrolyzed vegetable proteins include hydrolyzed soy protein obtained from soy meal. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation, under 35 U.S.C.sctn.120, of International Patent Application No. PCT/US01/04476, filed on Feb. 12, 2001 under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), which was published by the International Bureau in English on Aug. 16, 2001, which designates the United States and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/181,938, filed Feb. 12, 2000. Ancient adhesive raw material choices were limited. Starch, blood and collagen extracts from animal bones, and hides were the early sources. Somewhat later, the range of raw materials used in adhesives was expanded to include milk protein and fish extracts. These early starch and protein-based adhesives suffered from a number of drawbacks. They generally lacked durability, and were able to maintain long-term strength only as long as they were kept dry. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with soy, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address:
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http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “soy” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on soy. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning soy. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON SOY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to soy. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on soy include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “soy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on soy: •
Diabetes Quickflip Cookbook Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. 44 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $16.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400574. Summary: Formatted for ease of use, this Quickflip cookbook lists cooking instructions at the top of each page and the ingredients for five different recipes (ready made shopping lists) in separate columns below. Each column is based on a different ethnic or geographic variant of the same recipe. An introductory section reviews food labeling, the elements to a well-stocked pantry, and how to use the international styles outlined in the Quickflip method. Recipes are organized into the following categories: salads, soups, sandwiches, grains, vegetables, chicken and fish (and soy), pizza, stews, pasta,
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more pasta, saute, stir-fry, more stir-fry, oven-baked, and desserts. The author also provides helpful, tasty, and healthful hints for each cooking style, complete nutritional analyses for the recipes, and a guide to choosing ingredients. An appendix lists some food and nutrition resource organizations through which readers can obtain additional information. The cookbook is printed on relatively heavy cardstock and is spiral bound with a flipchart base. •
Quick and Healthy Recipes and Ideas Contact: ScaleDown Publishing, Inc., 1519 Hermits Way, The Dalles, OR 97058. (541) 296-5859, Fax (541) 296-1875, Email
[email protected]. Summary: In this book, Ms. Ponichtera offers a wide variety of healthy, tasty meals from many cultures. All are fairly simple to cook and have ingredients found at any grocery store. Included are suggestions for healthy snacks, diabetic exchanges and nutrition information for each recipe, and complete menu plans. Ms Ponichtera has also included recipes for healthy substitutes for such staples as soy sauce, breading, and cream soup base. The dishes cover a wide range, from beverages (yogurt shakes) to appetizers (smoked salmon spread), breads (blueberry coffee cake), poultry (oven fried chicken), meat (beef fajitas), soups (tomato-shrimp soup), vegetables (basil tomatoes), salads (curry tuna salad), and even desserts (mandarin orange cake).
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Lactose Intolerance Nutrition Guide Source: Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. 2003. 40 p. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 120 South Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606-6695. (800) 877-1600, ext. 5000. Fax (312) 899-4899. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.eatright.org. PRICE: $10.00 for member; $15.00 for non-member; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 88091307X. Summary: Lactose intolerance is the incomplete digestion of lactose, a sugar that occurs naturally in milk and milk products. In people who are lactose intolerant, the body does not produce enough of the enzyme lactase to fully digest and absorb the milk sugar. As a result, lactose moves through the system undigested, leading to discomfort and symptoms such as gas, bloating, or diarrhea. This handbook offers suggestions and information for readers newly diagnosed with lactose intolerance. The handbook features tips for tolerating lactose-containing foods and beverages, how to recognize lactose content, instructions for finding milk substitutes and benefiting from soy foods, calcium recommendations, suggestions for infants and children, meal planning options, food offerings and companies, and recipes. Recipes are provided for creamy fresh herb dressing, orange nut bread, cream of mushroom soup, fettuccine Alfredo, macaroni and cheese, rich vanilla 'ice cream,' apricot sherbet, and raspberry chocolate pudding. A list of web sites for additional information is also provided. 1 figure. 3 tables.
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Food Allergy Field Guide: A Lifestyle Manual for Families Source: Centennial, CO: Savory Palate, Inc. 2000. 288 p. Contact: Available from Savory Palate, Inc. 8174 South Holly, No. 404, Centennial, CO 80122-4004. (800) 741-5418 or (303) 741-5408. Fax (303) 741-0339. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.savorypalate.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1889374075. Summary: This upbeat food guide is designed to help children, parents, and other caregivers manage food sensitivities to wheat, gluten, dairy, eggs, corn, peanuts, soy,
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and other common food allergens. The author includes the latest research and discoveries on food sensitivities; advice on reading labels, grocery shopping, eating at restaurants; tips on emotional, social, and psychological considerations; pointers to help the child enjoy parties, field trips, and other outings; and how to detect hidden food allergies. The book includes 100 kid-tested recipes and cooking advice. The recipes are listed by category and labeled as gluten free, dairy free, egg free, nut free, or soy free. Nutrient values are provided for each recipe. The book concludes with a bibliography, fact sheets on common food allergens, nutrition facts, a list of resources and associations, a list of vendors, and a subject index.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “soy” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “soy” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “soy” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Bibliography of Soy Sprouts: 655 References from 3rd Century A.D. to 1991, Extensively Annotated (Bibliographies of Soya Series) by William Shurtleff, Akiko Aoyagi; ISBN: 0933332769; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0933332769/icongroupinterna
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Genistein/Soy Isoflavones: Potent Soy Isoflavone by Rita Elkins; ISBN: 1580540317; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580540317/icongroupinterna
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Handbook of Soy Oil Processing & Utilization by David R. Erickson; ISBN: 0935315055; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935315055/icongroupinterna
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Innovative Soy Cooking by Trudie Burnham; ISBN: 0895949628; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895949628/icongroupinterna
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Mainstreaming Soy: Seize The Opportunities With Key Profit Strategies [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by FIND/SVP (Author); ISBN: B00006RGRZ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006RGRZ/icongroupinterna
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Melody of India Cuisine: Tasteful New Vegetarian Recipes Celebrating Soy and Tofu in Traditional Indian Foods by Laxmi Jain, Manoj Jain (Contributor); ISBN: 0880071958; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880071958/icongroupinterna
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Quick and Easy Soy & Tofu Recipes by Polly Grimaldi; ISBN: 1558672923; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558672923/icongroupinterna
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Sensational Soy: Recipes for a Healthy Diet (Storey Country Wisdom Bulletin, A-249) by Miriam Jacobs; ISBN: 1580173217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580173217/icongroupinterna
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Soy & Health 2002: Clinical Evidence -- Dietary Applications by Koen Descheemaeker (Editor), Ignace Debruyne (Editor); ISBN: 9044113607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9044113607/icongroupinterna
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Soy Desserts: 101 Fresh, Fun & Fabulously Healthy Recipes by Patricia Greenberg; ISBN: 006098855X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/006098855X/icongroupinterna
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Soy Discoveries, Recipes for Life: Over 700 Quick Soy Recipes by Margaret Belais Salmon; ISBN: 0738865648; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738865648/icongroupinterna
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Soy Expressions: Common Sense Way to Small Food Bills 404 Easy Soy Recipes by Margaret B. Salmon, Betty L. Wilk; ISBN: 0918662117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0918662117/icongroupinterna
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Soy of Cooking: A Tofu and Tempeh Recipe Book by Reggi and Wagner,Martha Norton; ISBN: 0960488022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960488022/icongroupinterna
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Soy Protein and Human Nutrition by Harold Wilcke; ISBN: 0127514503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0127514503/icongroupinterna
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Soy Protein and National Food Policy by F.H. Schwarz (Editor); ISBN: 0813376327; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813376327/icongroupinterna
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Soy Protein: What You Need to Know by Mary Carole McMann, Mary Carol McMann; ISBN: 0895299887; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895299887/icongroupinterna
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Soy: Asia's Hidden Healer (Woodland Health Series) by Deanne Tenney; ISBN: 158054018X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158054018X/icongroupinterna
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Soy-based Food & Drink Market - US Report [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Mintel International Group Ltd. (Author); ISBN: B000077VEW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000077VEW/icongroupinterna
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Super Soy! by Barbara Farr; ISBN: 0879831022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879831022/icongroupinterna
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Super Soy!: Delicious Protein Without Meat by Barbara. Farr; ISBN: 0879831340; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879831340/icongroupinterna
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The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Chinese Soy Recipe Bottled Sauces [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KFO3; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KFO3/icongroupinterna
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The Complete Soy Cookbook by Paulette Mitchell; ISBN: 0028614577; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0028614577/icongroupinterna
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The Health Benefits of Soy by Jack Challem, Victoria Dolby; ISBN: 0879837276; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879837276/icongroupinterna
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The Indian Soy Cookbook by Kavitha Reddy; ISBN: 8171677290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8171677290/icongroupinterna
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The Joy of Soy : 75 Delicious Ways to Enjoy Nature's Miracle Food by Dana Jacobi (Author); ISBN: 0761522964; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761522964/icongroupinterna
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The Joy of Soy: Vegetarian Cartoons by Vance Lehmkuhl; ISBN: 1889594032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889594032/icongroupinterna
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The Little Soy Book [DOWNLOAD: MICROSOFT READER] by Erika Dillman; ISBN: B00005JGYA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005JGYA/icongroupinterna
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The Magic of Soy by Genisoy Products, et al; ISBN: 1570670900; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570670900/icongroupinterna
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The Soy for Health Cookbook: Recipes With Style and Taste by Kurumi Hayter; ISBN: 0737016248; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737016248/icongroupinterna
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The Soy Revolution by Stephen Holt (Author); ISBN: 0440235588; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440235588/icongroupinterna
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The Soy Sauce Cookbook; ISBN: 0785806598; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0785806598/icongroupinterna
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The Soy Sauce Cookbook: Explore the Flavour-enhancing Power of Asia's Magic Ingredient by Jenny Stacey, Maureen Keller; ISBN: 1840922400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840922400/icongroupinterna
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The Soy Sensation by Jack Challem, et al; ISBN: 0658015303; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0658015303/icongroupinterna
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The Soy Zone by Barry Sears PhD; ISBN: 0060393106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060393106/icongroupinterna
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The World Market for Soy Sauce: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0001346WE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001346WE/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “soy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Nutraceuticals: designer foods III, garlic, soy, and licorice. Author: edited by Paul A. Lachance; Year: 1997
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Useful soybean, a plus factor in modern living, by Mildred Lager. Author: Lager, Mildred M; Year: 1945
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Chapters on Soy In order to find chapters that specifically relate to soy, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and soy using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “soy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on soy: •
Milk and Yogurt Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 165-179. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: Milk and milk products are nutritionally quite different from the other food groups. A serving from this group provides both carbohydrate and protein. This chapter on milk and yogurt is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss the benefits of including milk and yogurt in one's diet, the role of calcium, recommended amounts of calcium, other nutrients in milk and yogurt, other sources of calcium, and coping with lactose intolerance or sensitivity. Recipes are then provided: shrimp and corn bisque, fruit shakes, yogurt cheese, and soy milk smoothies. The chapter concludes with a chart of common milk and milk products and their nutrition values, and a special focus section on blood pressure.
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Meat and Meat Substitutes Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 181-234. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: The protein food group includes meat, seafood, cheese, eggs, and soy products. These foods are often grouped according to how much fat they contain (very lean to high fat). This chapter on meat and meat substitutes is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss how protein can be incorporated into one's diet, strategies for lightening one's protein intake (choosing lower fat options), tips for cutting back on meat, low fat cooking techniques,
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sauces and seasonings, the nutrition of cheese, portion control with protein foods, common questions about meats and protein, and the use of soy foods, including tofu and tempeh. Numerous recipes are then provided: roasted soy nuts, teriyaki tofu kabobs, Chinese ginger salmon, seared salmon with asparagus and green onion, seared sesame tuna with orange glaze, teriyaki glazed tuna, Middle Eastern tuna salad, 4 ways with tuna or salmon, crunchy shrimp and broccoli stir fry, cioppino, seafood kabobs Hawaiian, stir fry fish, New Orleans shrimp Creole, shrimp scampi, crispy fish filets, low fat sauces for fish (tartar sauce, cold cucumber sauce), wild rice sun-dried cherry stuffed chicken, chicken with tricolored peppers, grilled chicken breasts with fruit salsa, chicken salad in 64 ways, Oriental turkey salad, marinated steak kabobs, Chinese stir fried beef with ginger, and spiced lamb stew. The chapter includes charts of common meats and meat substitutes and their nutrition values. •
Gastrointestinal Tract Hemorrhage in Children Source: in Snape, W.J., ed. Consultations in Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. p. 145-154. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0721646700. Summary: This chapter from a gastroenterology textbook covers gastrointestinal (GI) tract hemorrhage in children. The authors note that, although typically associated with a benign prognosis, the problem can occasionally be serious and life threatening; therefore prompt assessment, diagnosis, and treatment is required. The widespread use and application of fiberoptic endoscopy, coupled with radionuclide imaging and selective angiography, have significantly improved the capability to diagnose and treat GI tract hemorrhage. The author stress that the patient's age must be considered during the initial assessment and is helpful in developing a differential diagnosis. Topics include the initial stabilization for acute GI tract hemorrhage in infants and children; the role of various diagnostic tests; factors causing upper GI tract bleeding and the treatment for each; and factors causing lower GI tract bleeding and the treatment for each. Common causes of upper GI tract hemorrhage in children include swallowed maternal blood, peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal varices, and Mallory-Weiss lesions. Common causes of lower GI tract hemorrhage in children include upper GI tract bleeding, milk or soy protein allergy, necrotizing enterocolitis, intussusception, Meckel's diverticulum, midgut malrotation with volvulus, infectious diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, juvenile polyposis, and perianal lesion or fissure. One diagram illustrates the recommended diagnostic approach for GI tract blood loss. 1 figure. 3 tables. 36 references. (AA-M).
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Chapter You've Been Waiting For: Menu and Snack Ideas! Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 69-79. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on menu and snack ideas is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of
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gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this article, the author offers strategies for becoming a creative gluten free cook, using the food items that are usually available in a well stocked kitchen. The author hopes to spark ideas in readers so that they can put together quick snacks and easy meals that the children will enjoy. The author lists substitutions for common foods including soy sauce, thickeners, breadcrumb coatings, croutons, pie crust, pasta, flour tortillas, pasta pieces, crackers, sauces, and thickeners for sweets. The remainder of the chapter lists quick meal ideas for breakfast, lunch, dinner, side dishes, and snacks. A final section offers strategies for coping with the picky eater. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents. •
Vegetables Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 91-120. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: Vegetables are packed with vitamins and minerals and have few calories. The diabetes food pyramid suggests that people with diabetes eat 3 to 5 servings of vegetables each day. This chapter on vegetables is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss the benefits of eating vegetables, the role of antioxidants, shopping for produce, deciding between fresh, frozen or canned vegetables, tips for eating more vegetables, and how to make the most of eating at a salad bar. Numerous recipes are then provided: 3 flavored vinegars, 5 easy dressings with low-fat sour cream, roasted garlic, caramelized onions, green beans with tomatoes and herbs, zucchini marinara, broccoli with sesame seeds and scallions, broccoli and garlic, Brussels sprouts with chestnuts, cauliflower with cheddar cheese sauce, curried cauliflower soup, healthy coleslaw, fall spinach salad, soy kale, arugula and watercress salad, and spinach saute with mushrooms. The chapter concludes with a chart of common vegetables and their nutrition values, and a special focus section on water.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON SOY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on soy. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on soy is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “soy” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “soy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on soy: •
Traditional Japanese foods for modern living Source: Honolulu, HI: NutriLink 2000 Project, Hawaii Department of Health. 1995. 1 videotape (10:23 minutes, VHS, 1/2 inch). Contact: Available from Hawaii Department of Health, NutriLink 2000 Project, Nutrition Branch, P.O. Box 3378, Honolulu, HI 96801. Telephone: (808) 586-4671 / fax: (808) 586-4745. Available on loan at no charge. Summary: This videotape for consumers promotes the use of foods and nutrition concepts of the Japanese culture. It discusses the importance of soybeans in the traditional Japanese diet, and shows soy products such as miso and tofu, how these products are made, and how they are used in cooking.
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SOY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover soy.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on soy is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “soy” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to soy. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “soy” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for soy: •
Soy, but not isoflavones, keeps the heart healthy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 29, 2003
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Soy cuts cholesterol, aids kidneys in diabetics Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 20, 2003
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Soy protein with isoflavones has favorable effect on lipids in postmenopausal women Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 10, 2003
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Miso soup, soy compound lowers breast cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 17, 2003
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Soy consumption does not reduce PSA levels Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 18, 2003
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Big increases seen in '03 US bio-corn, soy crops Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 22, 2003
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Fish oil, soy may cut risk of death: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 25, 2002
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Study says soy nuts combat high blood pressure Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 20, 2002
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Man's migraine linked to soy consumption Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 25, 2002
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Soy supplements may not up young women's bone mass Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 04, 2002
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Soy cuts insulin, cholesterol in diabetic women Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 30, 2002
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US researchers develop allergen-free soybean Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 03, 2002
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Soy may help keep postmenopausal arteries healthy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 20, 2002
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Japan approves biotech corn, soy varieties for food Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 17, 2002
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More evidence soy guards against breast cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 08, 2002
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Soy formula component impairs immune function in animal model Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 20, 2002
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Mouse study suggests soy may weaken immune system Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2002
Periodicals and News
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Soy drink does not relieve hot flashes in breast cancer survivors Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 12, 2002
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Soy doesn't ease cancer survivors' hot flashes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 12, 2002
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Caution urged on soy menopause remedies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 09, 2002
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Caution urged on soy-based menopause remedies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 08, 2002
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Study: soy diet reduces pain, inflammation in rats Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 15, 2002
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Soy formula good alternative to cow's milk for allergic infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 12, 2002
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Alcohol-extracted dietary soy protein lowers lipoprotein(a) Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 07, 2002
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Soy isoflavone may be safe, effective alternative to estrogen replacement Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 04, 2002
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EU: No evidence gene-modified soybeans pose risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 20, 2001
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No adverse health outcomes from soy infant formula seen in young adults Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 16, 2001
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Belgian scientist says gene-spliced soy safe Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 16, 2001
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Study finds soy, cow milk formulas equally safe Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 14, 2001
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Soy may reduce heart risk factors Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 03, 2001
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Soy protein suppresses breast cancer hormones Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 02, 2001
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UK Food Agency warns against some soy sauces Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 21, 2001
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Soy extract slows prostate cancer growth in mice Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 05, 2001
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Soy product consumption seems to protect against hot flashes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 27, 2001
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Soy-based school lunches lower kids' fat intake Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 13, 2001
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Tamoxifen plus soy prevents breast cancer in rats Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 03, 2001
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Soy supplements may protect men from bone loss Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 03, 2001
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Soy appears to stave off Alzheimer's in monkeys Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 03, 2001
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Isoflavones in soy may attenuate Alzheimer's disease in postmenopausal women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 03, 2001
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Soy beneficial even for individuals with normal cholesterol levels Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 05, 2001
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Soy lowers 'bad' cholesterol in postmenopausal women Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 05, 2001
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- Soy helps maintain bone mass in young Chinese women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 24, 2001
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Soy foods may protect bones after menopause Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 03, 2001
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High soy intake increases bone mass in postmenopausal women Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 02, 2001
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Substitution of soy isoflavones for estrogen replacement therapy unsupported Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 23, 2000
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Heart association says soy lowers cholesterol Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 14, 2000
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Antioxidant in beer may be better than soy or citrus Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 17, 2000
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FDA weighs soy benefits versus concerns Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 15, 2000
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UK women told to have soy breast implants removed Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 06, 2000
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Soy milk not necessarily a good source of calcium Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 10, 2000
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “soy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “soy” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to soy, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “soy” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “soy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on soy: •
Soy: Food, not Pills Source: University of California, Berkeley, Wellness Letter. 17(4):2-3. January 2001. Contact: Health Letter Associates. P.O. Box 412, Prince Street Station, New York, NY 10012-0007. www.wellnessletter.com. Summary: This article recommends eating soy foods for good health rather than taking soy supplements in the form of capsules and pills. Soy supplements contain phytoestrogens or plant estrogens that supposedly replenish declining estrogen levels and relieve menopausal symptoms as well as decrease the risk of heart disease and osteoporosis without promoting breast cancer. Notable among the phytoestrogens is a group of compounds called isoflavones. Genistein and daidzein are two primary isoflavones commonly found in many soy supplements. Research results indicate conflicting effects on the risk of cancer, and some isoflavones can be either estrogenboosting or estrogen-blocking. No one knows what the long-term effects of isoflavones are. Another issue is the variable amounts of isoflavones in soy supplements and how these differ from the levels in soy foods. In contrast, people have been eating soy foods for centuries, and there is good evidence that these are healthful.
Academic Periodicals covering Soy Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to soy. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering soy that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical
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periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for soy. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with soy. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following
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drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to soy: Infant Formulas •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alimentum; Alsoy; Carnation Follow-Up Formula; Carnation Good Start; Enfamil; Gerber Baby Formula with Iron; Gerber Soy Formula; Isomil; Lactofree; Nursoy; Nutramigen; Preemie SMA 20; Preemie SMA 24; Pregestimil; ProSobee; RCF; Similac 13; Similac 20; Similac 24; Similac 27; Similac with Iron 20; Similac with Iron 24; Similac Natural Care Human Milk Fortifier; Similac PM 60/40; Similac Special Care 20; Similac Special Care 24; Similac Special Care with Iron 24; SMA 13; SMA 20; SMA 24; SMA 27; SMA LoIron 13; SMA Lo-Iron 20; SMA Lo-Iron 24; Soyalac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202678.html
Vitamin E •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; E-Complex-600; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
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If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “soy” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 5729 See Details 252 20 4 6005
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “soy” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on soy can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to soy. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to soy. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “soy”:
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Other guides Dietary Proteins http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryproteins.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html Food Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodsafety.html Thyroid Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on soy. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
FAN Flashbacks: Soy Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 1995. 4 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030. (800) 929-4040 or (703) 691-3179. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: http://www.foodallergy.org/. Price: $2.00 each. Summary: This brochure reprints relevant information on specific topics from previous issues of Food Allergy News, the newsletter of the Food Allergy Network. This brochure focuses on soy. Included is an article on the soybean contamination of dry milled corn products. There is a possibility that soybeans may occasionally contaminate corn meal, corn flour, grits, and products made from these ingredients. The contamination arises from the use of shared harvesting equipment, storage facilities, and handling equipment. The article covers wet milling, dry milling, the food industry response, and recommendations for readers who are soybean-sensitive. The brochure includes two short reports, one on soy nutrition and the other on hydrogenated oils. Also reprinted are the questions and answers to diet dilemmas posed by readers; one focuses on helping children adjust to a soy formula, the other describes soy lecithin and its potential for causing reactions in soy-sensitive individuals. The brochure includes the address, telephone numbers, and email addresses for the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). (AA-M).
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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Common Food Allergens Summary: This fact sheet provides tips on how to manage food allergies for the following: milk, egg, peanut, tree nut, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7756
•
What Are Soy Foods? Summary: Americans are consuming more soy than ever because of its benefits as part of a balanced diet - soy is a great source of protein and contains other nutrients such as iron and calcium. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7253 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to soy. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to soy. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with soy. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about soy. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “soy” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “soy”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “soy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “soy” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
293
SOY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH]
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Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]
Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and
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stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Pollutants: Substances which pollute the air. [NIH] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-Galactosidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids. EC 3.2.1.22. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH]
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Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgen-Binding Protein: Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has
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the same amino acid sequence as sex hormone binding-globulin. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Androstenedione: A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex. It is a precursor to testosterone and other androgenic hormones. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis Factor: Substance causing proliferation of new blood vessels. It is found in tissues with high metabolic requirements, such as the retina, and in certain cancers. The factor is also released by hypoxic macrophages at the edges or outer surfaces of wounds and initiates revascularization in wound healing. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Angiotensin I: The decapeptide precursor of angiotensin II, generated by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. It has limited pharmacologic activity. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anthocyanins: Glycosidic pigments in blue, red, and purple flowers and also found as metabolic byproducts in blood and urine. [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH]
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Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes
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associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU]
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Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Aura: A subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH]
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Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific
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combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassays: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Availability: The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH]
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Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Development: Gross development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes osteogenesis, which is restricted to formation and development of bone from the undifferentiated cells of the germ layers of the embryo. It does not include osseointegration. [NIH]
Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Implants: Implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female breast. They have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either saline or silicone gel. The outer shell may be either smooth or textured. [NIH]
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Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calcium Sulfate: It exists in an anhydrous form and in various states of hydration: the hemihydrate is plaster of Paris, the dihydrate is gypsum. It is used in building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. [NIH] Calendula: Genus of annuals in the family Asteraceae that contains carotenoids, essential oils (oils, volatile), flavonoids, mucilage, saponins, and sterols. It is used both topically and internally. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a
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network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Carcinoma in Situ: A malignant tumor that has not yet invaded the basement membrane of the epithelial cell of origin and has not spread to other tissues. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual
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patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids,
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proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutics: Noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy.
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Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest cavity: Space in body surrounding the lungs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Climacteric: Physiologic period, characterized by endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes with the termination of ovarian function in the female. It may also accompany the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other
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medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon Polyps: Small, fleshy, mushroom-shaped growths in the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH]
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Comedo: A plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle, frequently containing the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus albus, and Pityrosporon ovale; called also blackhead. [EU] Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile), glycosides, mucilage, resin, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, vitamin B12, and zinc. Comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its
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flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connexin 43: A 43 kD peptide which is a member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins. Connexin 43 is a product of a gene in the alpha class of connexin genes (the alpha-1 gene). It was first isolated from mammalian heart, but is widespread in the body including the brain. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD
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results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Coumestrol: A coumarin derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has estrogenic activity. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types,
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including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demethylation: Process that releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide in the liver. [NIH]
Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH]
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Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]
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Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilated cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to enlargement of the heart's chambers, robbing the heart of its pumping ability. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the
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relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Ductal carcinoma in situ: DCIS. Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called intraductal carcinoma. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the
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interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH]
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Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteral Nutrition: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or
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biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of
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osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]
Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Far East: A geographic area of east and southeast Asia encompassing China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macao, Mongolia, and Taiwan. [NIH]
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Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. [NIH] Fetal Heart: The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time. [NIH] Fetal Weight: The weight of the fetus in utero, which is usually estimated by various formulas based on measurements made during prenatal ultrasonography. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is
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too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Foetoplacental: Pertaining to the fetus and placenta. [EU] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Chain: The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in
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the form of food. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter. [NIH] Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Formulary: A book containing a list of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and means of preparation. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Galactosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides. [NIH] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body
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through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene-modified: Cells that have been altered to contain different genetic material than they originally contained. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH]
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Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germ Layers: The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Gliadin: Simple protein, one of the prolamines, derived from the gluten of wheat, rye, etc. May be separated into 4 discrete electrophoretic fractions. It is the toxic factor associated with celiac disease. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH]
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Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Growth Substances: Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation. [NIH] Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH]
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Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hammer: The largest of the three ossicles of the ear. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
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Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]
Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH]
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Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to thickening of the heart walls, interfering with the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypolipidemic: A drug that lowers abnormally high plasma concentrations of cholesterol or triglycerides or both. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral
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walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience
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with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indole-3-carbinol: A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It is found in cruciferous vegetables. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Food: Food processed and manufactured for the nutritional health of children in their first year of life. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH]
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Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different
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cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Interstitial Collagenase: A member of the metalloproteinase family of enzymes that is principally responsible for cleaving fibrillar collagen. It can degrade interstitial collagens, types I, II and III. EC 3.4.24.7. [NIH] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Flora: The bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that grow normally in the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraductal carcinoma: Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called ductal carcinoma in situ. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intussusception: A rare disorder. A part of the intestines folds into another part of the intestines, causing blockage. Most common in infants. Can be treated with an operation. [NIH]
Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irinotecan: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called
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topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isothiocyanates: Organic compounds with the general formula R-NCS. [NIH] Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring
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widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Lactobacillus acidophilus: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of humans and animals, the human mouth, and vagina. This organism produces the fermented product, acidophilus milk. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levothyroxine: Levo isomer of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. It is used for replacement therapy in reduced or absent thyroid function. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its
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duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Lipoprotein(a): A family of lipoprotein particles varying in density and size depending on the protein-lipid ratio and the protein composition. These particles consist of apolipoprotein B-100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein-a by one or two disulfide bonds. There is a correlation between high plasma levels of this lipoprotein and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [NIH] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to
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humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lumpectomy: Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it. [NIH]
Lycopene: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal. [NIH] Macronutrients: Nutrients in the diet that are the key sources of energy, namely protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU]
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Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH]
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Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies. [NIH] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Middle Cerebral Artery: The largest and most complex of the cerebral arteries. Branches of the middle cerebral artery supply the insular region, motor and premotor areas, and large regions of the association cortex. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet
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juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Mung bean: A type of bean grown in warm climates. It is usually used for its seed and for bean sprouts. Mung bean may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH]
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Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be necessary. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with
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other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH]
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Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Nitrosation: Conversion into nitroso compounds. An example is the reaction of nitrites with amino compounds to form carcinogenic N-nitrosamines. [NIH] Nonmalignant: Not cancerous. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]
Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats,
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waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osseointegration: The growth action of bone tissue, as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants). [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ostomy: Surgical construction of an artificial opening (stoma) for external fistulization of a duct or vessel by insertion of a tube with or without a supportive stent. [NIH] Ovariectomy: The surgical removal of one or both ovaries. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and
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secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU]
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Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Perimenopausal: The time of a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers to the time near menopause. [NIH] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU]
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Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] P-Glycoprotein: A 170 kD transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ABC transporters. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many antineoplastic agents. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions
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between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphatidic Acids: Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plant sterols: Plant-based compounds that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines. This results in lower blood cholesterol levels. They may have some effect in cancer prevention. Also known as phytosterols. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized
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by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticizers: Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous
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membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postmenopause: The physiological period following the menopause, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life. Since in the United States the age of the menopause ranges between 48 and 55 years, generally conceived as middle age, the postmenopause often refers to women considerably older. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Pregnenolone: Steroid hormone. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH]
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Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progestogen: A term applied to any substance possessing progestational activity. [EU] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in
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the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostate-Specific Antigen: Kallikrein-like serine proteinase produced by epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. EC 3.4.21.77. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]
Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH]
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Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]
Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH]
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Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radical prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the entire prostate. The two types of radical prostatectomy are retropubic prostatectomy and perineal prostatectomy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radionuclide Imaging: Process whereby a radionuclide is injected or measured (through tissue) from an external source, and a display is obtained from any one of several rectilinear scanner or gamma camera systems. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph. [NIH]
Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. [NIH]
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Raloxifene: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH]
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Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal Osteodystrophy: Decalcification of bone due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and
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treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Retropubic prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the prostate through an incision made in the abdominal wall. [NIH] Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Ruthenium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain ruthenium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]
Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH]
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Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal. [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH]
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Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as androgen-binding protein. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an
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ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of
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dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic mutations: Alterations in DNA that occur after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other diseases. [NIH] Soy Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from soybeans. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU]
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Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stoma: A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromelysin 1: An extracellular endopeptidase of vertebrate tissues similar to interstitial collagenase. It digests proteoglycan, fibronectin, collagen types III, IV, V, and IX, and activates procollagenase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.24.17. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
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Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above
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100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]
hydroxyethyl)-4-
Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and
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multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH]
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Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]
Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Trypsin Inhibitors: Serine proteinase inhibitors which inhibit trypsin. They may be endogenous or exogenous compounds. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH]
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Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder.
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[NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH]
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Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Volvulus: A twisting of the stomach or large intestine. May be caused by the stomach being in the wrong position, a foreign substance, or abnormal joining of one part of the stomach or intestine to another. Volvulus can lead to blockage, perforation, peritonitis, and poor blood flow. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes
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hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
371
INDEX A Abdomen, 293, 303, 319, 333, 336, 361, 362, 364, 369 Abdominal, 293, 330, 334, 345, 346, 351, 357, 367 Abdominal Pain, 293, 346, 367 Abrasion, 207, 293 Acceptor, 293, 336, 345, 366 Acetylcholine, 293, 308, 342 Acne, 246, 247, 293, 356 Acrylonitrile, 293, 357 Actin, 293, 341, 366 Acyl, 293, 337 Adaptability, 293, 306, 307 Adaptation, 13, 32, 177, 293, 340 Adenine, 293, 354 Adenocarcinoma, 30, 33, 103, 155, 293 Adenosine, 194, 293, 300, 330, 348 Adhesives, 202, 244, 247, 293 Adipocytes, 293, 335 Adipose Tissue, 294, 336 Adjustment, 20, 201, 293, 294 Adjuvant, 29, 294, 324 Adjuvant Therapy, 29, 294 Adolescence, 4, 294 Adrenal Cortex, 294, 297, 312, 319, 343, 351 Adrenergic, 294, 316, 319, 363, 367 Adsorption, 208, 225, 239, 294 Adsorptive, 225, 294 Adverse Effect, 13, 55, 60, 216, 294, 359 Aerosol, 61, 294, 363 Afferent, 294, 335 Affinity, 28, 47, 294, 300, 336, 360 Agar, 63, 64, 65, 66, 76, 91, 294, 312, 330, 349 Age of Onset, 294, 367 Agonist, 6, 7, 47, 50, 61, 294, 316, 355, 364 Air Pollutants, 188, 295 Air Sacs, 295, 296 Airway, 33, 295, 369 Aldehydes, 295, 370 Alfalfa, 199, 208, 218, 295 Algorithms, 295, 302 Alimentary, 295, 314, 318, 346 Alkaline, 8, 65, 222, 295, 296, 304, 347 Allergen, 33, 69, 74, 128, 260, 295 Allium, 12, 16, 295
Allografts, 134, 295 Allylamine, 295, 296 Aloe, 219, 295 Alopecia, 138, 166, 295 Alpha Particles, 295, 354 Alpha-1, 295, 311 Alpha-Galactosidase, 75, 295 Alternative medicine, 36, 263, 295 Aluminum, 204, 295 Alveolar Process, 296, 356 Alveoli, 188, 296 Ameliorating, 18, 216, 296 Amenorrhea, 60, 166, 296 Amine, 122, 296 Amino Acid Sequence, 296, 297, 324, 359 Ammonia, 83, 296, 325, 367 Amylase, 66, 296 Anaesthesia, 296, 331 Anal, 62, 296, 322 Analgesic, 17, 219, 296, 330 Analog, 97, 193, 198, 246, 296 Analogous, 194, 296, 349, 366 Anaphylatoxins, 296, 310 Anaphylaxis, 68, 280, 281, 296 Anaplasia, 296 Anatomical, 190, 296, 331, 336, 358 Androgen-Binding Protein, 296, 359 Androgenic, 297 Androgens, 58, 294, 296, 297, 299 Androstenedione, 4, 297 Anemia, 169, 297, 322 Anesthesia, 295, 297 Anginal, 297, 342 Angiogenesis, 29, 38, 92, 297, 338 Angiogenesis Factor, 38, 297 Angiography, 255, 297 Angiotensin I, 152, 297 Angiotensinogen, 297, 356 Animal model, 17, 28, 44, 60, 138, 260, 297, 367 Anionic, 297, 360 Anions, 297, 333 Anthocyanins, 17, 234, 297 Anthropometry, 66, 297 Antibacterial, 297, 361 Antibiotic, 101, 221, 297, 300, 319, 323, 361 Antibodies, 297, 298, 327, 328, 330, 337
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Antibody, 77, 110, 294, 298, 310, 327, 328, 330, 331, 334, 338, 340, 354, 359, 361, 370 Anticoagulant, 298, 352, 369 Antidiabetic, 157, 298 Antifungal, 216, 298 Antigen, 44, 51, 103, 155, 294, 296, 297, 298, 310, 328, 329, 330, 331, 338, 359 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 298, 310 Anti-infective, 298, 322, 329, 360 Anti-Infective Agents, 298, 322 Anti-inflammatory, 35, 207, 234, 298, 300, 330, 357 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 298, 300 Antimicrobial, 298, 314 Antineoplastic, 298, 300, 324, 347 Antineoplastic Agents, 298, 347 Antioxidant, 8, 17, 41, 105, 121, 147, 150, 160, 262, 298, 300, 323, 345 Antiproliferative, 41, 70, 86, 144, 298 Anus, 296, 298, 303, 322, 346, 355 Anxiety, 166, 179, 219, 298 Apolipoproteins, 58, 298, 336 Apoptosis, 7, 28, 29, 34, 44, 85, 92, 103, 121, 143, 146, 156, 161, 298, 306 Applicability, 20, 299 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 299, 336 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 299, 336 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 299, 336 Arachidonic Acid, 299, 335, 351 Arginine, 49, 56, 296, 299, 342, 366 Aromatase, 48, 117, 299 Aromatic, 195, 299, 310, 348, 361, 362 Arterial, 13, 47, 56, 122, 160, 295, 299, 308, 329, 352, 363 Arteries, 260, 299, 300, 303, 305, 307, 311, 330, 337, 339, 341 Arteriolar, 299, 303, 321 Arterioles, 299, 303, 304, 368 Arteriolosclerosis, 299 Arteriosclerosis, 69, 94, 103, 149, 153, 160, 162, 227, 230, 299, 329 Articular, 299, 344 Ascorbic Acid, 95, 300, 329 Aseptic, 220, 300, 361 Aspirin, 35, 300 Assay, 20, 38, 48, 51, 100, 111, 300, 330 Astrocytes, 94, 300, 340 Atherogenic, 9, 54, 61, 300 ATP, 300, 315, 324, 337, 347, 348, 353 Atrial, 300, 369 Atrial Fibrillation, 300, 369 Atrophy, 8, 34, 300
Attenuated, 18, 300, 315 Aura, 300 Autoimmune disease, 47, 300 Axons, 300, 342 Azaserine, 118, 300 B Bacteremia, 64, 300 Bacterial Physiology, 293, 300 Bactericidal, 301, 320 Bacteriophage, 301, 349, 365 Bacteriostatic, 295, 301, 319 Bacterium, 301, 311 Basement Membrane, 301, 305, 320 Beer, 262, 301 Benign, 23, 158, 255, 299, 301, 327, 341, 345, 352, 354 Benzene, 301, 334 Benzyl Alcohol, 203, 301 Beta carotene, 21, 301 Bile, 25, 301, 323, 328, 336, 362, 364 Bile Acids, 301, 362, 364 Bile Acids and Salts, 301 Bile Ducts, 301 Biliary, 36, 301 Binding agent, 201, 301 Binding Sites, 37, 301 Bioassays, 6, 38, 302 Bioavailability, 6, 25, 35, 62, 72, 73, 86, 96, 136, 137, 144, 177, 204, 205, 302 Bioavailable, 205, 302 Biochemical, 7, 10, 17, 32, 33, 39, 53, 63, 69, 71, 81, 119, 302, 326, 344, 359 Biological Availability, 205, 302 Biological response modifier, 302, 332 Biological therapy, 302, 326 Biopsy, 29, 302 Biosynthesis, 299, 302, 352, 359 Biotechnology, 63, 66, 140, 145, 253, 263, 275, 302 Biotransformation, 6, 302 Biphasic, 64, 302 Bladder, 80, 92, 118, 138, 302, 331, 352, 357, 367, 368, 369 Blastocyst, 302, 310, 348 Bloating, 245, 250, 303, 331 Blood Coagulation, 303, 304, 364 Blood Glucose, 8, 223, 230, 303, 332 Blood Platelets, 303, 359 Blot, 44, 303 Body Fluids, 302, 303, 304, 316, 322, 343, 349, 360, 367 Bone Density, 19, 39, 50, 121, 155, 223, 303
Index 373
Bone Development, 14, 303 Bone Marrow, 34, 301, 303, 330, 337, 360 Bone Resorption, 27, 28, 39, 105, 107, 159, 161, 163, 303 Bowel, 168, 296, 303, 315, 333, 335, 346, 362, 367 Bowel Movement, 303, 315, 362 Brachytherapy, 303, 333, 334, 354, 370 Bradykinin, 303, 342 Branch, 257, 289, 303, 312, 337, 346, 353, 361, 364 Breakdown, 28, 303, 314, 323, 344 Breast Implants, 263, 303 Bronchi, 188, 304, 319, 365 Bronchial, 188, 304 Bronchioles, 188, 296, 304 Bronchitis, 166, 188, 304, 308 Bronchoconstriction, 188, 304 Bronchus, 304 Buccal, 55, 304 Burns, 204, 304 Burns, Electric, 304 Bypass, 239, 304 C Calcification, 299, 304 Calcium, 11, 21, 27, 39, 72, 95, 105, 125, 159, 186, 187, 212, 216, 222, 228, 232, 235, 250, 254, 263, 281, 304, 308, 310, 321, 338, 342, 345, 360, 364, 366 Calcium Carbonate, 187, 304 Calcium Hydroxide, 235, 304 Calcium Oxalate, 304, 345 Calcium Sulfate, 187, 304 Calendula, 219, 304 Camptothecin, 304, 334 Capillary, 150, 234, 303, 304, 336, 357, 368 Capsaicin, 305 Capsicum, 219, 305 Capsules, 35, 53, 190, 199, 264, 305, 321, 324 Carbon Dioxide, 305, 313, 322, 348, 356 Carcinogen, 32, 51, 138, 305, 320, 339 Carcinogenesis, 14, 22, 32, 41, 53, 69, 81, 136, 147, 151, 305, 307 Carcinogenic, 22, 301, 305, 332, 343, 351, 354, 362 Carcinoma, 30, 40, 44, 53, 76, 117, 137, 139, 305 Carcinoma in Situ, 40, 305 Cardiac, 13, 19, 134, 177, 207, 295, 300, 305, 317, 319, 324, 327, 335, 341, 362 Cardiomyopathy, 7, 305
Cardiovascular System, 24, 50, 305 Carnitine, 125, 305 Carotene, 141, 301, 305, 310, 356 Carotenoids, 53, 116, 301, 304, 305 Carotid Arteries, 122, 165, 305 Case report, 305, 306, 309 Case series, 306, 309 Case-Control Studies, 12, 62, 306 Caspase, 30, 85, 143, 306 Catecholamine, 306, 316, 347 Catheters, 306, 323, 331, 333 Cations, 306, 333 Caudal, 306, 314, 329, 350 Causal, 306, 333 Cause of Death, 56, 306 Caustic, 204, 306, 360 Cecum, 306, 335 Celiac Disease, 166, 212, 255, 306, 325 Cell Adhesion, 43, 306 Cell Count, 228, 306 Cell Cycle, 28, 30, 44, 82, 92, 121, 139, 156, 306, 312 Cell Death, 9, 30, 57, 298, 306, 341 Cell Differentiation, 306, 360 Cell Division, 193, 300, 306, 307, 312, 326, 338, 339, 349, 351 Cell membrane, 306, 314, 320, 348 Cell proliferation, 29, 30, 50, 52, 164, 299, 307, 360 Cell Survival, 30, 43, 85, 143, 307, 326 Cellobiose, 307 Cellulose, 192, 241, 307, 323, 349 Central Nervous System, 47, 256, 293, 301, 307, 323, 325, 327, 335, 347, 359 Centrifugation, 64, 230, 307 Cerebral, 45, 57, 83, 141, 307, 319, 320, 322, 339, 343, 364 Cerebral Arteries, 83, 141, 307, 339 Cerebrovascular, 305, 307 Cerebrum, 307 Cervical, 45, 307 Cervix, 219, 307, 356 Chamomile, 219, 307 Character, 307, 313, 325 Chemoprevention, 14, 22, 33, 50, 75, 95, 102, 149, 181, 199, 307 Chemopreventive, 6, 14, 15, 18, 26, 40, 41, 43, 50, 136, 307 Chemotactic Factors, 307, 310 Chemotherapeutics, 36, 307 Chemotherapy, 36, 71, 114, 294, 307, 308 Chest cavity, 188, 308
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Chest Pain, 188, 308 Cholesterol Esters, 308, 336 Choline, 126, 307, 308 Chromatin, 15, 33, 298, 308 Chromosomal, 308, 358 Chromosome, 33, 308, 311, 327, 336, 358 Chronic Disease, 12, 16, 28, 69, 87, 92, 96, 210, 308 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 188, 308 Chronic renal, 16, 40, 308, 349 Chylomicrons, 308, 336 CIS, 308, 356 Citric Acid, 213, 308 Citrus, 8, 215, 241, 262, 300, 308 Claviceps, 308, 357 Clear cell carcinoma, 308, 314 Climacteric, 90, 103, 107, 119, 122, 153, 156, 308 Clinical Medicine, 308, 350 Clinical study, 40, 308, 311 Clinical trial, 5, 6, 17, 19, 34, 35, 43, 50, 54, 179, 183, 275, 309, 311, 316, 353, 355 Cloning, 302, 309 Coagulation, 8, 241, 246, 303, 309, 327, 364, 369 Cod Liver Oil, 309, 317 Coenzyme, 171, 300, 309 Cofactor, 309, 352, 364 Cognition, 13, 45, 108, 309 Cohort Studies, 12, 309 Colitis, 309 Collagen, 247, 293, 301, 309, 320, 321, 324, 333, 338, 349, 351, 362 Collapse, 296, 303, 309 Colloidal, 186, 241, 309, 317, 347, 363 Colon Polyps, 52, 309 Colorectal, 12, 36, 53, 155, 162, 167, 309 Colorectal Cancer, 12, 36, 53, 155, 162, 167, 309 Combination Therapy, 309, 320 Comedo, 40, 310 Comfrey, 174, 219, 310 Complement, 28, 296, 310 Complementary and alternative medicine, 133, 134, 175, 310 Complementary medicine, 134, 310 Computational Biology, 275, 310 Concentric, 13, 299, 310 Conception, 310, 321, 361 Concomitant, 44, 310 Condiments, 206, 310
Cones, 311, 356 Confounding, 11, 311 Conjugated, 61, 101, 116, 141, 301, 311, 312 Conjugation, 70, 302, 311 Connective Tissue, 300, 303, 309, 311, 321, 323, 324, 337, 353, 357 Connexin 43, 40, 311 Consciousness, 296, 311, 313, 315 Constipation, 311, 346 Constriction, 311, 334, 358, 369 Contamination, 203, 229, 280, 311 Contraindications, ii, 311 Controlled clinical trial, 10, 67, 83, 118, 135, 311, 355 Controlled study, 19, 46, 80, 84, 112, 118, 141, 311 Corn Oil, 102, 311 Coronary, 4, 14, 15, 50, 60, 81, 96, 120, 149, 155, 189, 191, 305, 311, 312, 339, 341 Coronary heart disease, 4, 15, 50, 81, 96, 149, 155, 189, 191, 305, 311 Coronary Thrombosis, 312, 339, 341 Corpus, 312, 346, 351, 364 Corpus Luteum, 312, 351 Corrosion, 207, 312 Cortex, 307, 312, 320, 322, 339 Cortisol, 46, 312 Coumarin, 312 Coumestrol, 204, 240, 312 Creatinine, 4, 312 Cruciferous vegetables, 45, 312, 331 Culture Media, 64, 226, 294, 312 Curative, 312, 342, 364 Cyclic, 312, 326, 342, 352, 358 Cyclin, 29, 44, 51, 312 Cysteine, 312, 318, 363 Cystine, 118, 231, 312 Cytochrome, 25, 42, 59, 299, 312 Cytogenetics, 312, 358 Cytokine, 33, 39, 48, 312 Cytoplasm, 298, 306, 313, 316, 326, 363 Cytotoxic, 17, 305, 313, 354, 360 D Dairy Products, 21, 27, 197, 220, 237, 313 Data Collection, 55, 313 Databases, Bibliographic, 275, 313 De novo, 195, 313 Deamination, 313, 340, 367 Decidua, 313, 348 Decubitus, 313, 360 Decubitus Ulcer, 313, 360 Degenerative, 7, 313, 344
Index 375
Dehydroepiandrosterone, 4, 51, 171, 313 Deletion, 298, 313 Dementia, 46, 199, 313 Demethylation, 33, 313 Denaturation, 227, 313 Dendrites, 313, 342 Dentures, 313, 364 Depolarization, 314, 360 Dermal, 15, 314 Dermatitis, 167, 314 DES, 296, 314 Detergents, 31, 314, 360 Detoxification, 59, 314 Deuterium, 232, 314, 329 Developed Countries, 314, 322 Diabetes Mellitus, 167, 181, 223, 314, 325 Diagnostic procedure, 185, 263, 314 Dialyzer, 314, 327 Diaper Rash, 221, 314 Diarrhea, 76, 77, 78, 97, 101, 110, 167, 221, 250, 314, 331, 335 Diastole, 314 Diastolic, 15, 56, 314, 329 Diastolic blood pressure, 56, 314 Diencephalon, 314, 329, 364 Dietary Fats, 213, 314 Dietary Fiber, 188, 191, 212, 213, 314 Dietary Proteins, 94, 280, 314, 368 Diffusion, 314, 315, 327, 330, 332, 367 Digestion, 162, 216, 250, 295, 301, 303, 314, 331, 333, 336, 346, 362 Digestive system, 184, 194, 315, 324 Digestive tract, 196, 315, 360 Dihydrotestosterone, 315, 355, 359 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 7, 315 Dilation, 7, 303, 315 Dilator, 14, 61, 315 Dilution, 209, 315 Dimethyl, 232, 315 Diploid, 315, 349 Direct, iii, 10, 39, 40, 55, 64, 76, 267, 308, 315, 316, 355, 363 Disease Progression, 144, 181, 315 Disease Vectors, 315, 332 Disinfectant, 315, 320 Dispenser, 221, 315 Disposition, 6, 36, 70, 73, 136, 315 Dissociation, 9, 294, 315, 333 Dissociative Disorders, 315 Distal, 315, 316, 353 Diverticulum, 255, 315 DNA Topoisomerase, 315, 324
Domesticated, 60, 316 Dopamine, 316, 340, 348 Double-blinded, 40, 52, 316 Drug Interactions, 268, 316 Drug Tolerance, 316, 365 Duct, 188, 316, 320, 333, 344, 345, 357 Ductal carcinoma in situ, 40, 316, 333 Duodenum, 6, 301, 316, 334, 362 Dysmenorrhea, 219, 316 Dyspareunia, 316, 319 Dysplasia, 22, 45, 316 E Edema, 316, 334, 341 Effector, 293, 310, 316, 342 Effector cell, 316, 342 Egg Yolk, 201, 206, 225, 316 Elasticity, 212, 299, 316 Elastin, 309, 316, 320 Electrocoagulation, 309, 316 Electrode, 119, 316 Electrolyte, 317, 322, 327, 343, 350, 360 Electrons, 298, 301, 317, 333, 345, 354 Electrophoresis, 150, 317, 330 Emboli, 317, 369 Embolism, 317, 353, 369 Embolization, 317, 369 Embryo, 302, 303, 306, 316, 317, 325, 331, 343, 344, 349 Embryology, 317, 321 Emodin, 295, 317 Emollient, 240, 317, 325, 343 Emphysema, 308, 317 Emulsion, 42, 194, 213, 227, 237, 317, 322 Encapsulated, 15, 201, 317 Encephalitis, 317 Encephalomyelitis, 47, 317 Endemic, 317, 361 Endocrine Glands, 317, 318 Endocrine System, 318 Endometrial, 50, 60, 71, 83, 141, 160, 182, 210, 318 Endometrium, 5, 14, 45, 49, 50, 60, 219, 313, 318, 338 Endopeptidases, 318, 352 Endoscopy, 255, 318 Endothelial cell, 9, 318, 321, 364 Endothelium, 85, 100, 143, 152, 318, 342 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 318 Endothelium, Vascular, 318 Endothelium-derived, 318, 342 Endotoxic, 318, 336 Endotoxin, 318, 367
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End-stage renal, 15, 154, 181, 308, 318, 349 Energy balance, 318, 335 Enhancers, 192, 318 Enteral Nutrition, 88, 117, 224, 318 Enteropeptidase, 318, 366 Environmental Exposure, 9, 49, 318, 344 Environmental Health, 88, 100, 274, 276, 319 Enzymatic, 195, 206, 246, 300, 304, 305, 310, 319, 356 Enzyme, 36, 48, 143, 192, 222, 223, 228, 231, 241, 250, 295, 296, 299, 304, 306, 309, 315, 316, 318, 319, 321, 325, 326, 335, 336, 337, 340, 346, 347, 352, 353, 355, 356, 359, 362, 363, 364, 366, 369, 370 Epidemic, 102, 319, 361 Epidemiological, 14, 15, 16, 20, 22, 30, 33, 43, 47, 57, 162, 233, 319 Epigastric, 319, 345 Epinephrine, 294, 316, 319, 367 Epistaxis, 182, 319 Epithelial, 14, 18, 22, 26, 32, 40, 44, 52, 85, 121, 156, 158, 293, 305, 313, 319, 328, 345, 352 Epithelial Cells, 14, 18, 44, 121, 156, 158, 319, 328, 352 Epithelium, 28, 32, 107, 163, 219, 301, 318, 319, 324 Ergot, 319, 357 Erythrocytes, 297, 303, 319 Erythromycin, 27, 319 Esophageal, 255, 319 Esophageal Varices, 255, 319 Esophagus, 315, 319, 324, 347, 362 Estradiol, 6, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31, 45, 48, 51, 56, 73, 115, 116, 120, 121, 160, 204, 319, 320, 359 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 5, 39, 50, 61, 71, 114, 262, 319 Estrone, 30, 45, 138, 320 Ethanol, 66, 85, 96, 143, 149, 228, 229, 236, 320, 321 Eukaryotic Cells, 226, 320, 344 Evoke, 320, 362 Excipient, 304, 320 Exocrine, 320, 345 Exocytosis, 320, 363 Exogenous, 22, 40, 48, 57, 294, 302, 320, 352, 366, 367 External-beam radiation, 320, 334, 354, 370
Extracellular, 300, 311, 320, 321, 338, 360, 362 Extracellular Matrix, 311, 320, 321, 338 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 320, 338 Extraction, 8, 79, 121, 137, 154, 164, 200, 236, 241, 245, 246, 320 F Facial, 242, 320 Fallopian Tubes, 320, 356 Family Planning, 275, 320 Far East, 217, 233, 236, 320 Fat, 5, 11, 19, 21, 32, 37, 49, 53, 58, 59, 78, 79, 87, 91, 93, 102, 109, 115, 127, 133, 144, 148, 164, 191, 193, 200, 209, 213, 236, 237, 245, 254, 256, 262, 293, 294, 299, 301, 303, 305, 311, 313, 317, 321, 335, 336, 337, 343, 344, 350, 357, 358, 360, 363, 366, 367 Fatigue, 219, 321, 327 Fatty acids, 32, 42, 53, 133, 134, 193, 201, 212, 224, 227, 321, 325, 336, 348, 351, 360 Feces, 59, 98, 311, 314, 321, 362 Felodipine, 25, 321 Femoral, 145, 321 Femoral Artery, 145, 321 Femur, 321 Fermentation, 27, 38, 63, 65, 100, 101, 153, 200, 220, 228, 229, 301, 321, 323 Fetal Blood, 30, 321 Fetal Heart, 30, 321 Fetal Weight, 31, 321 Fetus, 30, 303, 321, 322, 348, 351, 368 Fibrin, 303, 321, 346, 364 Fibrinogen, 8, 321, 364 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 38, 321 Fibroblasts, 82, 321, 333 Fibronectin, 321, 362 Fibrosis, 44, 61, 295, 321, 358 Filler, 222, 321 Filtration, 230, 322 Fish Products, 322, 358 Fissure, 255, 322 Fixation, 118, 322 Flatulence, 228, 245, 322 Flatus, 322, 324 Flavoring Agents, 322, 347 Fluid Therapy, 322, 343 Flush, 56, 86, 144, 322 Foetoplacental, 322, 343 Folate, 12, 124, 125, 322 Fold, 34, 48, 228, 322 Folic Acid, 21, 49, 124, 222, 322
Index 377
Food Additives, 79, 106, 190, 199, 236, 322 Food Chain, 31, 322 Food Coloring Agents, 322, 323 Food Labeling, 165, 249, 323 Food Preservatives, 322, 323 Food Technology, 193, 323, 339 Forearm, 56, 303, 323 Formulary, 22, 323 Fovea, 322, 323 Freeze-dried, 202, 323 Fructose, 221, 323, 326 Fungemia, 64, 323 Fungi, 298, 308, 311, 323, 326, 333, 339, 361, 370 Fungus, 319, 323, 357 G Galactosides, 295, 323 Gallate, 25, 323 Gallbladder, 293, 301, 315, 323, 324 Ganglia, 293, 323, 342 Gas, 56, 63, 79, 87, 232, 250, 296, 305, 314, 322, 323, 329, 331, 342, 363, 368 Gasoline, 239, 301, 324 Gastric, 305, 324, 328, 346 Gastric Juices, 324, 346 Gastric Mucosa, 324, 346 Gastrin, 324, 328 Gastritis, 255, 324 Gastroenterology, 87, 90, 91, 97, 108, 225, 255, 324 Gastrointestinal, 88, 182, 255, 303, 318, 319, 320, 322, 324, 335, 359, 361, 362, 367 Gastrointestinal tract, 320, 322, 324, 335, 359, 361, 367 Gastrostomy, 196, 318, 324 Gelatin, 219, 220, 238, 312, 324, 363 Gels, 193, 199, 238, 324 Gene Expression, 13, 21, 23, 32, 42, 43, 135, 324 Gene-modified, 261, 324 Genetic Code, 324, 343 Genetics, 50, 311, 312, 324 Genomics, 14, 35, 117, 140, 324 Genotype, 295, 324, 348 Germ Cells, 325, 338, 344, 361, 364 Germ Layers, 303, 325 Gestation, 30, 142, 325, 348 Ginger, 16, 255, 325 Ginkgo biloba, 107, 161, 325 Ginseng, 16, 82, 140, 173, 325 Gland, 14, 32, 294, 325, 337, 345, 348, 352, 355, 358, 362, 365
Gliadin, 212, 325 Glomerular, 140, 325, 356 Glomerulus, 325 Glucose, 6, 8, 16, 208, 221, 223, 300, 303, 307, 314, 325, 326, 332 Glucose Intolerance, 314, 325 Glutamate, 325, 347 Glutamic Acid, 322, 325, 351 Glutamine, 172, 193, 204, 300, 325 Glutathione Peroxidase, 88, 145, 325, 358 Gluten, 127, 191, 197, 201, 212, 223, 250, 255, 256, 306, 325 Glycerol, 244, 325, 348 Glycerophospholipids, 225, 325, 348 Glycoprotein, 25, 321, 326, 347, 359, 364, 367 Glycoside, 6, 189, 204, 326 Glycosidic, 200, 208, 297, 307, 326, 344 Glycosylation, 9, 326 Goats, 192, 313, 326 Goiter, 31, 326 Gonadal, 326, 362 Gonadotropin, 84, 326 Governing Board, 326, 350 Grade, 181, 187, 326 Graft, 295, 326, 328 Gram-positive, 326, 334, 335, 362 Granulocytes, 326, 360, 369 Grasses, 308, 322, 326 Growth factors, 10, 29, 49, 52, 73, 326 Growth Substances, 226, 326 Guanidine, 202, 326 Guanylate Cyclase, 326, 342 H Habitual, 62, 91, 109, 307, 327 Haemodialysis, 91, 154, 327 Hair follicles, 327, 369 Half-Life, 52, 327 Hammer, 197, 327, 344 Haploid, 327, 349 Haptens, 294, 327 Headache, 169, 327, 351 Health Promotion, 207, 327 Health Services, 327 Heart attack, 305, 327 Heart failure, 7, 327 Heme, 312, 327 Hemodiafiltration, 327, 367 Hemodialysis, 40, 304, 314, 327, 334, 367 Hemodynamics, 50, 327 Hemofiltration, 327, 367 Hemorrhage, 255, 316, 327, 362
378
Soy
Hemostasis, 327, 359 Hepatic, 37, 38, 135, 328, 340 Hepatocytes, 37, 328 Hepatoma, 85, 143, 328 Hepatotoxic, 310, 328, 354 Hereditary, 182, 189, 328, 347 Heredity, 324, 328 Heterogeneity, 294, 328 Histology, 17, 28, 328 Homeostasis, 42, 328 Homodimer, 328, 366 Homogeneous, 193, 217, 237, 299, 328 Homologous, 328, 363 Hormonal, 26, 31, 58, 89, 96, 179, 219, 300, 319, 328 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 10, 11, 23, 28, 47, 48, 55, 57, 105, 159, 328 Hormone therapy, 10, 182, 294, 328 Host, 295, 301, 315, 323, 328, 330, 335, 357, 369 Humoral, 34, 328 Humour, 328 Hybrid, 138, 328, 357 Hybridomas, 328, 332 Hydration, 196, 304, 328 Hydrochloric Acid, 200, 328 Hydrogen Peroxide, 203, 325, 329, 336 Hydrolysis, 6, 75, 194, 200, 205, 206, 223, 246, 295, 302, 307, 329, 336, 348, 349, 353, 366 Hydrophilic, 314, 329 Hydrophobic, 314, 325, 329, 336 Hydroxides, 186, 329 Hydroxylation, 42, 329 Hydroxylysine, 309, 329 Hydroxyproline, 309, 329 Hygienic, 329, 360 Hypercholesterolemia, 58, 84, 85, 97, 107, 142, 143, 163, 167, 329 Hyperlipidemia, 157, 189, 329 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 329, 336 Hyperplasia, 14, 22, 50, 160, 182, 329 Hypersensitivity, 33, 90, 295, 296, 329, 335 Hypertension, 15, 158, 189, 299, 305, 327, 329 Hypertriglyceridemia, 138, 329 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 13, 329 Hypertrophy, 13, 329 Hypolipidemic, 157, 329 Hypothalamic, 4, 329 Hypothalamus, 204, 314, 329, 348, 364 Hypothyroidism, 68, 168, 330
Hypoxanthine, 330, 370 I Ibuprofen, 35, 330 Ice Cream, 250, 330 Id, 123, 165, 281, 288, 290, 330 Ileostomy, 114, 330, 341 Ileum, 6, 306, 330, 334 Iliac Artery, 321, 330 Immune function, 46, 260, 330, 366 Immune response, 294, 298, 300, 327, 330, 362, 369 Immune system, 33, 34, 260, 302, 316, 330, 331, 335, 337, 347, 368, 369 Immunity, 33, 34, 44, 227, 330, 344 Immunization, 330, 351 Immunoassay, 110, 330 Immunodiffusion, 294, 330 Immunoelectrophoresis, 294, 330 Immunogenic, 330, 336 Immunoglobulin, 297, 330, 340 Immunologic, 307, 330, 354 Immunology, 68, 70, 74, 77, 78, 90, 96, 104, 106, 109, 139, 156, 294, 331 Immunosuppressive, 300, 331 Impairment, 46, 108, 331, 338 Implant radiation, 331, 333, 334, 354, 370 Implantation, 310, 331, 343 In situ, 6, 40, 180, 331 In vivo, 6, 15, 23, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 42, 43, 45, 57, 98, 119, 146, 147, 331, 345 Incision, 196, 331, 333, 352, 357 Incontinence, 219, 331 Incubated, 241, 331 Indicative, 251, 331, 346, 368 Indigestion, 331, 335 Indole-3-carbinol, 45, 331 Induction, 7, 36, 44, 48, 85, 143, 146, 297, 331 Infancy, 33, 225, 331 Infant Food, 119, 331 Infarction, 331 Infection, 139, 167, 298, 300, 302, 307, 317, 330, 331, 337, 342, 362, 368, 369 Infectious Diarrhea, 255, 331 Infertility, 60, 168, 332 Infiltration, 17, 332 Infusion, 56, 64, 332 Ingestion, 25, 28, 57, 98, 100, 190, 322, 332, 349 Inhalation, 294, 332, 339, 349 Initiation, 7, 32, 34, 35, 332 Initiator, 227, 332
Index 379
Inorganic, 192, 205, 329, 332, 340, 342, 348, 357, 363 Inositol, 200, 230, 332, 358 Inotropic, 316, 321, 332 Insecticides, 31, 332 Insight, 12, 25, 33, 38, 42, 87, 332 Insomnia, 332, 351 Insulin, 3, 7, 8, 10, 16, 52, 80, 104, 138, 157, 160, 164, 222, 223, 260, 332, 367 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 332 Insulin-like, 7, 10, 52, 80, 104, 138, 157, 160, 164, 332 Interferon, 139, 332 Interferon-alpha, 332 Interleukin-6, 19, 61, 161, 332 Internal Medicine, 67, 318, 324, 333 Internal radiation, 333, 334, 354, 370 Interstitial, 303, 333, 334, 356, 362, 370 Interstitial Collagenase, 333, 362 Intervention Studies, 33, 333 Intestinal, 6, 25, 53, 86, 112, 120, 143, 144, 165, 221, 230, 305, 306, 318, 333, 335, 337 Intestinal Flora, 221, 333 Intestine, 6, 207, 301, 303, 309, 333, 335, 369 Intracellular, 43, 164, 331, 333, 342, 350, 352, 355, 358, 359 Intraductal carcinoma, 316, 333 Intravascular, 42, 333 Intravenous, 42, 134, 323, 332, 333 Intrinsic, 294, 301, 333 Intussusception, 255, 333 Invasive, 39, 330, 333 Ion Channels, 300, 333, 342 Ion Exchange, 201, 307, 333 Ionization, 8, 154, 333 Ionizing, 295, 319, 333, 354 Ions, 170, 186, 301, 315, 317, 326, 329, 333, 340, 348 Irinotecan, 36, 333 Irradiation, 32, 334, 370 Ischemia, 57, 300, 313, 334 Isoelectric, 235, 334 Isothiocyanates, 16, 53, 334 J Jejunostomy, 318, 334 Jejunum, 6, 334 Joint, 35, 55, 187, 299, 334, 344, 363 K Kb, 274, 334 Keratin, 310, 334, 358 Kidney Disease, 4, 144, 184, 274, 334, 356
Kidney Failure, 318, 334 Kidney stone, 334, 345 Kinetics, 39, 88, 100, 334 L Labile, 310, 334 Lactation, 142, 334, 343 Lactobacillus, 221, 334, 335 Lactobacillus acidophilus, 221, 335 Lactose Intolerance, 250, 254, 335 Large Intestine, 23, 306, 309, 315, 333, 335, 355, 360, 369 Larynx, 188, 335, 365 Latency, 22, 157, 335 Latent, 335, 350 Laxative, 294, 317, 335 Leptin, 16, 335 Lesion, 9, 60, 73, 81, 255, 335, 367 Lethargy, 330, 335 Leukocytes, 303, 307, 326, 332, 335, 347, 367 Leukotrienes, 152, 219, 299, 335 Levothyroxine, 111, 335 Libido, 297, 335 Library Services, 288, 335 Lidocaine, 301, 335 Life cycle, 302, 323, 336 Ligament, 336, 352 Ligands, 9, 31, 34, 336 Linkage, 12, 52, 200, 307, 336, 348 Lipid A, 42, 65, 105, 160, 206, 336 Lipid Peroxidation, 9, 49, 336, 345 Lipolysis, 42, 336 Lipophilic, 70, 336 Lipopolysaccharides, 336 Lipoprotein, 42, 50, 54, 57, 65, 69, 70, 86, 94, 143, 149, 177, 189, 215, 239, 261, 336, 337 Lipoprotein Lipase, 42, 336 Lipoprotein(a), 69, 94, 261, 336 Liposome, 15, 336 Lipoxygenase, 200, 228, 241, 299, 335, 336 Liquor, 192, 225, 235, 336 Localized, 314, 317, 322, 331, 336, 340, 349, 367, 368 Locomotion, 336, 349 Low-density lipoprotein, 9, 54, 103, 155, 160, 215, 336, 337 Lubricants, 239, 337, 347 Luciferase, 37, 337 Lumbar, 10, 337 Lumen, 191, 318, 337 Lumpectomy, 71, 114, 337
380
Soy
Lycopene, 49, 337 Lymph, 307, 318, 328, 337 Lymph node, 307, 337 Lymphatic, 318, 331, 337, 360, 361, 364 Lymphatic system, 337, 360, 361, 364 Lymphocyte, 47, 298, 337, 338 Lysine, 172, 173, 329, 337, 366 Lysophospholipids, 149, 337 M Macronutrients, 15, 232, 233, 337 Macrophage, 46, 337 Malabsorption, 306, 337 Malignant, 23, 51, 158, 293, 298, 299, 305, 337, 341, 352, 354 Malignant tumor, 305, 337 Malnutrition, 300, 337 Mammary, 14, 18, 21, 26, 32, 33, 37, 41, 50, 51, 61, 117, 136, 139, 155, 157, 336, 337, 355, 364 Mandible, 296, 338, 356 Matrix metalloproteinase, 82, 338 Meat, 5, 83, 115, 128, 192, 193, 196, 197, 217, 245, 250, 252, 254, 314, 338 Meat Products, 198, 314, 338 Medial, 299, 338, 344 Mediate, 32, 44, 45, 51, 99, 316, 338 Mediator, 39, 338, 359 Medical Staff, 316, 338 Medicament, 188, 295, 338, 363 MEDLINE, 275, 338 Megaloblastic, 322, 338 Meiosis, 338, 363 Melanin, 338, 348, 367 Memory, 46, 66, 108, 313, 338 Menarche, 14, 18, 55, 338 Meninges, 307, 338 Menstrual Cycle, 50, 55, 73, 219, 338, 343, 351 Menstruation, 219, 296, 313, 316, 338, 351 Mental Disorders, 184, 338, 351, 353 Mental Health, iv, 5, 45, 179, 184, 274, 276, 339, 351, 353 Mental Processes, 315, 339, 353 Meta-Analysis, 65, 102, 142, 153, 339 Metabolite, 23, 26, 27, 36, 45, 48, 107, 163, 302, 315, 320, 339 Metastasis, 92, 95, 117, 139, 146, 149, 338, 339 Metastatic, 43, 51, 339, 358 Methionine, 315, 339, 363 Methylcholanthrene, 42, 339 Methylene Chloride, 204, 339
MI, 70, 89, 93, 146, 148, 241, 291, 339 Microbe, 339, 365 Microbiology, 76, 86, 112, 165, 293, 339 Micronutrients, 53, 186, 339 Microorganism, 229, 230, 309, 339, 346, 369 Middle Cerebral Artery, 57, 339 Milliliter, 303, 339 Mineralization, 73, 304, 339 Mitosis, 298, 339 Modification, 9, 25, 32, 68, 339, 354 Modulator, 339 Molasses, 203, 208, 230, 236, 240, 339 Molecular, 7, 12, 22, 30, 34, 35, 44, 50, 63, 74, 149, 150, 194, 198, 199, 204, 224, 225, 235, 237, 246, 275, 277, 302, 310, 312, 321, 327, 340, 355, 357, 359, 367 Molecular Structure, 204, 224, 340 Monitor, 39, 56, 312, 340, 343 Monoamine, 340, 367 Monoamine Oxidase, 340, 367 Monoclonal, 110, 328, 334, 340, 354, 370 Monocyte, 9, 340 Mononuclear, 94, 340, 367 Monophosphate, 194, 340 Morphogenesis, 22, 340 Morphological, 13, 32, 317, 323, 340 Morphology, 33, 43, 340 Motility, 340, 359 Mucosa, 26, 219, 306, 324, 340, 341 Mucus, 340, 367 Multidrug resistance, 36, 340, 347 Mung bean, 219, 340 Muscle Fibers, 340, 341, 366 Myasthenia, 326, 340 Mydriatic, 315, 340 Myelin, 47, 340 Myocardial infarction, 312, 339, 341, 369 Myocardium, 339, 341 Myosin, 13, 341, 366 N Narcotic, 339, 341 Nasal Cavity, 196, 341 Nasal Septum, 341 Nasogastric, 196, 318, 341 Nausea, 331, 341, 351, 367 NCI, 1, 180, 183, 273, 308, 341 Necrosis, 298, 331, 339, 341, 359 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 255, 341 Neonatal, 77, 100, 140, 146, 341 Neoplasia, 14, 181, 341 Neoplasm, 341, 345
Index 381
Neoplastic, 28, 296, 328, 341 Nephropathy, 18, 101, 181, 334, 341 Nephrosis, 341 Nephrotic, 135, 341 Nephrotic Syndrome, 135, 341 Nerve, 17, 195, 294, 297, 300, 313, 338, 340, 341, 342, 350, 356, 358, 362, 366 Nerve Fibers, 195, 342 Nervous System, 195, 294, 307, 338, 341, 342, 362, 363, 367 Neural, 48, 294, 328, 340, 342 Neuronal, 48, 57, 342 Neurons, 57, 94, 313, 323, 342, 363 Neuropathy, 17, 342 Neurotransmitters, 195, 340, 342 Neutrons, 295, 334, 342, 354 Neutropenia, 323, 342 Niacin, 124, 342, 366 Nifedipine, 25, 342 Nitrates, 150, 342 Nitric acid, 342 Nitric Oxide, 56, 342 Nitrogen, 9, 143, 147, 194, 196, 200, 207, 225, 235, 239, 296, 297, 320, 322, 325, 342, 366 Nitrosamines, 343 Nitrosation, 83, 343 Nonmalignant, 22, 343 Nuclear, 7, 32, 39, 304, 311, 317, 320, 341, 343 Nuclei, 295, 311, 317, 339, 342, 343, 353 Nucleic acid, 194, 242, 324, 330, 342, 343, 354 Nucleus, 298, 308, 312, 313, 314, 320, 338, 340, 342, 343, 351, 353 Nutritional Support, 42, 324, 343 Nutritive Value, 115, 322, 343 O Observational study, 55, 343 Occipital Lobe, 343, 369 Occupational Exposure, 31, 343 Odour, 299, 343 Oestrogen, 134, 190, 343 Ointments, 307, 343, 360 Oligosaccharides, 75, 87, 143, 172, 197, 227, 228, 230, 295, 344 Omega-3 fatty acid, 45, 227, 344 Oncogene, 7, 121, 156, 344 Opacity, 211, 313, 344 Ophthalmology, 322, 344 Opsin, 344, 356 Optic Chiasm, 329, 344
Organelles, 307, 313, 344 Organoleptic, 100, 237, 344 Osmosis, 208, 344 Osseointegration, 303, 344 Ossicles, 327, 344 Osteoarthritis, 168, 223, 344 Osteogenesis, 303, 344 Ostomy, 196, 344 Ovariectomy, 61, 157, 344 Ovaries, 299, 320, 344, 356, 359 Ovary, 49, 297, 312, 319, 343, 344, 345, 349 Ovum, 312, 313, 325, 336, 345, 351, 369, 370 Oxalate, 98, 128, 345 Oxidants, 9, 35, 345 Oxidation, 9, 65, 141, 207, 215, 226, 227, 230, 293, 298, 299, 302, 312, 325, 336, 345 Oxidation-Reduction, 302, 345 Oxidative metabolism, 98, 335, 345 Oxidative Stress, 40, 85, 143, 160, 345 P Palate, 217, 250, 345 Palladium, 345, 357 Palliative, 343, 345, 364 Pancreas, 118, 122, 143, 223, 293, 302, 315, 324, 332, 345, 366, 367 Pancreatic, 305, 345 Papilloma, 45, 345 Parasite, 323, 345 Paroxysmal, 300, 345 Particle, 42, 54, 202, 336, 345, 365 Pathogen, 201, 346 Pathogenesis, 7, 13, 48, 346 Pathologic, 7, 13, 298, 302, 311, 329, 346, 356 Pathologic Processes, 298, 346 Patient Education, 4, 5, 280, 286, 288, 291, 346 Pelvic, 346, 352 Penis, 346, 347, 356 Pepsin, 346 Pepsin A, 346 Peptic, 255, 346 Peptic Ulcer, 255, 346 Peptide, 13, 15, 24, 49, 70, 114, 231, 311, 318, 321, 334, 335, 346, 349, 352, 353, 365 Perception, 46, 346 Perforation, 346, 369 Perfusion, 346, 365 Perianal, 255, 346 Perimenopausal, 10, 56, 93, 147, 148, 156, 346
382
Soy
Perineal, 346, 354 Peripheral blood, 40, 43, 332, 346 Peritoneum, 346 Peritonitis, 64, 76, 346, 369 Peroxidase, 119, 146, 299, 336, 347 Peroxide, 347 Petrolatum, 317, 347 Petroleum, 202, 239, 244, 324, 347 P-Glycoprotein, 36, 347 PH, 77, 105, 137, 159, 303, 347 Phagocyte, 345, 347 Phallic, 322, 347 Pharmaceutic Aids, 322, 347 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 208, 307, 320, 324, 347 Pharmacodynamic, 151, 347 Pharmacokinetic, 37, 116, 151, 347 Pharmacologic, 13, 297, 327, 347, 365 Pharmacotherapy, 54, 83, 139, 140, 347 Pharynx, 341, 347 Phenobarbital, 42, 347 Phenolphthalein, 317, 347 Phenotype, 21, 63, 347 Phenylalanine, 173, 195, 346, 348, 367 Phosphates, 222, 348 Phosphatidic Acids, 337, 348 Phospholipases, 348, 360 Phospholipids, 121, 225, 321, 332, 336, 348 Phosphorus, 304, 348 Phosphorylation, 43, 348, 353 Photocoagulation, 309, 348 Physiologic, 13, 295, 302, 308, 327, 338, 339, 348, 351, 355, 356 Physiology, 31, 32, 57, 72, 88, 99, 118, 136, 152, 318, 324, 348 Phytic Acid, 63, 95, 348 Pigment, 190, 201, 220, 234, 337, 348 Pilot Projects, 19, 348 Pilot study, 63, 76, 84, 348 Pituitary Gland, 204, 321, 348 Placenta, 30, 299, 319, 320, 321, 322, 348, 351 Plant Proteins, 348, 368 Plant sterols, 53, 86, 107, 143, 163, 189, 348 Plaque, 73, 300, 349 Plasticizers, 31, 349 Platelet Activation, 349, 360 Platelet Aggregation, 68, 145, 296, 342, 349 Platelets, 299, 342, 349, 364 Platinum, 345, 349, 357 Pneumonitis, 90, 349 Poisoning, 167, 319, 341, 349, 359
Pollen, 349, 354 Polycystic, 144, 349 Polymers, 202, 220, 349, 353, 362 Polymorphic, 37, 349 Polymorphism, 37, 349 Polypeptide, 18, 231, 296, 309, 321, 346, 349, 370 Polyposis, 255, 309, 349 Polysaccharide, 88, 238, 298, 307, 350, 353 Polyunsaturated fat, 51, 213, 227, 350 Posterior, 296, 343, 345, 350 Postmenopause, 107, 163, 350 Postoperative, 323, 350 Postsynaptic, 350, 360, 363 Post-translational, 297, 350, 359 Potassium, 15, 350, 360 Potentiate, 14, 350 Potentiating, 38, 350 Potentiation, 350, 360 Practice Guidelines, 276, 350 Precancerous, 307, 350 Precipitation, 235, 350 Preclinical, 40, 350 Precursor, 195, 197, 200, 297, 299, 301, 308, 316, 319, 348, 350, 366, 367 Predisposition, 189, 350 Pregnenolone, 42, 174, 350 Premalignant, 41, 51, 350 Premenopausal, 14, 29, 47, 60, 73, 80, 83, 89, 90, 105, 109, 112, 138, 159, 164, 351 Premenstrual, 190, 219, 351 Premenstrual Syndrome, 190, 219, 351 Prenatal, 317, 321, 351 Presynaptic, 351, 363 Prevalence, 54, 351 Primary Prevention, 12, 351 Probe, 326, 351 Progeny, 311, 351 Progesterone, 8, 31, 50, 89, 173, 351, 362 Progestogen, 50, 351 Progression, 7, 14, 15, 30, 44, 47, 49, 51, 121, 156, 297, 351, 367 Progressive, 30, 41, 46, 299, 306, 308, 313, 316, 319, 326, 341, 344, 349, 351, 356 Proline, 309, 329, 351 Promoter, 36, 351 Prophase, 351, 363 Prophylaxis, 45, 182, 351, 356, 369 Prospective Studies, 62, 351 Prostaglandin, 161, 219, 351 Prostaglandins A, 351, 352 Prostate gland, 13, 33, 352
Index 383
Prostatectomy, 29, 51, 352, 354 Prostate-Specific Antigen, 50, 75, 180, 352 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 14, 352 Prosthesis, 190, 352 Protease, 66, 206, 223, 228, 245, 246, 309, 352 Protease Inhibitors, 228, 352 Protective Agents, 62, 352 Protein Binding, 116, 137, 352, 365 Proteins, 4, 13, 18, 28, 30, 32, 59, 67, 70, 71, 90, 91, 97, 103, 119, 135, 147, 190, 193, 194, 198, 206, 212, 213, 224, 226, 230, 231, 232, 233, 237, 238, 241, 242, 245, 246, 296, 298, 303, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 316, 318, 319, 320, 326, 328, 330, 334, 338, 340, 342, 346, 348, 349, 352, 353, 355, 359, 361, 365, 366, 368 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 324, 353 Proteinuria, 85, 341, 353 Proteoglycan, 353, 362 Proteolytic, 228, 295, 310, 318, 321, 353 Protocol, 46, 60, 353 Protons, 295, 329, 333, 353, 354 Protozoa, 311, 339, 353, 361 Proximal, 315, 341, 351, 353 Psychiatric, 179, 338, 353 Psychiatry, 45, 102, 322, 353 Psychic, 308, 335, 353 Psychology, 48, 117, 315, 353 Psyllium, 174, 199, 353 Puberty, 4, 14, 26, 33, 55, 353 Public Health, 27, 55, 58, 60, 81, 89, 100, 105, 106, 116, 119, 121, 152, 159, 161, 276, 353 Public Policy, 275, 353 Publishing, 5, 63, 250, 353 Pulmonary, 188, 303, 311, 327, 334, 335, 353, 363, 368, 369 Pulmonary Artery, 303, 353, 368 Pulmonary Embolism, 353, 369 Pulse, 207, 208, 340, 354 Pupil, 315, 340, 354 Purifying, 15, 236, 314, 354 Purines, 354, 359, 370 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 310, 354 Q Quality of Life, 54, 182, 354 Quercetin, 25, 36, 354 R Race, 20, 354 Radiation, 71, 114, 120, 227, 294, 319, 320, 333, 334, 354, 370
Radiation therapy, 294, 320, 333, 334, 354, 370 Radical prostatectomy, 43, 50, 75, 354 Radioactive, 327, 329, 331, 333, 334, 343, 354, 370 Radiolabeled, 334, 354, 370 Radionuclide Imaging, 255, 354 Radiotherapy, 303, 334, 354, 370 Raffinose, 230, 245, 354 Raloxifene, 6, 38, 355, 358 Random Allocation, 355 Randomization, 29, 54, 355 Randomized clinical trial, 54, 101, 355 Randomized Controlled Trials, 65, 142, 355 Reagent, 328, 337, 355 Receptor, 6, 22, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 51, 57, 94, 99, 111, 134, 150, 162, 204, 293, 298, 316, 319, 347, 355, 359 Receptors, Serotonin, 355, 359 Recombinant, 15, 42, 355 Recombination, 311, 355 Rectal, 21, 355 Rectum, 298, 303, 309, 315, 322, 324, 331, 335, 352, 355, 363 Recurrence, 29, 41, 49, 51, 75, 181, 307, 355 Reductase, 299, 355 Refer, 1, 304, 310, 322, 323, 325, 336, 342, 355 Refraction, 356, 361 Regeneration, 321, 356 Regimen, 8, 53, 72, 215, 316, 347, 356 Registries, 11, 356 Regurgitation, 214, 356 Remission, 355, 356 Renal failure, 40, 356 Renal Osteodystrophy, 39, 356 Renin, 297, 356 Reproductive system, 13, 48, 352, 356 Resorption, 28, 39, 356 Respiration, 305, 340, 345, 356 Restoration, 356, 358, 369 Retina, 297, 311, 344, 356, 357 Retinal, 139, 344, 356, 369 Retinoids, 356, 357, 369 Retinol, 356, 357 Retropubic, 352, 354, 357 Retropubic prostatectomy, 354, 357 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, 43, 357 Reversion, 239, 357 Rheumatism, 330, 357
384
Soy
Rheumatoid, 345, 357 Riboflavin, 124, 357 Ribose, 194, 293, 357 Rigidity, 349, 357 Risk factor, 3, 14, 15, 19, 20, 54, 55, 60, 80, 96, 117, 118, 141, 149, 189, 261, 357 Rod, 301, 334, 335, 357 Rubber, 207, 293, 357 Ruthenium, 207, 357 Ruthenium Compounds, 207, 357 Rutin, 354, 357 Rye, 103, 256, 308, 319, 325, 357 S Salicylate, 307, 357 Saline, 191, 303, 357 Salivary, 315, 357, 358 Salivary glands, 315, 358 Sanitary, 219, 358 Saponin, 64, 230, 358 Satellite, 92, 358 Sclerosis, 47, 168, 299, 358 Screening, 16, 19, 40, 309, 358 Seafood, 217, 254, 358 Sebaceous, 247, 358, 369 Sebaceous gland, 247, 358, 369 Sebum, 246, 247, 310, 358 Second Messenger Systems, 342, 358 Secondary tumor, 339, 358 Secretion, 6, 82, 84, 328, 330, 332, 334, 340, 358, 366 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 38, 57, 61, 355, 358, 364 Selenium, 53, 181, 358 Self Administration, 223, 358 Sella, 348, 358 Semen, 170, 352, 358 Senile, 344, 359 Sepsis, 323, 359 Septic, 300, 359 Septicemia, 64, 359 Sequencing, 14, 55, 359 Sequester, 359, 363 Serine, 318, 352, 359, 366 Serologic, 330, 359 Serology, 65, 359 Serotonin, 91, 155, 195, 340, 347, 355, 359, 366 Serous, 318, 359 Sex Characteristics, 294, 297, 343, 353, 359, 364 Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, 10, 359 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 20, 359
Sharpness, 359, 369 Shock, 17, 296, 359 Side effect, 10, 11, 57, 211, 267, 294, 302, 359, 365 Signal Transduction, 49, 332, 359 Signs and Symptoms, 11, 356, 360 Skeletal, 297, 360, 366 Skeleton, 39, 149, 293, 321, 334, 351, 360 Skin Care, 242, 360 Skull, 360, 364 Small intestine, 301, 306, 308, 316, 328, 330, 333, 334, 341, 360, 366 Smooth muscle, 118, 295, 296, 321, 360, 362 Soaps, 360 Social Environment, 354, 360 Sodium, 5, 15, 27, 64, 87, 92, 145, 147, 202, 222, 238, 245, 246, 360 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 202, 360 Soft tissue, 303, 360 Solid tumor, 297, 360 Solvent, 121, 154, 207, 208, 230, 235, 236, 301, 320, 325, 339, 360 Soma, 361 Somatic, 21, 294, 308, 328, 338, 339, 361 Somatic mutations, 21, 361 Soybean Oil, 5, 178, 214, 231, 350, 361 Specialist, 282, 315, 361 Specificity, 294, 299, 318, 361, 365 Spectrum, 16, 42, 361 Sperm, 297, 308, 349, 361 Sphincter, 335, 361 Spices, 206, 305, 361 Spinal cord, 300, 307, 308, 317, 338, 342, 361 Spleen, 46, 337, 361 Sporadic, 51, 361 Spores, 65, 361 Stabilization, 255, 361 Steatosis, 138, 361 Stent, 344, 361 Sterile, 300, 361 Sterility, 83, 141, 332, 361 Sterilization, 229, 362 Steroid, 14, 18, 30, 31, 33, 149, 205, 297, 299, 301, 312, 343, 350, 362 Stimulants, 325, 362 Stimulus, 13, 316, 317, 333, 335, 362, 364 Stoma, 344, 362 Stool, 224, 331, 335, 362 Streptococcus, 221, 362
Index 385
Stress, 155, 255, 306, 312, 341, 345, 350, 357, 362, 368 Stroke, 15, 57, 184, 274, 305, 362 Stromelysin 1, 82, 362 Structure-Activity Relationship, 25, 362 Styrene, 357, 362 Subacute, 331, 362 Subclinical, 47, 331, 362 Subcutaneous, 11, 34, 293, 316, 362 Subspecies, 361, 362 Substance P, 300, 319, 339, 351, 358, 362 Substrate, 187, 363, 367 Suction, 322, 363 Sulfates, 360, 363 Sulfur, 193, 228, 239, 246, 320, 339, 363 Suppositories, 324, 363 Suppression, 40, 48, 363 Surfactant, 239, 240, 360, 363 Suspensions, 186, 363 Sympathomimetic, 316, 319, 363, 367 Symphysis, 352, 363 Synapses, 342, 363 Synapsis, 363 Synaptic, 195, 360, 363 Synaptic Vesicles, 195, 363 Systemic, 25, 34, 169, 219, 268, 296, 303, 319, 327, 331, 334, 354, 359, 363, 368, 369, 370 Systolic, 15, 329, 363 T Tachycardia, 300, 363 Tachypnea, 300, 364 Tamoxifen, 22, 23, 29, 37, 38, 41, 60, 180, 205, 262, 358, 364 Tartar, 255, 364 Taurine, 94, 301, 364 Telangiectasia, 182, 364 Temporal, 12, 364 Testicular, 146, 299, 364 Testis, 146, 296, 297, 319, 343, 364 Testosterone, 43, 48, 146, 297, 355, 359, 364 Therapeutics, 35, 43, 162, 268, 340, 364 Thermal, 315, 342, 364 Thiamine, 124, 364 Thigh, 321, 364 Third Ventricle, 330, 364 Thorax, 293, 337, 364 Threshold, 329, 364 Thrombin, 321, 349, 352, 364 Thrombomodulin, 352, 364 Thrombosis, 69, 82, 94, 103, 149, 153, 160, 162, 352, 362, 364
Thrombus, 312, 331, 349, 364, 368 Thymus, 34, 174, 330, 337, 364 Thyroid, 31, 58, 68, 71, 119, 146, 169, 174, 280, 326, 330, 335, 365, 367 Thyroid Gland, 326, 365 Thyrotropin, 330, 365 Thyroxine, 4, 335, 348, 365 Tissue Distribution, 47, 365 Tolerance, 109, 196, 293, 325, 365 Tomography, 303, 365 Tooth Preparation, 293, 365 Topical, 15, 219, 242, 246, 247, 320, 329, 347, 360, 365 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 334, 365 Toxic, iv, 188, 204, 301, 308, 311, 317, 319, 325, 326, 328, 330, 342, 357, 358, 362, 365 Toxicity, 35, 36, 66, 316, 317, 365 Toxicology, 14, 32, 33, 86, 103, 119, 135, 144, 145, 146, 276, 365 Toxins, 298, 317, 331, 359, 365 Trace element, 205, 212, 365 Trachea, 188, 304, 335, 347, 365 Transduction, 359, 365 Transfection, 44, 302, 366 Transferases, 326, 366 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 69, 95, 96, 149, 366 Translation, 319, 366 Translational, 28, 366 Translocation, 7, 319, 366 Transmitter, 293, 300, 316, 333, 338, 363, 366, 367 Transplantation, 91, 154, 308, 330, 366 Transurethral, 352, 366 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 352, 366 Trees, 348, 357, 366 Triglyceride, 42, 57, 190, 192, 329, 366 Tropomyosin, 366 Troponin, 13, 366 Trypsin, 178, 228, 230, 245, 318, 366, 370 Trypsin Inhibitors, 245, 366 Tryptophan, 66, 91, 309, 359, 366 Tuberculosis, 311, 366 Tumor marker, 302, 367 Tumor model, 37, 367 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 161, 367 Tumor suppressor gene, 51, 367 Type 2 diabetes, 3, 72, 85, 136, 367 Tyramine, 102, 131, 340, 367 Tyrosine, 33, 40, 43, 66, 164, 174, 195, 316, 353, 367
386
Soy
U Ulcer, 35, 234, 313, 346, 367 Ulcerative colitis, 255, 367 Ultrafiltration, 208, 235, 327, 367 Ultrasonography, 321, 367 Unconscious, 330, 367 Unsaturated Fats, 194, 367 Urea, 202, 244, 367 Uremia, 334, 356, 367 Urethra, 346, 352, 366, 367, 368 Urinary, 10, 12, 25, 28, 36, 56, 59, 78, 81, 91, 105, 109, 110, 112, 120, 159, 331, 352, 357, 367, 368, 369 Urinate, 368, 369 Urticaria, 296, 368 Uterine Contraction, 219, 368 Uterus, 13, 28, 55, 219, 307, 312, 313, 318, 320, 338, 344, 351, 356, 368 V Vaccine, 90, 294, 353, 368 Vagina, 8, 307, 314, 335, 338, 356, 368 Vaginal, 8, 107, 163, 182, 199, 219, 368 Vascular, 9, 38, 50, 56, 69, 94, 100, 103, 122, 149, 152, 153, 160, 162, 165, 189, 295, 296, 318, 321, 331, 342, 348, 364, 365, 368 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 38, 368 Vascular Resistance, 56, 321, 368 Vasodilatation, 85, 143, 368 Vasodilator, 303, 316, 342, 368 Vasomotor, 8, 24, 61, 105, 112, 159, 319, 368 VE, 74, 116, 255, 368 Vegetable Proteins, 231, 247, 348, 368 Vein, 333, 343, 358, 368 Venous, 352, 368, 369 Venous Thrombosis, 368, 369 Ventricle, 353, 354, 363, 364, 368 Ventricular, 7, 162, 368
Venules, 303, 304, 318, 368 Veterinary Medicine, 116, 275, 368 Villous, 306, 368 Viral, 15, 317, 365, 369 Virulence, 300, 365, 369 Virus, 45, 301, 318, 332, 349, 365, 369 Viscera, 361, 369 Viscosity, 194, 196, 197, 206, 215, 235, 236, 369 Visual Acuity, 227, 369 Visual Cortex, 94, 369 Vitamin A, 194, 233, 332, 357, 369 Vitro, 6, 9, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32, 35, 38, 42, 44, 45, 57, 70, 86, 98, 118, 119, 144, 145, 146, 147, 158, 162, 164, 177, 331, 359, 369 Vivo, 6, 37, 43, 177, 369 Void, 60, 369 Volvulus, 255, 369 Vulgaris, 174, 369 W Warfarin, 83, 140, 175, 369 Weight Gain, 20, 31, 97, 219, 369 Wheezing, 188, 369 White blood cell, 298, 331, 335, 337, 340, 342, 369 Windpipe, 304, 347, 365, 369 Womb, 356, 368, 369 Wound Healing, 297, 310, 321, 338, 369 X Xanthine, 227, 369 Xanthine Oxidase, 227, 369 Xenograft, 38, 40, 297, 367, 370 X-ray, 6, 8, 303, 334, 343, 354, 370 X-ray therapy, 334, 370 Y Yeasts, 63, 65, 323, 333, 348, 370 Z Zygote, 310, 311, 370 Zymogen, 352, 370
Index 387
388
Soy
