ABIES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Rabies: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84058-X 1. Rabies-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on rabies. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON RABIES ....................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Rabies ............................................................................................ 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 21 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND RABIES ............................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding Nutrition Studies on Rabies........................................................................................... 77 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 82 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND RABIES ....................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 85 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 101 General References ..................................................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON RABIES ....................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Dissertations on Rabies.............................................................................................................. 103 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 104 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON RABIES.................................................................................................. 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Patents on Rabies ....................................................................................................................... 105 Patent Applications on Rabies ................................................................................................... 128 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 135 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON RABIES ..................................................................................................... 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 137 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 140 Chapters on Rabies..................................................................................................................... 141 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON RABIES .......................................................................................... 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 Bibliography: Multimedia on Rabies.......................................................................................... 143 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON RABIES ....................................................................... 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 147 Academic Periodicals covering Rabies ....................................................................................... 152 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS ................................................................................... 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 153 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 154 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 157 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 159 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 161 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 163 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 163 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 163 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 168
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 171 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 171 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 171 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 171 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 171 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 177 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 180 RABIES DICTIONARY ................................................................................................................ 181 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 233
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with rabies is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about rabies, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to rabies, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on rabies. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to rabies, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on rabies. The Editors
1 From
the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON RABIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on rabies.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and rabies, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Management of Facial Dog Bite Injuries Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 53(4): 435-441. April 1995. Summary: The purpose of this article is to provide the oral and maxillofacial surgeon with a comprehensive review of the incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of facial dog bite injuries (FDBI). Topics covered include the pathophysiology of dog bite injuries; the initial evaluation, including an intraoral examination; antibiotic prophylaxis; the surgical management of FDBIs; and rabies and tetanus prophylaxis. The authors call for careful and thorough documentation as approximately one-third of dog bite injuries end up in litigation. Two algorithms for care are included. 2 figures. 2 tables. 52 references.
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Skin and Wound Infections: An Overview Source: American Family Physician. 57(10): 2424-2432. May 15, 1998. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article for health professionals presents an overview of skin and wound infections, focusing on their features and treatment. Skin infections are common and may be caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Breaks in the skin integrity, particularly those that inoculate pathogens into the dermis, frequently cause or exacerbate skin infections. Bacterial skin infections caused by corynebacteria include erythrasma, trichomycosis axillaris, and pitted keratolysis. Staphylococci may cause impetigo, ecthyma, and folliculitis. Streptococcal skin infections include impetigo and erysipelas. Human papillomavirus skin infections present as several different types of warts, depending on the surface infected and its relative moisture, and the patterns of pressure. The many dermatomycoses include tinea capitis, tinea barbae, tinea cruris, tinea manus, tinea pedis, and tinea unguium. Candidal infections occur in moist areas, such as the vulva, mouth, penis, skinfolds, and diaper area. Wounds caused by wood splinters or thorns may results in sporotrichosis. Animal bites may result in complex, serious infections, requiring tetanus and, possibly, rabies prophylaxis in addition to appropriate antibiotic therapy. 3 figures and 28 references. (AA-M).
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Managing Dog, Cat, and Human Bite Wounds Source: Nurse Practitioner, The. 26(4): 36-38,41-42,45. April 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on managing dog, cat, and human bite wounds. Many patients seek treatment in primary care clinics instead of emergency departments. Without treatment, some bite wounds can become infected. An estimated 15 percent to 20 percent of dog bite wounds become infected, and more than half of all cat bites and scratches result in infection. Human bites cause more serious infections than dog and cat bites. Presenting symptoms are usually pain at the wound site with cellulitis and purulent drainage. The infection originates from the oropharyngeal flora of the biting animal or human and the victim's skin. Initial management of bite wounds involves obtaining a complete history of the injury, performing a physical examination to measure and classify the wound and to determine range of motion and neurovascular and tendon function, ordering x rays when there is possible bone penetration, taking cultures and gram stains if obvious signs of infection are present, irrigating the wound copiously with saline, and evaluating the wound for closure or surgical referral. Primary care clinicians must also be able to initiate antibiotic therapy if indicated and refer patients for surgery or rabies prophylaxis when appropriate. Prompt assessment and treatment can prevent most complications. The article includes suggested antibiotic regimens for dog, cat, and human bites. 1 figure and 20 references. (AA-M).
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Federally Funded Research on Rabies The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to rabies. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to rabies. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore rabies. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for rabies: •
Project Title: A NOVEL CANCER MODEL--VACCINE ASSOCIATED SARCOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcniel, Elizabeth A.; Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description): Epidemiologic evidence strongly associates vaccination of cats for rabies and feline leukemia virus with the d e v elopment of soft tissue sarcomas at the vaccine site. Genetic susceptibility, sensitivity to reactive oxygen species (ROS), and chronic low dose environmental exposure to metals may all be significant in the development of this carcinogenesis, as well as in the pathogenesis of human cancer. I propose to carry out studies of vaccine induced tumor genetics and the oxidative status of cats as a potentially informative animal model for solid tumor carcinogenesis. Causative chromosome rearrangement have been i d entified in different human tumors; thus, I will employ classical cytogenetic and such molecular cytogenetic techniques as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and Multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) t o identify recurrent chromosomal aberrations in feline tumors with significance to carcinogenesis. I am adapting these cytogenetic techniques, designed for human tumors, for use in cats. Sensitivity to ROS in cats with and without vaccine induced tumors will be measured with: 1 ) Blood levels of the antioxidant glutathione in conjunction with indicators of oxidant exposure, oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation. 2) Oxidative DNA base damage, 8-oxoguanine in particular, quantified by spectrometry of DNA from hydrogen peroxide exposed cat fibroblasts. All of these technologies are in place. Development of pet animal cancer models requires clinical expertise in spontaneous animal tumors combined with laboratory knowledge and skills. I am a veterinary oncologist with abundant clinical experience, currently pursuing a Ph D. I am dedicated to a career in translational cancer research. The Comparative Oncology unit at Colorado State University of which I am a part is dedicated to the development of spontaneous animal tumor models for human cancer and has contributed through the development of experimental therapeutics. I intend to apply the techniques and data acquired from this
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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work to establish a center for animal tumor cytogenetics and genomic to study the role of genetics in the pathogenesis of cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ADOHCY HYDROLASE: STRUCTURE, MECHANISM, INHIBITOR DESIGN Principal Investigator & Institution: Borchardt, Ronald T.; Solon E. Summerfield Distinguished Profe; Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Kansas Lawrence Lawrence, Ks 66045 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1980; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase (EC 3.3.1.1.) in mammalian cells and parasites plays a key role in regulating the intracellular levels of AdoHcy and homocysteine (Hcy) by catalyzing their interconversion (AdoHcy reversible reaction Ado plus Hcy). This NAD+-dependent enzyme exhibits unique structural and catalytic features which are worthy of further investigation. The human and parasite enzymes are also attractive therapeutic targets because: (i) clinical data have shown that elevated plasma levels of Hcy (Hcymia) are a risk factor in coronary artery disease; therefore, human AdoHcy hydrolase is an attractive target for the design of drugs to reduce plasma Hcy levels thus reducing a patient's risks of developing cardiovascular disease; and (ii) the intracellular levels of AdoHcy regulate AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases that are crucial for replication of certain viruses (Ebola, rabies, respiratory syncytical) and parasites [Leishmania (L.) donovani, Trypanosoma (T.) cruzi]; therefore, the human AdoHcy hydrolase is an attractive target for the design of antiviral agents and the parasite enzymes are attractive targets for the design of antiparasitic agents. During the next grant period, our primary objectives will include: (i) elucidating the relationships between the structure and catalytic mechanism of the human enzyme by conducting X-ray crystallographic, site-directed mutagenesis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular modeling studies as well as designing and synthesizing new structural and mechanistic probes; and (ii) identifying through high through-put screening and structure-based drug design specific inhibitors of parasite AdoHcy hydrolases as potential antiparasitic agents. During the last grant period, our laboratories have made the following significant advances that will facilitate completion of those objectives: (i) determined the X-ray crystal structures of several inhibitorinactivated forms of the recombinant human enzyme; (ii) developed the experimental protocols to use site- directed mutagenesis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular modeling to probe the structure and catalytic mechanism of this enzyme; (iii) designed and synthesized type II mechanism-based inhibitors (covalent inactivation) of the human enzyme which have proven useful as structural and mechanistic probes; (iv) developed a high through-put screen which can now be used to evaluate potential inhibitors of the parasitic enzymes; and (v) developed a plasmid for overexpression of the L. donovani enzyme which will provide large quantities of this enzyme for studies that will serve as the basis for structure-based design of antiparasitic agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: AFFERENT CONTROL OF LOCUS COERULEUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Aston-Jones, Gary S.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1988; Project End 30-APR-2003
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Summary: (applicant's abstract): The long term goal of this project is to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate functions of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) system. Our previous results defined afferents to the LC nucleus, and characterized LC dendrites that extend into specific extranuclear zones. However, these findings also generated new questions: (i) what are the inputs to extranuclear LC dendrites, (ii) what circuits are LC afferents a part of, and (iii) what LC output functions are regulated by these afferent circuits? The proposed experiments will answer these difficult but important questions using new anatomical technology and electrophysiology. LC neurons have extensive extranuclear dendrites, and the zones containing these distal dendrites receive numerous inputs that do not innervate the LC nuclear core. However, it has been difficult to identify which of these afferents terminate on LC dendrites vs. other elements in this region. We will retrogradely label afferents that specifically innervate extranuclear LC dendrites using the recently developed transsynaptic tracttracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV). Dendritic afferents will be confirmed by ultrastructural analyses, and their impact on LC neuronal activity will be determined. In addition to direct afferents to LC neurons, it is important to determine inputs to these direct afferents, and thereby identify circuits that regulate LC function. We will map indirect afferents to the LC in a detailed time-course study of transsynaptic transport of PRV. For prominent indirect afferents, the relays to the LC will be identified and the influence of these afferent circuits on LC activity will be determined. Our preliminary results indicate that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a prominent indirect input to the LC. The SCN is the brain's circadian pacemaker, and controls among other rhythms circadian properties of sleep and waking. As the LC has long been implicated in arousal, we hypothesize that the SCN-LC circuit is a key neural substrate linking circadian and sleep-waking processes. We will test this hypothesis by manipulating SCN activity, recording the effects on EEG arousal, and testing the role of the LC and associated relay nuclei in the effects obtained. This will be the first analysis of a neural link between circadian and arousal processes. These studies will extend our analysis of afferent control of LC function to identify inputs to distal LC dendrites and circuits that regulate LC activity. They will also provide the first demonstration of afferent circuit regulation of an important LC output function, cortical arousal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BASAL GANGLIA, CEREBELLUM, AND HIGHER CORTICAL FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Strick, Peter L.; Acting Chair; Neurobiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1996; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The classical view is that the outputs from the basal ganglia and cerebellum project to a region of the ventrolateral thalamus that ultimately influences a single cortical area, the primary motor cortex. In contrast, the basal ganglia and cerebellum receive input from multiple areas of the cerebral cortex located in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. This view contributed to the concept that the basal ganglia and cerebellum perform a sensorimotor transformation on the diverse cortical input they receive. The results of this processing are then used to generate and control movement at the level of the motor cortex. New anatomical findings have required a reappraisal of this functional construct. For example, we have shown that the outputs from the basal ganglia and cerebellum project not only to primary motor and premotor areas of cortex, but also to selected portions of prefrontal, posterior parietal and inferotemporal cortex. Thus, it is now clear that the outputs from the basal ganglia and
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cerebellum influence more widespread regions of the cerebral cortex than previously suspected. In general, we have seen that cortical areas that project to the input stage of basal ganglia and cerebellar processing also are the target of basal ganglia and cerebellar output. This and other observations have led us to hypothesize that a major organizational feature of basal ganglia and cerebellar anatomy is their participation in closed 'loop' circuits with multiple cortical areas. We now propose to test whether this functional architecture extends to other regions of the cerebral cortex that are known to provide input to the basal ganglia and cerebellum. For example, anterior cingulate and orbital frontal cortex are major sources of input to the basal ganglia. Similarly, widespread areas of the posterior parietal cortex which were not examined in our prior studies are major sources of input to the cerebellum. We will use retrograde transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses to test whether the output nuclei of the basal ganglia and cerebellum project back upon these areas of cortex. It is known that abnormal activity in basal ganglia and cerebellar loops with motor areas of cortex results in hypo-and hyperkinetic movements. Likewise, abnormal activity in loops with cingulate, orbital frontal, and posterior parietal cortex could lead to a broad range of psychiatric and neurological symptoms such as those associated with depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Parkinson's and Huntington's Disease. When these loops are functioning normally, they could provide the neural substrate for basal ganglia and cerebellar involvement in cognitive, emotional and perceptual domains. Thus, the results of these experiments could have important implications for concepts regarding basal ganglia and cerebellar contributions to normal and abnormal behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BUDDING OF NEGATIVE-SENSE RNA VIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Harty, Ronald N.; Assistant Professor; Pathobiology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Viral pathogens possessing nonsegmented, negative-sense RNA genomes are the cause of devastating diseases worldwide (e.g. Ebola, measles, and rabies viruses). Virion assembly and release (budding) are important late events in the replication cycles of these viruses; however, the molecular mechanisms employed by negative-sense RNA viruses to bud and separate from cells remain largely undefined. The experiments described in this proposal are significant for the following reasons: i) They will provide fundamental information on the mechanisms of virus budding (Sp. Aim 1). ii) They not only will provide information about the virus, but also may provide information concerning the role of the host cell in virus budding (Sp. Aim 2). iii) They may be applicable for the development of future DNA-based vaccines (Sp. Aim 3). A highly conserved proline-rich motif (PY motif) within the M protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been implicated in mediating both release of M protein from mammalian cells and interactions with specific domains (WWdomains) of cellular proteins. The biological significance of budding domains within the VSV M protein will be tested using reverse-genetics techniques and electron microscopic analysis. Virus-host interactions mediated by the viral PY motif and the cellular WWdomain will be characterized both in vitro and in vivo. The biological relevance of these protein-protein interactions will be assessed in both yeast and mammalian cells. Lastly, the ability of the PY motif from the VSV M protein to direct the budding of an otherwise nonbudding, heterologous protein will be tested in a functional budding assay. Overall, the experiments described in this proposal not only will provide important insights into the molecular aspects of budding of rhabdoviruses, but also will likely provide
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important insights into the budding mechanisms of other negative-sense RNA viruses that possess conserved PY or PY-like motifs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPING AVIRULENT RABIES VIRUS VACCINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Fu, Zhen F.; Associate Professor; Pathology; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Provided by Applicant) Rabies still presents a public health threat causing more than 70,000 human deaths each year. Humans get infected with the rabies virus mostly through bites from rabid domestic and wildlife animals. Controlling rabies virus infection in domestic and wildlife animals, therefore, not only reduces the mortality in these animals but also reduces the risks of human exposure. Pre-exposure vaccinations for people who are constantly at risk further prevent human rabies, as do post-exposure immunizations for people who are bitten by rabid or suspected rabid animals. Currently, inactivated rabies virus vaccines are used to immunize domestic animals, particularly pets. Purified and inactivated rabies virus vaccines are used for humans in the pre- or post-exposure settings. A recombinant vaccinia virus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (VRG) has been used to control rabies in wildlife. Although these vaccines are effective, annual vaccinations are required to maintain adequate immunity in pets. For humans, multiple doses of the inactivated tissue culture vaccines are required to stimulate optimal immune responses. Furthermore, current tissue culture vaccines are expensive; thus most people in need of vaccinations (in developing countries) cannot afford them. Hence, there is a need to develop more efficacious and affordable rabies virus vaccines. We propose to develop avirulent live rabies virus vaccines by constructing mutant virus with reduced ability to spread in the nervous system (by mutation of the glycoprotein G) and with reduced rate of viral replication (by mutation and/or rearrangement of genes within the rabies virus genome). This will be accomplished by using the state-of-the-art reverse genetics technology. Our proposal is based on recent findings from us as well as others showing the following. 1) Mutation of the phosphorylated serine at 389 of the N to alanine reduced the rate of viral replication by more than five-fold and virus production by more than 10,000 times. 2) Mutation of the G at residue 333 reduced dramatically the virulence and pathogenicity of rabies virus. 3) Rearrangement of the genes within the vesicular stomatitis virus genome resulted in attenuation and enhancement of immune responses. The rationale for constructing mutated or rearranged rabies viruses is that such altered viruses most likely will be further attenuated than currently available attenuated rabies virus (still induce rabies in neonatal animals). If the further attenuated rabies viruses no longer causes diseases in animals at any age and by any route of inoculation, yet remain immunoqenic, they can be developed as modified live rabies vaccines for humans and animals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A VACCINE FOR MURINE LYME DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hu, Linden T.; Associate Professor of Medicine; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The incidence and geographic distribution of Lyme disease in the U.S. has increased steadily since its first description in 1977. Efforts to
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stem the spread of the disease through controlling the population of its tick vector and/or the mouse reservoirs of the disease have met with only limited success. The only approved human vaccine to protect against Lyme disease was recently removed from the market by its manufacturer further highlighting the need for new approaches to controlling the disease. In this project, we propose the development of an orallyavailable vaccine targeted towards the mouse and tick reservoirs of the disease. The project is modeled on the highly successful oral rabies vaccine, Raboral, which uses a vaccinia virus (VV) vector to deliver its immunogen to wild foxes and raccoons. We will take advantage of the enormous amount of immunogenicity and safety data that has been generated for vaccinia virus in hopes of rapidly developing a release-able vaccine. The vaccine itself will consist of outer surface protein A (OspA) recombinantly expressed from a VV vector. OspA was the antigen used in the human vaccine. Extensive research has shown that it is immunogenic in mice, that mice vaccinated against OspA are protected against infection with Borrelia burgdorferi and that B. burgdorferi infected ticks feeding on mice vaccinated with OspA are sterilized of their infection and cannot transmit the disease to other animals. Prior attempts to use OspA to vaccinate wild animals have been hampered by the lack of an efficient, oral delivery system which is both stable under natural environmental conditions and can generate an intense immune response. The three aims of this project are to: 1) create a recombinant VV expressing OspA (W/OspA); 2) establish the kinetics and durability of the immune response to the recombinant W/OspA; and 3) test the efficacy of W/OspA administered orally in preventing transmission of B. burgdorferi to mice and in sterilizing infection in infected ticks. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DNA VACCINES-RESPONSES TO VECTORS WITH RABIES ANTIGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ertl, Hildegund Cj.; Professor; Wistar Institute Philadelphia, Pa 191044268 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF VACCINATION IN AD TG MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Morgan, David G.; Pharmacology and Therapeutics; University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, Fl 33620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): Vaccination is the only prophylactic or therapeutic intervention that has ever eliminated a disease (e.g. smallpox). It also has well established utility in disease therapy (e.g. rabies). Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop high density A-beta deposits in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, neuritic changes and, ultimately, inflammatory reactions to these deposits. Recently, vaccination of the PDAPP transgenic mouse with A-beta peptide was found to prevent A-beta deposition in the brain. Unfortunately, the functional consequences of this treatment could not be effectively assessed in these mice, owing to severe learning and memory deficiencies observed early in the lifespan. The investigators propose to assess the functional consequences of vaccination in their doubly transgenic mAPP/mPS1 -mouse model of AD. These mice develop learning and
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memory deficits which correlate with the accumulation of A-beta, deposits. They will test whether vaccines that prevents/reduces A-beta accumulation can either attenuate or aggravate the behavioral deficits found in these mice. They predict different outcomes depending on the age of vaccination. They will verify histopathologically and biochemically that the vaccines reduce A-beta loads in the CNS, while carefully documenting the degree of inflammation found in these mice. In addition to testing the vaccination hypothesis, these data will address the question of A-beta amyloid's role in cognitive dysfunction. Anticipating that prophylactic vaccination at early ages will ameliorate some of the behavioral deficits normally occurring in these mice, they'll investigate alternatives to the A-beta1-42 peptide as vaccines, and test their effectiveness in old as well as young mice. One less expensive alterative to peptides are DNA vaccines, a novel inoculation technique which elicits both humoral and cellular immunity. This technology is already in human clinical trials. Passive immunization with polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparations is an alterative to vaccines that will be tested for efficacy in this animal model. Advantages of passive immunization are safety and potentially greater effectiveness in older individuals with poor immunization responses to vaccines. Together, these later studies will determine the relative contributions of humoral and cellular immune reactions in mediating the effects of vaccines in transgenic mouse models of AD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION OF NEGATIVE STRAND RNA VIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Banerjee, Amiya K.; Chairman; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1988; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The long-term goal of this renewal application is to understand the molecular basis of pathogenicity of ,viruses belonging to the negative strand RNA (nsRNA) family using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as the prototype virus. The nsRNA viruses comprise a vast multitude of viruses that inflict profound damage and destruction to all living organisms including vertebrates, invertebrates, and plant kingdom. The viruses, such as rabies, measles, mumps, parainfluenza, respiratory syncitial, and many more fall in this nsRNA virus category. Recently, the emergence of novel pathogenic hanta and Ebola viruses has provided renewed impetus to delineate the molecular basis of pathogenicity of the nsRNA viruses. A thorough understanding of the mode of transcription and replication of these viruses is fundamental to develop reagents to combat these deadly pathogens. Our major emphasis toward this goal has been to establish the functions of the key viral proteins of VSV, such as L, the RNA polymerase, P, the transcription factor and N, the genome RNA-binding nucleocapsid protein. These proteins constitute the transcribing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex infection within the infected cells. We have been successful in expressing, in biologically active form, these polypeptides in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells using recombinant expression vectors. During the current granting period, we made several important discoveries specially with respect to the subunit composition of the L protein involving cellular translation elongation factors and the putative replicase subunit complex. In the current proposal, we intend to study in detail the structure and function of the transcriptase and replicase complexes of VSV using biochemical and reverse genetics approaches. We will investigate in detail (1) the structure and function of the L protein, specifically the role of translation elongation factor EF-1 alphabetagamma in L activity; (2) the structure and function of the putative replicase complex L-(N-P) and the roles of N-P complex and cellular functions in the replicase function; (3) the structure and function of the P protein
12
Rabies
with regard to the role of domain II phosphorylation in replication in vitro and using reverse genetics. We will undertake detail mutational studies to determine the precise functions of various domains in the P protein and characterize the unique protein kinase involved in rabies es virus P protein phosphorylation. These studies have the potential to gain insight into the biosynthetic pathways leading to transcription and replication of VSV genome RNA, which is fundamental to our understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis of VSV and other nsRNA viruses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENE THERAPY OF AIDS DEMENTIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Pomerantz, Roger J.; Chief, Infectious Diseases Division; Medicine; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Human immunodeficiency virus type- I (HIV-1) infection can lead to a series of devastating clinical conditions in the central nervous system (CNS) of certain HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is a collective term to describe AIDS-related cognitive dysfunction, motor difficulties, coordination abnormalities and other neurological signs and symptoms. Blood-brain barrier mainly constituted of micro vascular endothelial cells (MVECs) a protective sheath is a potential obstacle for conventional antiretroviral penetration into the brain. Gene therapy is one the most promising avenues for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in general and AIDS dementia in particular. Our laboratories in recent past have utilized retroviral vectors for gene delivery in CNS based cells both in vitro and in vivo. Cell-type-specific gene delivery into distinct cells of the central nervous system will be one of the major prerequisites for successful human gene therapy of neurological disorders. In the past decade, Dr. Dornburg's laboratory has gained extensive experience in the construction of cell-type-specific retroviral vectors, derived from the avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses REV-A and spleen necrosis virus, SNV, which display single chain antibodies (scAs) or other targeting ligands on the viral surface. Moreover, pseudotyping REV-derived vectors with the envelope protein of a neurotropic rabies virus strain enabled cell-type-specific gene delivery into neurons in vitro and in vivo. The main goals of this research project are the further development of retroviral vectors, which enable cell-type-specific gene delivery into neurons and brain MVECs. A series of novel retroviral vectors will be developed which transduce therapeutic genes useful for gene therapy of AIDS dementia. The vector design will enable expression of the therapeutic gene from cell-type-specific or inducible promoters. These vectors will be tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro testing include long-term studies of the efficiency of the therapeutic gene, microarray assays to determine changes of normal gene expression in neurons or brain MVECs, and the testing of the vectors in vitro blood brain barrier systems. Dr. Mukhtar has extensive experience in this area. In vivo experiments will be performed in mice to test long-term gene expression and to determine whether macroscopic or microscopic changes occur in the brains of animals which express the therapeutic genes. The development of cell-type-specific vector specific for neurons and brain MVECs will not only be useful for possible future application of gene therapy of AIDS dementia, but also for numerous other disorders of the CNS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HIV THERAPY & INTERRUPTION RCT IN RESOURCE POOR CLINIC Principal Investigator & Institution: Montaner, Luis J.; Associate Professor of Immunology; Wistar Institute Philadelphia, Pa 191044268 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over the last four years our studies have shown that cycles of brief interruptions of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) are not associated with adverse events, lack of resuppression upon reinitiation of therapy, loss of recall responses or lack of restoration of CD4 levels to pre-interruption levels upon achieving viral suppression following reinitiation of therapy. The long-range goal of this proposal is to determine whether, in suppressed patients, intermittent interruptions of HAART result in maintenance of immune parameters (e.g. CD4 counts, recall responses etc.) comparable to continuous HAART, while reducing overall long-term toxicity and cost. Specifically, we propose to test the hypothesis that repeated cycles of 2-8 weeks off HAART followed by 16 weeks on therapy (leading to a maintenance strategy decreasing drug exposure by 33%) is not inferior to continuous therapy over the same period, with non-inferiority defined by the sustained cellular and humoral immune response to a de novo antigen. Functional end-point of retained immune reconstitution will be evaluated in conjunction with viral suppression to <400 copies/ml and retention of CD4 cell count above baseline at the final observation when both intermittent and continuous study arms are on therapy. Additionally, we hypothesize that the cyclic therapy intervention will result in a significantly lower therapy-related toxicity while maintaining CD4 Tcell counts at levels significantly higher than pre-therapy levels during period off and on treatment. We will test these hypotheses in treatment-naive subjects with 200-350 CD4 cells/mm3 who successfully achieve viral suppression to <50 copies/ml during a 24 week "run-in" period on lopinavir/ritonavir, lamivudine, stavudine to include a complete vaccination series against rabies from week 16 to 22 (de novo antigen) before randomization into study arms in a single-center, randomized, two-arm non-blinded study (n=74). We will monitor immune reconstitution and adherence to therapy and determine changes in the immune status of patients following HAART interruption. Therapy-induced toxicities will be monitored by assessing fat distribution, glucose/insulin metabolism, mineral bone density and liver, kidney and pancreatic function tests. We will also monitor viral resistance outcomes by determining genotypic changes in the HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase regions over time. In addition to addressing the needs of South Africa in relation to development of sustainable and affordable treatment strategies, this study advances our understanding of immune reconstitution in clade C HIV-1 infected subjects and of treatment interruption as a strategy to decrease drug toxicity in therapy-naive chronically infected persons. This hypothesis-driven proposal represents an international multidisciplinary research effort by the Wistar Institute, the Clinical HIV Research Unit and Departments of Haematology, Chemical Pathology, Medicine (Endocrinology Division) at the University of the Witwatersrand, the AIDS Virus Research Unit at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases in Johannesburg, and the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HUMAN MAB PROPHYLAXIS
COCKTAIL
FOR
RABIES
POST-EXPOSURE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mattis, Jeffrey A.; Molecular Targeting Technology, Inc. 882 S Matlack St, Ste 105 West Chester, Pa 19382
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rabies virus is a NIAID Category C agent. There is no known treatment for rabies after clinical symptoms appears; however, the disease can be prevented even after exposure to the virus by post-exposure prophylaxis that includes passive immunization with anti-rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Currently, RIG for PEP is prepared from the sera of rabies virus-immune humans (HRIG) or horses (ERIG). Due to the safety and availability concerns the development of a human antirabies monoclonal antibody (hu-ar-Mab) cocktail product is proposed for rabies PEP for potential biowarfare applications. Hu-ar-Mabs have been produced that neutralize a broad spectrum of rabies virus strains and protect hamsters against a lethal rabies virus infection when administered after infection. Three hu-ar-Mabs have been selected from a panel of Mab candidates for their high virus neutralization titers and ability to neutralize a broad spectrum of rabies virus strains. It is proposed to produce sufficient quantities of these three hu-ar-Mabs using a rhabdovirus expression vector to allow for further biological and physiochemical characterization of the Mabs in order to create an optimal Mab cocktail product for rabies PEP treatment. After individually testing the three hu-ar-Mabs in mouse and hamster infectivity models, a cocktail will be formulated and tested in a non-human primate (squirrel monkey) infectivity model to justify safety testing of the product in a human clinical trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF RABIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Dietzchold, Bernhard; Kimmel Cancer Center; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: To date, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of either canine street rabies or the newly emerging infections with the silver- haired batassociated rabies virus strain (SHBRV) remain obscure. The purpose of this proposal is to delineate these mechanisms with particular focus on interactions between rabies virus and neurons. Our preliminary data reveal that tissue cultured-adapted, mouse brain- adapted and natural street rabies virus strains, which differ greatly in their pathogenicity in vivo, also differ markedly in the expression levels of the rabies virus structural proteins, in particular the glycoprotein (G), in cultured neurons. Surprisingly, the pathogenicity index of a particular rabies virus strain correlates inversely with the expression of the viral G protein on the surface of the infected neuron. One possibility is that this results in a self-limiting infection by preventing the transport of the rabies virus nucleoprotein complex into the periphery of the neuron, i.e., into neuronal processes, and hence axonal spread of the virus. In infections with highly pathogenic rabies virus strains such as SHBRV, the expression of the G protein in neurons is minimal and apoptosis does not occur until the infection has spread to the next uninfected neuron. We intend to investigate the mechanism(s) involved in the regulation of viral gene expression in neurons and identify proteins associated with the pathogenicity of street rabies virus strains in order to better understand the pathogenesis of human rabies, especially the cryptic human rabies cases caused by SHBRV that have occurred recently in North America. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF RABIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Dietzschold, Bernhard; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tissue culture-adapted, mouse brain-adapted and natural street rabies virus (RV) strains such as the silver-haired bat-associated strain (SHBRV) differ greatly in their pathogenicity. Although we have shown that the rabies (RV) glycoprotein (RV G) is a major player in the pathogenesis of rabies, our knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of rabies is still not complete. The cryptic human rabies cases caused by SHBRV typify the gap in our understanding of rabies pathogenesis, which is most likely a multigenic trait involving several RVencoded proteins and transcriptional elements, as well as host factors. Therefore, we will continue using reverse genetics technology to identify elements of the RV genome that are responsible for the unique ability of this street RV not only to enter the CNS from a peripheral site but also to cause invariably lethal neurological disease. We have shown that RV G induces de novo protein synthesis, along with apoptosis. Based on these findings, we speculate that expression of RV G can cause a dramatic change in cell functions and thereby could play a central role in RV pathogenesis. Consequently, we will investigate the mechanism(s) by which the RV G induces host cell gene expression. Results from these studies will have practical implications for the development of safer and more efficacious live rabies vaccines, and will provide further basic information on rabies virus pathogenicity. This information could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies against clinical rabies. This is particularly significant in view of the increasing number of human rabies cases where exposure to RV is not recognized and, therefore, conventional post-exposure prophylaxis is not initiated sufficiently early to be effective. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NICOTINIC RECEPTORS IN NONNEURONAL CELLS AS TARGETS FOR NICTOINE TOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Conti-Fine, Bianca M.; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Bronco epithelial cells, endothelial cells and esophagus keratinocytes express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of neuronal type (nAChR) sensitive to nicotine (Nic): the overall goal of the proposed studies is to identify new mechanisms of Nic toxicity resulting from a direct effect on those nAChRs. Block of the nAChR in bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells causes cell paralysis and cell-cell detachment. Long term exposure to Nic causes nAChR desensitization, and will likely result in cell-cell detachment, leading to bronchitis and esophagitis, atherosclerotic lesions, and facilitated entrance of carcinogenic compounds. Acute exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to Nic causes apoptosis, that might be an additional mechanism of Nic toxicity. The proposed studies will have three major (1 to 3), and three minor (4-6) specific aims: 1) to investigate the structural and functional properties of nAChRs expressed by bronchial epithelial cells, endothelial cells and esophagus keratinocytes; to extend these studies to lung alveolar epithelial cells; by patch clamp and binding studies using ligands specific for different nAChR subtypes; by immunohistochemistry, using antibodies and protein probes specific for different nAChR subtypes; by PCR using subunit specific primers,
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followed by cloning and sequencing of the products; by in situ hybridization using subunit specific probes. 2) to demonstrate in these cells the presence of the enzymes that metabolize ACh; by immunohistochemical and to demonstrate in these cells the presence of the enzymes that metabolize ACh; by immunohistochemical and biochemical assays of the enzymes choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase. 3) to investigate the cellular functions modulated by Nic and ACh binding , and the effects of acute and chronic Nic exposure in vitro, using functional assays of cell adhesion, motility, and proliferation, and by measuring the rate of cell death and apoptosis after exposure to Nic. 4) to investigate the possibility that the nAChRs expressed by bronchial epithelial cells are a port of entry for rabies virus, explained rabies cases that result from airborne exposure. 5) to investigate the characteristics of the endothelia nAChRs expressed in patients with Buerger's disease, a vasculitis of the limb blood vessels caused or triggered by tobacco usage. 6) to do pilot investigations to test whether nAChRs are expressed at other non-neuronal locations involved in tobacco toxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VACCINES
NONINVASIVE
DELIVERY
OF
SKIN-TARGETED
RABIES
Principal Investigator & Institution: Tang, De-Chu C.; Vaxin Inc. 500 Beacon Pky W Birmingham, Al 352093108 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 29-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) Our aim is to develop a simple and effective method for the delivery of rabies vaccines by topical application of adenovirusbased expression vectors using a skin patch in a noninvasive mode. The hypothesis is that the expression of rabies glycoprotein (GP) in the outer layer of skin can induce a systemic immune response against the virus. We have demonstrated that an immune response against a number of antigens could be elicited in both mice and macaques by noninvasive vaccination onto the skin (NIVS). These studies will further develop skintargeted noninvasive vaccines, and specifically determine whether this novel approach for the delivery of vaccines can mobilize the immune repertoire toward a beneficial immune protection against rabies. In this project, the potential for skin-targeted noninvasive vaccines to elicit a protective immune response against rabies will be subjected to further investigation. A new generation of adenovirus vectors as novel vaccine carriers will be developed. Efficacy of NIVS will be compared to those induced by other means. The safety of NIVS will be studied by determining the fate of antigen DNA. The overall goal of these experiments is to determine whether rabies vaccines can be effectively and safely delivered by a skin patch that requires a lower level of skill in a needle-free manner. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Noninvasive vaccination onto the skin may boost vaccine coverages against rabies because the procedure is simple, effective, painless, and potentially safe. The development of a rabies vaccine patch may also make vaccination programs less dependent upon medical resources. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF EPIDEMIC RABIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Real, Leslie A.; Asa Chandler Professor; Biology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 29-FEB-2008
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Explicit spatial analysis of infectious diseases recognizes that pathogenic interactions with hosts occur in specific geographic locations at specific times and that often the nature, direction, intensity, and outcome of an epidemic depends upon the location and timing of the outbreak. Infectious diseases, especially directly transmitted diseases, are intrinsically spatially dependent processes relying on patterns of host and pathogen contact, host and pathogen/vector movements, and mosaics of genetic and environmental heterogeneity. All of these spatial variations potentially influence patterns of disease susceptibility, establishment, and spread. Using spatially explicit computer simulations in conjunction with a 30 year database on rabies occurrence in wild raccoon populations along the eastern seaboard of the US, we have successfully completed (1) demonstrating the consistent and predictable temporal structure of epizootic raccoon rabies at the level of individual counties using simple infectious disease dynamics models at a local spatial scale, (2) the construction of a stochastic spatial simulator over heterogeneous landscapes that can accurately predict the spatial trajectory of rabies spread incorporating the effects of different environmental barriers and long-distance translocation of rabid animals, (3) the development of techniques that allow for comparison of transmission rates at different spatial scales, and (4) developed a simulation technique for measuring the quantitative effects of environmental barriers on directionality of epizootic spread. In this proposal, we harness the power of these modeling methods and analytic techniques to understanding the relationship between spatial ecological dynamics and the phylogeography and evolution of viral-host relationships. We intend to (1) use the spatial-temporal simulator to compute the most likely trajectories of rabies movement across the Eastern US, assign most likely locations of long-distance translocation of rabies, and construct an optimized sampling scheme for virus sampling based on mapped trajectories, (2) coordinate with State laboratories to collect raccoon tissues and rabies virus samples from different spatial locations representing different spatial and temporal domains of the epizootic as determined by the optimized sampling design, (3) determine the phylogeographic structure of the raccoon-associated rabies virus over the enzootic region of the mid-Atlantic and New England States and viral isolates from the southeastern US, (4) establish the co-phylogeographic relationship between rabies viruses and their local raccoon hosts, and (5) determine if geographic variation in virulence exists among isolates of raccoon rabies virus coincident with patterns of phylogeography. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POTENT RABIES VACCINES FOR FREE RANGING CARNIVORES Principal Investigator & Institution: Pak, Koon Y.; Molecular Targeting Technology, Inc. 882 S Matlack St, Ste 105 West Chester, Pa 19382 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: Rabies is not only a public health problem that causes more than 40,000 human deaths per year worldwide but also causes a tremendous economic burden. In the USA alone, more than one billion dollars are spent annually for control, treatment, and prevention of rabies. In developing countries stray dogs are the major carriers of rabies. However, in North America wildlife species, in particular raccoons and skunks, account for more than 90% of all rabies cases. Oral immunization is the most effective method to control and eradicate rabies in stray dogs and wildlife. Unfortunately, the currently available oral rabies vaccine induces insufficient immunity in dogs and skunks, in the initial phase of this research rabies recombinant viruses have been developed by distinct genetic manipulations designed to eliminate pathogenicity and
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augment immunogenicity. The specific phase II objectives of this research project are to extend safety and efficacy testing of these newly developed rabies vaccines in laboratory rodents and target animals (raccoon and skunk), and to choose a strain for which a master seed stock will be prepared and characterized and a bioreactor process developed for commercial production. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The USDA and APHIS, WS are proposing to expand the oral rabies vaccination program designed to stop the advance of rabies and reduce the incidence of rabies cases in selected states in the US. If this research is able to provide a safer, more potent and cost-effective oral rabies vaccine, the new vaccine could potentially supplant the currently used V-RG vaccine in this program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RABIES VIRUS AND RABIES VIRUS ANTIGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Koprowski, Hilary; Professor; Kimmel Cancer Center; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1976; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Wildlife reservoirs of various strains of rabies virus continue to expand with the major threat of humans contracting fatal rabies in North America being due to unrecognized exposure to a variant associated with species of bats that range throughout the continent. The emergence of the first cases of cryptic rabies over the past decade, most often caused by infection with silver-haired bat associated rabies viruses (SHBRV), serves notice that critical events in rabies pathogenesis, that are important therapeutic intervention, remain poorly understood. These are the focus of the current proposal and include: 1. the unknown mechanism of invasion of SHBRV from peripheral sites to the CNS; 2. the contribution of selected factors expressed by host cells to virus replication and spread in the CNS; 3. the processes whereby only certain neutralizing antibodies gain access to infected CNS tissue and are protective. The proposed studies are based on observations, relevant to these events, recently made in our laboratories: 1. rabies viruses associated with the cryptic form of the disease may infect dendritic cells; 2. host genes encoding the neurotrophic growth factors neuroleukin (NLK) and fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHF)-4 are active in the rabies virus-infected brain whereas the majority of host genes are downregulated; 3. monoclonal antibodies differ in their protective capacity and access across the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) can be provided by cellular immune mechanisms. In the three specific aims we propose to: 1. determine whether the apparent infection of dendritic cells by SHBRV is productive and may carry virus into contact with the nervous system, using in vitro dendritic cell culture and in vivo models; 2. assess the contribution of NLK and FHF-4 1a and lb to the replication and spread of rabies virus in the CNS, by molecular and immunohistochemical analysis of infected brain tissue and factor addition to primary neuron cultures infected with rabies virus; and 3. elucidate the contributions of antibody specificity and structure and known mechanisms of BBB permeability enhancement to immune protection, using molecular engineering of rabies virus-specific antibodies, assays of BBB function, and assessment of antibody entry into CNS tissues. The goal of these studies is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the course of rabies from infection to death, and, ultimately, improved modalities for treatment of rabies infection and neurotrophic virus infection in general. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RABIES VIRUS-BASED VECTORS AS AN HIV-1 VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Schnell, Matthias J.; Orthopaedic Surgery; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) It has been demonstrated in our initial innovation vaccine grant that replication-competent rabies virus (RV) vaccine strainbased vectors stably expressing HIV-1 gp160 can be developed and utilized. Moreover, these vectors induce a strong humoral response indicated by high titers (1:800) of HIVNL4-3 neutralizing antibodies in mice. The recombinant RV expressing HIV induced a strong, long-lasting cytotoxic T-cell response against both HIV-1 NL4-3 and HIV-1 89.6 Env, indicating the successful priming against conserved gp160 epitopes by RV vectors. RV vectors have advantages over other viral vectors as they can: i) express stably large foreign genes, ii) have modular genome organization which make genetic manipulations easy, and iii) there is no evidence for recombination or integration. In addition, RV replicates very efficiently in most mammalian cells without killing the cells. We hypothesize that long-term expression of HIV-1 proteins without killing the cell by the viral expression vector, results in long-term presentation of HIV-1 antigen in association with both MHC class I and class II molecules. Of note, the utilized RV vector is apothogenic in a wide range of animal species and was successfully used for oral immunization against RV in chimpanzees. Our preliminary data are encouraging and the goal of this project is to continue the development of a rabies virus-based expression vector as an HIV-1 vaccine. We will expand the construction of RV vectors expressing HIV-1 and SIV Env and Gag proteins. In addition, we were able to construct recombinant RVs, where we replace the single RV envelope protein with that of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). These vectors will now allow boosting the immune response against HIV or SIV proteins by a second productive viral infection. A new approach for an HIV-1 vaccine is the RV glycoprotein-deleted RV expressing HIV-1 Env. These chimeric RV/HIV viruses are only infectious for cells expressing CD4 and an HIV-1 co-receptor, thus mimicking HIV-1 tropism. A virus targeted to the same target cells as HIV-1 may induce a strong immune response without the risk of an attenuated lentivirus. We will continue to analyze these recombinant RVs for their safety and potency in inducing a humoral and cellular immune response in mice. The most promising recombinant RVs expressing HIV-1 or SIV proteins will be used to immunize rhesus macaques by intra-nasal and intra-muscular routes. After detectable immunity is induced by the vaccine, the immunized monkeys will be challenged intravaginally with SIVmac251. Thus, complementary approaches will be used in vaccine development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ROLE OF HEAT SHOCK RESPONSE IN A ZOONOTIC VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hjelle, Brian L.; Professor; Pathology; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are the natural reservoirs for Sin Nombre (SN) Hantavirus, the cause of an often-fatal acute cardiorespiratory illness, Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). HCPS is most common in the western United States, with more than 50 cases recorded in New Mexico alone. Minorities, especially American Indians, and the poor are especially affected. Virtually nothing is known of how SN virus is maintained in wild rodents, and thus it is very difficult to predict outbreaks or to prevent spread of the virus in the wild. The
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virus is spread among adult wild rodents and despite being locally extinct at times, it dramatically increase to infect up to 50 percent of the mice in a population. Deer mice develop lifelong infection after exposure, but after about 60 days the virus is vastly diminished, with residual low levels of viral expression can be found primarily in the heart, lungs, and brown adipose tissue (BAT). SN virus has evolved some mysterious means by which it can reactivate in a population in response to seasonal influences, and that reactivation leads to spread among mice. Recently we found that cold stress may cause a reactivation of viral infection in deer mice. This finding suggests that the virus may be using the host?s normal stress response to support reactivation. To pursue this further we propose to determine (1) how stress responses promote the reactivation of hantaviruses in the laboratory; (2) what events cause hantaviruses to reactivate in deer mice; and (3) the molecular interactions that lead to the activation of the virus in infected cells and animals. This study will open a new window of study of the mechanisms of maintenance of persistent viral infections in populations, and will have special relevance to zoonotic RNA virus diseases such as those caused by hantaviruses, arenaviruses such as Lassa, Ebola virus and rabies virus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VSV RNA TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Pattnaik, Asit K.; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objectives of this research proposal are to elucidate the mechanism(s) of transcription and replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a prototypic nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus. VSV has served as an excellent paradigm for members of this group of viruses that include some of the most serious human pathogens such as rabies, respiratory syncytial, measles, and parainfluenza viruses. Deciphering the basic principles that govern faithful and efficient expression of the viral genome will provide significant insights into the viral life cycle. Knowledge of these basic principles is important for rational design of antiviral therapeutics and for generating live attenuated viruses for vaccines. This proposal outlines several lines of investigation to test a number of ideas and hypotheses for a broader understanding of key cis-acting regulatory signals in the viral genome and a trans-acting protein factor encoded in the genome that play important roles in the genetic expression of VS V. A well-defined reverse genetic system that is entirely dependent on viral components derived only from transfected plasmids will be used to address the role of specific regions within the viral genome in transcription and replication. Mutations in the viral genome will be introduced and the effects of these mutations on transcription and replication activities will be examined. The P protein, an integral component of the viral RNA polymerase will be examined for its functions and specific interactions with the cis-acting sequence elements in the viral genome and other trans-acting protein factors. The specific aims of this proposal are to: (i) investigate the transcription regulatory signals and understand the mechanism of transcription; (ii) delineate encapsidation, replication, and packaging signals in the viral genome; and (iii) examine how interactions of the P protein with the RNA synthetic machinery regulate viral genome transcription and replication. These studies are of major importance for an understanding of the mechanisms of the viral gene expression and virus growth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for rabies in the PubMed Central database: •
A new competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrates adequate immune levels to rabies virus in compulsorily vaccinated Japanese domestic dogs. by Sugiyama M, Yoshiki R, Tatsuno Y, Hiraga S, Itoh O, Gamoh K, Minamoto N.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170649
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A Novel Expression Cassette of Lyssavirus Shows that the Distantly Related Mokola Virus Can Rescue a Defective Rabies Virus Genome. by Le Mercier P, Jacob Y, Tanner K, Tordo N.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135871
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A Panel of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Rabies Virus Phosphoprotein Identifies a Highly Variable Epitope of Value for Sensitive Strain Discrimination. by Nadin-Davis SA, Sheen M, Abdel-Malik M, Elmgren L, Armstrong J, Wandeler AI.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86452
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A Proline-Rich Motif within the Matrix Protein of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Rabies Virus Interacts with WW Domains of Cellular Proteins: Implications for Viral Budding. by Harty RN, Paragas J, Sudol M, Palese P.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104051
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A recombinant human Fab expressed in Escherichia coli neutralizes rabies virus. by Cheung SC, Dietzschold B, Koprowski H, Notkins AL, Rando RF.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240167
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A recombinant rabies virus expressing vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein fails to protect against rabies virus infection. by Foley HD, McGettigan JP, Siler CA, Dietzschold B, Schnell MJ.; 2000 Dec 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18978
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Acceptability of local made baits for oral vaccination of dogs against rabies in the Philippines. by Estrada R, Vos A, RC DL.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59655
3 Adapted 4
from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Ambisense gene expression from recombinant rabies virus: random packaging of positive- and negative-strand ribonucleoprotein complexes into rabies virions. by Finke S, Conzelmann KK.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192070
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Amplification of rabies virus-induced stimulation of human T-cell lines and clones by antigen-specific antibodies. by Celis E, Wiktor TJ, Dietzschold B, Koprowski H.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252596
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An Avirulent Mutant of Rabies Virus Is Unable To Infect Motoneurons In Vivo and In Vitro. by Coulon P, Ternaux JP, Flamand A, Tuffereau C.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109373
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Antigenic Diversity and Distribution of Rabies Virus in Mexico. by Velasco-Villa A, Gomez-Sierra M, Hernandez-Rodriguez G, Juarez-Islas V, Melendez-Felix A, VargasPino F, Velazquez-Monroy O, Flisser A.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120240
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Antigenic site II of the rabies virus glycoprotein: structure and role in viral virulence. by Prehaud C, Coulon P, LaFay F, Thiers C, Flamand A.; 1988 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250493
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Antigenic structure of rabies virus glycoprotein: ordering and immunological characterization of the large CNBr cleavage fragments. by Dietzschold B, Wiktor TJ, Macfarlan R, Varrichio A.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256303
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Antigenicity of rabies virus glycoprotein. by Benmansour A, Leblois H, Coulon P, Tuffereau C, Gaudin Y, Flamand A, Lafay F.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248855
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Antigens produced in plants by infection with chimeric plant viruses immunize against rabies virus and HIV-1. by Yusibov V, Modelska A, Steplewski K, Agadjanyan M, Weiner D, Hooper DC, Koprowski H.; 1997 May 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20857
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Anti-idiotypic antibodies induce neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus glycoprotein. by Reagan KJ, Wunner WH, Wiktor TJ, Koprowski H.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255398
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Apoptosis plays an important role in experimental rabies virus infection. by Jackson AC, Rossiter JP.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191802
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Biological basis of rabies virus neurovirulence in mice: comparative pathogenesis study using the immunoperoxidase technique. by Jackson AC.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240553
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Biological characterization of human monoclonal antibodies to rabies virus. by Dietzschold B, Gore M, Casali P, Ueki Y, Rupprecht CE, Notkins AL, Koprowski H.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249498
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Biological function of the low-pH, fusion-inactive conformation of rabies virus glycoprotein (G): G is transported in a fusion-inactive state-like conformation. by Gaudin Y, Tuffereau C, Durrer P, Flamand A, Ruigrok RW.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189404
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Both Viral Transcription and Replication Are Reduced when the Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein Is Not Phosphorylated. by Wu X, Gong X, Foley HD, Schnell MJ, Fu ZF.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155083
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Characterization of a Unique Variant of Bat Rabies Virus Responsible for Newly Emerging Human Cases in North America. by Morimoto K, Patel M, Corisdeo S, Hooper DC, Fu ZF, Rupprecht CE, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B.; 1996 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39303
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Characterization of saturable binding sites for rabies virus. by Wunner WH, Reagan KJ, Koprowski H.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255726
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Chimeric Lyssavirus Glycoproteins with Increased Immunological Potential. by Jallet C, Jacob Y, Bahloul C, Drings A, Desmezieres E, Tordo N, Perrin P.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103826
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Collaboration of Antibody and Inflammation in Clearance of Rabies Virus from the Central Nervous System. by Hooper DC, Morimoto K, Bette M, Weihe E, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109593
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Comparative study of rabies virus persistence in human and hamster cell lines. by Andzhaparidze OG, Bogomolova NN, Boriskin YS, Bektemirova MS, Drynov ID.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=170975
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Corticosteroids Are Unable To Protect against Pseudorabies Virus-Induced Tissue Damage in the Developing Brain. by Clase AC, Banfield BW.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152142
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Cross-protection of mice against a global spectrum of rabies virus variants. by Lodmell DL, Smith JS, Esposito JJ, Ewalt LC.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189311
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Cytoplasmic Dynein LC8 Interacts with Lyssavirus Phosphoprotein. by Jacob Y, Badrane H, Ceccaldi PE, Tordo N.; 2000 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102062
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Delineation of Putative Mechanisms Involved in Antibody-Mediated Clearance of Rabies Virus from the Central Nervous System. by Dietzschold B, Kao M, Zheng YM, Chen ZY, Maul G, Fu ZF, Rupprecht CE, Koprowski H.; 1992 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49684
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Detection of Rabies Virus Antigen in Dog Saliva Using a Latex Agglutination Test. by Kasempimolporn S, Saengseesom W, Lumlertdacha B, Sitprija V.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87197
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Detection of rabies virus genomic RNA and mRNA in mouse and human brains by using in situ hybridization. by Jackson AC, Wunner WH.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240905
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Differences in cell-to-cell spread of pathogenic and apathogenic rabies virus in vivo and in vitro. by Dietzschold B, Wiktor TJ, Trojanowski JQ, Macfarlan RI, Wunner WH, Torres-Anjel MJ, Koprowski H.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252462
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Different Patterns of Neuronal Infection after Intracerebral Injection of Two Strains of Pseudorabies Virus. by Card JP, Levitt P, Enquist LW.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109677
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Differential effects of rabies and borna disease viruses on immediate-early- and lateresponse gene expression in brain tissues. by Fu ZF, Weihe E, Zheng YM, Schafer MK, Sheng H, Corisdeo S, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238106
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Differential Transcription Attenuation of Rabies Virus Genes by Intergenic Regions: Generation of Recombinant Viruses Overexpressing the Polymerase Gene. by Finke S, Cox JH, Conzelmann KK.; 2000 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112247
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Direct entry of rabies virus into the central nervous system without prior local replication. by Shankar V, Dietzschold B, Koprowski H.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240640
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Effect of Passive Immunization or Maternally Transferred Immunity on the Antibody Response to a Genetic Vaccine to Rabies Virus. by Wang Y, Xiang Z, Pasquini S, Ertl HC.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109468
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Effect of rabies virus infection on gene expression in mouse brain. by Prosniak M, Hooper DC, Dietzschold B, Koprowski H.; 2001 Feb 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=30212
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Evidence from the anti-idiotypic network that the acetylcholine receptor is a rabies virus receptor. by Hanham CA, Zhao F, Tignor GH.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237390
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Evidence of Two Lyssavirus Phylogroups with Distinct Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity. by Badrane H, Bahloul C, Perrin P, Tordo N.; 2001 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114120
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Extensive Attenuation of Rabies Virus by Simultaneously Modifying the Dynein Light Chain Binding Site in the P Protein and Replacing Arg333 in the G Protein. by Mebatsion T.; 2001 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114736
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False-Positive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroconversion Is Not Common following Rabies Vaccination. by Henderson S, Leibnitz G, Turnbull M.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120047
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Field trial with oral vaccination of dogs against rabies in the Philippines. by Estrada R, Vos A, De Leon R, Mueller T.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60992
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Folding of rabies virus glycoprotein: epitope acquisition and interaction with endoplasmic reticulum chaperones. by Gaudin Y.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191524
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Functional Interaction Map of Lyssavirus Phosphoprotein: Identification of the Minimal Transcription Domains. by Jacob Y, Real E, Tordo N.; 2001 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114532
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Genetic characterization of rabies field isolates from Venezuela. by de Mattos CA, de Mattos CC, Smith JS, Miller ET, Papo S, Utrera A, Osburn BI.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229062
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Genetic control of serum neutralizing-antibody response to rabies vaccination and survival after a rabies challenge infection in mice. by Templeton JW, Holmberg C, Garber T, Sharp RM.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253043
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Heminested PCR assay for detection of six genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses. by Heaton PR, Johnstone P, McElhinney LM, Cowley R, O'Sullivan E, Whitby JE.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230057
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Highly Stable Expression of a Foreign Gene from Rabies Virus Vectors. by Mebatsion T, Schnell MJ, Cox JH, Finke S, Conzelmann K.; 1996 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38980
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Homology between the glycoproteins of vesicular stomatitis virus and rabies virus. by Rose JK, Doolittle RF, Anilionis A, Curtis PJ, Wunner WH.; 1982 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256131
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Host Switching in Lyssavirus History from the Chiroptera to the Carnivora Orders. by Badrane H, Tordo N.; 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115054
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Human Lymphocyte Proliferation Responses following Primary Immunization with Rabies Vaccine as Neoantigen. by Ghaffari G, Passalacqua DJ, Bender BS, Briggs DJ, Goodenow MM, Sleasman JW.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96164
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Identification of amino acids controlling the low-pH-induced conformational change of rabies virus glycoprotein. by Gaudin Y, Raux H, Flamand A, Ruigrok RW.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190804
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Identification of an immunodominant epitope within the phosphoprotein of rabies virus that is recognized by both class I- and class II-restricted T cells. by Larson JK, Wunner WH, Otvos L Jr, Ertl HC.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250227
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Immune sera and antiglycoprotein monoclonal antibodies inhibit in vitro cell-to-cell spread of pathogenic rabies viruses. by Lodmell DL, Ewalt LC.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255916
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Immunization against rabies with plant-derived antigen. by Modelska A, Dietzschold B, Sleysh N, Fu ZF, Steplewski K, Hooper DC, Koprowski H, Yusibov V.; 1998 Mar 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19382
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Induction of rabies virus-specific T-helper cells by synthetic peptides that carry dominant T-helper cell epitopes of the viral ribonucleoprotein. by Ertl HC, Dietzschold B, Gore M, Otvos L Jr, Larson JK, Wunner WH, Koprowski H.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250834
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Inhibition of rabies virus infection in cultured rat cortical neurons by an N-methyl-Daspartate noncompetitive antagonist, MK-801. by Tsiang H, Ceccaldi PE, Ermine A, Lockhart B, Guillemer S.; 1991 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245052
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Inhibition of rabies virus transcription in rat cortical neurons with the dissociative anesthetic ketamine. by Lockhart BP, Tordo N, Tsiang H.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192041
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Interaction of the Rabies Virus P Protein with the LC8 Dynein Light Chain. by Raux H, Flamand A, Blondel D.; 2000 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102061
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Intravitam Diagnosis of Human Rabies by PCR Using Saliva and Cerebrospinal Fluid. by Crepin P, Audry L, Rotivel Y, Gacoin A, Caroff C, Bourhy H.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104702
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Invasion of the peripheral nervous systems of adult mice by the CVS strain of rabies virus and its avirulent derivative AvO1. by Coulon P, Derbin C, Kucera P, Lafay F, Prehaud C, Flamand A.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250937
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Kinetics of maternal immunity against rabies in fox cubs (Vulpes vulpes). by Muller T, Selhorst T, Schuster P, Vos A, Wenzel U, Neubert A.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116597
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Low-pH conformational changes of rabies virus glycoprotein and their role in membrane fusion. by Gaudin Y, Ruigrok RW, Knossow M, Flamand A.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237506
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Mapping the Interacting Domains between the Rabies Virus Polymerase and Phosphoprotein. by Chenik M, Schnell M, Conzelmann KK, Blondel D.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109484
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Matrix Protein of Rabies Virus Is Responsible for the Assembly and Budding of Bullet-Shaped Particles and Interacts with the Transmembrane Spike Glycoprotein G. by Mebatsion T, Weiland F, Conzelmann KK.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103828
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Mokola virus glycoprotein and chimeric proteins can replace rabies virus glycoprotein in the rescue of infectious defective rabies virus particles. by Mebatsion T, Schnell MJ, Conzelmann KK.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188731
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Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Virus Isolates from Israel and Other Middle- and Near-Eastern Countries. by David D, Yakobson B, Smith JS, Stram Y.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86197
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Murine resistance to street rabies virus: genetic analysis by testing second-backcross progeny and verification of allelic resistance genes in SJL/J and CBA/J mice. by Lodmell DL, Chesebro B.; 1984 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255628
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Mutations Conferring Resistance to Neutralization by a Soluble Form of the Neurotrophin Receptor (p75NTR) Map outside of the Known Antigenic Sites of the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein. by Langevin C, Tuffereau C.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136618
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Neuronal Cell Surface Molecules Mediate Specific Binding to Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Expressed by a Recombinant Baculovirus on the Surfaces of Lepidopteran Cells. by Tuffereau C, Benejean J, Alfonso AM, Flamand A, Fishman MC.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124581
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New aspects of rabies with emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of the disease in the United States. by Smith JS.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172889
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Nucleotide sequence and host La protein interactions of rabies virus leader RNA. by Kurilla MG, Cabradilla CD, Holloway BP, Keene JD.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255736
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Overexpression of Cytochrome c by a Recombinant Rabies Virus Attenuates Pathogenicity and Enhances Antiviral Immunity. by Pulmanausahakul R, Faber M, Morimoto K, Spitsin S, Weihe E, Hooper DC, Schnell MJ, Dietzschold B.; 2001 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114661
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Overexpression of the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Results in Enhancement of Apoptosis and Antiviral Immune Response. by Faber M, Pulmanausahakul R, Hodawadekar SS, Spitsin S, McGettigan JP, Schnell MJ, Dietzschold B.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136034
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Paralysis of street rabies virus-infected mice is dependent on T lymphocytes. by Sugamata M, Miyazawa M, Mori S, Spangrude GJ, Ewalt LC, Lodmell DL.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240838
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Pathogenesis of street rabies virus infections in resistant and susceptible strains of mice. by Lodmell DL, Ewalt LC.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255063
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Pathogenicity of Different Rabies Virus Variants Inversely Correlates with Apoptosis and Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Expression in Infected Primary Neuron Cultures. by Morimoto K, Hooper DC, Spitsin S, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103858
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Pathways of the early propagation of virulent and avirulent rabies strains from the eye to the brain. by Kucera P, Dolivo M, Coulon P, Flamand A.; 1985 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254910
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Phosphorylation of Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein Regulates Viral RNA Transcription and Replication by Modulating Leader RNA Encapsidation. by Yang J, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B, Fu ZF.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103995
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Predicting the local dynamics of epizootic rabies among raccoons in the United States. by Childs JE, Curns AT, Dey ME, Real LA, Feinstein L, Bjornstad ON, Krebs JW.; 2000 Dec 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17633
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Predicting the spatial dynamics of rabies epidemics on heterogeneous landscapes. by Smith DL, Lucey B, Waller LA, Childs JE, Real LA.; 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122581
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Putting the bite on rabies. by Weir E.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126513
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Rabies death a reminder of need for caution around bats. by [No authors listed]; 2001 Mar 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80834
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Rabies Ribonucleocapsid as an Oral Immunogen and Immunological Enhancer. by Hooper DC, Pierard I, Modelska A, Otvos L Jr, Fu ZF, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B.; 1994 Nov 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45135
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Rabies virulence: effect on pathogenicity and sequence characterization of rabies virus mutations affecting antigenic site III of the glycoprotein. by Seif I, Coulon P, Rollin PE, Flamand A.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254728
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Rabies virus antinucleoprotein antibody protects against rabies virus challenge in vivo and inhibits rabies virus replication in vitro. by Lodmell DL, Esposito JJ, Ewalt LC.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238029
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Rabies virus infection of cultured rat sensory neurons. by Lycke E, Tsiang H.; 1987 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255780
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Rabies virus infects mouse and human lymphocytes and induces apoptosis. by Thoulouze MI, Lafage M, Montano-Hirose JA, Lafon M.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192082
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Rabies virus neuritic paralysis: immunopathogenesis of nonfatal paralytic rabies. by Weiland F, Cox JH, Meyer S, Dahme E, Reddehase MJ.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241376
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Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein Expressed in and Purified From Insect Cells is Efficacious as a Vaccine. by Fu ZF, Dietzschold B, Schumacher CL, Wunner WH, Ertl HC, Koprowski H.; 1991 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51154
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Rabies Virus Ocular Disease: T-Cell-Dependent Protection Is under the Control of Signaling by the p55 Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Receptor, p55TNFR. by Camelo S, Castellanos J, Lafage M, Lafon M.; 2001 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114135
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Rabies virus quasispecies: Implications for pathogenesis. by Morimoto K, Hooper DC, Carbaugh H, Fu ZF, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B.; 1998 Mar 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19710
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Rabies virus replication in primary murine bone marrow macrophages and in human and murine macrophage-like cell lines: implications for viral persistence. by Ray NB, Ewalt LC, Lodmell DL.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188640
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Rabies Virus-Based Vectors Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Envelope Protein Induce a Strong, Cross-Reactive Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response against Envelope Proteins from Different HIV-1 Isolates. by McGettigan JP, Foley HD, Belyakov IM, Berzofsky JA, Pomerantz RJ, Schnell MJ.; 2001 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114191
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Raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing the rabies virus nucleoprotein protect mice against lethal rabies virus infection. by Lodmell DL, Sumner JW, Esposito JJ, Bellini WJ, Ewalt LC.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241005
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Raccoon rabies in space and time. by Dobson A.; 2000 Dec 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34094
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Raccoon rabies secures 2 bridgeheads in Canada. by Sibbald B.; 2001 Aug 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81343
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Recognition of rabies and rabies-related viruses by T cells derived from human vaccine recipients. by Celis E, Ou D, Dietzschold B, Koprowski H.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253429
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Recombinant rabies virus as potential live-viral vaccines for HIV-1. by Schnell MJ, Foley HD, Siler CA, McGettigan JP, Dietzschold B, Pomerantz RJ.; 2000 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16276
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Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas. by East ML, Hofer H, Cox JH, Wulle U, Wiik H, Pitra C.; 2001 Dec 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64977
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Rescue of Rabies Virus from Cloned cDNA and Identification of the PathogenicityRelated Gene: Glycoprotein Gene Is Associated with Virulence for Adult Mice. by Ito N, Takayama M, Yamada K, Sugiyama M, Minamoto N.; 2001 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114481
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Rescue of synthetic genomic RNA analogs of rabies virus by plasmid-encoded proteins. by Conzelmann KK, Schnell M.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236507
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Reversible conformational changes and fusion activity of rabies virus glycoprotein. by Gaudin Y, Tuffereau C, Segretain D, Knossow M, Flamand A.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248944
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Rivers dam waves of rabies. by Grenfell B.; 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122528
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Role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in murine resistance to street rabies virus. by Perry LL, Lodmell DL.; 1991 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241322
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Screening of Active Lyssavirus Infection in Wild Bat Populations by Viral RNA Detection on Oropharyngeal Swabs. by Echevarria JE, Avellon A, Juste J, Vera M, Ibanez C.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88406
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Second-Generation Rabies Virus-Based Vaccine Vectors Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Have Greatly Reduced Pathogenicity but Are Highly Immunogenic. by McGettigan JP, Pomerantz RJ, Siler CA, McKenna PM, Foley HD, Dietzschold B, Schnell MJ.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140592
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Sickness and recovery of dogs challenged with a street rabies virus after vaccination with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing rabies virus N protein. by Fekadu M, Sumner JW, Shaddock JH, Sanderlin DW, Baer GM.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241012
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Specific Infection of CD4+ Target Cells by Recombinant Rabies Virus Pseudotypes Carrying the HIV-1 Envelope Spike Protein. by Mebatsion T, Conzelmann K.; 1996 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38063
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Structural and immunological characterization of a linear virus-neutralizing epitope of the rabies virus glycoprotein and its possible use in a synthetic vaccine. by Dietzschold B, Gore M, Marchadier D, Niu HS, Bunschoten HM, Otvos L Jr, Wunner WH, Ertl HC, Osterhaus AD, Koprowski H.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249675
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Structure of Recombinant Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein-RNA Complex and Identification of the Phosphoprotein Binding site. by Schoehn G, Iseni F, Mavrakis M, Blondel D, Ruigrok RW.; 2001 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113941
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The Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Is a Receptor for Rabies Virus. by Thoulouze MI, Lafage M, Schachner M, Hartmann U, Cremer H, Lafon M.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109940
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The Phosphoprotein of Rabies Virus Is Phosphorylated by a Unique Cellular Protein Kinase and Specific Isomers of Protein Kinase C. by Gupta AK, Blondel D, Choudhary S, Banerjee AK.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111517
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The UL25 Protein of Pseudorabies Virus Associates with Capsids and Localizes to the Nucleus and to Microtubules. by Kaelin K, Dezelee S, Masse MJ, Bras F, Flamand A.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111559
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The use of an E1-deleted, replication-defective adenovirus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein for early vaccination of mice against rabies virus. by Wang Y, Xiang Z, Pasquini S, Ertl HC.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191516
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Translation initiation at alternate in-frame AUG codons in the rabies virus phosphoprotein mRNA is mediated by a ribosomal leaky scanning mechanism. by Chenik M, Chebli K, Blondel D.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188632
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UK has first rabies death in a century. by Spooner MH.; 2003 Feb 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140490
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Virus Promoters Determine Interference by Defective RNAs: Selective Amplification of Mini-RNA Vectors and Rescue from cDNA by a 3[prime prime or minute] CopyBack Ambisense Rabies Virus. by Finke S, Conzelmann KK.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104159
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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with rabies, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for rabies (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A community survey of dog bites, anti-rabies treatment, rabies and dog population management in Bangalore city. Author(s): Sudarshan MK, Mahendra BJ, Narayan DH. Source: J Commun Dis. 2001 December; 33(4): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561501&dopt=Abstract
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A decision-analytic approach to postexposure rabies prophylaxis. Author(s): Cantor SB, Clover RD, Thompson RF. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1994 July; 84(7): 1144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8017541&dopt=Abstract
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A liquid-phase blocking ELISA for the detection of antibodies to rabies virus. Author(s): Esterhuysen JJ, Prehaud C, Thomson GR. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1995 January; 51(1): 31-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7730435&dopt=Abstract
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A mixed ectoparasite--microparasite model for bat-transmitted rabies. Author(s): Massad E, Coutinho FA, Burattini MN, Sallum PC, Lopez LF. Source: Theoretical Population Biology. 2001 December; 60(4): 265-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11878829&dopt=Abstract
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A novel expression cassette of lyssavirus shows that the distantly related Mokola virus can rescue a defective rabies virus genome. Author(s): Le Mercier P, Jacob Y, Tanner K, Tordo N. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 February; 76(4): 2024-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799201&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A rapid RT-PCR method to differentiate six established genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses using TaqMan technology. Author(s): Black EM, Lowings JP, Smith J, Heaton PR, McElhinney LM. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2002 August; 105(1): 25-35. Erratum In: J Virol Methods. 2003 Aug; 111(2): 163. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12176139&dopt=Abstract
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A simplified and economical intradermal regimen of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis. Author(s): Suntharasamai P, Chaiprasithikul P, Wasi C, Supanaranond W, Auewarakul P, Chanthavanich P, Supapochana A, Areeraksa S, Chittamas S, Jittapalapongsa S, et al. Source: Vaccine. 1994 May; 12(6): 508-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8036824&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dog and cat owners with respect to vaccinating their pets against rabies, Ottawa-Carleton, Ontario, July 2000. Author(s): Goodwin R, Werker DH, Hockin J, Ellis E, Roche A. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2002 January 1; 28(1): 1-6. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806310&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse reactions to purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: Vaccine. 1994 November; 12(15): 1484. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7887027&dopt=Abstract
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America's first medical breakthrough: how popular excitement about a French rabies cure in 1885 raised new expectations for medical progress. Author(s): Hansen B. Source: The American Historical Review. 1998 April; 103(2): 373-418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11620083&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiological study of rabies in Bangalore city. Author(s): Sudarshan MK, Nagaraj S, Savitha B, Veena SG. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1995 January; 93(1): 14-6, 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7759899&dopt=Abstract
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An improved method for recovering rabies virus from cloned cDNA. Author(s): Inoue K, Shoji Y, Kurane I, Iijima T, Sakai T, Morimoto K. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2003 February; 107(2): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505638&dopt=Abstract
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An unusual reaction to rabies vaccine. Author(s): Maussen JW, Blackwell N, Norton R. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2002; 26(4): 587-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549530&dopt=Abstract
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Antibody response to human diploid cell antirabies vaccine in human volunteers--a preliminary study. Author(s): Bhatia R, Ichhpujani RL, Rai Chowdhuri AN. Source: J Commun Dis. 1984 March; 16(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055790&dopt=Abstract
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Antibody responses induced by immunization with a Japanese rabies vaccine determined by neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Arai YT, Kimura M, Sakaue Y, Hamada A, Yamada K, Nakayama M, Takasaki T, Kurane I. Source: Vaccine. 2002 June 7; 20(19-20): 2448-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057599&dopt=Abstract
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Antigenic analysis of rabies-virus isolates from Latin America and the Caribbean. Author(s): Diaz AM, Papo S, Rodriguez A, Smith JS. Source: Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1994 May; 41(3): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7801717&dopt=Abstract
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Antigenic diversity and distribution of rabies virus in Mexico. Author(s): Velasco-Villa A, Gomez-Sierra M, Hernandez-Rodriguez G, Juarez-Islas V, Melendez-Felix A, Vargas-Pino F, Velazquez-Monroy O, Flisser A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 March; 40(3): 951-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880422&dopt=Abstract
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Antigenic typing of Brazilian rabies virus samples isolated from animals and humans, 1989-2000. Author(s): Favoretto SR, Carrieri ML, Cunha EM, Aguiar EA, Silva LH, Sodre MM, Souza MC, Kotait I. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2002 March-April; 44(2): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048546&dopt=Abstract
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Application of immunoperoxidase techniques to formalin-fixed brain tissue for the diagnosis of rabies in southern Africa. Author(s): Last RD, Jardine JE, Smit MM, van der Lugt JJ. Source: The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 1994 June; 61(2): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7541123&dopt=Abstract
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Appropriate rabies postexposure prophylaxis. Author(s): McCauley T, Jones TF, Swinger G. Source: Tenn Med. 2003 March; 96(3): 135-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666375&dopt=Abstract
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Bat rabies after undetected exposure: implications for prophylaxis. Author(s): Hoey J, Todkill AM. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1997 July 1; 157(1): 55-6. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9220944&dopt=Abstract
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Bat rabies in Europe. Author(s): Gardner SD. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1989 May; 18(3): 205-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2663995&dopt=Abstract
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Bat rabies in South Carolina, 1970-90. Author(s): Parker EK, Dowda H, Redden SE, Tolson MW, Turner N, Kemick W. Source: J Wildl Dis. 1999 July; 35(3): 557-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479091&dopt=Abstract
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Bat rabies. Author(s): Pounder D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 April 5; 326(7392): 726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676825&dopt=Abstract
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Bats and rabies. Author(s): Austin CC. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998 November 1; 213(9): 1323-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9810392&dopt=Abstract
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Bats occasionally get into my house. Should I be concerned about the risk of rabies? Author(s): Gibbons R. Source: Health News. 2001 February; 7(2): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11232114&dopt=Abstract
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Bats, cats, and rabies in an urban community. Author(s): Hoff GL, Mellon GF, Thomas MC, Giedinghagen DH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 October; 86(10): 1115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8211327&dopt=Abstract
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Bat-transmitted rabies: the global scene. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1997 November; 45(11): 873-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229191&dopt=Abstract
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B-cell responses to myelin basic protein and its epitopes in autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by Semple rabies vaccine. Author(s): Piyasirisilp S, Hemachudha T, Griffin DE. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 1999 August 3; 98(2): 96-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10430042&dopt=Abstract
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Benefits and costs of using an orally absorbed vaccine to control rabies in raccoons. Author(s): Uhaa IJ, Dato VM, Sorhage FE, Beckley JW, Roscoe DE, Gorsky RD, Fishbein DB. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992 December 15; 201(12): 1873-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1483905&dopt=Abstract
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Biological and immunogenic properties of a canarypox-rabies recombinant, ALVACRG (vCP65) in non-avian species. Author(s): Taylor J, Meignier B, Tartaglia J, Languet B, VanderHoeven J, Franchini G, Trimarchi C, Paoletti E. Source: Vaccine. 1995 April; 13(6): 539-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7483774&dopt=Abstract
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Biological and immunogenic properties of rabies virus glycoprotein expressed by canine herpesvirus vector. Author(s): Xuan X, Tuchiya K, Sato I, Nishikawa Y, Onoderaz Y, Takashima Y, Yamamoto A, Katsumata A, Iwata A, Ueda S, Mikami T, Otsuka H. Source: Vaccine. 1998 May-June; 16(9-10): 969-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9682345&dopt=Abstract
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Biological characterization of human monoclonal antibodies to rabies virus. Author(s): Dietzschold B, Gore M, Casali P, Ueki Y, Rupprecht CE, Notkins AL, Koprowski H. Source: Journal of Virology. 1990 June; 64(6): 3087-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2335829&dopt=Abstract
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Blood donated after vaccination with rabies vaccine derived from sheep brain cells might transmit CJD. Author(s): Arya SC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 November 30; 313(7069): 1405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8956737&dopt=Abstract
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Boerhaave's syndrome (ruptured oesophagus) in a case of rabies. Author(s): Oon CT. Source: Singapore Med J. 2000 February; 41(2): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063210&dopt=Abstract
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Booster effect of a new chromatographically purified Vero-cell rabies vaccine (CPRV): immunogenicity and safety of a single or double injection. Author(s): Picot N, Le Mener V, Rotivel Y, Schonfeld C, Cetre JC, Costy F, Grillet JP, Lanta N, Lang J. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001 May-June; 95(3): 342-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491012&dopt=Abstract
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Booster vaccination at 1 year with a rabies vaccine associated with DTP-IPV in infants living in a rabies endemic country. Author(s): Lang J, Rongrre N, Plotkin S, Hoa DQ, Gioi NV, Le TT. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1999 June; 45(3): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401204&dopt=Abstract
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Brown-Sequard syndrome due to Semple antirabies vaccine: case report. Author(s): Swamy HS, Vasanth A, Sasikumar. Source: Paraplegia. 1992 March; 30(3): 181-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1630845&dopt=Abstract
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Calibration of a replacement preparation for the International Standard for Rabies Immunoglobulin. Author(s): Lyng J. Source: Biologicals : Journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization. 1994 September; 22(3): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7811459&dopt=Abstract
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Case report: isolation of a European bat lyssavirus type 2a from a fatal human case of rabies encephalitis. Author(s): Fooks AR, McElhinney LM, Pounder DJ, Finnegan CJ, Mansfield K, Johnson N, Brookes SM, Parsons G, White K, McIntyre PG, Nathwani D. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 October; 71(2): 281-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938204&dopt=Abstract
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Case report: rapid ante-mortem diagnosis of a human case of rabies imported into the UK from the Philippines. Author(s): Smith J, McElhinney L, Parsons G, Brink N, Doherty T, Agranoff D, Miranda ME, Fooks AR. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 January; 69(1): 150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12436491&dopt=Abstract
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Cat bites: a source of rabies exposure in rural Tennessee. Author(s): Lyman D. Source: Tenn Med. 2001 March; 94(3): 95-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242755&dopt=Abstract
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Cat-associated zoonosis: don't forget rabies and leishmaniasis. Author(s): del Giudice P, Marty P. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 May 26; 163(10): 1238. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767965&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of Sri Lanka rabies virus isolates using nucleotide sequence analysis of nucleoprotein gene. Author(s): Arai YT, Takahashi H, Kameoka Y, Shiino T, Wimalaratne O, Lodmell DL. Source: Acta Virol. 2001; 45(5-6): 327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083333&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical case of rabies in Bulgaria. Author(s): Nenova M, Gantcheva T. Source: Med Pregl. 2001; 54 Suppl 1: 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078128&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical evaluation of purified vero-cell rabies vaccine in patients bitten by rabid animals in India. Author(s): Sehgal S, Bhattacharya D, Bhardwaj M. Source: J Commun Dis. 1994 September; 26(3): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868836&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical trials in healthy volunteers with the new purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine for man. Author(s): Bijok U, Barth R, Gruschkau H, Vodopija I, Smerdel S, Kukla H, Geursen R. Source: J Commun Dis. 1984 March; 16(1): 61-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055789&dopt=Abstract
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Comments on rabies control. Author(s): McClellan RD. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994 May 15; 204(10): 1544. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8050924&dopt=Abstract
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Comments on rabies control. Author(s): Jenkins SR. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994 May 15; 204(10): 1544. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8050923&dopt=Abstract
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Committee thinks rabies postexposure protocol raises public health concerns. Author(s): Leslie MJ, Jenkins SR, Auslander M, Conti L, Johnson RH, Sorhage FE. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 May 1; 218(9): 1413-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345297&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative evaluation of a simple indirect immunofluorescence test and mouse neutralization test for assaying rabies antibodies. Author(s): Madhusudana SN, Shamsundar R, Saraswati S. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001 July; 44(3): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024919&dopt=Abstract
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Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2001. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. Author(s): National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. Source: Mmwr. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control. 2001 May 25; 50(Rr-8): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400959&dopt=Abstract
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Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2002. Author(s): Jenkins SR, Auslander M, Conti L, Johnston WB, Leslie MJ, Sorhage FE; National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Committee. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 July 1; 221(1): 44-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420823&dopt=Abstract
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Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2003. Author(s): Jenkins SR, Auslander M, Conti L, Johnston WB, Leslie MJ, Sorhage FE; National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 January 15; 222(2): 156-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555977&dopt=Abstract
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Compendium of animal rabies, prevention and control, 2001. Author(s): Jenkins SR, Auslander M, Conti L, Johnson RH, Leslie MJ, Sorhage FE; National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 January 1; 218(1): 26-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11149711&dopt=Abstract
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Controversies in rabies vaccination. Author(s): Ghosh TK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2003 June; 70(6): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12921319&dopt=Abstract
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Cryptogenic rabies, bats, and the question of aerosol transmission. Author(s): Gibbons RV. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2002 May; 39(5): 528-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973559&dopt=Abstract
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Current approaches to rabies prevention and prophylaxis. Author(s): Paul R, O'Connell CB. Source: Jaapa. 2002 August; 15(8): 16-8, 21-2, 24-6 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271854&dopt=Abstract
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Danger from rabies-infected bats. Author(s): Madsen PL. Source: Lancet. 2000 March 11; 355(9207): 934. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752737&dopt=Abstract
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Decision-based evaluation of recommendations for preexposure rabies vaccination. Author(s): Murray KO, Arguin PM. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000 January 15; 216(2): 188-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10649751&dopt=Abstract
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Defining the rabies problem. Author(s): Baer GM. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1998 May-June; 113(3): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9633870&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and identification of rabies and rabies-related viruses using rapid-cycle PCR. Author(s): Heaton PR, McElhinney LM, Lowings JP. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1999 August; 81(1-2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10488762&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of rabies virus RNA isolated from several species of animals in Brazil by RT-PCR. Author(s): Ito M, Itou T, Sakai T, Santos MF, Arai YT, Takasaki T, Kurane I, Ito FH. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 2001 December; 63(12): 1309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789609&dopt=Abstract
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Development and use of a 293 cell line expressing lac repressor for the rescue of recombinant adenoviruses expressing high levels of rabies virus glycoprotein. Author(s): Matthews DA, Cummings D, Evelegh C, Graham FL, Prevec L. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1999 February; 80 ( Pt 2): 345-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073694&dopt=Abstract
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Development of a cocktail of recombinant-expressed human rabies virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for postexposure prophylaxis of rabies. Author(s): Prosniak M, Faber M, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE, Hooper DC, Dietzschold B. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 July 1; 188(1): 53-6. Epub 2003 June 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825170&dopt=Abstract
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Development of human monoclonal antibodies to rabies. Author(s): Dorfman N, Dietzschold B, Kajiyama W, Fu ZF, Koprowski H, Notkins AL. Source: Hybridoma. 1994 October; 13(5): 397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860096&dopt=Abstract
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Developments in the production and application of rabies vaccine for human use in China. Author(s): Lin FT, Lina N. Source: Trop Doct. 2000 January; 30(1): 14-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842513&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and prevention of rabies. Author(s): Weiner HR. Source: Compr Ther. 2001 Spring; 27(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280857&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of rabies by use of brain tissue dried on filter paper. Author(s): Wacharapluesadee S, Phumesin P, Lumlertdaecha B, Hemachudha T. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 March 1; 36(5): 674-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594654&dopt=Abstract
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Differential transcription attenuation of rabies virus genes by intergenic regions: generation of recombinant viruses overexpressing the polymerase gene. Author(s): Finke S, Cox JH, Conzelmann KK. Source: Journal of Virology. 2000 August; 74(16): 7261-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906180&dopt=Abstract
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Diffusion and fate of intramuscularly injected human rabies immune globulin. Author(s): Saesow N, Chaiwatanarat T, Mitmoonpitak C, Wilde H. Source: Acta Tropica. 2000 October 2; 76(3): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10974171&dopt=Abstract
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Disastrous results of indigenous methods of rabies prevention in developing countries. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 September; 6(3): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718842&dopt=Abstract
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Discrimination between dog-related and vampire bat-related rabies viruses in Brazil by strain-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Author(s): Ito M, Itou T, Shoji Y, Sakai T, Ito FH, Arai YT, Takasaki T, Kurane I. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2003 April; 26(3): 317-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637081&dopt=Abstract
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Discrimination between epidemiological cycles of rabies in Mexico. Author(s): Loza-Rubio E, Aguilar-Setien A, Bahloul C, Brochier B, Pastoret PP, Tordo N. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1999 March-April; 30(2): 144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10372450&dopt=Abstract
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Dissemination of rabies. Author(s): Scott GR. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1997 October 25; 141(17): 452. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9369007&dopt=Abstract
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DNA immunization protects nonhuman primates against rabies virus. Author(s): Lodmell DL, Ray NB, Parnell MJ, Ewalt LC, Hanlon CA, Shaddock JH, Sanderlin DS, Rupprecht CE. Source: Nature Medicine. 1998 August; 4(8): 949-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9701249&dopt=Abstract
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Dog ecology and demography information to support the planning of rabies control in Machakos District, Kenya. Author(s): Kitala P, McDermott J, Kyule M, Gathuma J, Perry B, Wandeler A. Source: Acta Tropica. 2001 March 30; 78(3): 217-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311185&dopt=Abstract
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Dogs, cats, raccoons, and bats: where is the real risk for rabies? Author(s): Moran GJ. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2002 May; 39(5): 541-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973561&dopt=Abstract
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Early methods for the surveillance and control of rabies in animals. Author(s): Blancou J. Source: Rev Sci Tech. 1994 June; 13(2): 361-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8038438&dopt=Abstract
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Early rabies antibody response to intramuscular booster in previously intradermally immunized travelers using human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Author(s): Gherardin AW, Scrimgeour DJ, Lau SC, Phillips MA, Kass RB. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2001 May-June; 8(3): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468113&dopt=Abstract
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Economical multi-site intradermal regimen with purified chick embryo cell vaccine (Rabipur) prevents rabies in people bitten by confirmed rabid animals. Author(s): Madhusudana SN, Anand NP, Shamsundar R. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 September; 6(3): 210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718837&dopt=Abstract
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Eighty years of Pasteur Institute in Novi Sad and a century of scientific rabies prophylaxis in Serbia. Author(s): Lalosevic D. Source: Med Pregl. 2001; 54 Suppl 1: 7-22. English, Croatian. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078132&dopt=Abstract
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Elimination of human rabies in a canine endemic province in Thailand: five-year programme. Author(s): Kamoltham T, Singhsa J, Promsaranee U, Sonthon P, Mathean P, Thinyounyong W. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003; 81(5): 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12862022&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging epidemiology of bat-associated cryptic cases of rabies in humans in the United States. Author(s): Messenger SL, Smith JS, Rupprecht CE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 September 15; 35(6): 738-47. Epub 2002 August 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12203172&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging pattern of rabies deaths and increased viral infectivity. Author(s): Messenger SL, Smith JS, Orciari LA, Yager PA, Rupprecht CE. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 9(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603983&dopt=Abstract
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Endemic existence of rabies in Ethiopia. Author(s): Tefera G, Yimer E, Geyid A. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2002 April; 40(2): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12240578&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Delhi and surrounding areas, 1998. Author(s): Singh J, Jain DC, Bhatia R, Ichhpujani RL, Harit AK, Panda RC, Tewari KN, Sokhey J. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 December; 38(12): 1354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752732&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological situation of rabies in Lithuania from 1990 to 2000. Author(s): Zienius D, Bagdonas J, Dranseika A. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2003 May 19; 93(2): 91-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636997&dopt=Abstract
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Epizootic canine rabies transmitted by coyotes in south Texas. Author(s): Clark KA, Neill SU, Smith JS, Wilson PJ, Whadford VW, McKirahan GW. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994 February 15; 204(4): 536-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8163414&dopt=Abstract
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Epizootic situation and risk of rabies exposure in Polish population in 2000, with special attention to Lublin province. Author(s): Lyczak A, Tomasiewicz K, Krawczuk G, Modrzewska R. Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 2001; 8(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748869&dopt=Abstract
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Estimating human rabies mortality in the United Republic of Tanzania from dog bite injuries. Author(s): Cleaveland S, Fevre EM, Kaare M, Coleman PG. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(4): 304-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075367&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating rabies exposure. Author(s): Kelley MF, Mahlow JC. Source: Tex Med. 2001 April; 97(4): 60-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344926&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of state-provided postexposure prophylaxis against rabies in Florida. Author(s): Conti L, Wiersma S, Hopkins R. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 February; 95(2): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11846250&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of two intradermal vaccination regimens using purified chick embryo cell vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies. Author(s): Madhusudana SN, Anand NP, Shamsundar R. Source: Natl Med J India. 2001 May-June; 14(3): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467142&dopt=Abstract
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Experience of human rabies in north India. Author(s): Ratho R, Grover R, Mahajan RC. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001 January; 44(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561994&dopt=Abstract
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Experiences of rabies. Author(s): Carter R. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2003 May 10; 152(19): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762498&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental utility of rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies in post-exposure prophylaxis. Author(s): Hanlon CA, DeMattos CA, DeMattos CC, Niezgoda M, Hooper DC, Koprowski H, Notkins A, Rupprecht CE. Source: Vaccine. 2001 July 16; 19(28-29): 3834-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427255&dopt=Abstract
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Expression in plants and immunogenicity of plant virus-based experimental rabies vaccine. Author(s): Yusibov V, Hooper DC, Spitsin SV, Fleysh N, Kean RB, Mikheeva T, Deka D, Karasev A, Cox S, Randall J, Koprowski H. Source: Vaccine. 2002 August 19; 20(25-26): 3155-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163267&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of multiple-site intradermal postexposure rabies vaccination in patients with human immunodeficiency virus with low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts. Author(s): Tantawichien T, Jaijaroensup W, Khawplod P, Sitprija V. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 November 15; 33(10): E122-4. Epub 2001 October 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641838&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of postexposure treatment of rabies in children. Author(s): Wilde H, Sirikawin S, Sabcharoen A, Kingnate D, Tantawichien T, Harischandra PA, Chaiyabutr N, de Silva DG, Fernando L, Liyanage JB, Sitprija V. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 February; 22(2): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8838177&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of pre- and postexposure rabies vaccinations in a child infected with HIV. Author(s): Pancharoen C, Thisyakorn U, Tantawichien T, Jaijaroensup W, Khawplod P, Wilde H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(5): 390-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440231&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of protection induced by a Brazilian vaccine against Brazilian wild rabies viruses. Author(s): Zanetti CR, de Franco MT, Vassao RC, Pereira CA, Pereira OA. Source: Archives of Virology. 1998; 143(9): 1745-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9787658&dopt=Abstract
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False-positive human immunodeficiency virus screening test related to rabies vaccination. Author(s): Plotkin SA, Loupi E, Blondeau C. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1995 August; 119(8): 679. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7646320&dopt=Abstract
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False-positive human immunodeficiency virus screening test related to rabies vaccination. Author(s): Pearlman ES, Ballas SK. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1994 August; 118(8): 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7605412&dopt=Abstract
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False-positive human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion is not common following rabies vaccination. Author(s): Henderson S, Leibnitz G, Turnbull M, Palmer GH. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2002 July; 9(4): 942-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093704&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal human rabies caused by European bat Lyssavirus type 2a infection in Scotland. Author(s): Nathwani D, McIntyre PG, White K, Shearer AJ, Reynolds N, Walker D, Orange GV, Fooks AR. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 August 15; 37(4): 598-601. Epub 2003 July 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12905146&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal rabies encephalitis despite post-exposure vaccination in a diabetic patient: a need for use of rabies immune globulin in all post-exposure cases. Author(s): Deshmukh RA, Yemul VL. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 May; 47(5): 546-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778570&dopt=Abstract
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Features of dog ecology relevant to rabies spread in Machakos District, Kenya. Author(s): Kitala PM, McDermott JJ, Kyule MN, Cathuma JM. Source: The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 1993 December; 60(4): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7777334&dopt=Abstract
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Feral animals and rabies. Author(s): Gherardin T. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1998 October; 27(10): 943. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9798292&dopt=Abstract
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Field evaluation of a dog owner, participation-based, bait delivery system for the oral immunization of dogs against rabies in Tunisia. Author(s): Ben Youssef S, Matter HC, Schumacher CL, Kharmachi H, Jemli J, Mrabet L, Gharbi M, Hammami S, El Hicheri K, Aubert MF, Meslin FX. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 June; 58(6): 83545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9660475&dopt=Abstract
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Field evaluation of two bait delivery systems for the oral immunization of dogs against rabies in Tunisia. Author(s): Matter HC, Schumacher CL, Kharmachi H, Hammami S, Tlatli A, Jemli J, Mrabet L, Meslin FX, Aubert MF, Neuenschwander BE, Hicheri KE. Source: Vaccine. 1998 April; 16(7): 657-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9562683&dopt=Abstract
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Field trials of a recombinant rabies vaccine. Author(s): Pastoret PP, Boulanger D, Brochier B. Source: Parasitology. 1995; 110 Suppl: S37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784127&dopt=Abstract
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First case of cat rabies in southern Brazil for 11 years. Author(s): Schaefer R, Caldas E, Schmidt E, King AA, Roehe PM. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2002 February 16; 150(7): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11878440&dopt=Abstract
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First case of human rabies in chile caused by an insectivorous bat virus variant. Author(s): Favi M, de Mattos CA, Yung V, Chala E, Lopez LR, de Mattos CC. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 January; 8(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749754&dopt=Abstract
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First human death associated with raccoon rabies--Virginia, 2003. Author(s): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Source: Mmwr. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2003 November 14; 52(45): 1102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14614408&dopt=Abstract
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Five-year longitudinal study of efficacy and safety of purified Vero cell rabies vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies in Indian population. Author(s): Seghal S, Bhattacharya D, Bhardwaj M. Source: J Commun Dis. 1997 March; 29(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9282525&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorescent antibody test for rabies: prospective study of 8,987 brains. Author(s): Tepsumethanon V, Lumlertdacha B, Mitmoonpitak C, Fagen R, Wilde H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 December; 25(6): 1459-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9431394&dopt=Abstract
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Four-site intradermal postexposure boosters in previously rabies vaccinated subjects. Author(s): Khawplod P, Benjavongkulchai M, Limusanno S, Chareonwai S, Kaewchompoo W, Tantawichien T, Wilde H. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2002 May-June; 9(3): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088582&dopt=Abstract
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Gelastic epilepsy possibly following antirabies vaccine. Author(s): Malhotra S, Malhotra S, Fernandes P, Ghosh D. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2000 April; 54(4): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227123&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic characterization and geographic distribution of rabies virus isolates in Brazil: identification of two reservoirs, dogs and vampire bats. Author(s): Ito M, Arai YT, Itou T, Sakai T, Ito FH, Takasaki T, Kurane I. Source: Virology. 2001 June 5; 284(2): 214-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384221&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic characterization of rabies field isolates from Venezuela. Author(s): de Mattos CA, de Mattos CC, Smith JS, Miller ET, Papo S, Utrera A, Osburn BI. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 June; 34(6): 1553-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8735118&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic restriction and fine specificity of human T cell clones reactive with rabies virus. Author(s): Celis E, Karr RW, Dietzschold B, Wunner WH, Koprowski H. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1988 October 15; 141(8): 2721-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2459225&dopt=Abstract
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Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of rabies virus variants involved in human rabies: implications for postexposure prophylaxis. Author(s): Dietzschold B, Morimoto K, Hooper DC, Smith JS, Rupprecht CE, Koprowski H. Source: Journal of Human Virology. 2000 January-February; 3(1): 50-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10774807&dopt=Abstract
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Glimpses into the future of rabies research. Author(s): Koprowski H. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1988 November-December; 10 Suppl 4: S810-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3206092&dopt=Abstract
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Glycoprotein of nonpathogenic rabies viruses is a key determinant of human cell apoptosis. Author(s): Prehaud C, Lay S, Dietzschold B, Lafon M. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 October; 77(19): 10537-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970438&dopt=Abstract
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Guide to pre- and postexposure rabies treatment.New Jersey State Department of Health. Author(s): Dato VM, Sorhage FE. Source: N J Med. 1993 October; 90(10): 751-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8233105&dopt=Abstract
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Guillain-Barre syndrome and human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Author(s): Knittel T, Ramadori G, Mayet WJ, Lohr H, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Source: Lancet. 1989 June 10; 1(8650): 1334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2566866&dopt=Abstract
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Guillain-Barre syndrome following antirabies semple vaccine--a report of six cases. Author(s): Udawat H, Chaudhary HR, Goyal RK, Chaudhary VK, Mathur R. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 March; 49: 384-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11291988&dopt=Abstract
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Guillain-Barre syndrome following antirabies vaccine. Author(s): Udawat H, Nayak R, Chaudhary HR, Goyal RK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 May; 48(5): 538-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273154&dopt=Abstract
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High cost of cell culture rabies vaccines in India: Government should allow subsidy. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 May; 49: 589. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11361286&dopt=Abstract
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High level expression of a human rabies virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody by a rhabdovirus-based vector. Author(s): Morimoto K, Schnell MJ, Pulmanausahakul R, McGettigan JP, Foley HD, Faber M, Hooper DC, Dietzschold B. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 2001 June 1; 252(1-2): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334980&dopt=Abstract
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High level of Bcl-2 counteracts apoptosis mediated by a live rabies virus vaccine strain and induces long-term infection. Author(s): Thoulouze MI, Lafage M, Yuste VJ, Baloul L, Edelman L, Kroemer G, Israel N, Susin SA, Lafon M. Source: Virology. 2003 September 30; 314(2): 549-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14554083&dopt=Abstract
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Human contact with bait containing vaccine for control of rabies in wildlife. Author(s): McGuill MW, Kreindel SM, DeMaria A Jr, Robbins AH, Rowell S, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998 November 15; 213(10): 1413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9828931&dopt=Abstract
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Human infection due to recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus. Author(s): Rupprecht CE, Blass L, Smith K, Orciari LA, Niezgoda M, Whitfield SG, Gibbons RV, Guerra M, Hanlon CA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 August 23; 345(8): 582-6. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 2001 December 13; 345(24): 1784. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529212&dopt=Abstract
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Human lymphocyte proliferation responses following primary immunization with rabies vaccine as neoantigen. Author(s): Ghaffari G, Passalacqua DJ, Bender BS, Briggs DJ, Goodenow MM, Sleasman JW. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001 September; 8(5): 880-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527796&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies and bat bites. Author(s): Jackson AC, Fenton MB. Source: Lancet. 2001 May 26; 357(9269): 1714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11428374&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies despite postexposure vaccination. Author(s): Gacouin A, Bourhy H, Renaud JC, Camus C, Suprin E, Thomas R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 March; 18(3): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357065&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies in Canada--1994-2000. Author(s): Varughese P. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2000 December 15; 26(24): 210-1. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211599&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies in India: epidemiological features, management and current methods of prevention. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: Trop Doct. 1999 October; 29(4): 196-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10578630&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies in Israel. Author(s): David D, Rupprecht CE, Smith J, Samina I, Perl S, Shram Y. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 March-April; 5(2): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10221893&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies in Israel. Author(s): Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, Ashkenazi I, Shemer J. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 1999 September; 1(1): 57-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11370128&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies in Lebanon: lessons for control. Author(s): Bizri AR, Azar A, Salam N, Mokhbat J. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2000 August; 125(1): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11057974&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies in Montreal, Quebec--October, 2000. Author(s): Turgeon N, Tucci M, Deshaies D, Pilon PA, Carsley J, Valiquette L, Teitelbaum J, Jackson AC, Wandeler A, Arruda H, Alain L. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2000 December 15; 26(24): 209-10. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211598&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies postexposure prophylaxis during a raccoon rabies epizootic in New York, 1993 and 1994. Author(s): Wyatt JD, Barker WH, Bennett NM, Hanlon CA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 May-June; 5(3): 415-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10341178&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies prophylactics: the French experience. Author(s): Rotivel Y, Goudal M, Simons de Fanti A. Source: Vaccine. 2003 January 30; 21(7-8): 710-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531346&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies, British Columbia-January 2003. Author(s): Parker R, McKay D, Hawes C, Daly P, Bryce E, Doyle P, Moore W, McKenzie I, Roscoe D, Weatherill S, Skowronski DM, Petric M, Pielak K, Naus M. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2003 August 15; 29(16): 137-8. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12961955&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies: a disease of complex neuropathogenetic mechanisms and diagnostic challenges. Author(s): Hemachudha T, Laothamatas J, Rupprecht CE. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2002 June; 1(2): 101-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12849514&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies: a reemerging disease in Costa Rica? Author(s): Badilla X, Perez-Herra V, Quiros L, Morice A, Jimenez E, Saenz E, Salazar F, Fernandez R, Orciari L, Yager P, Whitfield S, Rupprecht CE. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 9(6): 721-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781014&dopt=Abstract
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Hydrophobia: why a unique symptom of rabies. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 November; 42(11): 929. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868512&dopt=Abstract
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Imaging findings in rabies encephalitis. Author(s): Awasthi M, Parmar H, Patankar T, Castillo M. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2001 April; 22(4): 677-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11290477&dopt=Abstract
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Immune response of the elderly to rabies vaccines. Author(s): Mastroeni I, Vescia N, Pompa MG, Cattaruzza MS, Marini GP, Fara GM. Source: Vaccine. 1994 May; 12(6): 518-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8036825&dopt=Abstract
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Immunogenicity and effectiveness of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis with a new chromatographically purified Vero-cell rabies vaccine (CPRV): a two-stage randomised clinical trial in the Philippines. Author(s): Quiambao BP, Lang J, Vital S, Montalban CG, Le Mener V, Wood SC, Miranda E. Source: Acta Tropica. 2000 February 25; 75(1): 39-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10708006&dopt=Abstract
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Immunogenicity and efficacy of Fermi-type nerve tissue rabies vaccine in mice and in humans undergoing post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies in Ethiopia. Author(s): Ayele W, Fekadu M, Zewdie B, Beyene M, Bogale Y, Mocha K, Egziabher FG. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2001 October; 39(4): 313-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380231&dopt=Abstract
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Immunogenicity and safety of purified Vero-cell rabies vaccine in severely rabiesexposed patients in China. Author(s): Wang XJ, Lang J, Tao XR, Shu JD, Le Mener V, Wood SC, Huang JT, Zhao SL. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 June; 31(2): 287-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127328&dopt=Abstract
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Immunogenicity of an E1-deleted recombinant human adenovirus against rabies by different routes of administration. Author(s): Vos A, Neubert A, Pommerening E, Muller T, Dohner L, Neubert L, Hughes K. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 2001 September; 82(Pt 9): 2191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514729&dopt=Abstract
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Immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell anti-rabies vaccine in post-exposure treatment of animal bite cases. Author(s): Bhardwaj M, Bhattacharya D, Chhabra M, Ichhpujani RL. Source: J Commun Dis. 2002 March; 34(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718340&dopt=Abstract
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Immunogenicity of rabies vaccines used during an urban epizootic of rabies in Mexico. Author(s): Eng TR, Fishbein DB, Talamante HE, Fekadu M, Chavez GF, Muro FJ, Baer GM. Source: Vaccine. 1994 November; 12(14): 1259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7856289&dopt=Abstract
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Immunogenicity, safety and lot consistency in adults of a chromatographically purified Vero-cell rabies vaccine: a randomized, double-blind trial with human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Author(s): Jones RL, Froeschle JE, Atmar RL, Matthews JS, Sanders R, Pardalos J, Moeller L, Chin JE, Famula M, Briggs DJ, Lang J. Source: Vaccine. 2001 September 14; 19(32): 4635-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11535311&dopt=Abstract
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Immunohistochemical study of human rabies. Author(s): Jogai S, Radotra BD, Banerjee AK. Source: Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology. 2000 September; 20(3): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132935&dopt=Abstract
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Immunologic and virologic evaluation of HIV-1-infected children after rabies vaccination. Author(s): Thisyakorn U, Pancharoen C, Wilde H. Source: Vaccine. 2001 January 8; 19(11-12): 1534-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163679&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoprophylaxis against rabies. Author(s): Rai Chowdhuri AN, Bhatia R, Ichhpujani RL. Source: J Commun Dis. 1984 March; 16(1): 43-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055785&dopt=Abstract
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Immunostimulatory effects of polar glycopeptidolipids of Mycobacterium chelonae for inactivated rabies vaccine. Author(s): de Souza Matos DC, Marcovistz R, Neway T, Vieira da Silva AM, Alves EN, Pilet C. Source: Vaccine. 2000 April 14; 18(20): 2125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10715527&dopt=Abstract
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Inactivated rabies vaccine control and release: use of an ELISA method. Author(s): Fournier-Caruana J, Poirier B, Haond G, Jallet C, Fuchs F, Tordo N, Perrin P. Source: Biologicals : Journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization. 2003 March; 31(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623055&dopt=Abstract
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Initiation of contemporary rabies postexposure therapy--a commentary. Author(s): Wilkerson JA. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 2000 Spring; 11(1): 40-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731907&dopt=Abstract
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Intradermal postexposure rabies vaccine regimens. Author(s): Warrell MJ, Warrell DA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 September; 31(3): 844-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11017848&dopt=Abstract
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Intradermal rabies immunization for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. Author(s): Dutta JK, Warrell MJ, Dutta TK. Source: Natl Med J India. 1994 May-June; 7(3): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8069202&dopt=Abstract
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Intradermal regimens for rabies postexposure prophylaxis: more confusion. Author(s): Warrell MJ, Warrell DA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 July 15; 35(2): 213-5; Author Reply 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087534&dopt=Abstract
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Intradermal simulated rabies postexposure prophylaxis using purified chick embryo rabies vaccine. Author(s): Charanasri U, Meesomboon V, Kingnate D, Samuthananont P, Chaeychomsri W. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1994 March; 77(3): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7798851&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of a human case of rabies in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Johnson N, Lipscomb DW, Stott R, Gopal Rao G, Mansfield K, Smith J, McElhinney L, Fooks AR. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2002 December; 25(3): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423699&dopt=Abstract
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Keeping up with the facts on rabies. Author(s): Blenden DC. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988 September 15; 193(6): 616-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3192436&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge and attitudes of residents in two areas of Massachusetts about rabies and an oral vaccination program in wildlife. Author(s): McGuill MW, Kreindel SM, DeMaria A Jr, Rupprecht C. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997 August 1; 211(3): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9262668&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of bat rabies and human exposure among United States cavers. Author(s): Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Mosberg SR, Rupprecht CE. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 May; 8(5): 532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996694&dopt=Abstract
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Laboratory investigation of human deaths from vampire bat rabies in Peru. Author(s): Warner CK, Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, Whitfield SG, Smith JS, Orciari LA, Shaddock JH, Niezgoda M, Wright CW, Goldsmith CS, Sanderlin DW, Yager PA, Rupprecht CE. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 March; 60(3): 502-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10466985&dopt=Abstract
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Lecture on rabies on the occasion of “the year of Louis Pasteur”. Author(s): Koprowski H. Source: Research in Virology. 1996 November-December; 147(6): 381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8958591&dopt=Abstract
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Live poxvirus-vectored vaccines in wildlife immunization programmes: the rabies paradigm. Author(s): Esposito JJ. Source: Research in Virology. 1989 September-October; 140(5): 480-2; Discussion 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2587854&dopt=Abstract
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Longevity of rabies antibody titre in recipients of human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Author(s): Briggs DJ, Schwenke JR. Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10(2): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1539465&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term humoral and cellular immunity after vaccination with cell culture rabies vaccines in man. Author(s): Thraenhart O, Kreuzfelder E, Hillebrandt M, Marcus I, Ramakrishnan K, Fu ZF, Dietzschold B. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1994 June; 71(3): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8200131&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular and antigenic characterization of rabies viruses from Iran identifies variants with distinct epidemiological origins. Author(s): Nadin-Davis SA, Simani S, Armstrong J, Fayaz A, Wandeler AI. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 August; 131(1): 777-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948379&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular epidemiology of enzootic rabies in California. Author(s): Crawford-Miksza LK, Wadford DA, Schnurr DP. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 1999 December; 14(3): 207-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10614858&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in Colombia: evidence for human and dog rabies associated with bats. Author(s): Paez A, Nunez C, Garcia C, Boshell J. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 2003 April; 84(Pt 4): 795-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12655080&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular epidemiology of rabies in the United States: reemergence of a classical neurotropic agent. Author(s): Rupprecht CE, Smith JS, Krebs JW, Childs JE. Source: Journal of Neurovirology. 1997 May; 3 Suppl 1: S52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9179794&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular mimicry between the rabies virus glycoprotein and human immunodeficiency virus-1 GP120: cross-reacting antibodies induced by rabies vaccination. Author(s): Bracci L, Ballas SK, Spreafico A, Neri P. Source: Blood. 1997 November 1; 90(9): 3623-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9345046&dopt=Abstract
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Monoclonal antibody characterization of rabies virus strains isolated in the River Plate Basin. Author(s): Delpietro HA, Gury-Dhomen F, Larghi OP, Mena-Segura C, Abramo L. Source: Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1997 October; 44(8): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394612&dopt=Abstract
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Morphometric analysis of McCoy cells inoculated with cerebrospinal fluid from patients with rabies. Author(s): Nogueira YL. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1998 July-August; 93(4): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9711342&dopt=Abstract
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Mutations conferring resistance to neutralization by a soluble form of the neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) map outside of the known antigenic sites of the rabies virus glycoprotein. Author(s): Langevin C, Tuffereau C. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 November; 76(21): 10756-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368318&dopt=Abstract
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Neutralizing antibodies to rabies following injection of rabies immune globulin into gluteal fat or deltoid muscle. Author(s): Chomchay P, Khawplod P, Wilde H. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2000 July-August; 7(4): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11003730&dopt=Abstract
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Nucleotide sequence of a human monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody specific for a rabies virus-neutralizing monoclonal idiotypic antibody reveals extensive somatic variability suggestive of an antigen-driven immune response. Author(s): van der Heijden RW, Bunschoten H, Pascual V, Uytdehaag FG, Osterhaus DM, Capra JD. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1990 April 1; 144(7): 2835-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2108216&dopt=Abstract
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One year booster vaccination with purified vero cell rabies vaccine. Author(s): Suntharasamai P, Chanthavanich P, Supanaranond W, Warrell MJ. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988; 82(4): 633. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3256120&dopt=Abstract
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One-time gene gun or intramuscular rabies DNA vaccination of non-human primates: comparison of neutralizing antibody responses and protection against rabies virus 1 year after vaccination. Author(s): Lodmell DL, Parnell MJ, Bailey JR, Ewalt LC, Hanlon CA. Source: Vaccine. 2001 December 12; 20(5-6): 838-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738747&dopt=Abstract
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One-year study of the 2-1-1 intramuscular postexposure rabies vaccine regimen in 100 severely exposed Thai patients using rabies immune globulin and Vero cell rabies vaccine. Author(s): Chutivongse S, Wilde H, Fishbein DB, Baer GM, Hemachudha T. Source: Vaccine. 1991 August; 9(8): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1771970&dopt=Abstract
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Oral rabies vaccination of skunks and foxes with a recombinant human adenovirus vaccine. Author(s): Charlton KM, Artois M, Prevec L, Campbell JB, Casey GA, Wandeler AI, Armstrong J. Source: Archives of Virology. 1992; 123(1-2): 169-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1550495&dopt=Abstract
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Oral transmission of rabies in cow: milk consumers protected by immunisation. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1996 August; 44(8): 584. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9251441&dopt=Abstract
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Organization of mass vaccination for dog rabies in Brazil. Author(s): Belotto AJ. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1988 November-December; 10 Suppl 4: S693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3206082&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of aggressions and transmission of rabies in human beings by vampire bats in northeastern Brazil. Author(s): Goncalves MA, Sa-Neto RJ, Brazil TK. Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2002 September-October; 35(5): 461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621664&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of rabies in South Darfur, Sudan. Author(s): Ali YH. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2002 May 11; 150(19): 610-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036246&dopt=Abstract
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Partial recovery from rabies in a nine-year-old boy. Author(s): Alvarez L, Fajardo R, Lopez E, Pedroza R, Hemachudha T, Kamolvarin N, Cortes G, Baer GM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 December; 13(12): 1154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892092&dopt=Abstract
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Partial recovery from rabies in a six-year-old girl. Author(s): Madhusudana SN, Nagaraj D, Uday M, Ratnavalli E, Kumar MV. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 March; 6(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118432&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral neuropathy following administration of nerve tissue antirabies vaccine. Author(s): Arega D, Zenebe G. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1999 October; 37(4): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961878&dopt=Abstract
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Postexposure treatment and animal rabies, Ontario, 1958-2000. Author(s): Nunan CP, Tinline RR, Honig JM, Ball DG, Hauschildt P, LeBer CA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 February; 8(2): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897079&dopt=Abstract
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Potency, sterility and immunogenicity of rabies tissue culture vaccine after reconstitution and refrigerated storage for 1 week. Author(s): Khawplod P, Wilde H, Tantawichien T, Limusanno S, Tantawichien T, Mitmoonpitak C, Saikasem A, Raksakert S. Source: Vaccine. 2002 May 22; 20(17-18): 2240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009278&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective immunogenicity study of multiple intradermal injections of rabies vaccine in an effort to obtain an early immune response without the use of immunoglobulin. Author(s): Khawplod P, Wilde H, Tepsumethanon S, Limusanno S, Tantawichien T, Chomchey P, Ayuthaya AB, Wangroonsarb Y. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 December 15; 35(12): 1562-5. Epub 2002 Dec 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471579&dopt=Abstract
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Public health impact of reemergence of rabies, New York. Author(s): Chang HG, Eidson M, Noonan-Toly C, Trimarchi CV, Rudd R, Wallace BJ, Smith PF, Morse DL. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 September; 8(9): 909-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194765&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative study of the infection in brain neurons in human rabies. Author(s): Jackson AC, Ye H, Ridaura-Sanz C, Lopez-Corella E. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2001 November; 65(3): 614-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596101&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies and its prevention. Author(s): Gale AE. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 July 18; 161(2): 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8028552&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies and its prevention. Author(s): Wilde H, Chutivongse S, Hemachudha T. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 January 17; 160(2): 83-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8080503&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies encephalitis in humans: pathology, pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Author(s): Mrak RE, Young L. Source: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 1994 January; 53(1): 110. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8301314&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies in endemic countries. Author(s): Dutta JK, Dutta TK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 February 19; 308(6927): 488-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8136662&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies presenting with priapism. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 May; 42(5): 430. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7829457&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1993. Author(s): Krebs JW, Strine TW, Smith JS, Rupprecht CE, Childs JE. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994 December 15; 205(12): 1695-709. Erratum In: J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 March 1; 206(5): 650. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7744643&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies. Author(s): Udwadia ZF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 April 14; 330(15): 1088; Author Reply 1088-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8127347&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies. Author(s): Berlin BS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 April 14; 330(15): 1088; Author Reply 1088-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8127346&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies--an historical perspective. Author(s): Baer GM. Source: Infect Agents Dis. 1994 August; 3(4): 168-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7827785&dopt=Abstract
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Raccoon rabies epizootic reaches Rhode Island. Author(s): Matyas BT, Bandy U. Source: R I Med. 1994 June; 77(6): 186-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8049541&dopt=Abstract
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Selection of single chain variable fragments (scFv) against the glycoprotein antigen of the rabies virus from a human synthetic scFv phage display library and their fusion with the Fc region of human IgG1. Author(s): Ray K, Embleton MJ, Jailkhani BL, Bhan MK, Kumar R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 July; 125(1): 94-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472431&dopt=Abstract
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Sequence analysis of rabies virus in humans exhibiting encephalitic or paralytic rabies. Author(s): Hemachudha T, Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdaecha B, Orciari LA, Rupprecht CE, La-Ongpant M, Juntrakul S, Denduangboripant J. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 October 1; 188(7): 960-6. Epub 2003 September 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14513414&dopt=Abstract
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Should contacts of patients with rabies be advised to seek postexposure prophylaxis? A survey of tropical medicine experts. Author(s): Kolars JC. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2003 January-February; 10(1): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729514&dopt=Abstract
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Skin reaction to yellow fever vaccine after immunization with rabies vaccine of chick embryo cell culture origin. Author(s): Chino F, Oshibuchi S, Ariga H, Okuno Y. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 April; 52(2): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10816613&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: an exceptional complication of rabies. Author(s): Omezzine A, Hmouda H, Jemni L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 April; 18(4): 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8038338&dopt=Abstract
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Study of lyssaviruses of bat origin as a source of rabies for other animal species in the State of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Author(s): Romijn PC, van der Heide R, Cattaneo CA, Silva Rde C, van der Poel WH. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 July; 69(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12932103&dopt=Abstract
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Study of the dog population and the rabies control activities in the Mirigama area of Sri Lanka. Author(s): Matter HC, Wandeler AI, Neuenschwander BE, Harischandra LP, Meslin FX. Source: Acta Tropica. 2000 February 25; 75(1): 95-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10708011&dopt=Abstract
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Successful protection of humans exposed to rabies infection. Postexposure treatment with the new human diploid cell rabies vaccine and antirabies serum. 1976. Author(s): Bahmanyar M, Fayaz A, Nour-Salehi S, Mohammadi M, Koprowski H. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 2000 Spring; 11(1): 42-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10777336&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of fox trappers in northern Alaska for rabies antibody. Author(s): Follmann EH, Ritter DG, Beller M. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1994 August; 113(1): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8062870&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of rabies preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis among missionary personnel stationed outside the United States. Author(s): Arguin PM, Krebs JW, Mandel E, Guzi T, Childs JE. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2000 January; 7(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689232&dopt=Abstract
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Taking a bite out of rabies. Author(s): Spencer LM. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994 February 15; 204(4): 479-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8163403&dopt=Abstract
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The challenge to provide affordable rabies post-exposure treatment. Author(s): Warrell MJ. Source: Vaccine. 2003 January 30; 21(7-8): 706-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531345&dopt=Abstract
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The effectiveness of intradermal pre-exposure rabies vaccination in an Australian travel medicine clinic. Author(s): Lau C, Sisson J. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2002 NovemberDecember; 9(6): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12962581&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of a new single post-exposure treatment of rabies in mice without vaccination. Author(s): Bijlenga G. Source: Vet Q. 2001 November; 23(4): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765237&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of bat rabies in New York State, 1988-92. Author(s): Childs JE, Trimarchi CV, Krebs JW. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1994 December; 113(3): 501-11. Erratum In: Epidemiol Infect 1995 June; 114(3): 525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7995360&dopt=Abstract
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The importance of a high index of suspicion in rabies. Author(s): Gulati S, Sarkar N, Kabra SK, Sharma MC, Kalra V. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 February; 49(1): 64-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630728&dopt=Abstract
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Three-year experience with 4-site intradermal booster vaccination with rabies vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis. Author(s): Tantawichien T, Tantawichien T, Supit C, Khawplod P, Sitprija V. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 December 15; 33(12): 2085-7. Epub 2001 November 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712097&dopt=Abstract
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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and sheep-brain derived rabies vaccines. Author(s): Arya SC. Source: Biologicals : Journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization. 1994 March; 22(1): 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8068316&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of clinical rabies in man: drug therapy and other measures. Author(s): Dutta JK, Dutta TK. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994 November; 32(11): 594-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7874372&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in national surveillance for rabies among bats in the United States (1993-2000). Author(s): Mondul AM, Krebs JW, Childs JE. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 March 1; 222(5): 633-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619845&dopt=Abstract
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Unexplained rabies in three immigrants in the United States. A virologic investigation. Author(s): Smith JS, Fishbein DB, Rupprecht CE, Clark K. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 January 24; 324(4): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1985241&dopt=Abstract
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Unusual manifestation in paralytic rabies. Author(s): Chotmongkol V, Vuttivirojana A, Cheepblangchai M. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1991 June; 22(2): 279-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1948292&dopt=Abstract
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Update on appropriate rabies postexposure prophylaxis. Author(s): Jones T, Swinger G, McCauley T. Source: Tenn Med. 2003 August; 96(8): 349. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12971069&dopt=Abstract
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Update on rabies. Author(s): Jackson AC. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 2002 June; 15(3): 327-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045733&dopt=Abstract
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Urban epizootic of rabies in Mexico: epidemiology and impact of animal bite injuries. Author(s): Eng TR, Fishbein DB, Talamante HE, Hall DB, Chavez GF, Dobbins JG, Muro FJ, Bustos JL, de los Angeles Ricardy M, Munguia A, et al. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1993; 71(5): 615-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8261565&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary retention: an unusual presentation of rabies. Author(s): Singh AK, Singh DS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 January; 43(1): 71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9282656&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary symptoms in rabies. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 July; 43(7): 514, 517. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8713235&dopt=Abstract
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Urine samples for rabies RNA detection in the diagnosis of rabies in humans. Author(s): Wacharapluesadee S, Hemachudha T. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 March 15; 34(6): 874-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850870&dopt=Abstract
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Use of rabies vaccines after reconstitution and storage. Author(s): Khawplod P, Tantawichien T, Wilde H, Limusanno S, Tantawichien T, Saikasem A, Raksakate S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 February 1; 34(3): 404-6. Epub 2001 December 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11774089&dopt=Abstract
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Using the UV ParaLens adapter on a standard laboratory microscope for fluorescent rabies antibody detection. Author(s): Polsuwan C, Lumlertdaecha B, Tepsumethanon W, Wilde H. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992 January-February; 86(1): 107. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1566286&dopt=Abstract
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Vaccination of wildlife against rabies: successful use of a vectored vaccine obtained by recombinant technology. Author(s): Mackowiak M, Maki J, Motes-Kreimeyer L, Harbin T, Van Kampen K. Source: Adv Vet Med. 1999; 41: 571-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9890044&dopt=Abstract
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Value of pre-exposure rabies human diploid cell vaccine for individuals living in areas hyperendemic for rabies. Author(s): Kilpatrick ME, Botros BA, Bucci TJ, Ross SA. Source: Vaccine. 1987 December; 5(4): 260. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3433914&dopt=Abstract
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Value of skin testing for predicting reactions to equine rabies immune globulin. Author(s): Tantawichien T, Benjavongkulchai M, Wilde H, Jaijaroensup W, Siakasem A, Chareonwai S, Yountong C, Sitprija V. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 September; 21(3): 660-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8527562&dopt=Abstract
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Various protocols of cell culture antirabies vaccines. Author(s): Ghosh TK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1993 May; 91(5): 117-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8409496&dopt=Abstract
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Virus isolation from saliva and salivary glands of cattle naturally infected with paralytic rabies. Author(s): Delpietro HA, Larghi OP, Russo RG. Source: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2001 February 16; 48(3): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11182465&dopt=Abstract
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Warning on rabies vaccines. Author(s): Rosen DK. Source: Wis Med J. 1987 December; 86(12): 6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3424861&dopt=Abstract
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Warning: regulations can damage your health--the case of rabies. Author(s): Pastoret PP, Boulanger D, Brochier B. Source: Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 1994 June; 5(3): 239-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7765004&dopt=Abstract
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What happens if intradermal injections of rabies vaccine are partially or entirely injected subcutaneously? Author(s): Phanuphak P, Khaoplod P, Benjavongkulchai M, Chutivongse S, Wilde H. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1990; 68(1): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2347035&dopt=Abstract
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What is an acceptable delay in rabies immune globulin administration when vaccine alone had been given previously? Author(s): Khawplod P, Wilde H, Chomchey P, Benjavongkulchai M, Yenmuang W, Chaiyabutr N, Sitprija V. Source: Vaccine. 1996 April; 14(5): 389-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8735549&dopt=Abstract
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Where do we stand with oral vaccination of foxes against rabies in Europe? Author(s): Muller WW. Source: Arch Virol Suppl. 1997; 13: 83-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9413528&dopt=Abstract
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Wildlife rabies in perspective. Author(s): Wandeler AI. Source: The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 1993 December; 60(4): 34750. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7777318&dopt=Abstract
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Wildlife rabies: overview of ecology and epidemiology. Author(s): Winkler WG. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1988 November-December; 10 Suppl 4: S604-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3206069&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND RABIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and rabies.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Rabies The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “rabies” (or a synonym): •
A comparative study of the effect of dextran sulfate on the fusion and the in vitro replication of influenza A and B, Semliki Forest, vesicular stomatitis, rabies, Sendai, and mumps virus. Author(s): Institute of Biochemistry, University of Berne, Switzerland. Source: Luscher Mattli, M Gluck, R Kempf, C Zanoni Grassi, M Arch-Virol. 1993; 130(34): 317-26 0304-8608
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A field evaluation in Mexico of four baits for oral rabies vaccination of dogs. Author(s): Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia. Source: Frontini, M G Fishbein, D B Garza Ramos, J Flores Collins, E Balderas Torres, J M Quiroz Huerta, G Gamez Rodriguez, J J Belotto, A J Dobbins, J G Linhart, S B et al. Am-J-Trop-Med-Hyg. 1992 September; 47(3): 310-6 0002-9637
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A new competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrates adequate immune levels to rabies virus in compulsorily vaccinated Japanese domestic dogs. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan. Source: Sugiyama, M Yoshiki, R Tatsuno, Y Hiraga, S Itoh, O Gamoh, K Minamoto, N Clin-Diagn-Lab-Immunol. 1997 November; 4(6): 727-30 1071-412X
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An aerial baiting system for the distribution of attenuated or recombinant rabies vaccines for foxes, raccoons, and skunks. Author(s): Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Wildlife Branch, Maple, Canada. Source: Johnston, D H Voigt, D R MacInnes, C D Bachmann, P Lawson, K F Rupprecht, C E Rev-Infect-Dis. 1988 Nov-December; 10 Suppl 4S660-4 0162-0886
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Basis of neurovirulence of avirulent rabies virus variant Av01 with stereotaxic brain inoculation in mice. Source: Yang, C. Jackson, A.C. J-Gen-Virol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. April 1992. volume 73 (pt.4) page 895-900. 0022-1317
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Bat-eared fox behavioural ecology and the incidence of rabies in the Serengeti National Park. Author(s): Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge Madingley, United Kingdom. Source: Maas, B Onderstepoort-J-Vet-Res. 1993 December; 60(4): 389-93 0030-2465
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Biological basis of rabies virus neurovirulence in mice: comparative pathogenesis study using the immunoperoxidase technique. Source: Jackson, A.C. J-Virol. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. January 1991. volume 65 (1) page 537-540. ill. 0022-538X
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Biological function of the low-pH, fusion-inactive conformation of rabies virus glycoprotein (G): G is transported in a fusion-inactive state-like conformation. Source: Gaudin, Y. Tuffereau, C. Durrer, P. Flamand, A. Ruigrok, R.W.H. J-virol. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. Sept 1995. volume 69 (9) page 5528-5534. 0022-538X
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Clenbuterol as a marker in baits for oral vaccination of dogs against rabies. Author(s): Institut fur Physiologie, Forschungszentrum fur Milch und Lebensmittel Weihenstephan, Technische Universitat Munchen, Freising, Germany. Source: Gleixner, A Meyer, H H Vos, A Aylan, O Vet-Rec. 1998 July 18; 143(3): 65-8 00424900
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Comparison of rabies virus G proteins produced by cDNA-transfected animal cells that display either inducible or constitutive expression of the gene. Author(s): Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan. Source: Morimoto, K Kawai, A Mifune, K J-Gen-Virol. 1992 February; 73 ( Pt 2)335-45 0022-1317
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Continuous delivery of colchicine in the rat brain with osmotic pumps for inhibition of rabies virus transport. Author(s): Rabies Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. Source: Ceccaldi, P E Ermine, A Tsiang, H J-Virol-Methods. 1990 April; 28(1): 79-83 01660934
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Detection of rabies virus antigen in animals by avidin-biotin dot ELISA. Author(s): Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, India. Source: JayakuMarch, R Thirumurugan, G Nachimuthu, K Padmanaban, V D ZentralblBakteriol. 1996 September; 285(1): 82-5 0934-8840
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Differential use of the nicotinic receptor by rabies virus based upon substrate origin. Author(s): Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia. Source: Castaneda Castellanos, David R Castellanos, Jaime E Hurtado, Hernan JNeurovirol. 2002 April; 8(2): 150-4 1355-0284
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Ecology and epidemiology of fox rabies. Author(s): Services Veterinaires, Centre National d'Etudes sur la Rage et la Pathologie des Animaux Sauvages, Malzeville, France. Source: Blancou, J Rev-Infect-Dis. 1988 Nov-December; 10 Suppl 4S606-9 0162-0886
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Effect of inhibitors of cytoplasmic structures and functions on rabies virus infection in vitro. Author(s): Istituto di Microbiologia, Facolta di Medicina, Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Italia. Source: Conti, C Superti, F Divizia, M Pana, A Orsi, N Comp-Immunol-Microbiol-InfectDis. 1990; 13(3): 137-46 0147-9571
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Effect of natural and semisynthetic polymers on rabies virus infection in CER cells. Author(s): Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Institute of Microbiology, Rome. Source: Pietropaolo, V Seganti, L Marchetti, M Sinibaldi, L Orsi, N Nicoletti, R Res-Virol. 1993 Mar-April; 144(2): 151-8 0923-2516
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Expression of the rabies virus glycoprotein in transgenic tomatoes. Author(s): Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
[email protected] Source: McGarvey, P B Hammond, J Dienelt, M M Hooper, D C Fu, Z F Dietzschold, B Koprowski, H Michaels, F H Biotechnology-(N-Y). 1995 December; 13(13): 1484-7 0733222X
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Extensive attenuation of rabies virus by simultaneously modifying the dynein light chain binding site in the P protein and replacing Arg333 in the G protein. Author(s): Department of Virology, Intervet International B.V., 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: Mebatsion, T J-Virol. 2001 December; 75(23): 11496-502 0022-538X
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First reported case of elephant rabies in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Department of Rabies Diagnosis and Research, Medical Research Institute, Colombo 8 (Sri Lanka)
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Source: Wimalaratne, O. Kodikara, D.S. Veterinary-Record (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 144(4) page 98. elephants rabies rabies virus diagnosis death appetite paralysis case studies •
Formulation and evaluation of baits for oral rabies vaccination of raccoons (Procyon lotor). Author(s): Denver Wildlife Research Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Colorado 80225. Source: Linhart, S B Blom, F S Dasch, G J Roberts, J D Engeman, R M Esposito, J J Shaddock, J H Baer, G M J-Wildl-Dis. 1991 January; 27(1): 21-33 0090-3558
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Immunization against rabies with plant-derived antigen. Source: Modelska, A. Dietzschold, B. Sleysh, N. Fu, Z.F. Steplewski, K. Hooper, D.C. Koprowski, H. Yusibov, V. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences,. March 3, 1998. volume 95 (5) page 2481-2485. 0027-8424
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Immunomodulatory effect of glucan on the response to experimental antirabies vaccination. Author(s): Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brasil. Source: Tino, M S Carrieri, M L Zanetti, C R Mendes, N F Pereira, O A Rev-Inst-MedTrop-Sao-Paulo. 1993 Sep-October; 35(5): 431-5 0036-4665
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Immunopotentiation by orally-administered Quillaja saponins: effects in mice vaccinated intraperitoneally against rabies. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada. Source: Chavali, S R Barton, L D Campbell, J B Clin-Exp-Immunol. 1988 December; 74(3): 339-43 0009-9104
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Induction of rabies virus-specific T-helper cells by synthetic peptides that carry dominant T-helper cell epitopes of the viral ribonucleoprotein. Source: Ertl, H.C.J. Dietzschold, B. Gore, M. Otvos, L. Jr. Larson, J.K. Wunner, W.H. Koprowski, H. J-Virol. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. July 1989. volume 63 (7) page 2885-2892. ill. 0022-538X
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Inhibition of herpes simplex, rabies and rubella viruses by lectins with different specificities. Author(s): Istituto di Microbiologia, Universita La Sapienza, Rome. Source: Marchetti, M Mastromarino, P Rieti, S Seganti, L Orsi, N Res-Virol. 1995 MayJune; 146(3): 211-5 0923-2516
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Inhibition of the transport of rabies virus in the central nervous system. Author(s): Unite Rage, Institute Pasteur, Paris. Source: Ceccaldi, P E Gillet, J P Tsiang, H J-Neuropathol-Exp-Neurol. 1989 November; 48(6): 620-30 0022-3069
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Low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor (P75NTR) can serve as a receptor for rabies virus. Source: Tuffereau, C. Benejean, J. Blondel, D. Kieffer, B. Flamand, A. EMBO-j. Oxford, U.K. : Oxford University Press. December 15, 1998. volume 17 (24) page 7250-7259. 02614189
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Lymphocyte subsets and cell proliferation analysis in rabies-infected mice. Author(s): Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Source: Cardenas Palomo, L F de Souza Matos, D C Chaves Leal, E Bertho, A L Marcovistz, R J-Clin-Lab-Immunol. 1995; 46(2): 49-61 0141-2760
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Mapping of the antigenic determinants reconized by monoclonal antibodies against the M2 protein of rabies virus. Source: Hiramatsu, K. Mifune, K. Mannen, K. Nishizono, A. Kawano, H. Ito, Y. Kawai, A. Virology. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. April 1992. volume 187 (2) page 472-479. 0042-6822
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Modification of membrane currents in mouse neuroblastoma cells following infection with rabies virus. Author(s): Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112 (Japan) Source: Iwata, M. Komori, S. Unno, T. Minamoto, N. Ohashi, H. British-Journal-ofPharmacology (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 126(8) page 1691-1698. rabies rabies virus mice in vitro experimentation electricity sodium potassium ions
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Purification of a secreted form of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein: comparison of two affinity tags. Author(s): Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA. Source: Wojczyk, B S Czerwinski, M Stwora Wojczyk, M M Siegel, D L Abrams, W R Wunner, W H Spitalnik, S L Protein-Expr-Purif. 1996 March; 7(2): 183-93 1046-5928
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Rabies virus infection of cultured rat sensory neurons. Source: Lycke, E Tsiang, H J-Virol. 1987 September; 61(9): 2733-41 0022-538X
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Rabies virus quasispecies: implications for pathogenesis. Source: Morimoto, K. Hooper, D.C. Carbaugh, H. Fu, Z.F. Koprowski, H. Dietzschold, B. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences,. March 17, 1998. volume 95 (6) page 3152-3156. 0027-8424
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Rabies virus selectively alters 5-HT1 receptor subtypes in rat brain. Author(s): Unite Rage, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Source: Ceccaldi, P E Fillion, M P Ermine, A Tsiang, H Fillion, G Eur-J-Pharmacol. 1993 April 15; 245(2): 129-38 0014-2999
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Rabies virus-induced membrane fusion pathway. Author(s): Laboratoire de Genetique des virus du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
[email protected] Source: Gaudin, Y J-Cell-Biol. 2000 August 7; 150(3): 601-12 0021-9525
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Rapid sequence evolution of street rabies glycoprotein is related to the highly heterogeneous nature of the viral population. Source: Benmansour, A. Brahimi, M. Tuffereau, C. Coulon, P. Lafay, F. Flamand, A. Virology. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. March 1992. volume 187 (1) page 33-45. 00426822
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Structure-function relationships of curaremimetic neurotoxin loop 2 and of a structurally similar segment of rabies virus glycoprotein in their interaction with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Author(s): Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510. Source: Lentz, T L Biochemistry. 1991 November 12; 30(45): 10949-57 0006-2960
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Syncytium formation is induced in the murine neuroblastoma cell cultures which produce pathogenic type G proteins of the rabies virus. Author(s): Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan. Source: Morimoto, K Ni, Y J Kawai, A Virology. 1992 July; 189(1): 203-16 0042-6822
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Synthetic peptides of neurotoxins and rabies virus glycoprotein behave as antagonists in a functional assay for the acetylcholine receptor. Author(s): Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New Haven, CT 06510. Source: Donnelly Roberts, D L Lentz, T L Pept-Res. 1989 May-June; 2(3): 221-6 1040-5704
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The role of site-specific N-glycosylation in secretion of soluble forms of rabies virus glycoprotein. Author(s): Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wistar Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. Source: Wojczyk, B S Stwora Wojczyk, M Shakin Eshleman, S Wunner, W H Spitalnik, S L Glycobiology. 1998 February; 8(2): 121-30 0959-6658
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Treatment of rabies in mice and foxes with antiviral compounds. Author(s): Unite Rage Recherche, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Source: Bussereau, F Picard, M Blancou, J Sureau, P Acta-Virol. 1988 January; 32(1): 3349 0001-723X
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Use of the avidin-biotin peroxidase system to detect rabies antigen in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Author(s): Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia. Source: Fekadu, M Greer, P W Chandler, F W Sanderlin, D W J-Virol-Methods. 1988 February; 19(2): 91-6 0166-0934
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND RABIES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to rabies. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to rabies and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “rabies” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to rabies: •
A case of human rabies in Kansas: epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory considerations. Author(s): Rubin RH, Sullivan L, Summers R, Gregg MB, Sikes RK. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1970 October; 122(4): 318-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4926969&dopt=Abstract
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A community survey of dog bites, anti-rabies treatment, rabies and dog population management in Bangalore city. Author(s): Sudarshan MK, Mahendra BJ, Narayan DH. Source: J Commun Dis. 2001 December; 33(4): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561501&dopt=Abstract
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A review of the economics of the prevention and control of rabies. Part 2: Rabies in dogs, livestock and wildlife. Author(s): Meltzer MI, Rupprecht CE.
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Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1998 November; 14(5): 481-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10344914&dopt=Abstract •
Acceptance of candidate baits by domestic dogs for delivery of oral rabies vaccines. Author(s): Linhart SB, Baer GM, Balderas Torres JM, Engeman RM, Flores Collins E, Meslin FX, Schumacher CL, Taweel AH, Wlodkowski JC. Source: The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 1997 June; 64(2): 115-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352560&dopt=Abstract
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America's first medical breakthrough: how popular excitement about a French rabies cure in 1885 raised new expectations for medical progress. Author(s): Hansen B. Source: The American Historical Review. 1998 April; 103(2): 373-418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11620083&dopt=Abstract
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Antirabies treatment in man in relation to epidemiological conditions: NordrheinWestfalen 1972. Author(s): Bogel K, Posch J, Quander J, Kuwert E, Plichta C. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [orig A]. 1975; 231(1-3): 15-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1154902&dopt=Abstract
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Appropriate rabies postexposure prophylaxis. Author(s): McCauley T, Jones TF, Swinger G. Source: Tenn Med. 2003 March; 96(3): 135-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666375&dopt=Abstract
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Appropriateness of rabies postexposure prophylaxis treatment for animal exposures. Emergency ID Net Study Group. Author(s): Moran GJ, Talan DA, Mower W, Newdow M, Ong S, Nakase JY, Pinner RW, Childs JE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 August 23-30; 284(8): 1001-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10944646&dopt=Abstract
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Bait delivery for oral rabies vaccine to gray foxes. Author(s): Steelman HG, Henke SE, Moore GM. Source: J Wildl Dis. 2000 October; 36(4): 744-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11085437&dopt=Abstract
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Benefits and costs of using an orally absorbed vaccine to control rabies in raccoons. Author(s): Uhaa IJ, Dato VM, Sorhage FE, Beckley JW, Roscoe DE, Gorsky RD, Fishbein DB.
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Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992 December 15; 201(12): 1873-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1483905&dopt=Abstract •
Canine rabies in Nigeria, 1970 - 1980 reported cases in vaccinated dogs. Author(s): Okoh AE. Source: Int J Zoonoses. 1982 December; 9(2): 118-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7169305&dopt=Abstract
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Cellular response to rabies virus infection. Author(s): Bussereau F, Perrin P. Source: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 1982; 5(1-3): 49-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6290135&dopt=Abstract
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Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2001. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. Author(s): National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. Source: Mmwr. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control. 2001 May 25; 50(Rr-8): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400959&dopt=Abstract
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Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2002. Author(s): Jenkins SR, Auslander M, Conti L, Johnston WB, Leslie MJ, Sorhage FE; National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Committee. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 July 1; 221(1): 44-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420823&dopt=Abstract
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Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2003. Author(s): Jenkins SR, Auslander M, Conti L, Johnston WB, Leslie MJ, Sorhage FE; National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 January 15; 222(2): 156-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555977&dopt=Abstract
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Compendium of animal rabies, prevention and control, 2001. Author(s): Jenkins SR, Auslander M, Conti L, Johnson RH, Leslie MJ, Sorhage FE; National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 January 1; 218(1): 26-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11149711&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution to rabies prevention. Author(s): Sureau P.
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Source: Vaccine. 1992; 10(13): 896-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1471408&dopt=Abstract •
Death after failure by herbal doctor to give rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. Author(s): Watt G, Beroy GJ. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985; 79(6): 884. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3832505&dopt=Abstract
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Defining the rabies problem. Author(s): Baer GM. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1998 May-June; 113(3): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9633870&dopt=Abstract
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Disastrous results of indigenous methods of rabies prevention in developing countries. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 September; 6(3): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718842&dopt=Abstract
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Dog ecology and dog rabies control. Author(s): Wandeler AI, Budde A, Capt S, Kappeler A, Matter H. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1988 November-December; 10 Suppl 4: S684-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3060957&dopt=Abstract
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Domestic animal rabies control: an overview. Author(s): Beran GW, Frith M. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1988 November-December; 10 Suppl 4: S672-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3206079&dopt=Abstract
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Early rabies antibody response to intramuscular booster in previously intradermally immunized travelers using human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Author(s): Gherardin AW, Scrimgeour DJ, Lau SC, Phillips MA, Kass RB. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2001 May-June; 8(3): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468113&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of inhibitors of cytoplasmic structures and functions on rabies virus infection in vitro. Author(s): Conti C, Superti F, Divizia M, Pana A, Orsi N.
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Source: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 1990; 13(3): 137-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2292183&dopt=Abstract •
Epidemiological and control studies on rabies in the Philippines. Author(s): Beran GW, Nocete AP, Elvina O, Gregorio SB, Moreno RR, Nakao JC, Burchett GA, Canizares HL, Macasaet FF. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1972 September; 3(3): 433-45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4652470&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Delhi and surrounding areas, 1998. Author(s): Singh J, Jain DC, Bhatia R, Ichhpujani RL, Harit AK, Panda RC, Tewari KN, Sokhey J. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 December; 38(12): 1354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752732&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology and diagnosis of rabies in Greece. Author(s): Seimenis A, Mangana O, Nomicou V. Source: Parassitologia. 1988 January-April; 30(1): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3077442&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology and elimination of rabies in western Europe. Author(s): Pastoret PP, Brochier B. Source: Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997). 1998 September; 156(2): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9805476&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of antirabies treatment in Georgia, 1967-71. Author(s): Currier RW 2nd, McCroan JE, Dreesen DW, Winkler WG, Parker RL. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1975 September-October; 90(5): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=809794&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of fox rabies. Author(s): Toma B, Andral L. Source: Adv Virus Res. 1977; 21: 1-36. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=324250&dopt=Abstract
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Epizootic situation and risk of rabies exposure in Polish population in 2000, with special attention to Lublin province. Author(s): Lyczak A, Tomasiewicz K, Krawczuk G, Modrzewska R.
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Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 2001; 8(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748869&dopt=Abstract •
Evaluation of a canine rabies vaccination campaign and characterization of owneddog populations in the Philippines. Author(s): Robinson LE, Miranda ME, Miranda NL, Childs JE. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1996 June; 27(2): 250-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279985&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of state-provided postexposure prophylaxis against rabies in Florida. Author(s): Conti L, Wiersma S, Hopkins R. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 February; 95(2): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11846250&dopt=Abstract
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Freeze-drying of a purified human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Author(s): Majer M, Herrmann A, Hilfenhaus J, Reichert E, Mauler R, Hennessen W. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1976 October; 36: 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1030426&dopt=Abstract
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Gray fox response to baits and attractants for oral rabies vaccination. Author(s): Steelman HG, Henke SE, Moore GM. Source: J Wildl Dis. 1998 October; 34(4): 764-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9813846&dopt=Abstract
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Hawaii's quarantine regulations and the epidemiology of rabies. Author(s): Frankel RI. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1978 January; 37(1): 16-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=632084&dopt=Abstract
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Human antirabies treatment in the United States, 1972. Author(s): Winkler WG, Kappus KD. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1979 March-April; 94(2): 16671. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=432411&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies in India: epidemiological features, management and current methods of prevention. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: Trop Doct. 1999 October; 29(4): 196-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10578630&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies postexposure prophylaxis during a raccoon rabies epizootic in New York, 1993 and 1994. Author(s): Wyatt JD, Barker WH, Bennett NM, Hanlon CA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 May-June; 5(3): 415-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10341178&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies prophylactics: the French experience. Author(s): Rotivel Y, Goudal M, Simons de Fanti A. Source: Vaccine. 2003 January 30; 21(7-8): 710-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531346&dopt=Abstract
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Human rabies: wild animals challenge dogs as sources of contagion. Author(s): Polk LD. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1970 December; 9(12): 697-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5530591&dopt=Abstract
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Immune response to Japanese rabies vaccine in domestic dogs. Author(s): Shimazaki Y, Inoue S, Takahashi C, Gamoh K, Etoh M, Kamiyama T, Makie H. Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2003 March; 50(2): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675902&dopt=Abstract
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Immune response to rabies vaccine in Thai dogs: a preliminary report. Author(s): Tepsumethanon W, Polsuwan C, Lumlertdaecha B, Khawplod P, Hemachudha T, Chutivongse S, Wilde H, Chiewbamrungkiat M, Phanuphak P. Source: Vaccine. 1991 September; 9(9): 627-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1950096&dopt=Abstract
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Importation of dogs and cats to rabies-free areas of the world. Author(s): Briggs DJ, Schweitzer K. Source: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2001 May; 31(3): 573-83, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11446105&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of rabies virus infection by an oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to rabies virus genomic RNA. Author(s): Fu ZF, Wickstrom E, Jiang M, Corisdeo S, Yang J, Dietzschold B, Koprowski H. Source: Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development. 1996 Summer; 6(2): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8843322&dopt=Abstract
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Mass human exposure to rabies in New Hampshire: exposures, treatment, and cost. Author(s): Noah DL, Smith MG, Gotthardt JC, Krebs JW, Green D, Childs JE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1996 August; 86(8 Pt 1): 1149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8712277&dopt=Abstract
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Measures applied in Denmark to control the rabies epizootic in 1977-1980. Author(s): Westergaard JM. Source: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 1982; 5(1-3): 383-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7128096&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular epidemiology of rabies in the United States: reemergence of a classical neurotropic agent. Author(s): Rupprecht CE, Smith JS, Krebs JW, Childs JE. Source: Journal of Neurovirology. 1997 May; 3 Suppl 1: S52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9179794&dopt=Abstract
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New approaches to the prevention and eradication of rabies. Author(s): Dietzschold B, Faber M, Schnell MJ. Source: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003 June; 2(3): 399-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903805&dopt=Abstract
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New aspects of rabies with emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of the disease in the United States. Author(s): Smith JS. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1996 April; 9(2): 166-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8964034&dopt=Abstract
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New developments in human rabies prevention. Author(s): McCue JD. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1982 August; 17(8): 66B, 66G, 66J Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6807823&dopt=Abstract
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Post-exposure local treatment of mice infected with rabies with two axonal flow inhibitors, colchicine and vinblastine. Author(s): Bulenga G, Heaney T. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1978 May; 39(2): 381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=77308&dopt=Abstract
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Postexposure rabies prophylaxis and preexposure rabies vaccination failure in domestic animals. Author(s): Clark KA, Wilson PJ.
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Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996 June 1; 208(11): 1827-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8675469&dopt=Abstract •
Postexposure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals and epidemiologic characteristics of rabies vaccination failures in Texas: 1995-1999. Author(s): Wilson PJ, Clark KA. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 February 15; 218(4): 522-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229502&dopt=Abstract
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Postexposure rabies prophylaxis. 1. Experience with a computerized algorithm. Author(s): Dato VM, Sorhage FE, Spitalny KC. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1995 July; 85(7): 1020; Author Reply 1021. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7604904&dopt=Abstract
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Postexposure treatment and animal rabies, Ontario, 1958-2000. Author(s): Nunan CP, Tinline RR, Honig JM, Ball DG, Hauschildt P, LeBer CA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 February; 8(2): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897079&dopt=Abstract
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Postexposure treatment of rabies in Pakistan. Author(s): Parviz S, Luby S, Wilde H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 October; 27(4): 751-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9798028&dopt=Abstract
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Potential rabies exposures in a Virginia county. Author(s): Hensley JA. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1998 May-June; 113(3): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9633873&dopt=Abstract
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Prince Dracula, rabies, and the vampire legend. Author(s): Heick A. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 July 15; 117(2): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1605438&dopt=Abstract
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Problems with rabies postexposure management: a survey of 499 public hospitals in Thailand. Author(s): Kositprapa C, Wimalratna O, Chomchey P, Chareonwai S, Benjavongkulchai M, Khawplod P, Wilde H.
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Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 1998 March; 5(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9772313&dopt=Abstract •
Production and use of avianised rabies vaccine in Nigeria. Author(s): Nawathe DR, Banerjee I, Okeke EN, Tiyagnet JN. Source: Int J Zoonoses. 1981 June; 8(1): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7333781&dopt=Abstract
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Public awareness of rabies and compliance with pet vaccination laws in Connecticut, 1993. Author(s): Nelson RS, Mshar PA, Cartter ML, Adams ML, Hadler JL. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998 May 15; 212(10): 1552-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9604022&dopt=Abstract
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Public health impact of reemergence of rabies, New York. Author(s): Chang HG, Eidson M, Noonan-Toly C, Trimarchi CV, Rudd R, Wallace BJ, Smith PF, Morse DL. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 September; 8(9): 909-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194765&dopt=Abstract
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Public preferences regarding rabies-prevention policies in the UK. Author(s): Cox M, Barbier EB, White PC, Newton-Cross GA, Kinsella L, Kennedy HJ. Source: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 1999 August 23; 41(4): 257-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10530425&dopt=Abstract
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Purification of rabies virus and isolation of its components. Author(s): Sokol F. Source: Monogr Ser World Health Organ. 1973; (23): 165-78. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4219474&dopt=Abstract
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Putting the bite on rabies. Author(s): Weir E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 October 1; 167(7): 781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389843&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies and its prevention. Author(s): Gale AE.
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Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 July 18; 161(2): 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8028552&dopt=Abstract •
Rabies and quarantine. Author(s): Carwardine P. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1996 December 14; 139(24): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8981744&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies and quarantine. Author(s): Heathcote V. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1996 December 14; 139(24): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8981743&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies and quarantine. Author(s): Colman K. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1996 December 14; 139(24): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8981742&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies and quarantine. Author(s): Dean S. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1996 November 30; 139(22): 551. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8961527&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies antibody testing and the UK Pet Travel Scheme. Author(s): Fooks AR, McElhinney LM, Brookes SM, Johnson N, Keene V, Parsons G, Soldan A. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2002 April 6; 150(14): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993970&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies contingency plans in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Meldrum KC. Source: Parassitologia. 1988 January-April; 30(1): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3077443&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies control and management. Author(s): Nicholls ES, Davies JW. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 June 1; 126(11): 1286-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7074456&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies in Europe. Author(s): Muller WW, Blancou J.
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Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 September 26; 305(6856): 725-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1422323&dopt=Abstract •
Rabies in Illinois farm animals. Author(s): Schnurrenberger PR, Martin RJ, Meerdink GL. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1970 May 15; 156(10): 1455-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5463042&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies in Ireland: a precarious freedom. Author(s): Costello JA. Source: Parassitologia. 1988 January-April; 30(1): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3268761&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies in Kansas, 1982-1991. Author(s): Perry L. Source: Kans Nurse. 1992 May; 67(5): 8-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1602734&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies In Oklahoma: an epidemiologic view of the problem in animals. Author(s): Vernon A, Thacker SB, Roberts M, Mallonee SP, Beauchamp H. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1983 August; 76(8): 293-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6631575&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies in Tennessee. Author(s): Hayne ST, Oberlies DW, Schott W, Vaeth M. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1984 April; 77(4): 191-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6727339&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies in the Talmud. Author(s): Rosner F. Source: Medical History. 1974 April; 18(2): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4606976&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies in two privately owned domestic rabbits. Author(s): Karp BE, Ball NE, Scott CR, Walcoff JB. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999 December 15; 215(12): 1824-7, 1806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10613216&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies intradermal post-exposure vaccination of humans using reconstituted and stored vaccine. Author(s): Kamoltham T, Khawplod P, Wilde H.
Alternative Medicine 97
Source: Vaccine. 2002 September 10; 20(27-28): 3272-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213396&dopt=Abstract •
Rabies post-exposure treatment and side-effects in man using HDC (MRC 5) vaccine. Author(s): Klietmann W, Domres B, Cox JH. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1978; 40: 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=567152&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies prevention in primary care. A four-step approach. Author(s): Fishbein DB, Arcangeli S. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1987 September 1; 82(3): 83-90, 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3628129&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies prophylaxis: a dilemma. Author(s): Johnston JM, Caraway CT. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1981 September; 133(9): 141-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7334275&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies revaccination for companion animals: Canadian data. Author(s): Gumley N. Source: Can Vet J. 1999 June; 40(6): 404-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10367156&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies risks: systematic evaluation and management of animal bites. Author(s): Mann JM. Source: Compr Ther. 1981 September; 7(9): 58-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7307467&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies treatment. Author(s): Lele RD. Source: Science. 1982 October 8; 218(4568): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7123224&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies virus infection of cultured rat sensory neurons. Author(s): Lycke E, Tsiang H. Source: Journal of Virology. 1987 September; 61(9): 2733-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2441076&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies, raccoons, and suburbs. Author(s): Imperato PJ.
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Source: N Y State J Med. 1991 August; 91(8): 335-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1945137&dopt=Abstract •
Rabies. Author(s): Fishbein DB, Robinson LE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 November 25; 329(22): 1632-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8232433&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies. Author(s): Fishbein DB. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1991 March; 5(1): 53-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2051015&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies. Author(s): Perry BD. Source: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 1987 January; 17(1): 73-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3551312&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies. Author(s): Christie AB. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1981 September; 3(3): 202-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6764492&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies. Immunization in the field. Author(s): Anderson RM. Source: Nature. 1991 December 19-26; 354(6354): 502-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1758491&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies: human exposure potential in Africa. Author(s): Oboegbulem SI. Source: Int J Zoonoses. 1978 December; 5(2): 80-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=744705&dopt=Abstract
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Rabies: the British point of view. Author(s): Vella E. Source: Nurs Times. 1981 September 9-15; 77(37): 1584-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6912502&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for human exposure to raccoon rabies during an epizootic in Connecticut. Author(s): Bretsky PM, Wilson ML.
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Source: Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.). 2001 Fall; 1(3): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653149&dopt=Abstract •
Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene meeting at Manson House, London, 20 March 1997. Epidemiology and control of rabies. The growing problem of rabies in Africa. Author(s): Cleaveland S. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998 March-April; 92(2): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764313&dopt=Abstract
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Sylvatic rabies in Italy: epidemiology. Author(s): Irsara A, Bressan G, Mutinelli F. Source: Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1990 February; 37(1): 53-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2346071&dopt=Abstract
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Taking a bite out of rabies. Author(s): Spencer LM. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994 February 15; 204(4): 479-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8163403&dopt=Abstract
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Tests and treatments from the past for rabies. Author(s): Stevenson JC. Source: Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1979 July; 74(7): 1030-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=257976&dopt=Abstract
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The challenge to provide affordable rabies post-exposure treatment. Author(s): Warrell MJ. Source: Vaccine. 2003 January 30; 21(7-8): 706-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531345&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of human rabies postexposure prophylaxis, 1980-1981. Author(s): Helmick CG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 October 21; 250(15): 1990-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6620498&dopt=Abstract
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The rabies situation in The Netherlands. Author(s): Nieuwenhuis HU. Source: Parassitologia. 1988 January-April; 30(1): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3268765&dopt=Abstract
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The role of site-specific N-glycosylation in secretion of soluble forms of rabies virus glycoprotein. Author(s): Wojczyk BS, Stwora-Wojczyk M, Shakin-Eshleman S, Wunner WH, Spitalnik SL. Source: Glycobiology. 1998 February; 8(2): 121-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451021&dopt=Abstract
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The status of animal rabies in Canada. Author(s): Lewis AE. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1971 May-June; 62(3): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5105223&dopt=Abstract
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Thermal inactivation of rabies and other rhabdoviruses: stabilization by the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at physiological temperatures. Author(s): Michalski F, Parks NF, Sokol F, Clark HF. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1976 July; 14(1): 135-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=181323&dopt=Abstract
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Thermostability of the rabies virion. Optical density measurement technique applications. Author(s): Fargeaud D, Bugand M, Precausta P, Soulebot JP, Tektoff J. Source: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 1982; 5(1-3): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6813020&dopt=Abstract
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Topical questions in relation to rabies in Poland. Author(s): Serokova D, Kostrzewski J. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1968; 12(2): 201-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5752750&dopt=Abstract
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Vaccination against rabies. Author(s): Gilmore MM. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1994 June 11; 134(24): 636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7818676&dopt=Abstract
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Viral zoonoses in Nigeria: (I) Rabies. Author(s): Durojaiye OA. Source: Int J Zoonoses. 1984 June; 11(1): 65-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6500864&dopt=Abstract
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Wild pets are rabies threats. Author(s): Koltveit AJ.
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Wildlife rabies. Author(s): Fischman H. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984 March 1; 184(5): 532-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6706796&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to rabies; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Herbs and Supplements Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Mad-Dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Scutellaria Lateriflora Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria lateriflora, Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skullcap Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON RABIES Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to rabies. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “rabies” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on rabies, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Rabies ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to rabies. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Frightful--but Not Necessarily Fatal--madness: Rabies in Eighteenth Century England and English North America by Blaisdell, John Douglas, PhD from Iowa State University, 1995, 250 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9610942
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Aspects of the Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies in Zimbabwe and South Africa by Sabeta, Claude Taurai; PhD from University of Pretoria (South Africa), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f410625
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Epidemiological Model of Raccoon Rabies in Alabama by Sheeler, Lorinda Laverne; PhD from Texas Tech University, 2002, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043258
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Oral Immunization of Wildlife against Rabies by the Intestinal Route Studies on Delivery and Potentiation of Inactivated Rabies Antigen by Maharaj, Indar; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34170
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Rabies in Wildlife: the Efficacy of Oral Vaccination Control and Prevention Programs by Hannon, Karen Lynn; MPH from Southern Connecticut State University, 2002, 51 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408846
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Social Marketing, Nonformal Education and Participatory Research in Primary Health Care: Urban Rabies Control in Guayaquil, Ecuador by Frith, Michael, EDD from University of Massachusetts, 1988, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8813222
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Specific Rna- and Protein-binding Characteristics of the Nucleoprotein of a South African Rabies Virus Isolate by Jacobs, Jeanette Antonio; PhD from University of Pretoria (South Africa), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f410513
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Studies on Rabies Virus Polymorphism by Ogbebor, Omokhaye P.; MSC from University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76620
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON RABIES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “rabies” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on rabies, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Rabies By performing a patent search focusing on rabies, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on rabies: •
Alvac poxvirus-rabies compositions and combination compositions and uses Inventor(s): Maki; Joanne (Colbert, GA), Paoletti; Enzo (Delmar, NY) Assignee(s): Virogenetics Corporation (Troy, NY) Patent Number: 5,843,456 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: Attenuated recombinant viruses containing DNA encoding a rabies virus antigen in a "cocktail" or combination or multivalent compositions well as methods for making and using the compositions, expression products therefrom, and antibodies generated, are disclosed and claimed. The recombinant viruses can be NYVAC or ALVAC recombinant viruses. The compositions and products therefrom and antibodies generated have several preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic uses. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a modified recombinant poxvirus compositions and combination composition and to methods of making and using the same; for instance, a vaccinia virus or avipox (e.g. canarypox or fowlpox), e.g., modified poxvirus-rabies virus recombinants, compositions thereof, combination compositions thereof and uses thereof, such as an attenuated recombinant, especially a NYVAC or ALVAC-rabies virus recombinant, compositions thereof and combination compositions thereof, and uses thereof. Thus, the invention relates to a recombinant poxvirus-rabies virus, which virus expresses gene products of rabies virus in a composition; the composition can include any one of: canine distemper virus antigen, e.g., CDV HA and/or F glycoproteins, canine adenovirus type 2 antigen, canine coronavirus antigen, canine parainfluenza antigen, canine parvovirus antigen, Leptospira CanicolaIcterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin antigen, any combination of these antigens, or a feline leukemia virus antigen or feline herpesvirus antigen or any combination of these antigens. Such a composition can induce an immunological response against rabies virus infections, as well as against any other antigen in the composition, when administered to a host; and, the composition can elicit long-term immunity (response) against rabies in dogs and can afford protection or elicit an immunological response in pups having maternal immunity. The invention further relates to methods for making and using such compositions. The invention additionally relates to the products of expression of the poxvirus which by themselves are useful for eliciting an immune response e.g., raising antibodies, which antibodies are useful against rabies infection, or which expression products or antibodies elicited thereby, isolated from an animal or human or cell culture as the case may be, are useful for preparing a diagnostic kit, test or assay for the detection of the rabies, and the recombinant virus, or of infected cells, or, of the expression of the antigens or products in other systems. The isolated expression products and antibodies elicited by the recombinant virus are especially useful in kits, tests or assays for detection of antibodies or antigens in a system, host, serum or sample; and the expression products are useful for generation of antibodies. Several publications are referenced in this application. Full citation to these references is found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims or where the publication is mentioned; and each of these publications is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Vaccinia virus and more recently other poxviruses have been used for the insertion and expression of foreign genes. The basic technique of inserting foreign genes into live infectious poxvirus involves recombination between pox DNA sequences flanking a
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foreign genetic element in a donor plasmid and homologous sequences present in the rescuing poxvirus (Piccini et al., 1987). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05843456__ •
Animal bait Inventor(s): Schneider; Irma (Tu, DE), Schneider; Lothar (Tu, DE) Assignee(s): Klocke; Hartmut (Weingarten/Baden, DE) Patent Number: 4,861,586 Date filed: April 3, 1987 Abstract: A prefabricated animal bait containing a carrier substance and a pharmaceutically active substance, for example, a vaccine against rabies. The carrier substance contains a fat component and an additive to stabilize the shape retention of the bait, with both components being selected in such a manner that the mixture is pasty for processing and does not break in the temperature range in which it will be used. The bait is produced in such a manner that, in a deep-drawn mold, the carrier substance completely surrounds, and envelopes a pre-assembled unit of the active substance so that the bait merely needs to be pressed out of this carrier foil when it is to be used. Economical industrial production of prefabricated bait in a simple manner, easily and optimally adaptable to the respective animal species and its habitat with respect to temperature and moisture is provided. A particular simlification results from the use of fish meal as the additive since it simultaneously acts as a lure. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a prefabricated animal bait containing a pharmaceutical substance, for example a vaccine against rabies. It is known to administer a pharmaceutical substance to an animal by mixing the active substance in an inert carrier. The carrier substance, which essentially serves to attract the type of animal to be treated, has in the past been taken itself from animals or parts of animal bodies. For example, chicken heads prepared as bait containing, for example, a vaccine against rabies, may be laid out in the area affected to orally immunize foxes against rabies. When the chicken heads are ingested, the rabies vaccine reaches the mucous membranes in the fox's mouth and is there absorbed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04861586__
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Avirulent anti-rabies vaccine Inventor(s): Benejean; Jacqueline (Chilly Mazarin, FR), Coulon; Patrice (Palaiseau, FR), Flamand; Anne (Gif Sur Yvette, FR), Lafay; Florence (Versailles, FR), Tuffereau; MarieChristine (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Virbac (FR) Patent Number: 5,853,735 Date filed: January 17, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to an avirulent anti-rabies vaccine which consists of an avirulent mutant of an SAD strain of the rabies virus, the glycoprotein of which possesses in position 333 a naturally occurring amino acid whose codon differs from those of arginine by at least two nucleotides.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel anti-rabies vaccine. The rabies virus is a rhabdovirus consisting of five proteins, including one external protein, namely the glycoprotein, which triggers the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies in inoculated animals. Injection of the purified glycoprotein protects the animal against superinfection. The strains of rabies virus most commonly used, especially the CVS strain and the ERA strain, from which are derived the SAD strains such as the SAD Berne and SAD B19 strains, are described in "Rabies Viruses" by H. F. Clark and T. J. Wiktor--Strains of Human Viruses, published by Majer and Plotkin Karger, Basle, 1972, pp. 177-182. The amino acid sequence of the glycoprotein of the CVS strain has been described by Yelverton et al. in "Rabies virus glycoprotein analogs: biosynthesis in Escherichia coli", Science, 219, 614-620. This glycoprotein has two distinct major antigenic sites associated with the neutralization of the virus (sites II and III). Site III in position 330-340 contains arginine 333, which determines the virulence of this strain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05853735__ •
Canine herpesvirus based recombinant live vaccine, in particular against canine distemper, rabies or the parainfluenza 2 virus Inventor(s): Audonnet; Jean-Christophe (Lyons, FR), Baudu; Philippe (Craponne, FR) Assignee(s): Merial (Lyons, FR) Patent Number: 6,159,477 Date filed: December 16, 1998 Abstract: Disclosed and claimed is a recombinant canine herepes virus (CHV). The recombinant CHV includes and expresses at least one heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding an antigen. The antigen can be canine distemper virus HA, canine distemper virus F, rabies virus G, canine parvovirus VP2, parainfluenza virus type 2 HA, parainfluenza virus type 2 F, Borrelia burgdorferi OspA, or Borrelia burgdorferi OspB. The at least one heterologous nucleotide sequence can be in at least one insertion site selected from the group consisting of ORF3 (SEQ ID NO:4), ORF5 (SEQ ID NO:5), the thymidine kinase gene, and the intergenic region corresponding to genes coding for the large subunit and the small subunit. Immunological or vaccine compositions as well as methods for inducing an immunological response are also disclosed and claimed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to vaccines, preferably for dogs, produced from recombinant canine herpesviruses, and to the methods for obtaining and preparing these recombinant viruses. The present invention relates more especially to recombinant canine herpesviruses comprising an expression cassette for one or more foreign gene(s). Canine herpesvirosis is caused by the canine herpesvirus (CHV). The canine herpesvirus (CHV) is classified in the Alphaherpesvirinae family. This herpesvirus is a major pathogen for neonatal puppies. Canine herpesvirosis manifests itself chiefly in a haemorrhagic disease in puppies, and in a benign disease of the upper respiratory apparatus in adult dogs. There are at present no vaccines for protecting puppies against canine herpesvirosis. Moreover, domestic dogs are exposed to numerous other diseases, and the development of a vaccinal vector capable of expressing different antigens of canine pathogenic agents would enable the efficacy of vaccination programmes to be simplified and improved, especially for puppies in breeding kennels. Among pathogenic agents of importance for dogs, the Carre's disease virus, the Rubarth's hepatitis virus, the rabies virus, the canine parvovirosis virus, the canine coronavirus, the parainfluenza virus type 2, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Borrelia burgdorferi, Leptospira spp. and Leishmania infantum may be mentioned.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06159477__ •
Cell line and processes for the replicating rabies viruses and detecting them quantitatively Inventor(s): Bernhardt; Dieter (Colbe, DE), Groner; Albrecht (Seeheim, DE) Assignee(s): Behringwerke Aktiengesellschaft (Marburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,830,638 Date filed: September 12, 1997 Abstract: A permanent cell line PH2, and a process for replication of rabies viruses which have a cytopathic effect (CPE) is claimed. The process comprises: infecting the PH2 cell line with the virus to be replicated; incubating the cells; and isolating and purifying virus particles after they have reached a sufficiently high titer. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a permanent cell line and a process for replicating infectious rabies virus and to its quantitative detection by means of the cytopathic effect (CPE) using this cell line, and to a process for detecting inhibitors of rabies virus replication. Living cells are required in order to produce proteins and viral antigens. In the state of the art, diploid cell strains or permanent cell lines are used for this purpose provided they are suitable for producing the desired proteins or viral antigens. As compared with diploid cell strains, permanent cell lines enjoy the advantage that they exhibit unlimited growth, i.e. they are immortalized. Over broad passage ranges, such permanent cell lines exhibit constant properties as regards cell and antigen replication since, in their case, no cell differentiation takes place as it does in diploid cell strains. Apart from the limited lifespan (passage number) of diploid cell strains, a further, serious disadvantage of these strains is that the organs, tissues, and also chick embryos, which are required as starting material for diploid cell strains are not available in adequate quantity and at all times. Furthermore, the starting material can be latently and/or inapparently contaminated (viruses, mycoplasmas and bacteria), as a result of which optimally reproducible antigen production is not guaranteed. While it is known that rabies virus can be replicated in cell cultures derived from a multiplicity of species, there are only a few reports in the literature of a cytopathic effect being obtained (Egert et al., Acta Virol. 33 (1989), 353-358, Consales et al., J. Virol. Meth. 27 (1990), 227-286, Campbell and Charlton, in: Development in veterinary virology: Rabies Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, 1988). The cytopathic effect (CPE) is a virally-determined, specific cell destruction (lysis) which can readily be detected under the light microscope. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05830638__
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DNA Which codes for glycoprotein of era-strain rabies virus Inventor(s): Curtis; Peter J. (Berwyn, PA), Wunner; William H. (Devon, PA) Assignee(s): The Wistar Institute (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 4,393,201 Date filed: November 4, 1981 Abstract: The present invention provides a cDNA which carries the code for the glycoprotein of the ERA-strain rabies virus.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to rabies virus, more particularly, the ERA-strain of rabies virus. Most particularly, this invention relates to DNA which carries the code for the glycoprotein of the ERA-strain rabies virus. Rabies RNA virus is a rhabdovirus which has a single (non-segmented) negative-strand RNA genome which is transcribed upon infection to produce five polyadenylated complementary monocistronic mRNA species. Each of the virus-specific mRNA's representing a structural gene of the rabies virus genome (see Flamand and Delagneau, J. Virol. 28, 518-523 (1978)) codes for a virion structural protein which corresponds in size to the apparent coding capacity of its mRNA (see Pennica, et al., Virology, 103, 517-521 (1980); and Wunner, et al., J. Virol. 36, 133-142 (1980)). The glycoprotein RNA gene codes for a membrane-associated molecule which forms spike-like projections on the surface of mature rabies virions and is responsible for the induction and binding of virus-neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus (see Wiktor, et al., J. Immun. 110, 269-276 (1973); Cox, et al., Infect. Immun. 16, 754759 (1977); and Dietzschold, et al., J. gen. Virol. 40, 131-139 (1978)). Since the rabies glycoprotein is the primary antigen in rabies virus, it is expected that eventually, injection of the glycoprotein or segments of the glycoprotein which contain an antigen site into an animal will prove to be an effective immunological procedure, without the inherent risks associated with immunization of a patient with denatured rabies virus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04393201__ •
Inactivated rabies vaccine for veterinary use Inventor(s): Bass; Edmund P. (Lincoln, NE), Sharpee; Richard L. (Lincoln, NE) Assignee(s): Norden Laboratories, Inc. (Lincoln, NE) Patent Number: 4,347,239 Date filed: July 30, 1980 Abstract: The preparation of a vaccine for immunization of canine and feline animals from inactivated HCP-SAD strain of rabies virus is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to veterinary rabies vaccines. More particularly, the invention relates to the propagation of rabies virus in swine testicle cell cultures, to mono- and polyvalent vaccines containing the inactivated rabies virus so propagated and to the use of such vaccines to vaccinate canine and feline animals. The inactivated rabies vaccine of this invention is particularly useful for vaccinating dogs and cats and produces advantageously high antibody responses in cats. For many years, research has been directed toward the preparation of safe and effective veterinary rabies vaccines [Crick et al., Vet. Rec. 99(9):162 (1976); Plotkin et al., Ann. Rev. Med. 29:583 (1978)]. A number of rabies vaccines are currently marketed for use in dogs, cats and other animals. These vaccines are classified as nervous tissue vaccines, avian embryo vaccines and tissue culture vaccines, depending on the medium in which the virus was propagated. The inactivated rabies vaccines currently marketed are of murine (nervous tissue) and hamster cell line origin (tissue culture) [Compendium of Animal Rabies Vaccines, 1980, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 176(5):399 (1980)] and are known to be of limited safety, particularly in use with cats. In fact, high cell passage SAD rabies strain vaccines are no longer approved by the United States Department of Agriculture for vaccination of cats. Many known veterinary rabies vaccines comprise virus which has been propagated in tissue culture. For example, the Flury HEP strain was grown in canine kidney cell [Brown et al., Amer. J. Vet. Res. 28(124):751 (1967)], the ERA strain was propagated and attenuated in porcine kidney cells (U.S. Pat. No. 3,423,505), the PRI strain was produced by repeated passage of the ERA strain in porcine kidney cells (U.S.
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Pat. No. 4,040,904) and the ERA strain has been attenuated in bovine kidney cells (U.S. Pat. No. 3,585,266; German Pat. No. 2,162,013). Other cells used for the production of attenuated or inactivated rabies vaccines include hamster fibroblasts [C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. D. Sci. Natur. 265(25):2143 (1967)], baby hamster kidney cells [Crick et al., Res. Vet. Sci. 12(2):156 (1971); U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,415], chick embryo fibroblasts (U.S. Pat. No. 4,115,195; Belgian Pat. No. 863,368), fetal calf kidney cells (French Pat. Nos. 2,261,779 and 2,290,220), fetal canine lung diploid cells (Belgian Pat. No. 859,178), human diploid cells (U.S. Pat. No. 3,397,267), a diploid porcine embryonic cell strain (U.S. Pat. No. 4,070,453), human and murine neuroblastoma cells [Clark, Science 199(4333):1072 (1978) and Infect. Immun. 27(3):1012 (1980)], African green monkey kidney cells [Nawathe et al., Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr. 26(1):1 (1978)] and quail embryo primary cells [Bektemirova et al., Arch. Virol. 61(1-2):61 (1979)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04347239__ •
Live rabies vaccine Inventor(s): Schneider; Lothar G. (P.O. Box 80 03 20, D-6230 Frankfurt am Main 80, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,752,474 Date filed: July 24, 1986 Abstract: A process for the preparation of a live rabies vaccine for the oral vaccination of Canidae is described.Special variants of the SAD rabies virus strain, called variant strain VA.sub.1, VA.sub.12, VA.sub.17 and VA.sub.20, are propagated in the BSR-19 cell line and processed in a known manner to give a vaccine which is effective on oral administration to foxes and dogs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) variant vaccine for animals against rabies, which contains live attenuated virus. The vaccine can be administered parenterally or orally. Live vaccines for the immunization of animals have already been disclosed. They are normally administered parenterally. The disadvantage of all live vaccines is their low stability in the liquid form. For this reason live vaccines are usually freeze-dried, have to be stored in the cold to comply with directions, and have to be used without delay after reconstitution. These live vaccines are guaranteed to be innocuous and efficacious only on intramuscular administration. Cases of postvaccinal rabies have been observed occasionally with other modes of administration, especially subcutaneous injection, and regularly with intracerebral (i.c.) injection. It has emerged that inoculation of domestic animals cannot reach the reservoir of rabies--especially wild living carnivores. Hence there is a permanent source of infection of non-immunized animals and humans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04752474__
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Lyme combination compositions and uses Inventor(s): Jarecki-Black; Judy (Carnesville, GA) Assignee(s): Merial Limited (Athens, GA) Patent Number: 6,368,603 Date filed: March 5, 1997
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Abstract: Disclosed and claimed are compositions containing a Borrelia burgdorferi antigen, and methods for making and using them. The antigen can be OspA. The compositions can contain at least one additional antigen from a pathogen other than Borrelia burgdorferi. The compositions are useful for eliciting an immunological response in a host mammal susceptible to Lyme Disease and to the mammalian pathogen other than Borrelia burgdorferi. Suitable host mammals include dogs, pups, horses, and, the additional antigen can be of a canine, equine or feline pathogen, such as rabies, canine distemper, adenovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza and parvovirus. No significant efficacy interference is observed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi antigen) compositions, especially combination compositions, and to methods of making and using the same, especially for veterinary uses. The compositions can include, in addition to a Borrelia burgdorferi antigen or antigens, an antigen for an additional pathogen, such as a canine, feline or equine pathogen, for instance an antigen from at least one of: rabies virus, canine distemper virus, adenovirus, corona virus, parainfluenza, parvovirus, FeLV, feline herpesvirus, equine influenza virus, equine herpes virus, and the like. The compositions advantageously induce an immunological response against Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) infections, as well as against any other antigen in the composition, when administered to a host. The compositions elicit long-term immunity (response) against Lyme Disease Borrelia burgdorferi in animals, including horses and dogs, and afford protection or elicit immunological response in the animals. In combination compositions, there is an absence of efficacy interference. The invention further relates to methods for making and using such compositions. The invention additionally relates to the antibodies elicited by the compositions, isolated from an animal or cell culture as the case may be, which are useful for preparing a diagnostic kit, test or assay for the detection of a Borrelia burgdorferi antigen or Lyme Disease or another antigen of another pathogen or another pathogen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368603__ •
Method for generating an immunogenic T cell response protective against a virus Inventor(s): Dietzschold; Bernhard (Newtown Square, PA), Heber-Katz; Ellen (Philadelphia, PA) Assignee(s): The Wistar Institute (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,837,249 Date filed: October 20, 1993 Abstract: A novel method of presenting an immunogenic peptide to an antigen presenting cell (APC) of a mammalian host, in order to generate a T cell response protective against a virus, such as herpes or rabies virus, comprising administering an immunologically effective amount of (1) a peptide-fatty acid conjugate, the peptide having the amino acid sequence corresponding to the sequence of a fragment of a glycoprotein or protein of the virus which produces a T cell response or a synthetic replica thereof, (2) a liposome composition and (3) an adjuvant so that the peptide protrudes from the liposome and when the liposome fuses with the APC, the peptide remains bound to the cell surface of the APC membrane. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the methods of preparation and use of a vaccine capable of generating an immunogenic T cell response protective against a virus in the absence of antibody. Although illustrative embodiments of the invention described
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employ vaccines which provide significant protection for an extended period of time against a large dose of herpes virus or rabies virus, it is to be understood that, according to the invention, the methods of this invention may employ vaccines which offer protection against other viruses, such as, influenza, HTLV-III (AIDS), retroviruses and oncogenic viruses. In published protocols for immunization against viral infections, such as Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) and others, high antibody titers have been reported, leading to the conclusion that high antibody titers are extremely important in providing protection. However, as one illustration, recurrent herpes infections are observed often in the presence of high antibody levels in the serum of patients. Individuals who have been infected previously with HSV-1 and are synthesizing antibody which crossreacts with both HSV-1 and HSV-2, nevertheless, contract HSV-2 and have recurrent outbreaks of HSV-1 lesions. Perhaps more significantly, published studies have shown not only that antibody is unable to protect, but that antibody production can actually interfere with a protective host immune response ›Wilson et al, J. Immunology, 132:1552-1528 (1984); Babiuk et al, J. Microbiology, 25:267 (1979)!. Townsend et al, Cell, 144:959-968 (1986); Puddington et al, J. Virol., 60:708-717 (1986); and Celis et al, J. Immunol., 136:692-697 (1986) have focused on the effect of internal viral antigens, as well as surface glycoproteins, upon viral infection and immunization, particularly the priming of regulatory and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837249__ •
Method for purfication of rabic virus Inventor(s): Kawahara; Tetsuo (Ohzu, JP), Ohkuma; Kunio (Kumamoto, JP), Sakamoto; Kuniaki (Kumamoto, JP), Sakoh; Mitsuo (Kumamoto, JP) Assignee(s): Juridical Foundation The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kumamoto, JP) Patent Number: 4,725,547 Date filed: August 9, 1985 Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the purification of rabic virus, which comprises subjecting a solution containing the rabic virus to column chromatography using, as a gel for chromatography, a sulfuric acid ester of cellulose or a crosslinked polysaccharide. The method can provide highly purified rabic virus which is useful for obtaining an effective vaccine against rabies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the purification of rabic virus, and particularly to such method for obtaining effective vaccines against rabies. Rabies is a disease occuring almost all over the world, particularly in Asian and African countries. This disease is caused by rabic virus, which is known to be a bullet-shaped RNA virus belonging to Rhabdoviridae measuring about 180 nm in length and about 80 nm in diameter. The virus is infective to mammalian animals. Thus, rabies is mediated even through wild animals such as bats, foxes, weasels etc. as well as dogs. Affliction with rabies occurs upon the invasion of rabic virus into the central nervous system through peripheral nerves and is tranmitted from an animal infected with the virus by biting or licking. The mortality rate in human patients approaches almost 100 percent. The only possible way for preventing and curing such horrible disease is a vaccination, in which a highly purified vaccine is desired to be used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04725547__
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Methods for treating post-exposure rabies and anti-rabies compositions Inventor(s): Dietzschold; Bernhard (Newtown Square, PA), Koprowski; Hilary (Wynnewood, PA), Rupprecht; Charles (Sewell, NJ) Assignee(s): Thomas Jefferson University (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,695,757 Date filed: June 8, 1994 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions that comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and a antibodies that each comprise at least a portion of the variable region from MAb 1112-1 are disclosed. Methods of treating individuals suspected of exposure to rabies are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of treating an individual suspected of having been exposed to rabies virus. More particularly, the present invention relates to administration of a single species of antibodies that is capable of protecting an individual infected with the rabies virus from developing rabies. Rabies, an acute encephalitis (encephalomyelitis), is the result of infection by a group of related lyssaviruses, also referred to herein as rabies viruses. Rabies pathology has been characterized and rabies viruses have been studied; see for example, The Natural History of Rabies, 2nd Ed., Edited by G. M. Baer, (1991) CRC Press, which is incorporated herein by reference. Chapter 3 of that reference, Rupprecht, C. E. et al., "Antigenic Relationships of Lyssaviruses", The Natural History of Rabies, 2nd Ed., Edited by G. M. Baer, (1991) CRC Press, discloses the antigenic diversity of rabies viruses. Despite its antiquity, rabies, remains a significant global disease which inevitably results in death. For example, in India, in excess of 500,000 humans annually undergo anti-rabies treatment and more than 50,000 other succumb, primarily due to dog bite. Considering the degree of surveillance and veterinary rabies control efforts in North America, actual human rabies deaths are infrequent. Nevertheless, this vigilance to minimize human mortality supports a huge public health infrastructure and requires the annual treatment of tens of thousands of potential exposure cases; in New York state alone, where there is currently a raccoon rabies epizootic, more than 1,000 people will be treated during 1992 to prevent the disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05695757__
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Novel polyvalent virus vaccine Inventor(s): Bijlenga; Gosse (La Tour de Salvagny, FR) Assignee(s): Gist-Brocades N.V. (Delft, NL) Patent Number: 4,351,827 Date filed: July 14, 1980 Abstract: A polyvalent virus vaccine for immunization of warm-blooded animals comprising a mixture of a rabies virus, preferably rabies strain No. 675 deposited in the Czechoslovak National Collection of Type Cultures of the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Prague under No. CNCTC No. A 04/77, and a canine distemper virus, said mixture being substantially free of material emanating from more than one type of tissue cell used to propagate the viruses and a process for its preparation by infecting a suitable single cell system with a rabies virus strain, propagating the rabies virus,
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infecting the cell system with at least one canine distemper virus, propagating the viruses and separating the polyvalent vaccine from the propagation product. Excerpt(s): From Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci., Vol. 28 (1965), p. 38-41, it is known to simultaneously grow rabies virus and canine distemper virus in the same chick embryos but, it is clearly indicated that both viruses are inoculated on different tissues of the embryonated eggs, and thus do not multiply in the same cells. The viruses used were Flury rabies virus (RV) of chick embryo passage between 59 and 61, and canine distemper virus (CD) of chick embryo passage between 55 and 59, while Salmonellapullorum-free 5 to 6 days old embryonated eggs were selected. The article indicates that bivalent vaccines for rabies and canine distemper could be produced, of which the potencies and virus titres were comparable to those of rabies vaccine and canine distemper vaccine produced separately. These obtained bivalent vaccines have the known general disadvantages of vaccine preparation due to the extraneous tissue material which causes generally known undesired side effects. British Pat. No. 1,270,918 describes the preparation of multivalent vaccines in a single cell culture by simultaneous cultivation of different viruses causing respiratory diseases, especially viruses selected from the group consisting of (a) respiratory syncytial virus (b) parainfluenza viruses (c) influenza viruses strains A and B (d) infectious bronchitis-"like" virus and (e) mycoplasma pneumoniae. However in the description of the invention on page 1, lines 80-87, it is clearly stated that it was originally believed by people skilled in the art that infection of a cell with one virus type might preclude simultaneous infection of the same cell with a different virus although later on, this theory was tested and proved not to be generally true. Nevertheless, multiple infection of cells has only been shown to be feasible with certain viruses and is not generally applicable. In British Pat. No. 1,270,918 only specific combinations of viruses, rather similar in type, seemed to be capable of being used for the simultaneous infection of cells and subsequent harvesting of multivalent vaccines. The application of the same process on viruses of really different characteristics, and which also differ from the types of viruses mentioned in British Pat. No. 1,270,918, i.e. rabies and canine distemper, was certainly not described in, or suggested by the disclosure of British Pat. No. 1,270,918. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04351827__ •
Novel rabies virus vaccine and processes Inventor(s): Slater; Eban A. (1 Lindenwood Lane, St. Joseph, MO 64505) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,040,904 Date filed: July 21, 1975 Abstract: There is presented herein a novel rabies virus vaccine which has been developed from a known strain and a process for the preparation of the vaccine. One outstanding advantage of the novel strain is the direct correlation of its cytopathic effect on tissue culture cell monolayers and its titre. Excerpt(s): Vaccines from several strains of rabies virus have been embployed widely in the immunization of animals. One strain employed has been the well-known Flury strain which has been used for the immunization of dogs. The Flury strain was isolated by passage of a street virus through chick brains, and was adapted to growth in embryonated eggs. Vaccines containing the Flury strain of rabies virus have been useful in the immunization of dogs against rabies. However, the Flury vaccine has certain
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disadvantages. It contains a relatively high amount of undesirable proteins to which the animal being treated may be sensitive and contains a relatively low amount of the active virus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04040904__ •
Oral immunization of mammals Inventor(s): Johnston; David (Maple, CA), Lawson; Kenneth F. (King City, CA) Assignee(s): Connaught Laboratories Limited (Willowdale, CA) Patent Number: 4,650,673 Date filed: September 9, 1985 Abstract: A composition and method for immunizing carnivores and other mammals, especially foxes, against rabies and other pathogenic diseases, by setting out and orally administering a dose of a vaccine, are described. The vaccine is enclosed in a bitepermeable sponge-like vector and the container is coated with a membrane containing an attractant, such as tallow. The method operates by penetration of a sponge resulting in distribution of relatively large volumes of vaccine to the oropharyngeal cavity of the mammals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the dissemination of an oral vaccine for the vaccination of mammals against pathogenic disease, particularly rabies. Rabies is a major public health problem in many countries, especially those in the developing areas, and the control of rabies in animals, and especially in wild carnivores, such as the fox, is integral to the ultimate goal of minimizing the public health significance of this disease. Population reduction of the animals, which has been practiced in the past, has not proved to be an effective wild rabies control technique and the vaccination of carnivores associated with the disease has received increasing interest in recent years. There have been a number of previous attempts to vaccinate carnivores through the oropharyngeal cavity. Black and Lawson (Can. Vet. J. 14[9], 206, [1973]) were able to orally vaccinate foxes, both silver and red, utilizing the ERA (Trademark) strain of rabies virus grown in primary porcine kidney cells, by introducing the vaccine into the oropharyngeal cavity. The virus utilized in this case was lyophilised and specially set out as "free choice" for the animals to eat. The use of bait is mentioned in this publication, but no description is given as to the type of bait. Black et al [Can. J. Comp. Med., 34, 309 (1970)]indicated methods of oral vaccination by stomach tube and Baer et al (Am. J. Epid. 93, 487 [1971]) indicated in their publication, methods of oral vaccination for grey and red foxes by various routes, such as stomach tube, feeding explosion using a "coyote-getter", and other methods. These authors did not attempt to use baits to disseminate the vaccine. Baer and Winkler (U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,991) disclose the use of a sausage containing vaccine held in a plastic tube inside the sausage as a bait. Debbie et al (Am. J. Epid., 96, 231, [1972]) showed that wild red foxes may be successfully vaccinated by the oral route using an ERA type of vaccine with a titre >10.sup.3.4 mouse intracerebral lethal dose 50 (MICLD.sub.50)/0.03 ml. Steck in published European Patent Application No. 0100752 discloses the use of a high titre vaccine within a container placed in chicken heads as bait for carnivores. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04650673__
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Oral rabies immunization of carnivores Inventor(s): Baer; George M. (Stone Mountain, GA), Winkler; William G. (Stone Mountain, GA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health, (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 4,014,991 Date filed: January 23, 1976 Abstract: A vaccine and method of protecting wild carnivores and especially foxes from rabies virus which comprises setting out and orally administering an immunizing dose of an attenuated liquid antirabies vaccine, said vaccine being enclosed in a bitepermeable hydrophobic plastic container or sheath and said container being surrounded by an acceptable meat bait for the carnivore such as cured sausage. An elongated shape for both the container and bait is preferred. Acceptable vaccines for utilization include ERA/BHK-21 and PRI virus and a plastic elongated polyethylene tube is preferred for the container holding the attenuated vaccine. An effective amount of a temperature stabilizer for the vaccine may be added for operating temperatures of 27.degree.sup.+C. and these temperature stabilizers are selected from purified casein hydrolysates. The present method operates by bite penetration of the plastic container so that the vaccine is transferred to the buccal mucosa of the carnivore and the present method is effective in the treatment of wild carnivores, especially foxes. Excerpt(s): The control of rabies in terrestrial animal life and especially in wild carnivores, such as the fox, is integral to the ultimate goal of minimizing the public health significance of this disease in the United States. Since population reduction in the past has not proved an effective animal wildlife rabies control technique, vaccination of carnivores has received increasing interest in recent years. The present invention relates to vaccine and a method of protecting wild carnivores and especially foxes from rabies virus which comprises setting out and orally administering an immunizing dose of an attenuated liquid antirabies vaccine, said vaccine being enclosed in a bite-permeable hydrophobic plastic container or sheath and said container being surrounded by an acceptable meat bait for the carnivore such as cured sausage. An elongated shape for both the container and bait is preferred. Acceptable vaccines for utilization include ERA/BHK-21 and PRI virus and a plastic elongated polyethylene tube is preferred for the container holding the attenuated vaccine. An effective amount of a temperature stabilizer for the vaccine may be added for operating temperatures of 27.degree.sup.+ C. and these temperature stabilizers are selected from purified casein hydrolysates. The present method operates by bite penetration of the plastic container so that the vaccine is transferred to the buccal mucosa of the carnivore and the present method is effective in the immunization of wild carnivores, especially foxes. As contrasted to the present invention, set out below is a statement of known prior art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04014991__
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Polyvalent non-specific immuno-stimulating vaccine and method Inventor(s): Pinto; Cesar M. (10 Calle 3-01 Zona 14, Guatemala C, GT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,657,761 Date filed: June 5, 1985
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Abstract: A non-specific therapeutic polyvalent vaccine for subcutaneous injection containing a minimum combination of a PPD (tuberculin vaccine), a rabies vaccine, and snake venom vaccine and preferably including at least a DTP vaccine in addition and optimally a mumps antigen vaccine and Dermatophytin vaccine in controlled levels, all such constituent vaccines being commercially available. The vaccine provides a broadbased stimulation or potentiation of the immuno-defense system of the patient and is useful for the symptomatic relief and/or mitigation of diseases of viral origin, such as Herpes Zoster, labialis and genitalis, various neuralgias, mumps, measles, viral hepatitis, psoriasis and severe acne, or of autoimmune origin, such as multiple sclerosis and arthritis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a polyvalent vaccine composition and is concerned more particularly with a vaccine composition containing a plurality of distinct antigenic components, selected in specified combinations from certain well known therapeutic vaccines, for purposes of evoking in a patient receiving the same a non-specific stimulation or potentiation of the natural immuno-defense system of the patient for achieving significantly symptomatic relief or mitigation of a number of diseases, particularly of viral, bacterial, fungal and autoimmune origin. When a protein is introduced into the blood stream of an animal, including humans, to which that protein is foreign, the protein acts as an antigen and elicits an immunological response which results in a cell mediated response and in the production of antibodies of the immune system of the animal. Such antibodies are specific to the particular injected antigen in the sense that a given antibody will bind in a complex as an immune reaction, i.e., undergo complexation, only with the specific antigen by which it was generated but may also produce cross-reactions between an antibody and antigens closely related to that for which such antibody is specific. When an animal is invaded by a diseaseproducing organism which enters its system, the invading organism acts as an antigen and thus eventually evokes an immune response thereto. However, if the animal has never previously been exposed to the particular invading organism, its system has had no opportunity to produce antibodies to that organism so that the immunological response of the animal may be slow to develop and before such development has taken place, the attack of the organism may have become so invasive or massive as to cause a prolonged illness or even death if the animal's immunological defenses are sufficiently overwhelmed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04657761__ •
Process for purified rabies vaccine Inventor(s): Lavender; John F. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 3,973,000 Date filed: July 18, 1975 Abstract: An improved purified rabies vaccine is produced by high-centrifugal force centrifugation of the crude egg-embryo-derived vaccine, redispersion of the separated solids, centrifugation of that dispersion at low centrifugal force, and collecting the supernatant. Excerpt(s): The original rabies vaccine of Pasteur, announced in 1885, introduced a new era in medicine. For the first time, it was possible to protect victims of rabid animals from rabies. It was soon realized that the original vaccine, produced in brain tissue, had
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major disadvantages. The vaccine was very crude, containing high concentrations of neural tissue, lipids, and proteins. Therefore, local and systemic reactions and neuroparalytic accidents were common. Improved rabies vaccines followed, such as the partially inactivated sheep brain vaccine (1908) and the phenol-inactivated rabbit brain vaccine (1911). Both of these vaccines still caused a significant number of neuroparalytic involvements. In about 1955, the duck embryo vaccine largely replaced the neural tissue vaccines for human vaccination against rabies in the United States. Neuroparalytic involvements have been virtually eliminated by the embryo vaccine, but local and systemic reactions still occur because of the proteins and lipids in the vaccine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03973000__ •
Process for the cultivation of viruses Inventor(s): Bugand; Marc (Calvire, FR), Comte; Philippe (Ste. Foy-les-Lyon, FR), Precausta; Pierre (1700 Big Trail Rd., Walled Lake, MI 48088), Zwingelstein; Georges (Villeurbanne, FR) Assignee(s): Institut Merieux (Lyon, FR) Patent Number: 4,169,761 Date filed: June 23, 1978 Abstract: Viruses, especially rabies virus, can be cultivated on an industrial scale using a fermenter containing a suspension of cells and also collagen fibres. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for cultivating a virus, which is suitable, in particular, for the industrial cultivation of rabies virus so as to obtain viral suspensions which can be used in the manufacture of vaccines. Usually, the cultivation of rabies virus is carried out in a general manner by cultivating the virus on monocellular layers in flasks. This known technique possesses the disadvantage that it is necessary, especially for quantity production, to use a large number of flasks which involves a considerable number of operations and leads to a high cost price. Likewise for viruses other than rabies virus it is necessary to cultivate them on mono-molecular layers and the same disadvantages are present. Attempts have already been made to overcome this difficulty by carrying out the culture of the rabies virus on cells placed in a fermenter, that is to say a large vessel containing, in the appropriate liquid nutritive medium, a suspension of the said cells. However, it has been found that the cells behave badly under these conditions and it is not possible to obtain the virus industrially by this method. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04169761__
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Process for the large scale production of rabies vaccine Inventor(s): Fanget; Bernard J. (Le Vignolet, Fleurieux sur l'Arbresle 69 210, FR), Fournier; Pierre (59bis Avenue du Point du Jour, 69 005 Lyon, FR), Montagnon; Bernard J. (Le Bourg Lentilly, 69 210 L'Arbresle, FR), Wiktor; Tadeusz J. (9 Downs Circle, Wynnewood, PA 19096) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,664,912 Date filed: October 1, 1984
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Abstract: In the large-scale production of rabies vaccine a cell stock comprising a VERO cell strain and a liquid nutritive medium containing serum and microcarriers suspended therein is successively passed into biogenerators of increasing volume. The last of the passages is carried out in a biogenerator having a volume of at least 150 liters. The liquid nutritive medium is drawn off at the end of the final passage and replaced with a serum-free liquid nutritive medium. The cell stock is inoculated in the last passage biogenerator with virus which is allowed to develop. The virus is then cultured, withdrawn and filtered. The filtered liquid suspension is then ultrafiltered, with inactivated beta-propiolactone and purified by zonal centrifugation or chromatography. Excerpt(s): The object of the present invention is to provide a process for the large-scale production of a rabies vaccine which is economically satisfactory and easy to use. Several types of vaccines have been produced since 1885, the date at which the first vaccine against rabies developed by Pasteur was introduced. There were first of all the vaccines produced on nerve tissue and then inactivated of the Fermi, Semple, Hempt or Fuenzalida type. Then, in order to reduce the secondary effects, a great step was made with the vaccine cultivated on the embryo of the duck (1955). This vaccine remained the reference vaccine for 25 years before the arrival of vaccines produced on tissue culture (1978). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04664912__ •
Process for the preparation of a rabies vaccine and vaccine obtained by this process Inventor(s): Schell; Klaus R. (Flamatt, CH) Assignee(s): Schweizerisches Serum-und Impfinstitut and Institut zur Erforschung der (Bern, CH) Patent Number: 4,255,520 Date filed: April 2, 1980 Abstract: A method for preparing a rabies vaccine wherein rabies viruses are multiplied in poultry embryos, the heads of the embryos are harvested and the cell extract containing the rabies antigens is separated therefrom for differential centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation, the separated antigen is further processed using conventional methods. This process results in a highly selective concentration of antigens and the production of viruses having a very high activity and freedom from contaminating proteins. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new process for the preparation of a substantially improved rabies vaccine having a high content of active substance in proportion to contaminating proteins and fats, i.e., a particularly high specific activity, and to the vaccine thus obtained. 1. The veruses are grown in the living animal, which is exposed to great suffering during the procedure and finally must be sacrificed. 2. The inoculation of the living animal, the keeping of the animals and the harvesting of the viruses from their brains cannot take place under such completely hygienically perfect and sterile conditions as, for example, in the case of multiplication of the viruses in vitro or in the egg. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04255520__
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Rabies vaccine preparation Inventor(s): Barth; Rudolph (Marburg, Lahn, DE), Jaeger; Oskar (Niederwetter, DE) Assignee(s): Behringwerke Aktiengesellschaft (Marburg, Lahn, DE) Patent Number: 4,115,195 Date filed: April 12, 1977 Abstract: A rabies vaccine is prepared by adaptation of the rabies virus to chick-embryo fibroplast cell cultures in progressing dilutions of from 10.sup.-1 to 10.sup.-5 for the inoculation of the cell culture passages and for multiplication in dilutions of from 10.sup.-2 to 10.sup.-5 for inoculation of the growth cultures. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a rabies vaccine and to a process for its preparation. Inactivated vaccines and virus vaccines for the immunization against rabies are known. The inactivated rabies vaccines consist of suspensions of virus-containing central nervous tissue of infected animals, such as rabbits or sheep, or of suspensions of infected duck fetuses. Vaccines of this type have the draw-back that, due to the high content of foreign proteins, they may cause undesired side effects at the point of injection as well as of general nature. When rabies vaccines from the central nervous tissue are used, the patient may even suffer from neurocomplications with permanent damage, all the more since a series of injections is required for a sufficient protection against rabies. It has been ascertained that similar side effects also occur with animals. Attempts have been made to propagate the rabies virus in tissue cultures of cell strains of baby hamster kidneys, for example BHK 21-cells, in NIL cells, in primary cells of hamster kidneys, or in chick-embryo fibroblast cells, and to prepare therefrom inactivated vaccines for animals. To obtain rabies virus vaccines for animals, primary cells of kidneys of pigs or hamsters or cell strains of kidney cells of dogs or bovine are being used. In these cases, the virus concentrations as obtained with central nervous system material cannot be reached. A sufficiently high virus titer is, however, the prerequisite to an effective rabies vaccine, especially to an inactivated vaccine. Some of the cells used have the further drawback that they may cause malignant tumors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04115195__
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Rabies virus vaccine Inventor(s): Bijlenga; Gosse (St. Didier au Mont d'Or, FR) Assignee(s): Gist-Brocades N.V. (Delft, NL) Patent Number: 4,320,115 Date filed: January 25, 1978 Abstract: A novel rabies virus strain No. 675 deposited in the Czechoslovak National Collection of Type Cultures of the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Prague under number CNCTO AO 4/77, novel living or inactivated cell culture vaccines derived therefrom, a process for the isolation of the virus strain as well as a process for the preparation of the said vaccines and novel method of immunizing warm-blooded animals against rabies. Excerpt(s): It is known to combat rabies viral infections in warm-blooded animals by preventive parenteral administration of vaccines such as LEP (Low Egg Passage) Flury or HEP (High Egg Passage) Flury vaccines which are obtained as described below. On Jan. 29, 1939 a girl name Flury died in the State of Georgia with rabies being the
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diagnosed cause of death after infection by a rabid dog. The rabies virus was isolated from the brains, lachrymal gland and the salivary gland of the girl by means of intracerebral inoculation into white mice as described in Leach et al., [Amer. J. Trop. Med. (1940), Vol. 20 p. 335]. The brain material from the mice was inoculated intracerebrally into one day old chickens and 136 intracerebral passages in chickens were performed subsequently, according to Koprowski et al. [J. Immunol. (1948), Vol. 60 p. 533]. After two additional intracerebral passages in chickens, the rabies virus was adapted to chicken embryos by a yolk-sac inoculation. After 60 yolk-sac passages, the virus appeared to be practically non-pathogenic for a number of mammals and is available at this serial passage level as rabies vaccine for dogs under the name of LEP Flury vaccine. After additional serial passages in chicken embryos (up to 170-174 passages), the virus appeared to have lost much more pathogenicity so that two week old laboratory mice were not killed after intracerebral administration although suckling mice were still killed. This vaccine is available under the name of HEP Flury vaccine (High Egg Passage Flury vaccine). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04320115__ •
Raccoon poxvirus as a gene expression and vaccine vector for genes of rabies virus and other organisms Inventor(s): Baer; George M. (Atlanta, GA), Esposito; Joseph J. (Atlanta, GA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,266,313 Date filed: February 3, 1992 Abstract: Raccoon poxvirus, an organism that may be indigenous in nature, is established as a suitable substrate for insertion and expression of nucleotide coding sequence of heterolgous organisms. Two infectious raccoon poxvirus recombinants for expressing rabies virus surface spike glycoprotein (G) were produced by homologous recombination between raccoon poxvirus DNA and chimeric plasmids previously used for production of vaccinia virus recombinants by thymidine kinase insertional inactivation. Raccoons that were fed polyurethane baits loaded with raccoon poxvirus recombinant quickly developed high levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies and were protected when challenged with an otherwise lethal dose of raccoon rabies street virus. Dogs developed rabies virus neutralizing antibodies after feeding a vectored raccoon poxvirus recombinant in contrast to feeding a vaccinia: G recombinant that induced no rabies neutralizing antibodies. Cotton rats, skunks, mice and rabbits that were fed recombinant raccoon poxvirus developed variable levels of rabies neutralizing antibodies. All vaccinated cotton rats were protected from otherwise lethal rabies challenge. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to rabies vaccines More particularly, the present invention is related to a rabies vaccine provided by the establishment of a host organism as a substrate for inserting and expressing genetic information of other organisms. Raccoon pox virus (RCN) was first isolated from upper respiratory tissues of two apparently healthy raccoons captured in 1961-62. The raccoons were captured during a survey of local wildlife at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland. This was reported by Herman, Y.F Bacteriol. Proc., 64th Ann. Meet. Amer. Soc. Microbiol. 1964 page 117, and Alexander. A.D. et al., J. Wildlife Dis. 1972:8:119-126. No gross lesions were seen during necropsy of the two raccoons. The sera of 22 of 92 raccoons from the
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same area showed raccoon poxvirus hemagglutinating-inhibiting (III) antibodies. This indicated the presence of the virus in nature at that time. The current distribution of RCN virus in nature is unknown. The biological characteristics of one isolate, including its DNA restriction map and its pathological innocuity when inoculated into raccoons, has been described by Thomas E.K. et al., Arch. Virol. 1975:49:217-227; Esposito J.J. & Knight J.C. Virology 1985:143:230-251; and Parsons B.L. & Pickup D.J. Virology 1987:161:45-53. In an earlier study by Esposito, J J. & Knight, J.C. Virology 1985:143:230251 it was observed that thyymidine kinase (TK) nucleotide sequences within the DNA fragment Hind3-J of vaccinia virus cross hybridized with raccoon poxvirus DNA fragment Hind3-E. Chimeric plasmids like those designed for inserting rabies virus surface spike glycopiotein (G protein) coding sequences into the vaccinia virus TK region were reported by Esposito et al., Virus Genes 1987:1:7-22 and Esposito, J.J. Brechling, K. Moss, B. Patent Application No. 07/010,424, filed on Mar. 25, 1987. In the United States, the wildlife species most involved in rabies transmission are skunks, raccoons, foxes, and insectivorous bats. Raccoons currently rank second to skunks as the major reservoir. Rabid foxes are a major source of the disease in Canada and many European countries. With the discontinued use of poisoning and trapping in the 1960s, attempts have been made to protect foxes from rabies via bait-delivered oral vaccination. The immunization of foxes by the feeding of live-attenuated rabies virus vaccine in sausages is disclosed by Baer, G.M. et al, Am. J Epidemiol. 1971:93:487-490 and the corresponding U.S Pat. No. 4,014,991. This form of immunization led to efficacy and safety studies of live-attenuated rabies vaccine in chicken head baits as described in the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Rabies 7th Report, 1984 Technical Report Series 709, WHO, Geneva. The virtual elimination of rabies in Switzerland and field trials in West Germany and other countries have indicated that oral-bait rabies vaccines can significantly curtail the spread of rabies. Although live-attenuated rabies virus vaccines are effective in immunizing foxes against rabies, they are not effective for immunizing skunks and raccoons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05266313__ •
Replication-defective adenovirus human type 5 recombinant as a rabies vaccine carrier Inventor(s): Ertl; Hildegund C. J. (Villanova, PA), Wilson; James M. (Gladwyne, PA) Assignee(s): The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA), The Wistar Institute of Anatomy & Biology (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,698,202 Date filed: June 5, 1995 Abstract: A method of vaccinating a human or animal against rabies is provided by administering a replication defective recombinant adenovirus containing a complete deletion of its E1 gene and at least a partial deletion of its E3 gene, said virus containing in the site of the E1 deletion a sequence comprising a non-adenovirus promoter directing the replication and expression of DNA encoding a rabies virus G protein, which, when administered to the animal or human in said recombinant virus, elicits a substantially complete protective immune response against rabies virus. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to recombinant adenoviruses as vaccine components, and more particularly, to the use of a replication deficient adenovirus as a rabies vaccine which induces a protective immune response in a mammalian vaccinate. A replication competent, recombinant adenovirus (Ad) is an adenovirus with intact or
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functional essential genes, (i.e., E1a, E1b, E2a, E2b and E4). Such recombinant viruses containing a variety of inserted genes have been used as vaccine compositions with some success ›see, e.g. Davis, U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,209!. One of these recombinant adenoviruses expressing the rabies G protein was shown to induce protective immunity in animals upon challenge with rabies virus ›L. Prevac, J. Infect. Dis., 161:27-30 (1990)!. However, doses above 10.sup.6 plaque-forming units (pfu) of this replication-competent virus were required to induce complete protection to viral challenge. Further, the use of these viruses in a live form capable of replicating in vivo is an undesirable attribute of a vaccine component. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05698202__ •
Specific, highly sensitive, nested PCR detection scheme for the pseudorabies virus Inventor(s): Klann; Richard Chris (Washington, NC) Assignee(s): Encelle, Inc. (Greenville, NC) Patent Number: 6,270,977 Date filed: April 5, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides for a highly sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detecting the presence or absence of the pseudo rabies virus (PVR). The method targets a 674 base-pair region of the pseudorabies virus gII gene. Nucleotide sequences for highly specific novel primers derived from this gII region are also disclosed. These primers are used with the nested polymerase chain reaction method to amplify targeted nucleotide sequences within the 674 base-pair region of the gII gene. The novel primers and optimized reaction conditions of the nested polymerase chain reaction method enable significantly greater specificity for the viral DNA in tissue suspected of harboring the latent pseudorabies virus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detection of viral organisms, more particularly to highly specific PCR primers and optimized reaction conditions for detecting the pseudorabies virus. Pseudorabies virus is a herpes virus belonging to the genus alphaherpesvirinae. Although most warm-blooded species can serve as a host, either through natural or experimental means, this virus primarily resides within the swine population. In its active state, pseudorabies virus causes a disease that is generally fatal to young pigs. Those animals surviving infection become lifelong carriers, harboring the virus in an inactive, noninfectious state. The latent virus can be reactivated to its infectious state within these carriers and spread to other susceptible animals. This inactivationreactivation cycle leads to perpetuation of the virus within a swine herd. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method (Mullis and Faloona (1987) Meth. Enzymol. 155:335-350) provides for the enzymatic amplification of rare DNA sequences and/or minute quantities of DNA, enabling detection of rare DNA sequences not possible by other methods. The technique has been successfully utilized to detect a number of viral agents, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Kwok et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61:1690-1694; Laure (1988) Lancet. 2:538-541; Murakawa et al. (1988) DNA 7:287-295; Ou et al. (1988) Science 239:295-297); human papillomavirus (Shihata (1988) J. Exp. Med. 167:224-230); HSV (Rowley et al. (1990) Lancet. 335:440-441); human rhinovirus (Gama et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16(19):9346); hepatitis B (Larzul et al. (1988) J. Virol. Methods 20:227-237); human T-cell leukemia (Kwok et al. (1988) J. Infect. Dis. 158:11931197; Bhagavati et al. (1988) N. Engl. J. Med. 318:1141-1147); and pseudorabies virus (Maes et al. (1997) Vet. Microbiol. 55 (1-4): 13-27).
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Storing fragmented XML data into a relational database by decomposing XML documents with application specific mappings Inventor(s): Chau; Hoang K. (Sunnyvale, CA), Cheng; Isaac Kam-Chak (San Jose, CA), Cheng; Josephine Miu (San Jose, CA), Chiu; Suet Mui (San Jose, CA), Chow; Jyh-Herng (San Jose, CA), Pauser; Michael Leon (Morgan Hill, CA), Xu; Jian (San Jose, CA) Assignee(s): International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY) Patent Number: 6,643,633 Date filed: January 31, 2002 Abstract: A technique is provided to store fragmented XML data into a relational database by decomposing XML documents with application specific mappings. Data stored on a data store that is connected to a computer is transformed. Initially, an XML document containing XML data is received. A document access definition that identifies one or more relational tables and columns is received. The XML data is mapped from the application DTD to the relational tables and columns using the document access definition by generating a first document object model tree using the XML document, generating a second document object model tree using the document access definition, and mapping the data from the first document object model tree into columns in one or more relational rabies using the second document object model tree. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to computer-implemented database systems, and, in particular, to processing Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents. The Internet is a collection of computer networks that exchange information via Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The Internet computer network consists of many internet networks. Currently, the use of the Internet computer network for commercial and noncommercial uses is exploding. Via its networks, the Internet computer network enables many users in different locations to access information stored in data sources (e.g., databases) stored in different locations. The World Wide Web (i.e., the "WWW" or the "Web") is a hypertext information and communication system used on the Internet computer network with data communications operating according to a client/server model. Typically, a Web client computer will request data stored in data sources from a Web server computer, at which Web server software resides. The Web server software interacts with an interface connected to, for example. Ea Database Management System ("DBMS"), which is connected to the data sources. These computer programs residing at the Web server computer will retrieve the data and transmit the data to the client computer. The data can be any type of information, including database data, static data, HTML data, or dynamically generated data. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06643633__
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Synthetic peptide-based anti-rabies compositions and methods Inventor(s): Boss; Barbara D. (San Diego, CA), Cowan; W. Maxwell (Cardiff by the Sea, CA), Heinemann; Stephen F. (La Jolla, CA), Patrick; James W. (Solana Beach, CA) Assignee(s): The Salk Institute for Biological Studies (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 4,652,629 Date filed: July 3, 1985
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Abstract: A sequence in the coat glycoprotein of rabies virus is identified as the molecular basis for an essential step in the pathogenesis of the virus, the binding of virus to acetylcholine receptor at neuromuscular junctions prior to virus uptake into peripheral nerves. Based on this discovery, synthetic peptide-based, anti-rabies vaccines are prepared. The active ingredient of such vaccines is a synthetic protein, which is a conjugate with an immunogenic carrier protein of a synthetic peptide with a sequence which includes a sequence which is substantially the same as a substantial portion of the sequence of the acetylcholine receptor-binding segment of the rabies virus coat protein. Anti-rabies antisera, and anti-rabies antibodies, are prepared by injecting a mammal with a synthetic protein of the invention in a manner that induces an immune response in the mammal against the synthetic protein. Hybridomas which secrete anti-rabies antibodies, which bind to specific epitopes on or near the acetylcholine receptor binding segment on the rabies virus coat glycoprotein, are prepared with B cells immunized in vitro with a synthetic peptide or synthetic protein of the invention or taken from a mammal inoculated with such a peptide or protein. The anti-rabies vaccines of the invention avoid risks associated with currently available anti-rabies vaccines. The antisera and antibodies of the invention are useful therapeutically to induce passive anti-rabies immunity in a mammal that has been exposed to rabies virus. The antisera and antibodies are also useful for diagnosing whether a mammal is rabid and whether a mammal has been exposed to live rabies virus. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to vaccines, antisera, and antibodies for the prevention and diagnosis of rabies. More particularly, it relates to synthetic peptidebased anti-rabies vaccines and antisera and antibodies generated by immunization with such vaccines. Rabies is a disease which affects humans and other mammals, including dogs and cattle. Rabies is caused by a neurotrophic arbovirus of the rhabdovirus family, Lyssavirus genus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04652629__ •
Vaccine against rabies and process for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Drillien; Robert (Strasbourg, FR), Kieny; Marie-Paule (Strasbourg, FR), Lathe; Richard (Strasbourg, FR), Lecocq; Jean-Pierre (Reichsteet, FR) Assignee(s): Transgene S.A. (Strasbourg, FR) Patent Number: 5,830,477 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to a vaccinia virus, characterized in that it contains all or part of a DNA sequence (I) coding for an antigenic glycoprotein of rabies. Excerpt(s): Rabies is a very ancient disease, but it has not hitherto been possible to effect complete control thereof. Although there are effective vaccines against rabies, such vaccines are too costly to be usable preventively. Moreover a very important reservoir of rabies virus exists in wild animals, and for this reason only island countries such as Great Britain and Japan have managed to eradicate this scurge. The causative agent of this disease is a rhabdovirus. The transmission of rabies generally involves a receptor individual being bitten by an infected animal; the change in behaviour associated with chronic infection has an important role in the etiology of the disease. In man, infection is followed by a dormancy period during which the virus travels through the nervous system to the brain. At the beginning, this disease can be treated effectively by intensive vaccination; however, when the behaviour symptoms appear, death is almost inevitable.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05830477__ •
Vector for recombinant poxvirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein Inventor(s): Brechling; Kathleen (Raleigh, NC), Esposito; Joseph J. (Atlanta, GA), Moss; Bernard (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,348,741 Date filed: September 14, 1992 Abstract: A plasmid vector has been constructed for producing unique vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the gene for rabiesvirus glycoprotein in cells. The recombinant induces production of glycoprotein in substantial amounts for immunization against rabies. Such recombinant could be applied for the production of anti-rabies vaccine and of G antigen antibody and related immunological reagents for research or diagnostic purposes. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a viral vaccine against rabies and use of the virus for producing rabiesvirus immunobiologicals. More particularly, the present invention is related to a genetically engineered plasmid vector that has been used to construct a unique vaccinia poxvirus infectious recombinant for expressing in animals or in tissue cultures part or all of the gene for rabiesvirus glycoprotein. Such a recombinant employing vaccinia or other poxviruses, could be used for production of rabies vaccine, live or inactivated, as well as for production of rabiesvirus glycoprotein antigen, antibody or other related biochemical or immunological reagents. Rabies vaccines presently in use generally contain preparations of inactivated or attenuated live rabiesvirus. Such preparations might be relatively costly, biologically unstable or produce vaccinal side effects. Recently, the cloned cDNA of the glycoprotein (G) gene of the ERA strain of rabiesvirus (Anilionis et al. 1981 Nature 294:275-278) was expressed by infecting mammalian cell cultures with a recombinant of the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus (Kieny et al. 1984 Nature 312:163-166; Wiktor et al. 1984 PNAS 81:71947198). To produce the recombinant, the G cDNA had been directed into the vaccinia thymidine kinase (TK) locus essentially by genetic recombination method (Mackett et al. 1982 PNAS 79:7415-7419; Mackett et al. 1984 J. Virol. 49:857-864) with a bacterial plasmid construct that contained cDNA of ERA G flanked by vaccinia TK sequences. Expression of G was regulated by having inserted proximal to G cDNA the commonly used vaccinia gene promoter for the 7.5 kilodalton (kD) protein (Mackett et al. 1984 ibid.). Mice and rabbits that were vaccinated with this recombinant virus (VVTGgRAB26D 3) produced neutralizing antibodies and were protected against rabiesvirus challenge. However, the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia, the vector for expression of the rabiesvirus strain ERA G cDNA, is most likely to be unsuitable for vaccine purposes because it has been associated with a relatively high frequency of encephalitic vaccinal complications in humans when used for immunoprophylaxis of smallpox (Polak 1973 Int. Symp. on Smallpox Vaccine, 1972 Bilthoven, 19:235-242, Karger, Basil; vonMagnus 1973 Int. Symp. on Smallpox Vaccine, 1972 Bilthoven 19:227-233, Karger, Basil) and has relatively more apparent pathogenicity for laboratory animals compared to other vaccinia strains (Andersen 1969 Proc. Symp. on Smallpox, pp. 53-64, Yugoslav Acad. Sci., 1969 Zagreb, Yugoslavia). Hence, the need remains to provide for humans and animals an efficacious vaccine against rabies that would be potent, less perishable, less costly and having diminished or no vaccinal side effects compared to the presently utilized rabies
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vaccines. A vaccinia--based vaccine, such as strains Lister and New York Board of Health which have been used with relatively low side effects during the eradication of smallpox, appears to possess such attributes. (Arita and Fenner, 1985, "Vaccinia Virus as Vectors for Vaccine Antigens," pp. 49-60, G. Quinnan ed., Elsevier, N.Y. Recombinants derived with these strains and used for vaccine could also be readily adapted for production of related antigen, antibody and other immunobiological reagents. However, whether recombinants made with the more attenuated vaccine strains could protectively immunize against rabiesvirus infection, cannot be a priori predicted. Increased expression of immunogen genes such as rabiesvirus G could be gained by incorporating poxvirus DNA control elements that would regulate higher levels of protein production than currently achieved by use of promotor P.sub.7.5. It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a plasmid vector for producing a unique infectious recombinant virus that contains a relatively strong but late vaccinia promoter for increased expression of coding sequences for rabiesvirus glycoprotein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05348741__
Patent Applications on Rabies As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to rabies: •
Attenuated rabies virus with nucleoprotein mutation at the phosphorylation site for vaccination against rabies and gene therapy in the CNS Inventor(s): Fu, Zhen Fang; (Athens, GA) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030099671 Date filed: July 22, 2002 Abstract: A mutant virus is provided which contains a mutation at a phosphorylation site in one or more of the proteins of the virus, which mutation causes the virus to be attenuated, and therefore, an improved vaccine composition can be produced therewith. The invention also relates to vaccine compositions which contain the mutant virus, as well as to methods of inducing an immune response, and of protecting mammals from infection by rabies virus. Also included in the invention are methods of producing the mutant virus and mutant viral proteins, including producing the mutant virus in a host cell which produces or even overproduces a wild-type counterpart of the mutant viral protein, which complements the other viral proteins such that production of the mutant viral particle is optimized. The invention also includes those host cells in which viral production is optimized, as well as vaccine compositions including the viral proteins, either alone or in combination with the intact virus, and to methods of inducing an immune response or protecting a mammal from infection, using the same. Also included in the invention are vectors suitable for delivering a gene to a cell of a human or animal, as well methods of delivery thereof.
9 This
has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/331,354, filed Jul. 20, 2001, which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes. The present invention relates generally to a vaccine composition and methods of preventing and treating infection in humans and animals therewith. More specifically, the invention relates to a mutant rabies virus wherein the nucleoprotein is mutated at the amino acid wherein phosphorylation occurs. The invention also relates to vectors for delivering a gene to a human or animal, and methods of delivering the gene thereto. Within the Rhabdoviridae family, rabies virus is the prototype of the Lyssavirus genus and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is the prototype of the Vesiculovirus genus (Wagner and Rose, 1996). The genomic RNA is encapsidated with nucleoprotein (N) and this N-RNA complex, together with the phosphoprotein (P, also termed as NS) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L), forms the RNP complex. The N protein of the rhabdoviruses, like the N protein from other members in the order of the mononegavirales, plays vital roles in regulating viral RNA transcription and replication by encapsidating de novo synthesized viral genomic RNA. Although rabies virus N and VSV N do not share a high degree of homology in the primary nucleotide and protein sequences, they do have conserved regions and similar protein characteristics. For example, the N protein of rabies virus has four conserved amino acid stretches homologous with those of VSV (Tordo et al., 1986). In addition, a similar helical structure of N protein exists in both rabies virus and VSV, with an.alpha.-helix continuing from the N-terminus through most of the protein, and a.beta.-turn towards the C-terminus (Barr et al., 1991). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Attenuated recombinant rabies virus mutants and live vaccines thereof Inventor(s): Mebatsion, Teshome; (Boxmeer, NL) Correspondence: Intervet Inc; 405 State Street; PO Box 318; Millsboro; DE; 19966; US Patent Application Number: 20020164356 Date filed: April 23, 2002 Abstract: The present invention describes recombinant RV mutants comprising a combined mutation in two different parts of the viral genome, involving the P and the G genes. The mutations in the P gene preferably encompass residues 139 to 170, more preferably residues 139 to 149, most preferably residues 143-149. The mutation can be a substitution or deletion of one or more amino acids in the above region, as well as combinations of deletion and substitution.Preferred mutants according to the invention may be obtained by deleting residues 143 to 149 or 139 to 149 of the phosphoprotein (P) of rabies virus and simultaneously replacing the Arg at position 333 of the glycoprotein into another residue, preferably Asp instead of Arg.Surprisingly, when these mutations were introduced into rabies viruses lacking Arg at position 333 of their G protein, a dramatic reduction in pathogenicity for suckling mice was observed. This unexpected finding has a profound advantage in developing more safe live attenuated rabies vaccines.The mutation in the G gene may comprise a mutation of the Arg.sub.333 codon into a codon that differs by one, two or three nucleotides from said Arg.sub.333 codon. Preferably the mutants are mutants of a RV strain in which all three nucleotides of the Arg.sub.333 codon are substituted. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to attenuated rabies virus mutants comprising combined attenuating mutations in their glycoprotein and phosphoprotein genes. Rabies remains one of the most dreadful infectious diseases affecting human and
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animals, despite significant scientific advances in its prevention and control. Rabies presents as a distinct problem in different parts of the world. In the more industrialized nations, the risk to human beings has minimized significantly, mainly due to mandatory vaccination programs of dogs and other pet animals. Although wild life rabies still exists in the developed countries, most impressive progress has been made in control and elimination of wildlife rabies using oral immunization of wild carnivores. In contrast, rabies remains a major threat to public health and persists to cause numerous human deaths in the less industrialized nations. Dog rabies is still epizootic in most countries of Africa, Asia and South America and in these countries dogs are responsible for most human deaths from the disease. Therefore, introducing new control strategies in addition to the existing parenteral vaccination programs is a necessity. Due to the success in control of wildlife rabies, several developing countries are presently volunteering to make use of oral vaccination of dogs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Feline polynucleotide vaccine formula Inventor(s): Audonnet, Jean-Christophe; (Lyon, FR), Baudu, Philippe; (Craponne, FR), Bouchardon, Annabelle; (Lyon, FR), Riviere, Michel; (Ecully, FR) Correspondence: Frommer Lawrence & Haug; 745 Fifth Avenue- 10th FL.; New York; NY; 10151; US Patent Application Number: 20030017172 Date filed: August 30, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed are plasmids that contain and express in vivo in a feline host cell nucleic acid molecules. The plasmid can include nucleic molecule(s) having sequence(s) encoding infectious peritonitis virus M; feline immunodeficiency virus env, or gag, or pro, or gag and pro, or env and gag and pro; rabies G; or feline leukemia virus env and/or gag. Compositions containing such plasmids, methods of use employing such plasmids, and kits involving such plasmids, are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a vaccine formula allowing the vaccination of cats against a number of pathologies. It also relates to a corresponding method of vaccination. Associations of vaccines against certain canine viruses have already been proposed in the past. The associations developed so far were prepared from inactivated vaccines or live vaccines and, optionally, mixtures of such vaccines. Their development poses problems of compatibility between valencies and of stability. It is indeed necessary to ensure both the compatibility between the different vaccine valencies, whether from the point of view of the different antigens used or from the point of view of the formulations themselves, especially in the case where both inactivated vaccines and live vaccines are combined. The problem of the conservation of such combined vaccines and of their safety especially in the presence of an adjuvant also exists. These vaccines are in general quite expensive. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Genetically engineered rabies recombinant vaccine for immunization of stray dogs and wildlife Inventor(s): Dietzschold, Bernhard; (US), Hooper, D. Craig; (US), Schnell, Matthias; (US) Correspondence: Thomas Jefferson University; Intellectual Property Division; 1020 Walnut Street; Suite 620; Philadelphia; PA; 19107; US Patent Application Number: 20020131981 Date filed: March 23, 2001 Abstract: Live, attenuated recombinant rabies virus vaccines are generated using reverse genetics to combine the antigenic determinants that render the rabies virus nonpathogenic with the determinants that are responsible for the elicitation of an effective anti-rabies immune response. These vaccines do not affect the antigenic, and therefore the immunogenic, properties of the virus. The present invention further relates to recombinant rabies virus vaccines that express a pro-apoptotic protein, such as cytochrome c, to increase the capacity to induce apoptosis, thereby enhancing the protective immunity against rabies. This new generation of live rabies virus vaccines represents a safe and effective approach to the eradication of rabies in wildlife, and subsequently humans and livestock. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority in part under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 based upon U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/191,510 filed Mar. 23, 2000. The present invention relates to the field of biotechnology and immunology, and more particularly to the design of recombinant rabies virus vaccines by replacing the glycoprotein of a non-neuroinvasive rabies strain with that of a street rabies virus and/or by constructing a recombinant rabies virus expressing a pro-apoptotic protein, thereby eliciting an optimal immunoprotective response against rabies virus. The rabies virus is a rhabdovirus, a nonsegmented RNA virus with negative sense polarity. The genome codes for five proteins: 3 internal proteins are an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L), a nucleoprotein (N) and a phosphorylated protein (NS); a matrix protein (M) located on the inner side of the viral envelope and an external surface glycoprotein (G). (Dietzschold, B. & Ertl, H. Cricial Rev. in Immunology 10:427-439, 1991). The virus is transmitted through broken skin by the bite or scratch of an infected animal. This exposure to rabies virus results in its penetration of peripheral unmyelineated nerve endings, followed by spreading through retrograde axonal transport, replication occurring exclusively in the neurons, and finally arrival in the central nervous system (CNS). Infection of the CNS causes cellular dysfunction and ultimately death. (Rupprecht, C. E., & Dietzschold, B. Lab Invest. 57:603, 1987). Since rabies virus spreads directly from cell to cell, it evades immune recognition. (Clark, H. F. & Prabhakar, B. S., Rabies, In: Olson R. G., et al., eds., Comparative Pathology of Viral Disease, 2:165, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1985). Therefore, in order to effectively prevent disease, immunization should inhibit the ability of the virus to enter the cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Polynucleotide vaccine formula against canine pathologies, in particular respiratory and digestive pathologies Inventor(s): Audonnet, Jean-Christophe; (Lyon, FR), Bouchardon, Annabelle; (Lyon, FR), Riviere, Michel; (Ecully, FR) Correspondence: William S. Frommer; Frommer Lawrence & Haug Llp; 745 Fifth Avenue; New York; NY; 10151; US Patent Application Number: 20010009959 Date filed: February 16, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed is an immunological or vaccine composition that includes at least one plasmid that contains and expresses in vivo in host canine cells a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an antigen of a canine pathogen, such as rabies G. The plasmid can include more than one nucleic acid molecule such that the plasmid can express more than one antigen. Also disclosed are methods for using and kits employing such compositions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a vaccine formula allowing the vaccination of dogs against a large number of infectious pathologies, in particular respiratory and digestive pathologies. It also relates to a corresponding method of vaccination. Infectious dog pathology is extremely varied and often difficult to control depending on the circumstances encountered in the field. A number of vaccines already exist, in particular against Carr's disease (CDV virus), parvovirosis (CPV virus), coronavirosis (CCV virus) kennel cough or respiratory complex (PI2 virus) and rabies (rhabdovirus). These vaccines are, more generally, live vaccines consisting of attenuated strains. This is especially the case for Carr's disease vaccines, vaccines against canine adenoviroses, vaccines against parvovirosis and vaccines against the canine coronavirus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Rabid animal control method Inventor(s): Constantine, Denny George; (Walnut Creek, CA) Correspondence: Robert Charles Hill; 235 Montgomery Street #821; San Francisco; CA; 94104; US Patent Application Number: 20020104254 Date filed: February 8, 2001 Abstract: A method is disclosed for luring attack-prone, rabies-infected mammals (e.g., carnivores, bats) into restraint and/or euthanasia but not luring normal, uninfected animals. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. Rabies is a viral infection of mammals, including man, usually spread through bites of infected carnivores (Order Carnivora) or bats (Order Chiroptera). Rabies virus, as used here, refers to all members of the worldwide viral genus Lyssavirus (Smith, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 9:166-176, 1996) and new members of that genus that continue to be discovered (e.g., Gould et al., Virus Research 54:165-187, 1998), whatever future taxonomic revisions may suggest. These viruses typically produce encephalitis in mammalian hosts, resulting in transmission of virus to subsequent victims via bites or contamination of mucosal surfaces (Constantine, Rabies. In Hoeprich et al., Infectious Diseases. Lippincott, 1994) and sometimes via aerosols (Constantine, USPHS Publ. 1617, 1967). The virus occurs nearly worldwide in wildlife
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and in domestic dogs and cats, particularly where pet vaccination is not practiced. Some 50,000 persons and millions of animals reportedly die of the disease each year, and 8 million persons take antirabies treatment annually. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Rabies virus-specfic neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies and nucleic acids and related methods Inventor(s): Dietzschold, Bernhard; (Newtown Square, PA), Hooper, Douglas C.; (Medford, NJ) Correspondence: Drinker Biddle & Reath; One Logan Square; 18th And Cherry Streets; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-6996; US Patent Application Number: 20030165507 Date filed: May 4, 2001 Abstract: Human monoclonal rabies virus neutralizing antibodies represent a safe and efficacious post-exposure prophylactic therapy for individuals exposed to a rabies virus. The nucleic acid and encoded amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chain immunoglobulins of human monoclonal rabies virus neutralizing antibodies, and their use, is described. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 based upon U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/204,518, filed May 16, 2000. The present invention relates to the fields of molecular biology and immunology and, more particularly, to the nucleic acid and amino acid sequence of human monoclonal rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies. Rabies is an acute, neurological disease caused by infection of the central nervous system with rabies virus, a member of the Lyssavirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae. Of great historical significance due to its antiquity and the horrific nature of the disease, rabies virus continues to be an important threat of human and veterinary infection because of extensive reservoirs in diverse species of wildlife. Throughout much of the world, distinct variants of rabies virus are endemic in particular terrestrial animal species, with relatively little in common between them. While several islands, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and numerous islands are free of terrestrial rabies, rabies and rabies-related viruses associated with bats have recently been identified in the UK and Australia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Recombinant rabies vaccine and methods of preparation and use Inventor(s): Dietzchold, Bernhard; (Newtown Square, PA), Hooper, D. Craig; (Medford, NJ), Schnell, Matthias J.; (Harleysville, PA) Correspondence: Drinker Biddle & Reath; One Logan Square; 18th And Cherry Streets; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-6996; US Patent Application Number: 20030113346 Date filed: October 10, 2002 Abstract: Live rabies virus vaccines comprising a recombinant rabies virus genome which overexpresses the rabies virus G protein increase apoptotic activity in infected cells, and enhance the generation of anti-rabies immunity in a subject.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application serial No. 60/328,350, filed on Oct. 10, 2001, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. This invention relates to the field of biotechnology and immunology, and in particular to the design of recombinant live rabies virus vaccines which cause an infected cell to overexpress a rabies virus G protein. The rabies virus (RV) is a member of the family Rhabdoviridae. Like most members of this family, RV is a non-segmented, negative stranded RNA virus whose genome codes for five viral proteins: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L); a nucleoprotein (N); a phosphorylated protein (P); a matrix protein (M) located on the inner side of the viral protein envelope; and an external surface glycoprotein (G). Dietzschold B et al. (1991), Crit. Rev. Immunol. 10: 427-439. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Recombinant rhabdoviruses as live-viral vaccines Inventor(s): Pomerantz, Roger J.; (Chalfont, PA), Schnell, Matthias J.; (Harleysville, PA) Correspondence: Drinker Biddle & Reath; One Logan Square; 18th And Cherry Streets; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-6996; US Patent Application Number: 20030091590 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides recombinant, replication-competent Rhabdovirus vaccine strain-based expression vectors for expressing heterologous viral antigenic polypeptides such as immunodeficiency virus envelope proteins or subparts thereof. An additional transcription stop/start unit within the Rhabdovirus genome is inserted to express the heterologous antigenic polypeptides. The HIV-1 gp160 protein is stably and functionally expressed, as indicated by fusion of human T cell-lines after infection with the recombinant RVs. Inoculation of mice with the recombinant Rabies viruses expressing HIV-1 gp160 induces a strong humoral response directed against the HIV-1 envelope protein after a single boost with an isolated recombinant HIV-1 gp120 protein. Moreover, high neutralization titers, up to 1:800, against HIV-1 are detected in the mouse sera. These recombinant viral vectors expressing viral antigenic polypeptides provide useful and effective pharmaceutical compositions for the generation of viralspecific immune responses. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority, in part, under 35 U.S.C.sctn.120 based upon U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 09/494,262, filed Jan. 28, 2000. This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 09/761,312, filed Jan. 17, 2001. This application claims priority, in part, under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 based upon U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/285,552, filed Apr. 20, 2001. The present invention relates to the fields of molecular biology and virology, and to a method of treating an HIV-1 infection and to a method of treating an HCV infection, more particularly, to the induction of both humoral and cellular immunity against HIV-1 and against HCV. Great success has been made in the therapy of HIV-1 infection during the last several years. (Holtzer, et al., Annals of Pharmacotherapy 33:198-209, 1999; Bonfanti, et al., Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 53:93-105, 1999). However, the development of a protective immunodeficiency virus vaccine (e.g., HIV-1 vaccine) still remains a major goal in halting immunodeficiency virus pandemics. Most successful vaccines against viral diseases have been composed of killed or attenuated viruses. (Hilleman, M. R., Nature Medicine, 4:507-14, 1998). This approach does not seem to be suitable for
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immunodeficiency viruses, particularly HIV-1 because killed HIV-1 virus induces only a poor neutralizing antibody response and no cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Retroviral vectors for gene transfer into neuronal cells Inventor(s): Dietzschold, Bernhard; (Newtown Square, PA), Dornburg, Ralph C.; (Philadelphia, PA), Schnell, Matthias J.; (Harleysville, PA) Correspondence: Thomas Jefferson University; Intellectual Property Division; 1020 Walnut Street; Suite 620; Philadelphia; PA; 19107; US Patent Application Number: 20020168760 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: The current methods of gene therapy do not allow for the efficient transduction of nerve cells, thereby limiting treatment of diseases or disorders involving the nervous system. The present invention is a method of treating a disease or disorder wherein an avian retrovirus (spleen necrosis virus, SNV) is engineered to express a rabies virus glycoprotein that allows for the specific targeting of nerve cells. Since SNV is not infectious to human cells the retrovirus of the present invention is safe. Further, incorporation of a glycoprotein gene, specifically the N2C gene, and a therapeutic gene(s) of interest into the retroviral vector allows for the specific and efficient transduction of nerve cells with the gene(s) of interest, thereby treating a disease or disorder involving nerve cells. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 based upon U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/275,244, filed Mar. 13, 2001. The present invention relates to the fields of molecular biology and gene therapy, and to a retroviral vector displaying a rabies virus glycoprotein gene for targeted delivery of a gene(s) of interest into neuronal cells and, more particularly, to a method of treating or preventing a neurological disease or condition. Current methods for expressing an exogenous gene in a mammalian cell include the use of mammalian viral vectors, such as those that are derived from retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes viruses, vaccinia viruses, polio viruses, or adeno-associated viruses. Other methods of expressing an exogenous gene in a mammalian cell include direct injection of DNA, the use of ligand-DNA conjugates, the use of adenovirus-ligand-DNA conjugates, calcium phosphate precipitation, and methods that utilize a liposome- or polycation-DNA complex. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with rabies, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on rabies.
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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning rabies. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON RABIES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to rabies. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on rabies include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “rabies” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “rabies” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “rabies” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
21st Century Collection Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) - Comprehensive Collection from 1995 to 2002 with Accurate and Detailed Information on Dozens of Serious Virus and Bacteria Illnesses - Hantavirus, Influenza, AIDS, Malaria, TB, Pox, Bioterrorism, Smallpox, Anthrax, Vaccines, Lyme Disease, Rabies, West Nile Virus, Hemorrhagic Fevers, Ebola, Encephalitis (Core Federal Information Series) by U.S. Government; ISBN: 1592480675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592480675/icongroupinterna
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Control of Rabies by National Research Council Subcommittee on Rabies (1973); ISBN: 0309021243; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309021243/icongroupinterna
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De pre-expositie vaccinatie tegen rabies : advies van de Gezondheidsraad; ISBN: 9012028361; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9012028361/icongroupinterna
138 Rabies
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Joint WHO/IABS Symposium on the Standardization of Rabies Vaccines for Human Use Produced in Tissue Culture (Rabies III) : proceedings of the 52nd symposium; ISBN: 3805527888; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805527888/icongroupinterna
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Kat Kong: Starring Flash, Rabies, and Dwayne and Introducing Blueberry As the Monster by Dav Pilkey; ISBN: 0152420363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0152420363/icongroupinterna
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Laboratory Techniques for Rabies by F.X Meslin, et al; ISBN: 9241544791; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241544791/icongroupinterna
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Mad Dogs: The New Rabies Plague (Louise Lindsey Merrick Natural Environment Series, No 26) by Don Finley (1998); ISBN: 0890968225; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890968225/icongroupinterna
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Population Dynamics of Rabies in Wildlife by Philip J. Bacon (Editor); ISBN: 0120713519; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120713519/icongroupinterna
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Rabies by Alan Jackson (Author), et al (2002); ISBN: 0123790778; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0123790778/icongroupinterna
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Rabies by Elaine Landau; ISBN: 0525674039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0525674039/icongroupinterna
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Rabies by Marion Kaplan; ISBN: 0192649183; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192649183/icongroupinterna
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Rabies by Walmsley; ISBN: 088978003X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088978003X/icongroupinterna
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Rabies by Anker Rogstad; ISBN: 8205131376; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8205131376/icongroupinterna
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Rabies; ISBN: 0901387770; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0901387770/icongroupinterna
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Rabies by Balideo Bisseru; ISBN: 0433031018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0433031018/icongroupinterna
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Rabies - You and Your Pets: You and Your Pets (White Horse Library) by M. Roy Gibbs (1981); ISBN: 0854751378; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0854751378/icongroupinterna
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Rabies (Developments in Veterinary Virology) by James B. Campbell, K.M. Charlton (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0898383900; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898383900/icongroupinterna
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Rabies (Diseases and People) by Alvin Silverstein, et al; ISBN: 0894904655; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894904655/icongroupinterna
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Rabies : for the information of magistrates, district surgeons, veterinarians and local authorities; ISBN: 0621105848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0621105848/icongroupinterna
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Rabies : the facts you need to know by G. N. Henderson; ISBN: 0214205002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0214205002/icongroupinterna
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Rabies and Wildlife: A Biologist's Perspective by David Whyte. MacDonald (1980); ISBN: 019857567X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/019857567X/icongroupinterna
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Rabies in a Changing World by P.H. Beynon (1995); ISBN: 0905214439; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0905214439/icongroupinterna
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Rabies in animals & man by Geoffrey P. West; ISBN: 0715357042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0715357042/icongroupinterna
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Rabies in Animals and Man by G. P. West; ISBN: 0668028750; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668028750/icongroupinterna
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Rabies in Bats: Natural History and Public Health Implications by Danny A. Brass; ISBN: 0963704516; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963704516/icongroupinterna
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Rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin by A. King (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0851995446; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851995446/icongroupinterna
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Rabies in the Tropics by C. Merieux, et al; ISBN: 0387138269; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387138269/icongroupinterna
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Rabies Nuovo i drugie istorii : povest§ i rasskazy by V. Maksimov; ISBN: 5879620239; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/5879620239/icongroupinterna
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Rabies, Lyme Disease, Hanta Virus: And Other Animal-Borne Human Diseases in the United States and Canada by E. Lendell Cockrum (1997); ISBN: 1555611389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555611389/icongroupinterna
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Rabies: proceedings; ISBN: 0839106246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0839106246/icongroupinterna
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Rabies: The Facts (Oxford Medical Publications) by Colin Kaplan (Editor), et al; ISBN: 019261441X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/019261441X/icongroupinterna
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Report of the Committee of Inquiry on Rabies; final report; ISBN: 0101469608; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0101469608/icongroupinterna
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The Bma Guide to Rabies by David R. Morgan (1995); ISBN: 1857751809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1857751809/icongroupinterna
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The Natural History of Rabies; ISBN: 0120724014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120724014/icongroupinterna
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The Natural History of Rabies, Second Edition by George M. Baer (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849367603; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849367603/icongroupinterna
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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Rabies by James N. Parker, Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597829853; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597829853/icongroupinterna
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The Rabies (Importation of Dogs, Cats and Other Mammals) (Amendment) Order (Northern Ireland) 1994: Animals (Statutory Rule: 1994: 402); ISBN: 0337914028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337914028/icongroupinterna
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The Rabies (Importation of Dogs, Cats and Other Mammals) (Amendment) Order 1986: Animals (Statutory Instruments: 1986: 2062) by Great Britain (1986); ISBN:
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0110680626; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110680626/icongroupinterna •
Time of the Rabies by Robert Laxalt (2000); ISBN: 0874173507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874173507/icongroupinterna
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Vaccination to Control Rabies in Foxes (Agriculture) by P.P. Pastoret (Editor); ISBN: 9282583775; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282583775/icongroupinterna
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Who Expert Committee on Rabies: Eighth Report (1992); ISBN: 9241208244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241208244/icongroupinterna
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World's debt to Pasteur : proceedings of a centennial symposium commemorating the first rabies vaccination, held at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, January 17-18, 1985; ISBN: 0845120026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845120026/icongroupinterna
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World's Debt to Pasteur: Proceedings of a Centennial Symposium Commemorating the First Rabies Vaccination Held At.(Wistar Symposium Series, Vol 3) by Hilary Koprowski, Stanley A. Plotkin (Editor); ISBN: 0471843776; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471843776/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago; descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology [by] George G. Goodwin [and] Arthur M. Greenhall. Author: Goodwin, George Gilbert.; Year: 1965; New York, American Museum of Natural History, 1961
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An enquiry into the origins of the two cases of rabies infection confirmed in October and November 1969. Author: Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Animal Health Division.; Year: 1967; Surbiton [Eng.] 1969
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Hydrophobia. Return "of the cases of British subjects treated for hydrophobia or rabies by M. Pasteur, during the last two years". Ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed, 22 December 1888. London, Eyre and Spottiswoode [1888]. Author: Great Britain. Local Government Board.; Year: 1968
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Illinois rabies law (with regulations). Author: Illinois. Laws, statutes, etc.; Year: 2002; Springfield, Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Livestock and Poultry Industry, 1965
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Laboratory techniques in rabies, edited by Martin M. Kaplan [and] Hilary Koprowski. Author: World Health Organization.; Year: 1973; Geneva, 1973
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Laboratory techniques in rabies. Contributors: Pascu Atanasiu [et al.]. Author: World Health Organization.; Year: 1967; Geneva, 1966
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Laws and regulations relating to rabies; excerpts from the California health and safety code and the California administrative code. Author: California. Laws, statutes, etc.; Year: 1962; Berkeley, Dept. of Public Health, 1968
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Midwestern-Northcentral Regional Rabies Conference, Omaha, Nebraska, May 21-22, 1951. Author: Communicable Disease Center (U.S.); Year: 1955; [Atlanta] Communicable Disease Center [1951]
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Rabies and its prevention, with detailed instructions for the guidance of medical and veterinary officers responsible for the administration of antirabic treatment. Author: Veeraraghavan, N.; Year: 1970; Madras, Diocesan Press [1955]
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Rabies control in Israel; report to the Government of Israel, prepared by Ernest S. Tierkel. Author: United States. AID Mission to Israel.; Year: 1966; Tel Aviv, 1962
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Rabies control manual. Author: California. Bureau of Communicable Diseases. Veterinary Public Health Section.; Year: 1966; [Berkeley] 1963
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Rabies transmission by air in bat caves. Author: Constantine, Denny G.; Year: 1953; Atlanta, National Communicable Disease Center; [for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C., 1967]
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Rabies, a challenge to the community. Author: Lederle Laboratories.; Year: 1972; [New York, 1947]
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Rabies. Author: Virginia. Dept. of Health.; Year: 1964; Richmond [1964]
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Rabies; general considerations and laboratory procedures, by A. N. Rai Chowdhuri and A. K. Thomas. Author: Chowdhuri, A. N. Rai.; Year: 1963; New Delhi, 1967
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Reported incidence of rabies in the United States, calender year 1959. Author: United States. Agricultural Research Service. Animal Disease Eradication Division.; Year: 1963; Washington, 1960
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Reports on the outbreak of rabies among deer in Richmond Park during the years 1886-7, by A. C. Cope and Victor Horsley. London, H. M. Stationery Off., 1888. Author: Great Britain. Agricultural Dept.; Year: 1969
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The history and traditional treatment of rabies in Ethiopia. Author: Pankhurst, Richard.; Year: 1967; [Addis Ababa] Haile Selassie I Univ., 1969
Chapters on Rabies In order to find chapters that specifically relate to rabies, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and rabies using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on rabies:
142 Rabies
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Socioeconomic, Ethnic and Geographical Health Issues Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 529-547. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: This chapter on socioeconomic, ethnic, and geographical health issues is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. The authors discuss mainly the relevant imported diseases, problems related to social deprivation, and those which religious or ethnic groups may present during oral health care. Topics include infections, including typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera, nonvenereal treponematoses, yaws (framboesia), granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), lymphogranuloma vereneum, blood-borne viruses, arboviruses, arenaviruses, rhabdoviruses (Ebola, rabies), systemic mycoses, Aspergillosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, rhinosporidiosis, sporotrichosis, systemic candidosis, parasitic infestations, scabies, lice, fleas, malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, trichinosis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis, myiasis, larva migrans, filariasis, trichuriasis, gnathostomiasis, and oral submucous fibrosis. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues, dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. 9 tables. 45 references.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON RABIES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on rabies. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Rabies The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in rabies (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on rabies: •
[Human rabies] [motion picture] Source: Maurice L. Blatt; [made by] Cook County Hospital, Chicago; Year: 1929; Format: Human rabies; Chicago: The Hospital, c1929
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Animal bites and rabies [videorecording] Source: a National Medical Audiovisual Center production; produced for the National Communicable Disease Center; Year: 1970; Format: Videorecording; [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1970
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Clinical rabies in animals [videorecording] Source: Viral Diseases Division, Bureau of Epidemiology, Center for Disease Control, Public Health Service; [produced by] National Medical Audiovisual Center; Year: 1973; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta: National Medical Audiovisual Center, [1976], made 1973
•
Herpes simplex virus infections; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Rabies vaccination: changing concepts of prophylaxis and treatment; Imaging receptors in the human brain [videorecording] Source: [presented by] CMESAT; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; Sarasota, Fla.: CMESAT, c1986
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Laboratory diagnosis of rabies in animals [motion picture] Source: U.S. Public Health Service; produced by Communicable Disease Center; Year: 1961; Format: Motion
144 Rabies
picture; [Washington]: Public Health Service; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center; Washington: for sale by National Audiovisual Center, 1961] •
Rabies: fluorescent antibody staining [motion picture] Source: Communicable Disease Center, Laboratory Branch; produced by Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility; Year: 1966; Format: Motion picture; [Atlanta]: The Center, [1966]
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Rabies [motion picture]. Year: 1929; Format: Motion picture; [Rochester, N.Y.?: Eastman Teaching Films, c1929]
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Rabies [slide] Source: Instructional Systems Division, Center for Disease Control; Year: 1968; Format: Slide; [Atlanta]: The Center, [1968?]
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Rabies [slide] Source: G.S. Turner; Year: 1983; Format: Slide; Chelmsford, Essex, UK: Graves Medical Audiovisual Library, [1983]
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Rabies [videorecording] Source: presented by Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory Medical Television Network, 1982
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Rabies [videorecording] Source: by Eastman Teaching Films, Inc; Year: 1929; Format: Videorecording; United States: Eastman Teaching Films, c1929
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Rabies alert [motion picture] Source: a presentation of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Maryland Forest, Park, and Wildlife Service; Year: 1980; Format: Motion picture; Annapolis, Md.: Maryland Forest, Park, and Wildlife Service; Bethesda, Md.: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, [1980?]
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Rabies alert [videorecording] Source: a presentation of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Maryland Forest, Park, and Wildlife Service; Year: 1980; Format: Videorecording; [Bethesda, Md.: The Institute, 1980]
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Rabies control in the community [videorecording] Source: a Communicable Disease Center production; [presented by] U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service; Format: Videorecording; United States: The Dept., [195-?]
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Rabies in man [motion picture] Source: Medical Audiovisual Department, Army Medical Service Graduate School; filmed by the Syracuse Project, U.S. Foreign Operations Administration Mission to Iran; Year: 1955; Format: Motion picture; Washington, D.C.: The Department, 1955
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Rabies-- the first human recovery [motion picture]. Year: 1972; Format: Motion picture; [Atlanta, Ga.?: s.n., 1972?]
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Rabies, epidemiology and control [slide] Source: School of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University; Year: 1979; Format: Slide; Auburn, Ala.: The School, [1979]
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Rabnet [electronic resource]: human & animal rabies: an interactive information & mapping system for rabies. Year: 9999; Format: Electronic resource; Geneva: World Health Organizations
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Striking back against rabies [motion picture] Source: a Communicable Disease Center production; [presented by] Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service; Year: 1950; Format: Motion picture; [United States]: The Service, [1950]
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The laboratory diagnosis of rabies [motion picture] Source: [presented by] Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service; a Communicable Disease Center production; Year: 1950; Format: Motion picture; [United States]: The Center, [1950]
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The Removal of animal brains for rabies testing [videorecording] Source: produced by the National Medical Audiovisual Center for Virology Training Branch, Laboratory Training and Consultation Division, Center for Disease Control; Year: 1977; Format: Videorecording; [Atlanta, Ga.]: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public
Multimedia 145
Health Service, Center for Disease Control, Bureau of Laboratories, Laboratory Training and Consultation Division, [1977]
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON RABIES Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover rabies.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on rabies is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to rabies. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “rabies” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for rabies: •
China blames rabies epidemic on pet dog fad Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 25, 2003
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First documented human fatality from raccoon rabies in US reported Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 13, 2003
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First death from raccoon rabies in U.S. reported Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 13, 2003
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Safer rabies treatment on horizon Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 21, 2003
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Recombinant human MAbs may replace human rabies immunoglobulin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 21, 2003
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Tobacco plant source of rabies treatment Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 03, 2003
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Plant synthesizes human anti-rabies monoclonal antibody Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 02, 2003
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Chiron to make India rabies vaccine supply hub Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 13, 2003
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Iowa rabies death first in 50 years: CDC Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 29, 2003
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Accelerated vaccine delivery no immediate help against rabies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 08, 2003
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British man dies from rabies after bat bite Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 25, 2002
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Suspected rabies patient in UK tests negative Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 21, 2002
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UK reports possible first case of bat-borne rabies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 19, 2002
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Bat may have given British man rabies - Hospital Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 19, 2002
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California rabies death blamed on bat bite: CDC Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 13, 2002
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Rabies reported in Florida beaver Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 06, 2002
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Some rabies cases caused by unnoticed bat bites Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 03, 2002
Periodicals and News
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Most cases of rabies transmission from bats caused by unrecognized bites Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 01, 2002
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Unnecessary rabies vaccination can be prevented Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 21, 2002
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Unnecessary rabies shots can be prevented: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 21, 2002
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UK doctors 'missing' rabies infection: experts Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 19, 2001
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Rabies infection may be undetected by UK physicians Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 18, 2001
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LigoCyte, NIH partner to develop rabies vaccine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 18, 2001
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Intradermal rabies vaccine can cut costs by 60% Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 13, 2001
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Rabies-based HIV vaccine elicits cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in mice Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 10, 2001
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France declares itself rabies-free Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 10, 2001
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Chiron recalls two lots of RabAvert rabies vaccine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 22, 2001
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Strategy sought for Asia rabies prevention Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 05, 2001
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Rabies should be considered in cases of progressive encephalitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 14, 2000
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Five in US died of rabies since September Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 14, 2000
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Rabies prophylaxis often given or withheld inappropriately Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 23, 2000
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Aventis Pasteur recalls three lots of Imovax Rabies ID pre-exposure vaccine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 28, 2000
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Manufacturer recalls pre-exposure rabies vaccines Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 27, 2000
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Rabies virus helps fight HIV Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 07, 2000
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Live recombinant rabies vector may lead to effective HIV-1 vaccine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 07, 2000
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Raccoon rabies could spread to western US Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 25, 2000
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Pet vaccination can slow spread of raccoon rabies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 24, 2000
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New biopsy technique limits exposure to rabies during autopsies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 20, 1999
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Iowa rabies scare provides public health lesson Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 29, 1999
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Iowa bear cub possible source of rabies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 02, 1999
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Purification improves safety of rabies vaccine in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 21, 1999
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Impaired rabies vaccination response seen in HIV-infected patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 20, 1999
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Rabies eradicated in Switzerland Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 01, 1999
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Rabies in unpasteurized milk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 26, 1999
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Close to three quarters of human rabies deaths in US over past 9 years due to bat bites Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 12, 1999
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Prisoner dies of rabies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 11, 1999
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New rabies prevention guidelines published Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 08, 1999
Periodicals and News
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New rabies guidelines include vaccination for inconclusive exposure to bats Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 18, 1998
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Rabies may have inspired vampire legend Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 21, 1998
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Additional receptor identified for rabies virus Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 31, 1998
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “rabies” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to rabies, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “rabies” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Rabies Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to rabies. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering rabies that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for rabies. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with rabies. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to rabies: Rabies Immune Globulin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: BayRab; Hyperab; Imogam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202718.html
Rabies Vaccine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202719.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 8502 334 76 29 0 8941
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “rabies” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on rabies can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to rabies. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to rabies. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “rabies”:
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•
Guides on rabies Rabies http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rabies.html
•
Other guides Bites and Stings http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bitesandstings.html Pets and Pet Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/petsandpethealth.html Traveler's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/travelershealth.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to rabies, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Rabies Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ2JOAK3DC& sub_cat=295 Rabies Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/rabies.html Rabies: Introduction Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/Introduction/intro.htm Rabies: Question & Answer Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/Ques&Ans/q&a.htm
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Bats & Rabies Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/bats_&_rabies/bats&.htm
•
Children Animals & Rabies Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/kidsrabies/Animals/animals.htm Rabies Virus Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/kidsrabies/TheVirus/rabvir.htm Rabies: Warning Signs Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/kidsrabies/Warning/warning.htm
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From the National Institutes of Health Rabies Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/rabies.htm
•
Latest News First Death from Raccoon Rabies in U.S. Source: 11/13/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14660 .html
•
Organizations Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
•
Prevention/Screening Prevention: Stop Rabies Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/kidsrabies/Prevention/preventi.htm Rabies: Prevention & Control Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/Prevention&Control/preventi.htm Vaccination Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/kidsrabies/Vaccination/Vaccination.htm
•
Statistics Rabies: Epidemiology Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/Epidemiology/Epidemiology.htm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
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The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on rabies. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Travel to Developing Countries Source: New York, NY: Nidus Information Services, Inc. 1996. 8 p. Contact: Available from Nidus Information Services, Inc. 175 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2338, New York, NY 10010. (800) 334-9355 or (212) 260-4268. Fax (212) 529-2349. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $5.95; discounts available for orders of 15 or more reports. Summary: This health report provides advice for travelers planning to visit developing countries. Topics include general health precautions; general guidelines for immunizations; health insurance considerations; precautions for specific travel situations, including motion sickness, air travel, cruise ships, high altitude, and below sea level (scuba diving); and health problems that may concern the traveler to developing countries, including traveler's diarrhea, malaria, cholera, yellow fever, typhoid fever, hepatitis, rabies, poliomyelitis, measles, meningococcal disease, Japanese B encephalitis, insect-and other vector-borne disease, diptheria, plague, and AIDS. The report describes each disease and gives recommendations for prevention, including immunization where appropriate. The report concludes with a section describing how travelers with special health problems such as diabetes, cardiac or pulmonary disease, or pregnancy, should protect themselves. A list of information resource organizations is appended. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Rabies Reference Summary: Answers to some questions about rabies -- how rabies is spread, how to prevent getting rabies and how rabies is treated. Some facts and fiction about rabies are explained. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5863
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Rabies Web Page Just for Kids Summary: The Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has designed this page especially to educate children about rabies -- a viral infection that affects many Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5592
•
Rabies: General Information Summary: This online document describes the symptoms of this health problem and provides the consumer with information on what measures may be taken if one comes in contact with a rabid animal. Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1443 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to rabies. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on rabies can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to rabies. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with rabies. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about rabies. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “rabies” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “rabies”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option
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“Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “rabies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “rabies” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on rabies: •
Basic Guidelines for Rabies Delirium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000740.htm Rabies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001334.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Rabies Anxiety, stress, and tension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Babinski's reflex Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003294.htm Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm
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Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Drooling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003048.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Hallucinations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003258.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hyperactivity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003256.htm Hyperventilation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003071.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle spasms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Numbness and tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Paralysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003190.htm Respiratory arrest Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003069.htm Restlessness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Sore throat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Spasms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm
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Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Swallowing difficulty Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm Tension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Rabies Antibody titer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003333.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Immunofluorescence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003521.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Spinal tap Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003428.htm
•
Background Topics for Rabies Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Allergic reaction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Antibody Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Open wound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000043.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Wound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000043.htm Wounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000043.htm
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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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RABIES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,
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organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alphaherpesvirinae: A subfamily of Herpesviridae characterized by a short replication cycle. There are two genera: Simplexvirus and Varicellovirus. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH]
Dictionary 183
Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the
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lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some antigenic determinants and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiparasitic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH]
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Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Avidin: A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with biotin to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Backcross: A cross between a hybrid and either one of its parents. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU]
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Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a
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network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Borna Disease: An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep, and cattle caused by an RNA virus. [NIH]
Borna Disease Virus: An unclassified, single-stranded RNA virus, possibly related to the family Rhabdoviridae, causing a rare and usually fatal encephalitic disease in horses and other domestic animals and possibly deer. Its name derives from the city in Saxony where the condition was first described in 1894, but the disease occurs in Europe, N. Africa, and the Near East. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buccal mucosa: The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and
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become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU]
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Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chimeric Proteins: Proteins in individuals that are derived from genetically different zygotes. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]
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Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the spores. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin
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system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU]
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Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronavirus: A genus of the family Coronaviridae which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior
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of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoplasmic Structures: Components of the cytoplasm excluding the cytosol. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatomycoses: Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi. [NIH]
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Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dextran Sulfate: Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. It has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 to CD4+ Tlymphocytes. It is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the treatment of hypolipidemia, and for the prevention of free radical damage, among other applications. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used
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to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distemper: A name for several highly contagious viral diseases of animals, especially canine distemper. In dogs, it is caused by the canine distemper virus (distemper virus, canine). It is characterized by a diphasic fever, leukopenia, gastrointestinal and respiratory inflammation and sometimes, neurologic complications. In cats it is known as feline panleukopenia. [NIH] Distemper Virus, Canine: A species of morbillivirus causing distemper in dogs, wolves, foxes, raccoons, and ferrets. [NIH] Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals. [NIH] Dormancy: The period when an organism (i. e., a virus or a bacterium) is in the body but not producing any ill effects. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dynein: A transport protein that normally binds proteins to the microtubule. [NIH] Echinococcosis: An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the
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chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU]
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Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Epizootic: A disease of high morbidity which is only occasionally present in an animal community: it affects a great number of animals in a large area of land at the same time and spreads with great rapidity over a wide territory. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erysipelas: An acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face. [NIH] Erythrasma: A chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Euthanasia: The act or practice of putting to death people or animals suffering from incurable conditions or diseases. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and
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in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Feline Panleukopenia: A highly contagious DNA virus infection of the cat family and of mink, characterized by fever, enteritis and bone marrow changes. It is also called feline ataxia, feline agranulocytosis, feline infectious enteritis, cat fever, cat plague, show fever. [NIH]
Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH]
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Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]
Fowlpox: A poxvirus infection of poultry and other birds characterized by the formation of wart-like nodules on the skin and diphtheritic necrotic masses (cankers) in the upper digestive and respiratory tracts. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetic transcription: The process by which the genetic information encoded in the gene, represented as a linear sequence of deoxyribonucleotides, is copied into an exactly complementary sequence of ribonucleotides known as messenger RNA. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH]
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Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Geographic Locations: All of the continents and every country situated within, the United States and each of the constituent states arranged by region, Canada and each of its provinces, Australia and each of its states, the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres, and selected major cities. Although the geographic locations are not printed in index medicus as main headings, in indexing they are significant in epidemiologic studies and historical articles and for locating administrative units in education and the delivery of health care. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its
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earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH]
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Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels
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are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of
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neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Insertional: A technique in which foreign DNA is cloned into a restriction site which occupies a position within the coding sequence of a gene in the cloning vector molecule. Insertion interrupts the gene's sequence such that its original function is no longer expressed. [NIH]
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Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH]
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Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and zalcitabine analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethal Dose 50: The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or
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spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locus Coeruleus: Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the pontomesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells
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that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]
Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lyssavirus: A genus of the family Rhabdoviridae that includes rabies virus and other rabieslike viruses. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
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MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fusion: The adherence of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artifical membrane models of either to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Methyltransferases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH]
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Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Mononegavirales: An order comprising three families of eukaryotic viruses possessing linear, non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genomes. The families are Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Mumps Virus: The type species of rubulavirus that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the
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function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Short filamentous organism of the genus Mycoplasma, which binds firmly to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. It is one of the etiologic agents of nonviral primary atypical pneumonia in man. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myiasis: The invasion of living tissues of man and other mammals by dipterous larvae. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH]
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Neuroleukin: Neuronal growth factor and lymphokine product of lectin-stimulated T-cells which induces immunoglobulin secretion. Its amino acid sequence is partially homologous to the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120, which may explain, in part, the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia complex. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleoprotein: Chromosomes consist largely of nuclei acids and proteins, joined here as complexes called nucleoproteins. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncogenic Viruses: Viruses that produce tumors. [NIH]
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Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH]
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Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Function Tests: Tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
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Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetics: Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a
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function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic
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weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government
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agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Priapism: Persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. [EU] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a
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protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudorabies: A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of
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pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Rabies Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat rabies. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis. [NIH]
Rabies Virus: The type species of lyssavirus causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation oncologist: A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Rage: Fury; violent, intense anger. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH]
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Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Reticuloendotheliosis: Hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial tissue, in any organ or tissue. A related concept is reticulosis which is an increase in reticuloendothelial elements. [NIH] Reticuloendotheliosis Viruses: A subgenus of mammalian type C retroviruses comprising a few isolates from birds, with no known corresponding endogenous relatives. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH]
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Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes the human strains associated with common colds. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Rubella Virus: The type (and only) species of Rubivirus causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis. [NIH] Rubulavirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the species have hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities but lack a C protein. Mumps virus is the type species. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]
Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a
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gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serial Passage: Inoculation of a series of animals or in vitro tissue with an infectious bacterium or virus, as in virulence studies and the development of vaccines. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Ships: Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Skunks: Omnivorous New World mammals of the family Mustelidae, showing typical warning coloration of patterned black and white and able to eject a malodorous secretion when the animal is startled or in danger. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH]
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Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sporotrichosis: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes
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of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH]
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Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH]
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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic
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number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Titre: The quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to correspond with a given amount of another substance. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme
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"donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichinosis: A disease due to infection with Trichinella spiralis. It is caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork. [NIH] Trichuriasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Trichuris, formerly called Trichocephalus. [NIH] Tropical Medicine: The branch of medicine concerned with diseases, mainly of parasitic origin, common in tropical and subtropical regions. [NIH] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculin: A sterile liquid containing the growth products of, or specific substances extracted from, the tubercle bacillus; used in various forms in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. [NIH]
Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH]
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Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH]
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Viral Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease. [NIH] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers'
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and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yellow Fever: An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. [NIH] Yellow Fever Vaccine: Vaccine used to prevent yellow fever. It consists of a live attenuated 17D strain of the yellow fever virus. [NIH] Yellow Fever Virus: The type species of the Flavivirus genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zoonosis: Disease of animals, e. g. rabies, that can be transmitted to humans. A risk in major disasters; any disease and/or infection which is likely to be naturally transmitted from animals to man; disease caused by animal parasites. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
233
INDEX A Abdominal, 181, 214, 215 Abdominal Pain, 181, 215 Acceptor, 181, 207, 213, 227, 228 Acetylcholine, 15, 24, 81, 82, 126, 181, 189 Acetylcholinesterase, 16, 181 Acne, 118, 181 Adaptability, 181, 188, 189 Adaptation, 121, 181 Adenovirus, 16, 31, 54, 65, 106, 112, 123, 135, 181 Adipose Tissue, 20, 181 Adjustment, 181 Adjuvant, 112, 130, 181 Adverse Effect, 181, 195, 223 Aerosol, 40, 181, 226 Afferent, 7, 181 Affinity, 80, 81, 181, 182, 223 Agar, 182, 216 Agonist, 182, 212 Alanine, 9, 182 Albumin, 182, 185 Algorithms, 3, 182, 186 Alimentary, 182, 214 Alkaline, 182, 187 Alkaloid, 182, 190, 212 Allergen, 182, 194 Alphaherpesvirinae, 108, 124, 182 Alternative medicine, 151, 182 Amber, 182, 203 Amino Acid Sequence, 108, 112, 133, 183, 199, 212 Amino Acids, 26, 129, 183, 190, 199, 213, 215, 217, 219, 222, 223, 226, 229 Amplification, 22, 31, 63, 124, 183 Amyloid, 11, 183 Anaerobic, 183, 211, 224 Anaesthesia, 183, 204 Anal, 17, 32, 183, 196, 207 Analog, 183, 206, 225 Analogous, 183, 195, 228 Anatomical, 7, 183, 222 Anemia, 183, 208 Anesthesia, 183, 206 Animal model, 5, 11, 183, 229 Anions, 182, 183, 205 Annealing, 183, 217 Antibacterial, 183, 224
Antibiotic, 3, 4, 183, 224 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 3, 183 Antibody Specificity, 18, 184 Anticoagulant, 184, 194, 219 Antigen-presenting cell, 184, 193 Anti-infective, 184, 202 Anti-inflammatory, 184, 214 Antioxidant, 5, 184 Antiparasitic Agents, 6, 184 Antiviral, 6, 20, 27, 28, 82, 184, 194, 205, 215 Antiviral Agents, 6, 184 Anus, 183, 184 Apoptosis, 14, 15, 22, 28, 29, 50, 51, 131, 184 Aqueous, 184, 185, 193, 202, 207 Arginine, 107, 108, 184 Arterial, 184, 202, 219 Arteries, 184, 186, 187, 192, 209 Arterioles, 184, 187 Aseptic, 185, 213, 225 Aspartate, 26, 185, 206 Assay, 8, 25, 82, 106, 112, 185, 203 Asymptomatic, 185, 198 Attenuation, 9, 24, 25, 41, 79, 185 Atypical, 185, 211 Autoimmune disease, 185, 210 Autonomic, 181, 185, 215 Autonomic Nervous System, 185, 215 Avian, 12, 36, 110, 135, 185 Avidin, 79, 82, 185 Axonal, 14, 92, 131, 185, 232 Axons, 185, 193, 215, 218 B Bacillus, 185, 187, 229 Backcross, 27, 185 Bacteria, 4, 109, 137, 183, 184, 185, 197, 198, 200, 209, 211, 216, 220, 224, 225, 228, 230 Bacterial Physiology, 181, 185 Bacteriophage, 185, 216, 228, 231 Bacterium, 185, 195, 201, 223 Basal Ganglia, 7, 185 Base, 5, 124, 185, 193, 199, 205, 227 Benign, 108, 186, 201, 222 Beta-pleated, 183, 186 Bewilderment, 186, 191 Bile, 186, 202, 207, 225
234 Rabies
Binding Sites, 23, 186 Biochemical, 11, 16, 127, 186, 200, 206 Biological response modifier, 186, 205 Biological therapy, 186, 201 Biopsy, 150, 179, 186 Biosynthesis, 108, 186, 223 Biotechnology, 21, 32, 74, 79, 131, 134, 140, 151, 159, 186 Biotin, 79, 82, 185, 186 Bivalent, 115, 186 Bladder, 186, 210, 229 Blastomycosis, 142, 186 Blood Coagulation, 186, 187, 227 Blood pressure, 186, 188, 202, 210, 223 Blood vessel, 16, 186, 188, 189, 196, 201, 208, 223, 224, 225, 227, 230 Blood-Brain Barrier, 18, 187 Body Fluids, 187, 195, 223 Bone Density, 13, 187 Bone Marrow, 29, 187, 198, 203, 207, 208, 224 Borna Disease, 24, 187 Borna Disease Virus, 24, 187 Bowel, 183, 187, 215 Brain Stem, 187, 189 Branch, 78, 144, 167, 175, 187, 192, 208, 214, 219, 224, 227, 229 Breeding, 108, 187 Bronchi, 187 Bronchial, 15, 187 Bronchiseptica, 108, 187 Bronchitis, 15, 115, 187 Buccal, 117, 187, 225 Buccal mucosa, 117, 187 C Calcium, 135, 187, 190 Candidosis, 142, 187 Capsid, 188, 212, 231 Carbohydrate, 188, 200, 217, 223 Carcinogenesis, 5, 188 Carcinogenic, 15, 188, 204, 212, 218, 225 Carcinoma, 188 Cardiac, 166, 188, 211, 213, 225 Cardiopulmonary, 19, 188 Cardiorespiratory, 19, 188 Cardiovascular, 6, 188 Cardiovascular disease, 6, 188 Case report, 37, 188, 198 Cations, 188, 205 Caudal, 188, 194, 203, 217 Cause of Death, 122, 188 Cell Adhesion, 16, 31, 188
Cell Count, 13, 188 Cell Death, 16, 184, 188, 211 Cell Differentiation, 109, 188 Cell Division, 185, 188, 189, 193, 201, 209, 216, 218, 223 Cell membrane, 188, 209, 216 Cell proliferation, 80, 189 Cell Survival, 189, 201 Cellobiose, 189 Cellulitis, 4, 189 Cellulose, 113, 189, 199, 216 Centrifugation, 118, 120, 189 Cerebellar, 8, 189 Cerebellum, 7, 189, 199 Cerebral, 7, 10, 185, 187, 189, 199, 208, 214, 227 Cerebrospinal, 26, 60, 189 Cerebrospinal fluid, 60, 189 Cerebrovascular, 188, 189 Cerebrum, 189, 227 Cervical, 189, 222 Chimeric Proteins, 27, 189 Cholera, 142, 166, 189, 230 Choline, 16, 181, 189 Cholinergic, 189, 212 Chromatin, 184, 189 Chromosomal, 5, 183, 189, 190, 216, 221 Chromosome, 5, 190, 201, 223 Chronic, 5, 16, 126, 186, 190, 197, 204, 219, 225 Circadian, 7, 190 CIS, 20, 190 Clamp, 15, 190 Clear cell carcinoma, 190, 194 Clinical trial, 5, 11, 14, 38, 53, 159, 190, 219, 220 Cloning, 16, 186, 190, 204 Coccidioidomycosis, 142, 190 Codon, 107, 129, 190, 199 Cofactor, 190, 219, 227 Colchicine, 79, 92, 190 Collagen, 119, 190, 198, 218 Colloidal, 182, 190, 226 Complement, 190, 191, 199 Complementary and alternative medicine, 85, 102, 191 Complementary medicine, 85, 191 Computational Biology, 159, 191 Computer Simulation, 17, 191 Conception, 191, 225 Confusion, 56, 191, 194 Conjugated, 191, 192
Index 235
Conjunctiva, 191, 204 Connective Tissue, 187, 189, 190, 191, 198, 199, 207, 215, 222 Consciousness, 191, 193, 194 Constipation, 191, 215 Consumption, 191, 194, 221 Contamination, 132, 191 Contraindications, ii, 192 Coordination, 12, 189, 192, 210 Coronary, 6, 188, 192, 209 Coronary heart disease, 188, 192 Coronary Thrombosis, 192, 209 Coronavirus, 106, 108, 112, 132, 192 Corpus, 192, 215, 227 Cortex, 7, 10, 192, 196 Cortical, 7, 26, 192 Cowpox, 192, 230 Cowpox Virus, 192, 230 Cranial, 189, 192, 201, 215 Crossing-over, 192, 221 Cryptococcosis, 142, 192 Curative, 192, 227 Cutaneous, 186, 192, 206, 222, 224, 230 Cyclic, 13, 192 Cytochrome, 27, 131, 192 Cytogenetics, 6, 192 Cytoplasm, 184, 188, 193, 222 Cytoplasmic Structures, 79, 88, 193 Cytotoxic, 19, 29, 113, 135, 149, 193 D Databases, Bibliographic, 159, 193 De novo, 13, 15, 129, 193 Decompression, 193, 195 Degenerative, 193, 201 Dehydration, 189, 193 Deletion, 123, 129, 184, 193 Delivery of Health Care, 193, 200 Dementia, 12, 193, 212 Denaturation, 193, 217 Dendrites, 7, 193, 212 Dendritic, 7, 18, 193, 224 Dendritic cell, 18, 193 Density, 10, 100, 120, 187, 189, 193, 207, 213, 217 Dentate Gyrus, 193, 201 Deprivation, 142, 193 Dermatomycoses, 4, 193 Dermatosis, 194, 198 DES, 79, 81, 194 Desensitization, 15, 194 Deuterium, 194, 202 Developed Countries, 130, 194
Developing Countries, 9, 17, 42, 88, 130, 166, 194, 208 Dextran Sulfate, 78, 194 Diagnostic procedure, 105, 151, 194 Diarrhea, 166, 194 Diencephalon, 194, 203, 227 Digestion, 182, 186, 187, 194, 207, 225 Dilatation, 194, 218 Diploid, 34, 43, 50, 54, 57, 70, 73, 88, 90, 109, 111, 194, 216 Direct, iii, 7, 8, 15, 24, 115, 135, 153, 194, 221, 226 Disease Susceptibility, 17, 194 Disorientation, 191, 194 Dissociation, 182, 194 Distal, 7, 185, 194, 218, 219 Distemper, 106, 108, 112, 114, 115, 195 Distemper Virus, Canine, 195 Diving, 166, 195 Dormancy, 126, 195 Dorsal, 195, 217, 224 Drug Design, 6, 195 Drug Interactions, 154, 195 Drug Toxicity, 13, 195 Duct, 195, 197, 222 Duodenum, 186, 195, 225 Dyes, 183, 195, 226 Dynein, 23, 25, 26, 79, 195 E Echinococcosis, 142, 195 Effector, 181, 190, 195, 211 Efficacy, 10, 11, 16, 18, 48, 54, 71, 104, 108, 112, 123, 195 Elastin, 190, 195 Electrolyte, 195, 217, 223 Electrons, 184, 185, 195, 205, 213, 220 Electroplating, 196, 226 Embryo, 33, 38, 43, 45, 54, 56, 61, 69, 110, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 188, 196, 204 Encephalitis, 37, 47, 53, 63, 68, 114, 132, 137, 149, 166, 196 Encephalitis, Viral, 196 Encephalomyelitis, 36, 60, 114, 187, 196 Endemic, 37, 43, 44, 68, 133, 189, 196, 208 Endothelial cell, 12, 15, 187, 196, 198, 227 Entorhinal Cortex, 196, 201 Environmental Exposure, 5, 196 Environmental Health, 158, 160, 196 Enzymatic, 124, 187, 191, 196, 217 Enzyme, 6, 21, 34, 78, 181, 195, 196, 202, 215, 217, 218, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232
236 Rabies
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 21, 34, 78, 196 Epidemic, 17, 147, 196 Epidemiologic Studies, 196, 200 Epidemiological, 33, 42, 44, 52, 59, 86, 89, 90, 103, 196, 198 Epidermal, 197, 206 Epidermis, 197, 205, 206, 218, 220 Epithelial, 15, 197, 201 Epithelial Cells, 15, 197, 201 Epithelium, 197, 211, 214 Epitope, 21, 25, 26, 31, 197 Epizootic, 17, 28, 44, 52, 54, 69, 72, 89, 91, 92, 98, 114, 130, 197 Erectile, 197, 215 Erection, 197, 218 Erysipelas, 4, 197 Erythrasma, 4, 197 Erythrocytes, 183, 187, 197, 221 Esophagitis, 15, 197 Esophagus, 15, 197, 216, 225 Ethnic Groups, 142, 197 Eukaryotic Cells, 197, 204, 213 Euthanasia, 132, 197 Exhaustion, 197, 208 Exocrine, 197, 214 Exogenous, 135, 197, 215 Extensor, 197, 219 Extracellular, 183, 191, 197, 198, 223 Extracellular Matrix, 191, 197, 198 Eye Infections, 181, 198 F Facial, 3, 198 Family Planning, 159, 198 Fat, 13, 62, 107, 181, 187, 192, 198, 207, 210, 223, 224 Fatal Outcome, 198, 220 Feces, 191, 198, 214 Feline Panleukopenia, 195, 198 Fertilizers, 198, 226 Fibrin, 186, 198, 215, 227 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 18, 198 Fibroblasts, 5, 111, 198 Fibrosis, 142, 198, 222 Filariasis, 142, 198 Fleas, 142, 198 Fluorescence, 5, 6, 198 Fold, 9, 198 Follicles, 198 Folliculitis, 4, 198 Fossa, 189, 199 Fourth Ventricle, 199, 207, 227
Fowlpox, 106, 199 Freeze-dried, 111, 199 Frontal Lobe, 199, 210 Fungi, 4, 193, 198, 199, 209, 224, 231 Fungus, 190, 192, 199 G Ganglia, 7, 181, 199, 211, 215 Gas, 199, 202, 226 Gastrointestinal, 192, 195, 199, 208, 226, 230 Gene Expression, 12, 14, 15, 20, 22, 24, 61, 122, 199 Genetic Code, 199, 212 Genetic Engineering, 186, 190, 199 Genetic testing, 199, 217 Genetic transcription, 199, 218 Genetics, 5, 8, 9, 11, 15, 131, 192, 199 Genital, 190, 200, 231 Geographic Locations, 17, 200 Gland, 122, 200, 207, 214, 216, 223, 225 Glucose, 13, 189, 194, 200, 205, 222 Glutamic Acid, 200, 218 Glycine, 200, 223 Glycoside, 200, 202, 222 Glycosylation, 82, 100, 200 Gout, 190, 200 Governing Board, 200, 218 Gp120, 134, 200, 212, 215 Graft, 200, 202, 203 Gram-negative, 187, 200, 211, 230 Granuloma, 142, 200, 208 Granuloma Inguinale, 142, 200, 208 Growth factors, 18, 201 H Habitat, 107, 201 Hair follicles, 198, 201, 225 Haploid, 201, 216 Haptens, 182, 201 Headache, 178, 201, 204 Heart attack, 188, 201 Heme, 192, 201 Hemolytic, 201, 203 Hepatitis, 108, 124, 166, 201, 230 Hepatocytes, 201 Hereditary, 200, 201, 215 Heredity, 199, 201 Herpes, 80, 112, 113, 118, 124, 135, 143, 201 Herpes virus, 112, 113, 124, 135, 201 Herpes Zoster, 118, 201 Heterogeneity, 17, 182, 201 Heterotrophic, 199, 201
Index 237
Hippocampus, 10, 193, 201, 225 Histology, 202, 214 Homologous, 18, 107, 122, 129, 186, 192, 202, 210, 212, 223, 226 Hormone, 194, 202, 205 Horseradish Peroxidase, 196, 202 Human papillomavirus, 4, 124, 202 Humoral, 11, 13, 19, 57, 134, 202 Humour, 202 Hybrid, 185, 202 Hybridization, 5, 202 Hydrogen, 5, 181, 185, 188, 193, 194, 202, 207, 210, 212, 213, 215, 219, 232 Hydrogen Peroxide, 5, 202, 207 Hydrolases, 6, 202, 216 Hydrolysis, 181, 189, 202, 215, 216, 217 Hydrophobic, 117, 202, 207 Hydroxylysine, 190, 202 Hydroxyproline, 190, 202 Hypersensitivity, 182, 194, 202 Hypertension, 188, 201, 202 Hypothalamus, 185, 194, 203, 216, 226, 227 I Id, 83, 101, 167, 174, 176, 203 Imaging procedures, 203, 228 Imidazole, 186, 203 Immune Sera, 203 Immune system, 118, 184, 186, 203, 208, 210, 211, 230, 231 Immunity, 9, 11, 17, 19, 24, 26, 27, 57, 100, 106, 112, 124, 126, 131, 133, 134, 182, 203, 228 Immunoassay, 196, 203 Immunodeficiency, 12, 25, 29, 30, 46, 47, 60, 124, 130, 134, 203 Immunofluorescence, 39, 179, 203 Immunogen, 10, 28, 128, 203 Immunogenic, 10, 30, 36, 112, 126, 131, 203 Immunoglobulin, 14, 37, 67, 148, 183, 203, 210, 212, 220 Immunohistochemistry, 15, 203 Immunologic, 55, 203 Immunotherapy, 186, 194, 203 Impetigo, 4, 203 In situ, 5, 16, 24, 203 In Situ Hybridization, 5, 16, 24, 204 In vitro, 8, 12, 16, 18, 24, 26, 29, 78, 79, 81, 88, 120, 126, 204, 217, 223, 225, 226, 228 In vivo, 8, 12, 14, 18, 24, 29, 124, 130, 132, 204 Incision, 204, 205 Incubation, 204, 206
Incubation period, 204, 206 Indicative, 137, 204, 214, 230 Induction, 26, 80, 110, 134, 204, 206 Infarction, 192, 204, 209 Infestation, 195, 204, 231 Influenza, 78, 112, 113, 115, 137, 204 Ingestion, 204, 217 Inhalation, 181, 190, 204, 217, 224 Initiation, 31, 55, 204, 218 Inlay, 204, 221 Insertional, 122, 204 Insight, 12, 205 Insulator, 205, 210 Insulin, 13, 205 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 205 Interferon, 61, 205 Interferon-alpha, 61, 205 Intermittent, 13, 205 Interstitial, 205, 209 Intracellular, 6, 200, 204, 205, 209, 217, 231 Intracellular Membranes, 205, 209 Intramuscular, 43, 64, 88, 111, 205, 214 Intravenous, 66, 205, 214 Intrinsic, 182, 205 Invasive, 118, 203, 205 Invertebrates, 11, 205 Involuntary, 205, 211, 221 Ionizing, 196, 205, 206 Ions, 81, 185, 194, 195, 202, 205, 210 K Kb, 158, 205 Keratin, 205, 206 Keratinocytes, 15, 206 Ketamine, 26, 206 Kinetics, 10, 26, 206 L Laceration, 206, 227 Lamivudine, 13, 206 Larva, 142, 206 Larva Migrans, 142, 206 Latent, 124, 206 Lectin, 206, 212 Leishmaniasis, 38, 142, 206 Lentivirus, 19, 206 Lesion, 186, 200, 206, 207, 228, 229 Lethal, 14, 15, 29, 61, 116, 122, 206 Lethal Dose 50, 116, 206 Leukemia, 5, 106, 124, 130, 206 Leukocytes, 187, 205, 206, 215 Leukopenia, 195, 206 Library Services, 174, 206 Lice, 142, 206
238 Rabies
Life cycle, 20, 199, 206 Ligaments, 192, 207 Ligands, 12, 15, 207 Light microscope, 109, 207 Lipid, 5, 189, 205, 207, 210 Lipid Peroxidation, 5, 207 Lipoprotein, 200, 207, 231 Liposome, 112, 135, 207 Liver, 13, 181, 182, 186, 195, 198, 201, 207 Localization, 203, 207 Localized, 204, 207, 216, 227, 229 Locomotion, 207, 216 Locus Coeruleus, 7, 207 Longitudinal study, 48, 207 Loop, 8, 81, 207 Lymph, 189, 196, 202, 207, 208, 222 Lymph node, 189, 207, 208, 222 Lymphatic, 204, 207, 222, 224, 227 Lymphatic system, 207, 222, 224, 227 Lymphocyte, 25, 29, 46, 51, 57, 58, 80, 135, 149, 184, 208 Lymphocyte Count, 46, 208 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 200, 208 Lymphoid, 184, 208 Lymphokine, 208, 212 Lyssavirus, 21, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32, 37, 47, 63, 126, 129, 132, 133, 208, 220 Lytic, 208, 223, 231 M Macrophage, 29, 208 Malaria, 137, 142, 166, 208 Malaria, Falciparum, 208 Malaria, Vivax, 208 Malignancy, 208, 214 Malignant, 121, 208, 222 Malignant tumor, 121, 208 Malondialdehyde, 5, 208 Manifest, 185, 208 Meat, 117, 208, 229 MEDLINE, 159, 209 Meiosis, 186, 209, 210, 226 Melanin, 207, 209 Membrane Fusion, 27, 81, 209 Memory, 10, 193, 209 Meninges, 189, 209 Mental Health, iv, 5, 158, 160, 209, 219 Mesencephalic, 207, 209 Metaphase, 186, 209 Methyltransferases, 6, 209 MI, 29, 31, 51, 85, 119, 180, 209 Mice Minute Virus, 209, 214 Microbe, 209, 228
Microorganism, 190, 209, 214, 231 Milliliter, 187, 209 Mitochondrial Swelling, 209, 211 Mitosis, 184, 209 Mitotic, 209, 230 Modeling, 6, 17, 195, 209 Molecular Structure, 184, 210 Monitor, 13, 210, 212 Monoclonal, 11, 14, 18, 21, 23, 26, 36, 41, 45, 50, 60, 63, 81, 133, 148, 210 Monoclonal antibodies, 18, 23, 26, 36, 41, 45, 81, 133, 210 Mononegavirales, 129, 210 Mononuclear, 200, 210 Morphological, 196, 199, 210 Motility, 16, 210 Motion Sickness, 166, 210 Motor Cortex, 7, 210 Mucins, 210, 222 Mucocutaneous, 206, 210 Mucosa, 210, 225 Mucositis, 210, 227 Multiple sclerosis, 118, 210 Multivalent, 106, 115, 210 Mumps Virus, 78, 210 Mutagenesis, 6, 210 Mutagens, 210 Myalgia, 204, 211 Mycoplasma, 109, 115, 211 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 115, 211 Myelin, 36, 210, 211 Myiasis, 142, 211 Myocardium, 209, 211 N Naive, 13, 211 Nasal Mucosa, 204, 211 NCI, 1, 157, 190, 211 Necrosis, 12, 29, 135, 184, 198, 204, 209, 211 Need, 3, 9, 10, 28, 47, 61, 127, 138, 141, 168, 211 Neonatal, 9, 108, 211 Nerve, 54, 66, 80, 120, 131, 135, 183, 185, 193, 207, 210, 211, 212, 222, 224, 225, 229 Nerve Endings, 131, 211 Nervous System, 9, 12, 18, 23, 24, 80, 113, 121, 126, 131, 133, 135, 181, 182, 185, 189, 199, 200, 201, 210, 211, 212, 215, 219, 220, 226 Networks, 125, 211 Neural, 7, 8, 31, 119, 181, 183, 202, 211 Neuroblastoma, 81, 111, 211
Index 239
Neuroeffector Junction, 211 Neuroleukin, 18, 212 Neurologic, 61, 195, 212 Neuromuscular, 126, 181, 212 Neuromuscular Junction, 126, 181, 212 Neuronal, 7, 14, 15, 24, 27, 135, 212, 215 Neurons, 7, 12, 14, 26, 29, 67, 81, 97, 131, 193, 199, 211, 212, 220, 226 Neuropathy, 66, 212, 232 Neurotoxin, 81, 212 Neutralization, 14, 27, 34, 39, 60, 108, 134, 212 Nicotine, 15, 212 Nuclear, 7, 185, 196, 197, 211, 212, 227 Nuclei, 7, 8, 195, 199, 209, 212, 219, 222 Nucleic acid, 130, 132, 133, 188, 199, 202, 204, 211, 212, 220, 231, 232 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 202, 212 Nucleocapsid, 11, 63, 212 Nucleoprotein, 14, 23, 28, 29, 31, 38, 63, 104, 128, 129, 131, 134, 212 Nucleotidases, 202, 212 Nucleus, 7, 31, 184, 185, 189, 192, 193, 194, 197, 207, 209, 210, 212, 218, 219, 225 O Ointments, 212, 214 Oncogenic, 113, 206, 212 Oncogenic Viruses, 113, 212 Oncologist, 5, 213 Opacity, 193, 213 Open Reading Frames, 206, 213 Operon, 213, 218, 221 Optic Chiasm, 203, 213, 226 Oral Health, 142, 213 Orbit, 213 Orbital, 8, 213 Organ Culture, 213, 228 Organelles, 189, 193, 213 Osmosis, 213 Osmotic, 79, 182, 209, 213 Overexpress, 134, 213 Ovum, 206, 213 Oxidation, 181, 184, 192, 207, 213 P Pacemaker, 7, 213 Palate, 213, 225 Palliative, 214, 227 Pancreas, 181, 186, 205, 214 Pancreatic, 13, 214 Pancreatic Function Tests, 13, 214 Papillomavirus, 214 Paraffin, 82, 214
Paralysis, 15, 28, 29, 80, 178, 209, 214 Parasite, 6, 214 Parasitic, 6, 142, 184, 198, 204, 206, 214, 216, 229 Parenteral, 121, 130, 214 Parietal, 7, 214, 215 Parietal Lobe, 214 Particle, 128, 207, 214, 228, 231 Parvovirus, 106, 108, 112, 209, 214 Patch, 15, 16, 214 Pathogen, 17, 108, 112, 132, 204, 214, 226 Pathogenesis, 5, 12, 14, 15, 18, 22, 28, 29, 68, 78, 81, 126, 212, 214 Pathologic, 184, 186, 188, 192, 202, 214, 219 Pathologic Processes, 184, 214 Pathologies, 130, 132, 214 Pathophysiology, 3, 68, 214 Patient Education, 166, 172, 174, 180, 214 Penis, 4, 215, 218 Peptide, 10, 112, 125, 126, 198, 202, 205, 215, 217, 218, 219 Peptide Hydrolases, 202, 215 Peptide T, 112, 215 Peripheral blood, 205, 215 Peripheral Nerves, 113, 126, 215, 224 Peripheral Nervous System, 26, 215, 218, 226 Peritoneum, 215 Peritonitis, 130, 215 Peroxidase, 82, 207, 215 Peroxide, 215 Petroleum, 214, 215 PH, 61, 187, 215 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 189, 215 Pharmacokinetics, 195, 215 Pharmacologic, 183, 216, 228 Pharynx, 204, 216 Phospholipids, 198, 207, 216 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 202, 216 Phosphorus, 187, 216 Phosphorylated, 9, 23, 31, 131, 134, 216 Phosphorylation, 12, 28, 128, 129, 216 Physical Examination, 4, 216 Physiologic, 182, 186, 216, 221 Physiology, 214, 216, 226 Pituitary Gland, 198, 216 Plague, 138, 166, 198, 216 Plant Viruses, 22, 216 Plants, 22, 46, 182, 187, 189, 200, 206, 216, 222, 224, 228, 229 Plaque, 124, 216
240 Rabies
Plasma, 6, 182, 184, 188, 211, 216, 221 Plasma cells, 184, 216 Plasmid, 6, 30, 61, 107, 127, 130, 132, 216, 230 Platinum, 207, 216 Poisoning, 123, 195, 217 Polyethylene, 117, 217 Polymerase, 11, 20, 24, 27, 41, 42, 124, 129, 131, 134, 184, 217, 218, 221 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 42, 124, 217 Polymers, 79, 217, 219 Polymorphism, 42, 104, 217 Polypeptide, 183, 190, 202, 217, 219, 232 Polysaccharide, 113, 184, 189, 217 Polyvalent, 110, 114, 117, 118, 217 Port, 16, 217 Port-a-cath, 217 Posterior, 7, 183, 189, 195, 213, 214, 217 Potassium, 81, 217 Potentiation, 103, 118, 217 Practice Guidelines, 160, 217 Precipitation, 135, 218 Precursor, 189, 195, 196, 218, 229 Prenatal, 196, 218 Presynaptic, 211, 218, 226 Presynaptic Terminals, 211, 218 Priapism, 68, 218 Prickle, 206, 218 Probe, 6, 218 Progeny, 27, 218 Progression, 183, 218, 229 Progressive, 149, 188, 193, 200, 211, 218 Proline, 8, 21, 190, 202, 218 Promoter, 123, 127, 218 Promotor, 128, 218 Prone, 132, 218 Prophase, 186, 210, 218, 226 Propiolactone, 120, 218 Proportional, 196, 218 Prospective study, 48, 207, 218 Protease, 13, 218, 222 Protein C, 129, 182, 183, 185, 190, 205, 207, 219, 231 Protein Conformation, 183, 205, 219 Protein S, 15, 129, 140, 184, 186, 199, 219, 222 Protocol, 39, 93, 125, 219 Protons, 202, 205, 219, 220 Protozoa, 206, 209, 219, 224 Proximal, 127, 194, 218, 219 Pruritic, 219, 222, 228 Pseudorabies, 7, 23, 24, 31, 61, 124, 219
Psoriasis, 118, 219 Psychiatric, 8, 219 Psychiatry, 6, 57, 219 Public Policy, 159, 219 Publishing, 21, 167, 219 Pulmonary, 166, 186, 191, 219, 230 Pulse, 210, 219 Purifying, 109, 220 Purines, 220, 223 Purulent, 4, 220 Pustular, 203, 220 R Radiation, 196, 198, 205, 206, 213, 220, 231 Radiation oncologist, 213, 220 Radioactive, 202, 210, 212, 220 Radioisotope, 220, 228 Rage, 79, 80, 81, 82, 220 Random Allocation, 220 Randomization, 13, 220 Randomized, 13, 54, 195, 220 Reactivation, 20, 124, 220 Reactive Oxygen Species, 5, 220 Reagent, 194, 221 Receptor, 19, 24, 27, 29, 31, 60, 79, 80, 81, 82, 126, 151, 181, 184, 200, 215, 221 Recombination, 19, 106, 122, 127, 221 Reconstitution, 13, 66, 73, 111, 221 Red blood cells, 197, 201, 221, 222 Refer, 1, 4, 187, 190, 199, 201, 207, 211, 221 Reflex, 177, 221 Refraction, 221, 224 Regeneration, 198, 221 Regimen, 33, 43, 64, 195, 221 Repressor, 41, 213, 221 Respiration, 210, 221 Respiratory syncytial virus, 115, 221 Restoration, 13, 220, 221, 231 Reticuloendotheliosis, 12, 221 Reticuloendotheliosis Viruses, 12, 221 Retrograde, 8, 131, 221 Retroviral vector, 12, 135, 221 Retrovirus, 135, 221 Rhinitis, 187, 222 Rhinovirus, 124, 222 Ribosome, 222, 229 Rigidity, 216, 222 Risk factor, 6, 98, 196, 218, 222 Ritonavir, 13, 222 Rod, 185, 190, 222 Rubella, 80, 222 Rubella Virus, 80, 222 Rubulavirus, 210, 222
Index 241
S Saline, 4, 222 Saliva, 24, 26, 74, 220, 222 Salivary, 74, 122, 222 Salivary glands, 74, 222 Saponins, 80, 222, 225 Sarcoma, 222, 224 Scabies, 142, 222 Sclerosis, 210, 222 Screening, 6, 30, 46, 47, 190, 222 Secretion, 82, 100, 202, 205, 210, 212, 214, 222, 223 Segregation, 221, 223 Semisynthetic, 79, 223 Sequence Analysis, 38, 223 Sequence Homology, 215, 223 Sequencing, 16, 217, 223 Serial Passage, 122, 223 Serine, 9, 223 Seroconversion, 25, 47, 223 Serologic, 203, 223 Serum, 25, 61, 70, 106, 113, 120, 182, 190, 203, 215, 221, 223 Ships, 166, 223 Side effect, 115, 121, 127, 153, 181, 186, 223, 228, 232 Signs and Symptoms, 12, 223 Skeletal, 190, 223 Skull, 213, 223, 227 Skunks, 17, 65, 78, 122, 123, 223 Smallpox, 10, 127, 137, 223, 230 Sodium, 81, 200, 223 Soft tissue, 5, 187, 223, 224 Soft tissue sarcoma, 5, 224 Solid tumor, 5, 224 Solvent, 213, 224 Soma, 224 Somatic, 63, 202, 209, 215, 224 Specialist, 168, 224 Specificity, 49, 124, 182, 184, 224 Spectrum, 14, 23, 224 Sperm, 190, 224 Spike, 27, 31, 110, 122, 123, 224 Spinal cord, 187, 189, 196, 209, 211, 212, 215, 218, 221, 224 Spinal Nerves, 215, 224 Spinous, 197, 206, 224 Spleen, 12, 135, 207, 208, 224 Spores, 190, 224 Sporotrichosis, 4, 142, 224 Stabilization, 100, 224 Stabilizer, 117, 224
Staphylococcus, 203, 224, 225 Staphylococcus aureus, 203, 225 Stavudine, 13, 225 Steel, 190, 225 Sterile, 120, 185, 225, 229 Sterility, 66, 225 Steroid, 222, 225 Stimulus, 221, 225 Stomach, 116, 181, 197, 199, 202, 216, 224, 225 Stomatitis, 8, 9, 11, 19, 20, 21, 25, 78, 129, 225 Strand, 11, 20, 22, 110, 210, 217, 225 Streptococci, 203, 225 Streptococcus, 197, 225 Stress, 20, 177, 179, 185, 225 Stroke, 158, 188, 225 Subacute, 204, 208, 225 Subclinical, 204, 225 Subcutaneous, 111, 118, 189, 214, 224, 225 Subiculum, 201, 225 Submucous, 142, 225 Subspecies, 224, 226, 230, 231 Substance P, 221, 223, 226 Substrate, 7, 8, 79, 122, 196, 202, 226 Sulfur, 194, 206, 226 Sulfuric acid, 113, 226 Superinfection, 108, 226 Suppression, 13, 226 Suppurative, 189, 226 Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, 7, 226 Suspensions, 119, 121, 226, 231 Symptomatic, 30, 118, 226 Synapses, 211, 224, 226 Synaptic, 212, 226 Synaptic Transmission, 212, 226 Systemic, 16, 119, 142, 154, 186, 204, 225, 227, 228, 230, 231 T Telencephalon, 185, 227 Temporal, 7, 17, 201, 227 Temporal Lobe, 7, 227 Terminator, 190, 227, 232 Tetani, 227 Tetanic, 227 Tetanus, 3, 4, 227 Thalamus, 7, 194, 227 Therapeutics, 5, 10, 20, 154, 227 Thermal, 100, 194, 217, 227 Third Ventricle, 203, 227 Threonine, 215, 223, 227 Thrombin, 198, 219, 227
242 Rabies
Thrombomodulin, 219, 227 Thrombosis, 219, 225, 227 Thymidine, 108, 122, 127, 227 Thymidine Kinase, 108, 122, 127, 227 Thymus, 203, 207, 208, 227 Ticks, 10, 204, 227 Tin, 178, 179, 216, 227 Tinea Pedis, 4, 228 Tissue Culture, 9, 14, 66, 110, 115, 120, 121, 127, 138, 228 Titre, 57, 115, 116, 228 Tomography, 187, 228 Tooth Preparation, 181, 228 Topical, 16, 100, 202, 214, 228 Toxic, iv, 196, 203, 206, 212, 216, 228, 232 Toxicity, 13, 15, 195, 228 Toxicology, 160, 228 Toxins, 184, 196, 204, 210, 228 Toxoplasmosis, 142, 228 Trace element, 227, 228 Tracer, 7, 202, 228 Traction, 190, 228 Transcriptase, 11, 13, 42, 206, 221, 225, 228, 232 Transduction, 135, 228 Transfection, 186, 228 Transfer Factor, 203, 228 Transferases, 200, 228 Translation, 11, 31, 229 Translational, 5, 229 Translocation, 17, 229 Transmitter, 181, 226, 229 Transplantation, 203, 229 Trauma, 197, 201, 211, 229, 231 Trichinosis, 142, 229 Trichuriasis, 142, 229 Tropical Medicine, 47, 57, 59, 69, 70, 99, 229 Tropism, 19, 229 Tryptophan, 190, 229 Tubercle, 229 Tuberculin, 118, 229 Tuberculosis, 191, 229 Tumor model, 5, 229 Typhoid fever, 166, 229 U Ulcer, 189, 229 Unconscious, 203, 229 Urethra, 215, 229 Urine, 27, 73, 186, 214, 229
V Vaccinia, 9, 10, 30, 51, 106, 122, 123, 126, 127, 135, 230 Vaccinia Virus, 9, 10, 30, 106, 122, 123, 126, 127, 135, 230 Vagina, 194, 230, 231 Vaginal, 230, 231 Variola, 230 Vascular, 12, 204, 230 Vasculitis, 16, 230 Vector, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 36, 50, 99, 108, 116, 122, 127, 150, 166, 204, 228, 230, 232 Vein, 205, 212, 230 Venereal, 230, 231 Venom, 118, 230 Venous, 219, 230 Ventricle, 201, 220, 230 Venules, 187, 230 Vesicular, 8, 9, 11, 19, 20, 21, 25, 78, 129, 201, 223, 230 Veterinarians, 39, 87, 138, 230 Veterinary Medicine, 74, 91, 94, 144, 159, 230 Vibrio, 189, 230 Vibrio cholerae, 189, 230 Vinblastine, 92, 230 Vinca Alkaloids, 230 Viral Hepatitis, 118, 230 Viral Vaccines, 30, 134, 231 Viral vector, 19, 134, 135, 231 Virion, 8, 100, 110, 212, 231 Virulence, 9, 17, 22, 28, 30, 108, 185, 223, 226, 228, 231 Virulent, 28, 231 Virus Diseases, 20, 184, 231 Virus Replication, 18, 29, 109, 231 Viscera, 206, 224, 231 Visceral, 185, 206, 215, 231 Visceral Larva Migrans, 206, 231 Vitro, 12, 22, 231 Vivo, 12, 22, 231 Vulva, 4, 231 W Wart, 199, 231 White blood cell, 184, 206, 207, 208, 216, 231 Wound Healing, 198, 231 Wound Infection, 4, 231 X Xenograft, 183, 229, 231 X-ray, 6, 187, 198, 212, 224, 231
Index 243
Y Yaws, 142, 231 Yeasts, 187, 199, 231 Yellow Fever, 69, 166, 232 Yellow Fever Vaccine, 69, 232 Yellow Fever Virus, 232
Z Zalcitabine, 206, 232 Zoonoses, 78, 87, 94, 98, 100, 167, 220, 232 Zoonosis, 38, 232 Zymogen, 219, 232
244 Rabies
