Plantar Fasciitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

PLANTAR FASCIITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J ...

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PLANTAR FASCIITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Plantar Fasciitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83574-8 1. Plantar Fasciitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on plantar fasciitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS .................................................................................. 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Plantar Fasciitis............................................................................ 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed.................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PLANTAR FASCIITIS ........................................................................ 27 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Finding Nutrition Studies on Plantar Fasciitis .......................................................................... 27 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................... 28 Additional Web Resources........................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PLANTAR FASCIITIS .................................................. 31 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 31 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ................................................. 31 Additional Web Resources........................................................................................................... 32 General References....................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS .................................................................... 35 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 35 Dissertations on Plantar Fasciitis ............................................................................................... 35 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS .............................................................................. 37 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Patents on Plantar Fasciitis......................................................................................................... 37 Patent Applications on Plantar Fasciitis..................................................................................... 41 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS .................................................................................. 43 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 43 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers .......................................................................................... 43 Chapters on Plantar Fasciitis ...................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS ....................................................................... 47 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Bibliography: Multimedia on Plantar Fasciitis ........................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS .................................................... 49 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 49 News Services and Press Releases ............................................................................................... 49 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 51 Academic Periodicals covering Plantar Fasciitis......................................................................... 52 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 55 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 55 NIH Guidelines ........................................................................................................................... 55 NIH Databases ............................................................................................................................ 57 Other Commercial Databases ...................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................ 61 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 61 Patient Guideline Sources ........................................................................................................... 61 Finding Associations ................................................................................................................... 68 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................. 71 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 71 Preparation .................................................................................................................................. 71 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................. 71

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ...................................................................................71 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ..................................................................................................................77 Online Dictionary Directories .....................................................................................................77 PLANTAR FASCIITIS DICTIONARY.........................................................................................79 INDEX.................................................................................................................................................98

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with plantar fasciitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about plantar fasciitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to plantar fasciitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on plantar fasciitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to plantar fasciitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on plantar fasciitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on plantar fasciitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and plantar fasciitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis Source: American Family Physician. 63(3): 467-474. February 1, 2001. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the treatment of plantar fasciitis. The classic sign of plantar fasciitis, which is a common cause of heel pain in adults, is that the most severe pain occurs with the first few steps in the morning. Some people may notice pain that lessens or resolves at the beginning of an activity, or pain may occur with prolonged standing. In general, plantar fasciitis is a self limited condition. The time until resolution is often 6 to 18 months. However,

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symptoms usually resolve more quickly when the interval between the onset of symptoms and the onset of treatment is shorter. Many treatment options exist, including rest, stretching and strengthening programs, a change to properly fitting shoes, arch supports, orthotics, night splints, antiinflammatory agents, iontophoresis, corticosteroid injections, and surgery. Usually, plantar fasciitis can be treated successfully by tailoring treatment to a person's risk factors and preferences. 8 figures, 1 table, and 27 references. (AA-M). •

Plantar Fasciitis and Other Causes of Heel Pain Source: American Family Physician. 59(8): 2200-2206. April 15, 1999. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on plantar fasciitis and other causes of heel pain. The most common cause of heel pain is plantar fasciitis. Most cases of plantar fasciitis are caused by a biomechanical imbalance resulting in tension along the plantar fascia. Patients usually describe pain in the heel on taking the first several steps in the morning, and the symptoms lessening as walking continues. The diagnosis is typically based on the history and the finding of localized tenderness. Conservative treatment consists of patient education, medial arch support, anti-inflammatory medications, ice massage, and stretching. Corticosteroid injections and casting may also be tried. Surgical fasciotomy should be reserved for use in patients in whom conservative measures have failed despite correction of biomechanical abnormalities. Less common causes of heel pain should be considered before a treatment regimen for plantar fasciitis is undertaken. These include sciatica, tarsal tunnel syndrome, entrapment of the lateral plantar nerve, rupture of the plantar fascia, calcaneal stress fracture, and calcaneal apophysitis. Although heel pain is not usually caused by systemic disorders, heel pain may occur in patients who have various systemic inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, gout, Behcet's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. 3 figures and 19 references. (AA-M).

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Osteoarthritis, Shoulder Impingement, Cervical Radiculopathy, Plantar Fasciitis Source: Patient Care. 33(12): 176-178,181-182,184,187-188,191-192,194, 197-198,201-202. July 15, 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on diagnosing and treating osteoarthritis (OA), shoulder impingement syndrome, cervical radiculopathy, and plantar fasciitis. The diagnostic dilemma posed by OA of the knee and hip lies in differentiating OA from other causes of pain and stiffness. Although radiography is the diagnostic gold standard for OA, objective diagnostic criteria are still needed for arthritis. Another diagnostic problem is trying to predict when early stage OA is likely to progress to a more advanced, disabling stage. Pain caused by OA may be managed with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioid analgesics, cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, intra-articular corticosteroid injections, and injections of hyaluronic acid. Weight management is also important for overweight patients with OA of the knee or hip. Unloading braces may also be helpful. Many patients with OA are using the nutritional supplements glucosamine and chondroitin. Referral to an orthopedic surgeon may be necessary if all nonsurgical treatment options have been exhausted in a patient who has end-stage disease. Although shoulder impingement is

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common, accurate diagnosis requires an understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder. Diagnosis is based on information obtained from the medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Following an accurate diagnosis, conservative treatment approaches, including rest, anti-inflammatory therapy, and range-of-motion exercises may be used. Long-acting corticosteroid injections may be needed for more advanced disease. Neck pain is very common and has many causes. Diagnosis is based on information obtained from the medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Conservative treatment includes immobilization, anti-inflammatory treatment, and physical therapy. Referral for surgical intervention may be needed if these methods fail. Plantar fasciitis is a very common, painful condition of sudden onset. The typical symptom is pain on the anterior medial aspect of the heel. Diagnosis is based on information obtained from the medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. A comprehensive therapeutic program for plantar fasciitis should include using NSAIDs, modifying activities, performing exercises to stretch the Achilles tendon, wearing shoes with an arch support, and using a tension splint. 3 figures, 6 tables, and 16 references. •

Plantar Fasciitis: Conservative Treatment Works Wonders Source: PA Today. 7(5): 30-33. May 1999. Contact: Available from Great Valley Publishing Co., Inc. 1288 Valley Forge Road, P.O. Box 2224, Valley Forge, PA 19482-2224. (610) 917-9300. Fax (610) 917-9186. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.gvpub.com. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of plantar fasciitis. This common foot and ankle problem occurs when the tissue that runs along the sole of the foot, connecting the toes to the heel and supporting the arch, develops small tears at the point at which it inserts into the heel. Plantar fasciitis can be caused by any condition that places added stress on the plantar fascia, including high impact activities such as running and aerobics, standing for long periods of time, and obesity. Diagnosis is made on the basis of a thorough history and a physical examination. The differential diagnosis of plantar fasciitis includes calcaneal stress fracture, rheumatologic disorders, and seronegative arthritides. Conservative treatment, which is effective in 85 percent to 90 percent of cases, consists of a short course of anti-inflammatory drugs, a regimen of stretching exercises, a night splint, the use of heel cushioning or arch supporting orthotics, limitation of high impact activity, and appropriate shoe choice. If conservative treatment is ineffective after 6 months, a removable cast boot or a hard cast may need to be worn for 4 to 6 weeks. Corticosteroid injections may also be used in a patient with intractable heel pain that has not responded to conservative treatment. Surgery is necessary in only a small number of people who suffer from plantar fasciitis. 1 figure.

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Pain Relief for Plantar Fasciitis Source: Australian Family Physician. 28(7): 697. July 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on pain relief for plantar fasciitis. This common foot condition is an inflammation of the plantar fascia at the point of insertion to the calcaneus. Recommended treatment modalities include avoiding aggravating activity, taking nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, performing stretching exercises, using insoles or a heel cup, and undergoing ultrasound. Another technique to ease the pain is a figure 8 taping that can be worn 24 hours a day. The article illustrates this taping technique. 4 figures and 3 references.

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Federally Funded Research on Plantar Fasciitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to plantar fasciitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to plantar fasciitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore plantar fasciitis.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for plantar fasciitis in the PubMed Central database: •

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for plantar fasciitis: randomised controlled multicentre trial. by Haake M, Buch M, Schoellner C, Goebel F, Vogel M, Mueller I, Hausdorf J, Zamzow K, Schade-Brittinger C, Mueller HH. 2003 Jul 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164919

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with plantar fasciitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for “plantar fasciitis” (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A biomechanical approach to the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Chandler TJ, Kibler WB. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1993 May; 15(5): 344-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8100639&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative radiologic examination for unresponsive plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Subotnick SI. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1994 NovemberDecember; 17(9): 623; Author Reply 623-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7884337&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative radiologic examination for unresponsive plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Brantingham J, Snyder WR. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1994 NovemberDecember; 17(9): 621-2; Author Reply 623-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7884336&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative radiologic examination for unresponsive plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Kell PM. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1994 June; 17(5): 32934. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7930967&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of two analytical techniques for detecting differences in regional vertical impulses due to plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Wearing SC, Smeathers JE, Urry SR. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2002 February; 23(2): 148-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858336&dopt=Abstract

with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A friend told me my heel pain is probably plantar fasciitis. What is this condition, and how is it treated? Author(s): Niedfeldt MW. Source: Health News. 2002 June; 8(6): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12085780&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of Plantar fasciitis in Harare. Author(s): Chigwanda PC. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1997 January; 43(1): 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185376&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective trial of night splinting in the treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis: the Ankle Dorsiflexion Dynasplint. Author(s): Berlet GC, Anderson RB, Davis H, Kiebzak GM. Source: Orthopedics. 2002 November; 25(11): 1273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452346&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled evaluation of low-intensity laser therapy: plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Basford JR, Malanga GA, Krause DA, Harmsen WS. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998 March; 79(3): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9523774&dopt=Abstract

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A retrospective comparison of endoscopic plantar fasciotomy to open plantar fasciotomy with heel spur resection for chronic plantar fasciitis/heel spur syndrome. Author(s): Wander DS. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1996 March-April; 35(2): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8722893&dopt=Abstract

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A retrospective comparison of endoscopic plantar fasciotomy to open plantar fasciotomy with heel spur resection for chronic plantar fasciitis/heel spur syndrome. Author(s): Tomczak RL, Haverstock BD. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1995 May-June; 34(3): 305-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7550197&dopt=Abstract

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A retrospective study of standing gastrocnemius-soleus stretching versus night splinting in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Barry LD, Barry AN, Chen Y. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 2002 July-August; 41(4): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194511&dopt=Abstract

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A review of subcalcaneal heel pain and plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Brown C. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1996 June; 25(6): 875-81; 884-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8687311&dopt=Abstract

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An inexpensive “orthosis” for plantar fasciitis. Author(s): de Souza H, Reed L. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997 November 3; 167(9): 509. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9397072&dopt=Abstract

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An inexpensive “orthosis” for plantar fasciitis. Author(s): White AD. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997 June 2; 166(11): 616. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9201195&dopt=Abstract

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Anatomical factors associated with predicting plantar fasciitis in long-distance runners. Author(s): Warren BL. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1984; 16(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6708780&dopt=Abstract

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Association of posterior tibial tendon injury with spring ligament injury, sinus tarsi abnormality, and plantar fasciitis on MR imaging. Author(s): Balen PF, Helms CA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2001 May; 176(5): 1137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312167&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical presentation of plantar fasciitis secondary to soft-tissue mass infiltration. Author(s): Ng A, Beegle T, Rockett AK. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2001 February; 91(2): 8992. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266484&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Gould JS. Source: Am J Orthop. 2003 January; 32(1): 11-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580344&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical snapshot: plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Campbell-Giovaniello KJ. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1997 September; 97(9): 38-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9311337&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of custom and prefabricated orthoses in the initial treatment of proximal plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Pfeffer G, Bacchetti P, Deland J, Lewis A, Anderson R, Davis W, Alvarez R, Brodsky J, Cooper P, Frey C, Herrick R, Myerson M, Sammarco J, Janecki C, Ross S, Bowman M, Smith R. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1999 April; 20(4): 214-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229276&dopt=Abstract

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Conservative treatment of plantar fasciitis. A prospective study. Author(s): Lynch DM, Goforth WP, Martin JE, Odom RD, Preece CK, Kotter MW. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1998 August; 88(8): 37580. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9735623&dopt=Abstract

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Defective running shoes as a contributing factor in plantar fasciitis in a triathlete. Author(s): Wilk BR, Fisher KL, Gutierrez W. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2000 January; 30(1): 21-8; Discussion 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10705593&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosing and treating plantar fasciitis: a conservative approach to plantar heel pain. Author(s): Tisdel CL, Donley BG, Sferra JJ. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1999 April; 66(4): 231-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10199059&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic imaging of heel pain and plantar fasciitis. Author(s): DiMarcangelo MT, Yu TC. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1997 April; 14(2): 281-301. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135904&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in impulse distribution in patients with plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Bedi HS, Love BR. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1998 March; 19(3): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542986&dopt=Abstract

Studies 11

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Early clinical results of the use of radiofrequency lesioning in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Sollitto RJ, Plotkin EL, Klein PG, Mullin P. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1997 May-June; 36(3): 215-9; Discussion 256. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9232502&dopt=Abstract

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Effective treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis with dorsiflexion night splints: a crossover prospective randomized outcome study. Author(s): Powell M, Post WR, Keener J, Wearden S. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1998 January; 19(1): 10-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9462907&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic plantar fasciotomy for chronic plantar fasciitis/heel spur syndrome: surgical technique--early clinical results. Author(s): Barrett SL, Day SV. Source: J Foot Surg. 1991 November-December; 30(6): 568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1770208&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic release of plantar fasciitis--a benign procedure? Author(s): Jerosch J. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2000 June; 21(6): 511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884112&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of low-energy extracorporeal shock-wave application for treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Rompe JD, Schoellner C, Nafe B. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 March; 84-A(3): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886900&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of plantar fasciitis by three-phase bone scintigraphy. Author(s): Intenzo CM, Wapner KL, Park CH, Kim SM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1991 May; 16(5): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2054987&dopt=Abstract

12 Plantar Fasciitis

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Extracorporeal shock wave application for chronic plantar fasciitis associated with heel spurs: prediction of outcome by magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Maier M, Steinborn M, Schmitz C, Stabler A, Kohler S, Pfahler M, Durr HR, Refior HJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 October; 27(10): 2455-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11036844&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Perez M, Weiner R, Gilley JC. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2003 April; 20(2): 323-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776984&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for plantar fasciitis. A double blind randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Speed CA, Nichols D, Wies J, Humphreys H, Richards C, Burnet S, Hazleman BL. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2003 September; 21(5): 937-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919884&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for plantar fasciitis: randomised controlled multicentre trial. Author(s): Haake M, Buch M, Schoellner C, Goebel F, Vogel M, Mueller I, Hausdorf J, Zamzow K, Schade-Brittinger C, Mueller HH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 12; 327(7406): 75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12855524&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis: indications, protocol, intermediate results, and a comparison of results to fasciotomy. Author(s): Weil LS Jr, Roukis TS, Weil LS, Borrelli AH. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 2002 May-June; 41(3): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075904&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in patients with chronic proximal plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Hammer DS, Rupp S, Kreutz A, Pape D, Kohn D, Seil R. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2002 April; 23(4): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991475&dopt=Abstract

Studies 13

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Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in the treatment of plantar fasciitis--a biometrical review. Author(s): Boddeker R, Schafer H, Haake M. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2001; 20(5): 324-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642513&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for chronic proximal plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Strash WW, Perez RR. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2002 October; 19(4): 467-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471854&dopt=Abstract

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Fibrosarcoma of the foot masquerading as plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Chen ML, Graf P, Masotto M, Shihabi NS. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2002 October; 92(9): 50711. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381800&dopt=Abstract

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Fortnightly review. Plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Singh D, Angel J, Bentley G, Trevino SG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 July 19; 315(7101): 172-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9251550&dopt=Abstract

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Functional biomechanical deficits in running athletes with plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Kibler WB, Goldberg C, Chandler TJ. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991 January-February; 19(1): 66-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1672577&dopt=Abstract

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Heel pain triad (HPT): the combination of plantar fasciitis, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and tarsal tunnel syndrome. Author(s): Labib SA, Gould JS, Rodriguez-del-Rio FA, Lyman S. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2002 March; 23(3): 212-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934063&dopt=Abstract

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High frequency ultrasonographic findings in plantar fasciitis and assessment of local steroid injection. Author(s): Kamel M, Kotob H. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 September; 27(9): 2139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10990224&dopt=Abstract

14 Plantar Fasciitis

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Iontophoresis of 0.4% dexamethasone for plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Chandler TJ. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 1998 January; 8(1): 68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9490178&dopt=Abstract

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Laterality and incidence of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder and plantar fasciitis among rural Saudis in the Jeddah zone. Author(s): Agunwa WC. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1989 April; 48(4): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2712619&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging of plantar fasciitis and other causes of heel pain. Author(s): Kier R. Source: Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1994 February; 2(1): 97-107. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7584243&dopt=Abstract

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Management of a patient with a diagnosis of bilateral plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendinitis. A case report. Author(s): Riddle DL, Freeman DB. Source: Physical Therapy. 1988 December; 68(12): 1913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3194454&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanical treatment of plantar fasciitis. A prospective study. Author(s): Martin JE, Hosch JC, Goforth WP, Murff RT, Lynch DM, Odom RD. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2001 February; 91(2): 5562. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266478&dopt=Abstract

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MR imaging of plantar fasciitis: edema, tears, and occult marrow abnormalities correlated with outcome. Author(s): Grasel RP, Schweitzer ME, Kovalovich AM, Karasick D, Wapner K, Hecht P, Wander D. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1999 September; 173(3): 699-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10470906&dopt=Abstract

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MRI of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Roger B, Grenier P. Source: European Radiology. 1997; 7(9): 1430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9369509&dopt=Abstract

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Night splint treatment for plantar fasciitis. A prospective randomized study. Author(s): Probe RA, Baca M, Adams R, Preece C. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1999 November; (368): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10613168&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional osteomalacia presenting with plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Paice EW, Hoffbrand BI. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1987 January; 69(1): 3840. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3818730&dopt=Abstract

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Operative treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Kulthanan T. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1992 June; 75(6): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1487681&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of nonsurgical treatment for plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Gill LH, Kiebzak GM. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1996 September; 17(9): 527-32. Erratum In: Foot Ankle Int 1996 November; 17(11): 722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8886778&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome study of subjects with insertional plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Martin RL, Irrgang JJ, Conti SF. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1998 December; 19(12): 803-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872466&dopt=Abstract

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Pain relief for plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Clearihan L. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1999 July; 28(7): 697. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10431427&dopt=Abstract

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Patient education. Plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1990 October; 19(10): 1579. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2248570&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous plantar fasciotomy: a minimally invasive procedure for recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Benton-Weil W, Borrelli AH, Weil LS Jr, Weil LS Sr. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1998 July-August; 37(4): 269-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9710777&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fascia release for chronic plantar fasciitis in runners. Author(s): Snider MP, Clancy WG, McBeath AA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1983 July-August; 11(4): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6614290&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendinitis among 150 cases of seronegative spondarthritis. Author(s): Gerster JC. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1980 November; 19(4): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7209286&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis and fascial rupture: MR imaging findings in 26 patients supplemented with anatomic data in cadavers. Author(s): Theodorou DJ, Theodorou SJ, Kakitsubata Y, Lektrakul N, Gold GE, Roger B, Resnick D. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2000 October; 20 Spec No: S181-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11046170&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis and other causes of heel pain. Author(s): Barrett SJ, O'Malley R. Source: American Family Physician. 1999 April 15; 59(8): 2200-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10221305&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis in runners. Author(s): Taunton JE, Clement DB, McNicol K. Source: Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1982 March; 7(1): 41-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7094192&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis in runners. Treatment and prevention. Author(s): Warren BL. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1990 November; 10(5): 338-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1979886&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis, posterior night splints and activity during recovery. Author(s): Weise J. Source: American Family Physician. 1996 May 1; 53(6): 1994. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8623714&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis, posterior night splints and activity during recovery. Author(s): Zamorski M. Source: American Family Physician. 1996 May 1; 53(6): 1993; Author Reply 1993-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8623712&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis, posterior night splints and activity during recovery. Author(s): Little RB. Source: American Family Physician. 1996 May 1; 53(6): 1993; Author Reply 1993-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8623711&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Charles LM. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1999 July-August; 3(4): 404-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624272&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis. Author(s): DeMaio M, Paine R, Mangine RE, Drez D Jr. Source: Orthopedics. 1993 October; 16(10): 1153-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8255812&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Boyd HS. Source: Orthop Rev. 1992 January; 21(1): 116. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1565508&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Harbison S. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1987 August; 16(8): 1113-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3675346&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Onuba O, Ireland J. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1986 December; 12(4): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3610621&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis. Author(s): McBryde AM Jr. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1984; 33: 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6152808&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Howell D. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2000 April; 30(4): 217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778799&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis. Etiology, treatment, surgical results, and review of the literature. Author(s): Schepsis AA, Leach RE, Gorzyca J. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1991 May; (266): 185-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2019049&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis. Mechanics and pathomechanics of treatment. Author(s): Kwong PK, Kay D, Voner RT, White MW. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1988 January; 7(1): 119-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3044618&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis. The painful heel syndrome. Author(s): Furey JG. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1975 July; 57(5): 6723. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1150711&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis/calcaneal spur among security forces personnel. Author(s): Sadat-Ali M. Source: Military Medicine. 1998 January; 163(1): 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9465574&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis: a degenerative process (fasciosis) without inflammation. Author(s): Lemont H, Ammirati KM, Usen N. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2003 May-June; 93(3): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756315&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis: a new experimental approach to treatment. Author(s): Dmitri Luke BS. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 July; 59(1): 95-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160690&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis: a prospective randomized clinical trial of the tension night splint. Author(s): Batt ME, Tanji JL, Skattum N. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 1996 July; 6(3): 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792046&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis: etiology and treatment. Author(s): Cornwall MW, McPoil TG. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1999 December; 29(12): 756-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10612073&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis: how successful is surgical intervention? Author(s): Davies MS, Weiss GA, Saxby TS. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1999 December; 20(12): 803-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609710&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis: MR imaging. Author(s): Berkowitz JF, Kier R, Rudicel S. Source: Radiology. 1991 June; 179(3): 665-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2027971&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis: sonographic evaluation. Author(s): Cardinal E, Chhem RK, Beauregard CG, Aubin B, Pelletier M. Source: Radiology. 1996 October; 201(1): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8816554&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis: US evaluation. Author(s): Gibbon W, Long G. Source: Radiology. 1997 April; 203(1): 290. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9122410&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis: US imaging. Author(s): Gibbon WW. Source: Radiology. 1992 January; 182(1): 285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1727300&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciotomy for intractable plantar fasciitis: clinical results and biomechanical evaluation. Author(s): Daly PJ, Kitaoka HB, Chao EY. Source: Foot Ankle. 1992 May; 13(4): 188-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1634150&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar heel pain (including plantar fasciitis). Author(s): Crawford F. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1091-100. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230729&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting plantar fasciitis in runners. Author(s): Warren BL, Jones CJ. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1987 February; 19(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2881184&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary results on the safety and efficacy of the OssaTron for treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Alvarez R. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2002 March; 23(3): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934060&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative scintigraphy in diagnosis and management of plantar fasciitis (calcaneal periostitis): concise communication. Author(s): Sewell JR, Black CM, Chapman AH, Statham J, Hughes GR, Lavender JP. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1980 July; 21(7): 633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7391835&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Ogden, et al. Shock wave therapy for chronic proximal plantar fasciitis. Clin Orthop 387:47-59,2001. Author(s): Beckman KD. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 May; (398): 267-8; Author Reply 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964660&dopt=Abstract

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Re: The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of idiopathic plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Kane D, FitzGerald O. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 March; 42(3): 486. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12626803&dopt=Abstract

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Re: The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of idiopathic plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Wong SM, Griffith JF, Tang A, Hui AC. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 July; 41(7): 835-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096246&dopt=Abstract

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Rehabilitation of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Crosby W, Humble RN. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2001 April; 18(2): 225-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11417152&dopt=Abstract

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Results of surgery in athletes with plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Leach RE, Seavey MS, Salter DK. Source: Foot Ankle. 1986 December; 7(3): 156-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3804138&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for Plantar fasciitis: a matched case-control study. Author(s): Riddle DL, Pulisic M, Pidcoe P, Johnson RE. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 May; 85-A(5): 872-7. Erratum In: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 July; 85-A(7): 1338. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728038&dopt=Abstract

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Role of soft orthosis in treating plantar fasciitis. Suggestion from the field. Author(s): Goulet MJ. Source: Physical Therapy. 1984 October; 64(10): 1544. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6483984&dopt=Abstract

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Scintigraphic localisation of steroid injection site in plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Dasgupta B, Bowles J. Source: Lancet. 1995 November 25; 346(8987): 1400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7475824&dopt=Abstract

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Shock wave application for chronic plantar fasciitis in running athletes. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Rompe JD, Decking J, Schoellner C, Nafe B. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 March-April; 31(2): 268-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642264&dopt=Abstract

22 Plantar Fasciitis

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Shock wave therapy for chronic proximal plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Ogden JA, Alvarez R, Levitt R, Cross GL, Marlow M. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 June; (387): 47-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400894&dopt=Abstract

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Shock wave therapy for treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Theodore GH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 January 8; 289(2): 172; Author Reply 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517216&dopt=Abstract

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Shock wave therapy for treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Wheelock AJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 January 8; 289(2): 172; Author Reply 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517215&dopt=Abstract

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Shock wave therapy for treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Miller S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 January 8; 289(2): 172; Author Reply 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517214&dopt=Abstract

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Shock waves do more than just crush stones: extracorporeal shock wave therapy in plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Rajkumar P, Schmitgen GF. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 December; 56(10): 735-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510945&dopt=Abstract

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Shockwave therapy for chronic proximal plantar fasciitis: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Ogden JA, Alvarez RG, Marlow M. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2002 April; 23(4): 301-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991474&dopt=Abstract

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Shockwave therapy for patients with plantar fasciitis: a one-year follow-up study. Author(s): Wang CJ, Chen HS, Huang TW. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2002 March; 23(3): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934061&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Lester DK, Buchanan JR. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1984 June; (186): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6723144&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Sammarco GJ, Helfrey RB. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1996 September; 17(9): 520-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8886777&dopt=Abstract

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The association between diagnosis of plantar fasciitis and Windlass test results. Author(s): De Garceau D, Dean D, Requejo SM, Thordarson DB. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2003 March; 24(3): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793489&dopt=Abstract

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The diagnosis and management of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Quaschnick MS. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1996 April; 21(4): 50-4, 60-3, Quiz 64-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8801492&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of plantar fasciitis on vertical foot-ground reaction force. Author(s): Wearing SC, Smeathers JE, Urry SR. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 April; (409): 175-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671500&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of custom semirigid foot orthotics on pain and disability for individuals with plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Gross MT, Byers JM, Krafft JL, Lackey EJ, Melton KM. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2002 April; 32(4): 14957. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949663&dopt=Abstract

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The instep plantar fasciotomy for chronic plantar fasciitis. A retrospective review. Author(s): Fishco WD, Goecker RM, Schwartz RI. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2000 February; 90(2): 669. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697969&dopt=Abstract

24 Plantar Fasciitis

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The role of bone scintigraphy and plain radiography in intractable plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Tudor GR, Finlay D, Allen MJ, Belton I. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1997 September; 18(9): 853-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352552&dopt=Abstract

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The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of idiopathic plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Kane D, Greaney T, Shanahan M, Duffy G, Bresnihan B, Gibney R, FitzGerald O. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 September; 40(9): 1002-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561110&dopt=Abstract

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The use of night splints for treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Wapner KL, Sharkey PF. Source: Foot Ankle. 1991 December; 12(3): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1791004&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment choices for plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Steinmetz M. Source: American Family Physician. 1999 December; 60(9): 2504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605984&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of plantar fasciitis and calcaneal spurs with the UC-BL shoe insert. Author(s): Campbell JW, Inman VT. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1974; 0(103): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4416727&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of plantar fasciitis by iontophoresis of 0.4% dexamethasone. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Gudeman SD, Eisele SA, Heidt RS Jr, Colosimo AJ, Stroupe AL. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 May-June; 25(3): 312-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167809&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of plantar fasciitis with a night splint and shoe modification consisting of a steel shank and anterior rocker bottom. Author(s): Mizel MS, Marymont JV, Trepman E. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1996 December; 17(12): 732-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8973894&dopt=Abstract

Studies 25

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Treatment of plantar fasciitis with night splint and shoe modifications consisting of a steel shank and anterior rocker bottom. Author(s): Ng A. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1997 July; 18(7): 458. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9252820&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Young CC, Rutherford DS, Niedfeldt MW. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 February 1; 63(3): 467-74, 477-8. Review. Erratum In: Am Fam Physician 2001 August 15; 64(4): 570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11272297&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of proximal plantar fasciitis with ultrasound-guided steroid injection. Author(s): Tsai WC, Wang CL, Tang FT, Hsu TC, Hsu KH, Wong MK. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 October; 81(10): 1416-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11030509&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Wall JR, Harkness MA, Crawford A. Source: Foot Ankle. 1993 October; 14(8): 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8253440&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound evaluation of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Griffith JF, Wong SM, Li EK. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2001; 30(3): 176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469532&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound evaluation of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Tsai WC, Chiu MF, Wang CL, Tang FT, Wong MK. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2000; 29(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028848&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound guided injection of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Quinn M, Gough A. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1998 December; 57(12): 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10070279&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound guided injection of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Wong SM, Li E, Griffith JF. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 June; 60(6): 639. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11386257&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound guided injection of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Kane D, Greaney T, Bresnihan B, Gibney R, FitzGerald O. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1998 June; 57(6): 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771217&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound-guided extracorporeal shock wave therapy for plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Buchbinder R, Ptasznik R, Gordon J, Buchanan J, Prabaharan V, Forbes A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 September 18; 288(11): 1364-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12234230&dopt=Abstract

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Use of posterior night splints in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Ryan J. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 September 1; 52(3): 891-8, 901-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7653427&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the tissue stress model as a paradigm for developing an examination and management plan for a patient with plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Ross M. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2002 October; 92(9): 499506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381799&dopt=Abstract

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Why does my foot hurt? Plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Charles LM. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1999 July-August; 3(4): 408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624273&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PLANTAR FASCIITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and plantar fasciitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Plantar Fasciitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

28 Plantar Fasciitis

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “plantar fasciitis” (or a synonym): •

Plantar fasciitis. Repeated corticosteroid injections are safe. Source: Anonymous Can-Fam-Physician. 1998 January; 4445, 51 0008-350X

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Plantar heel pain (including plantar fasciitis). Author(s): Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee, UK. Source: Crawford, F Clin-Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1091-100 1462-3846

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Treatment of plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA. Source: Young, C C Rutherford, D S Niedfeldt, M W Am-Fam-Physician. 2001 February 1; 63(3): 467-74, 477-8 0002-838X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition 29

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PLANTAR FASCIITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to plantar fasciitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to plantar fasciitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to plantar fasciitis: •

A comparative radiologic examination for unresponsive plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Subotnick SI. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1994 NovemberDecember; 17(9): 623; Author Reply 623-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7884337&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical presentation of plantar fasciitis secondary to soft-tissue mass infiltration. Author(s): Ng A, Beegle T, Rockett AK. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2001 February; 91(2): 8992. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266484&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in patients with chronic proximal plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Hammer DS, Rupp S, Kreutz A, Pape D, Kohn D, Seil R. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2002 April; 23(4): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991475&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional osteomalacia presenting with plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Paice EW, Hoffbrand BI. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1987 January; 69(1): 3840. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3818730&dopt=Abstract

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Plantar fasciitis and other causes of heel pain. Author(s): Barrett SJ, O'Malley R. Source: American Family Physician. 1999 April 15; 59(8): 2200-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10221305&dopt=Abstract

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Sports and other soft tissue injuries, tendinitis, bursitis, and occupation-related syndromes. Author(s): Huang HH, Qureshi AA, Biundo JJ Jr. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2000 March; 12(2): 150-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10751018&dopt=Abstract

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The role of bone scintigraphy in determining the etiology of heel pain. Author(s): Ozdemir H, Ozdemir A, Soyucu Y, Urguden M. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 2002 September; 16(6): 395-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416578&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment choices for plantar fasciitis. Author(s): Steinmetz M. Source: American Family Physician. 1999 December; 60(9): 2504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605984&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to plantar fasciitis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “plantar fasciitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on plantar fasciitis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Plantar Fasciitis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to plantar fasciitis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Case-control Study on the Influence of Talocrural Dorsiflexion Range of Motion on Plantar Fasciitis by Pulisic, Matthew, Jr. Ms from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2002, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411128

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Anatomical Factors Associated with Predicting Plantar Fasciitis in Long Distance Runners by Warren, Barbara Lorraine, Phd from Indiana University, 1982, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8301086

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “plantar fasciitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on plantar fasciitis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Plantar Fasciitis By performing a patent search focusing on plantar fasciitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

38 Plantar Fasciitis

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on plantar fasciitis: •

Adjustable brace orthotic and method of treating plantar fasciitis and related foot disorders Inventor(s): McCracken; John C. (Knoxville, TN), Reed, Jr. W. Gilmer (Strawberry Plains, TN), Greer, Jr. Jack K. (Oak Ridge, TN) Assignee(s): Greer Reed Biomedical, LLC (Oak Ridge, TN) Patent Number: 6,393,736 Date filed: November 27, 2000 Abstract: An arch brace orthotic includes an adjustable arch curve having a plurality of extensions separated by incisions which separate the arch curve surface into multiple resiliently cantilevered extensions. The extensions adjust the arch curve height and slopes during each foot-strike along the arch curve. The weighted arch curve height is returned to an unweighted height by flexibly rebounding of each extension to support the arch of the user's foot. A tensioning means is connectable under the arch brace, providing adjustment of the arch curve height and slope to therapeutically support the user's arch. The arch brace is movable without disassembly between any shoe for treatment of arch and foot disorders. A method of treating plantar fasciitis and related foot disorders includes selectively and periodically adjusting the arch curve height and slopes by manipulating the tensioning means for therapeutic support and user controlled strengthening of the user's arch and foot. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of arch support orthosis for feet, and more particularly to a therapeutic arch brace orthosis having an adjustable arch curve and a method of treating foot disorders.... Prior arch support orthotics provide flexible cushioning material for support of an arch of a foot. Typical prior art insole supports have provided pliable cushion pads that can be utilized to build up the cushioning materials of a shoe insole for support of an arch. An adjustable arch support is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,903,985, issued to DeMarchi, which discloses a sport boot that contains a supporting structure that includes a flexible, elastically deformable element having support blades attached within the sport boot. A central support blade is adjustable laterally with an externally accessed control bolt built into the exterior base of the sport boot. The support blades are required to be installed as a single unit into a specially designed sport boot having the required externally accessed control bolt, and therefore is not transferable to other shoes.... U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,153, issued to Fisher et al., discloses an insole for relieving bottom of heel pain by providing a pliable contoured insole with upwardly curved pliable arch and a depression for the heel of the foot. The arch has a non-adjustable height. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06393736__

Patents 39

•

Means and method for treating Plantar Fasciitis Inventor(s): Saxton; Loren (11142 Promesa Dr., San Diego, CA 92124), Bergmann; Kel (P.O. Box 8692, Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,776,090 Date filed: December 24, 1996 Abstract: Plantar Fasciitis is treated by placing a splint on the dorsal aspect of a wearer's foot, ankle, and fore leg and holding the wearer's foot, toes and ankle in the dorsi flexed position. This stretches the wearer's plantar fascia thus reducing symptoms over time. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the general art of orthopedic braces, and to the particular field of treating Plantar Fasciitis.... During sleep or after prolonged sitting, a patient's foot will assume a plantar flexed position. In this position, the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia are relaxed and allowed to contract. The patient's first steps after such period of sitting or sleep cause the tissue to stretch, thus resulting in pain, that can be severe.... While the art has several devices that are intended to treat foot drop or similar conditions, such devices are not directed to treating Plantar Fasciitis. Still further, even the devices that are available at the present time have several drawbacks that inhibit their effectiveness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05776090__

•

Orthotic device for treatment of plantar fasciitis Inventor(s): Gleason; John A. (822 Hudson St., Hoboken, NJ 07030) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,865,779 Date filed: April 9, 1997 Abstract: An enveloping elastic sock for treating Plantar Fasciitis, wherein the sock has a heel opening and exerts compressive forces along the longitudinal and transverse axes of a patient's foot. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an orthotic device and, in particular, to a device for the treatment of Plantar Fasciitis.... Plantar Fasciitis is a debilitating condition of the foot associated with athletics and other high impact activities which overstress the plantar fascia, the highly elastic connective collagenbased tissue located at the bottom of the foot. The plantar fascia is attached at the front of the foot to the metatarsophalangeal joints and at the rear to the calcaneal, or heel, bone. It functions like a spring to absorb the shock of forces developed during walking or running; first stretching, then shortening. Overstress causes a loss of the natural elasticity in this tissue. The physical symptoms of the condition include tenderness and swelling and, in extreme cases, the development of bone spurs at the point of connection at the inner tuberosity of the heel bone. The condition is painful and requires rest, i.e., relief of the causal conditions, as a component of the benign treatment scheme.... Part of the current benign treatment protocol includes a method of tape strapping on the bottom of the foot which induces an external pull of the plantar fascia and helps to keep the tissue compressed and immobilized while anti-inflammatory drugs work to reduce swelling. When the regimen is completed successfully, a full return to previous levels of activity is possible. The tape strapping method is effective, but requires application by

40 Plantar Fasciitis

trained medical personnel and breaks down with the loss of adhesion in the tape over the course of a few days normal activity. Therefore, there is a need for a more permanent, effective device which may be applied by the patient, thereby freeing him or her of the obligation and expense of repeated office visits for the reapplication procedure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05865779__ •

Ultrasonic plantar fasciitis therapy: apparatus and method Inventor(s): Strom; David (341 Tamasoa Pl., Castle Rock, CO 80104), Chiabrera; Alessandro (Viale Cambiaso 1/15, 16145 Genoa, IT), Kaufman; Jonathan J. (112 Willow St. Suite 1A, Brooklyn, NY 11201) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,251,088 Date filed: May 12, 1999 Abstract: Non-invasive therapeutic treatment of plantar fasciitis in vivo using ultrasound is performed by subjecting a foot locale to an ultrasound signal supplied to an ultrasound transducer placed on the skin, and involving a repetitive finite duration signal consisting of plural frequencies that are in the ultrasonic range to 10 MHz. The ultrasound transducer is reproducibly positioned using an ultrasound fixture. The ultrasound signal is applied daily at least twice per day for 40 minutes per treatment, and has a power intensity (SATA) of 18 mW/cm.sup.2. In an alternative embodiment, an orthotic device holds the foot in dorsiflexion concomitant with ultrasound treatment. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains generally to apparatus and method for non-invasive at-home ultrasound treatment of enthesopathies in vivo. In particular, the invention pertains to apparatus and method for non-invasive at-home ultrasound treatment of plantar fasciitis in vivo.... In recent years, various attempts have been made to treat plantar fasciitis. These approaches have not been particularly successful, and as a consequence have resulted in patients experiencing protracted periods of pain and discomfort. In addition, because of the very limited success of the treatment options available, physicians are unclear as to which option (for example, surgical or nonsurgical) to pursue.... Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the plantar fascia, a ligament which is attached at one end to the inner tubercle of the heel bone. The plantar fascia extends from the heel bone, becoming broader and thinner as it runs longitudinally along the bottom of the foot, eventually dividing into 5 processes which connect to each of the five toes. There is no clear understanding of the exact cause(s) of inflammation in the plantar fascia. Some data point to the occurrence of heel spurs where the plantar fascia is attached to the calcaneus (heel bone), which themselves may be due to constant stretching of the fascia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06251088__

Patents 41

Patent Applications on Plantar Fasciitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to plantar fasciitis: •

Ultrasonic plantar fasciitis therapy : apparatus and method Inventor(s): Strom, David; (Castle Rock, CO), Chiabrera, Allessandro; (Genoa, IT), Kaufman, Jonathan J. (Brooklyn, NY) Correspondence: RADER, FISHMAN & GRAUER PLLC; 39533 WOODWARD AVENUE; SUITE 140; BLOOMFIELD HILLS; MI; 48304-0610; US Patent Application Number: 20010009999 Date filed: March 9, 2001 Abstract: Non-invasive therapeutic treatment of plantar fasciitis in vivo using ultrasound is performed by subjecting a foot locale to an ultrasound signal supplied to an ultrasound transducer placed on the skin, and involving a repetitive finite duration signal consisting of plural frequencies that are in the ultrasonic range to 10 MHz. The ultrasound transducer is reproducibly positioned using an ultrasound fixture. The ultrasound signal is applied daily at least twice per day for 40 minutes per treatment, and has a power intensity (SATA) of 18 mW/cm.sup.2. In an alternative embodiment, an orthotic device holds the foot in dorsiflexion concomitant with ultrasound treatment. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains generally to apparatus and method for non-invasive at-home ultrasound treatment of enthesopathies in vivo. In particular, the invention pertains to apparatus and method for non-invasive at-home ultrasound treatment of plantar fasciitis in vivo.... In recent years, various attempts have been made to treat plantar fasciitis. These approaches have not been particularly successful, and as a consequence have resulted in patients experiencing protracted periods of pain and discomfort. In addition, because of the very limited success of the treatment options available, physicians are unclear as to which option (for example, surgical or nonsurgical) to pursue.... Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the plantar fascia, a ligament which is attached at one end to the inner tubercle of the heel bone. The plantar fascia extends from the heel bone, becoming broader and thinner as it runs longitudinally along the bottom of the foot, eventually dividing into 5 processes which connect to each of the five toes. There is no clear understanding of the exact cause(s) of inflammation in the plantar fascia. Some data point to the occurrence of heel spurs where the plantar fascia is attached to the calcaneus (heel bone), which themselves may be due to constant stretching of the fascia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

42 Plantar Fasciitis

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with plantar fasciitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” You will see two broad options: (1) Patent Grants, and (2) Patent Applications. To see a list of granted patents, perform the following steps: Under “Patent Grants,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on plantar fasciitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning plantar fasciitis. Simply go back to the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” Select “Quick Search” under “Patent Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to plantar fasciitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on plantar fasciitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “plantar fasciitis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “plantar fasciitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “plantar fasciitis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A New Foot Health Solution: How to Help Heel Spurs, Plantar Fasciitis, Achilles Tendon, Flat Feet, Shin Splints and Foot Pain by Dennis Denlinger; ISBN: 1589090675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1589090675/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Plantar Fasciitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to plantar fasciitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and plantar fasciitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “plantar

44 Plantar Fasciitis

fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on plantar fasciitis: •

Section Seven: Foot and Ankle Source: in Greene, W.B., Ed. Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care. 2nd ed. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 2001. p. 406-517. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018-4262. (800) 626-6726 (toll-free) or (847) 823-7186. Fax (800) 823-8025 (toll-free) or (847) 823-8025. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aaos.org. PRICE: $105.00 for nonmembers; $90.00 AAOS members; $80.00 for residents; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0892032170. Summary: This section of a book on musculoskeletal care provides health professionals with information on common conditions affecting the foot and ankle, including acute and chronic or repetitive injuries and degenerative, inflammatory, or idiopathic conditions. The section begins with information on the principles of evaluating and examining a patient presenting with a foot or ankle complaint, focusing on inspection; palpation; range of motion; and muscle, special, and sensory testing. This is followed by a description of Achilles tendon rupture; ankle sprain; arthritis of the foot and ankle; bunionette; chronic lateral ankle pain; corns and calluses; diabetic foot problems; fractures of the ankle, calcaneus, talus, metatarsal, midfoot, and phalanges; hallux rigidus and valgus; ingrown toenail; malodorous feet; metatarsalgia; Morton neuroma; nail fungus infection; plantar fasciitis; posterior heel pain; plantar warts; posterior tibial tendon dysfunction; rheumatoid foot and ankle; sesamoiditis; soft tissue masses of the foot and ankle; stress fractures of the foot and ankle; tarsal tunnel syndrome; toe deformities; and turf toe. Information includes synonyms for and red flags associated with each condition; the definition, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, adverse outcomes, and treatment of the condition; diagnostic tests; and adverse treatment outcomes. Other topics include contrast baths; ankle joint, Morton neuroma, and plantar fasciitis injection; application of a metatarsal pad; trimming of a corn or callus; care of diabetic feet; digital anesthetic block of the foot; nail plate avulsion; orthotic devices; and shoe wear. 108 figures and 1 table.

•

Chapter 8-D: Musculoskeletal Signs and Symptoms: Regional Rheumatic Pain Syndromes Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 174-188. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management of regional rheumatic pain syndromes, focusing on disorders involving the muscles, tendons, entheses, joints, cartilage, ligaments, fascia, bone, and nerves. Disorders of the shoulder region include rotator cuff tendinitis, rotator cuff tear, bicipital tendinitis, adhesive capsulitis, suprascapular neuropathy, long thoracic nerve paralysis, brachial plexopathy, and thoracic outlet syndrome. Various conditions affect the elbow region, including olecranon bursitis, lateral and medial epicondylitis, tendinitis of musculotendinous insertion of biceps, and ulnar nerve entrapment. Disorders affecting the wrist and hand include ganglion, de Quervain's tenosynovitis, tenosynovitis of the wrist, pronator teres syndrome, anterior

Books 45

and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, radial nerve palsy, superficial radial neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist, volar flexor tenosynovitis, and Dupuytren's contracture. Disorders of the hip region include trochanteric, iliopsoas, and ischial bursitis; piriformis syndrome; and meralgia paresthetica. Disorders affecting the knee region include popliteal cysts, anserine and prepatellar bursitis, medial plica syndrome, popliteal tendinitis, Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome, patellar tendinitis, rupture of the quadriceps tendon and infrapatellar tendon, peroneal nerve palsy, and patellofemoral pain syndrome. Disorders of the ankle and foot include Achilles tendinitis, retrocalcaneal and subcutaneous Achilles bursitis, plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendon rupture, tarsal tunnel syndrome, posterior tibial tendinitis, peroneal tendon dislocation and peroneal tendinitis, hallux valgus, bunionette, hammertoe, Morton's neuroma, metatarsalgia, pes planus, pes cavus, and posterior tibialis tendon rupture. Various disorders may affect the anterior chest wall, among them Tietze's syndrome, costochondritis, xiphoid cartilage syndrome, and conditions affecting the sternoclavicular joint. The chapter also identifies general causative factors and presents general management concepts, focusing on drug therapy, intralesional injections, and physical therapy. 3 figures and 26 references. •

Regional Problems of the Arm and Leg in Adults Source: in Maddison, P.J. et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 1. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 70-79. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals describes regional problems of the arm and leg in adults. General features of discomfort in the arm or leg are highlighted. Common causes of pain in the arm and leg are identified. The principal regional musculoskeletal conditions of bursitis, tendinitis, enthesitis, capsulitis, and nerve entrapment are discussed. The features of these conditions as they affect the arm and leg are detailed, focusing on the features of bicipital tendinitis, rotator cuff syndrome, lateral and medial epicondylitis, trigger finger, De Quervain's disease, Achilles tendinitis, plantar fasciitis, reflex algodystrophy, frozen shoulder, and Dupuytren's contracture. Features of entrapment of various nerves in the arm and leg are also highlighted. 62 references, 12 figures, and 1 table.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on plantar fasciitis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Plantar Fasciitis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in plantar fasciitis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on plantar fasciitis (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •

Evaluation and management of plantar fasciitis [videorecording] Source: an AREN production; produced at the facilities of WQED/Pittsburgh by QED Enterprises; produced and distributed by Executive Communications Inc; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; Pittsburgh, Pa.: Executive Communications, c1990

•

Urinary incontinence [videorecording]: what you need to know; My aching heel: plantar fasciitis. Year: 2000; Format: Videorecording; Carrollton, TX: HSTN, c2000

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PLANTAR FASCIITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover plantar fasciitis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on plantar fasciitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to plantar fasciitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for plantar fasciitis: •

Shock wave therapy not effective for plantar fasciitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 17, 2002 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2002/09/17/professional/links/20020917clin 014.html

50 Plantar Fasciitis

•

Shock wave therapy effective for chronic plantar fasciitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 12, 2002

•

Dornier MedTech gets FDA approval for plantar fasciitis therapy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 21, 2002 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to plantar fasciitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News 51

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on plantar fasciitis: •

Feet: Taking Steps Toward Good Health Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 7(7): 4-6. March 2000. Contact: Available from Harvard Women's Health Watch. Department SR, P.O. Box 380, Boston, MA 02117. (800) 829-5921. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides women with information on foot disorders. Women have four times as many foot problems as men. Much of this foot trouble results from wearing inappropriate shoes that impinge on bones, nerves, and connective tissues in the feet and force them into positions that interfere with normal gait. Conditions that seem to affect women more than men include bunions, plantar fasciitis, hammertoes, neuroma, nail fungus, and ingrown toenail. The article describes these conditions and presents measures for treating them. In addition, the article offers suggestions for preventing foot problems, including buying the right shoes by shopping for shoes late in the day, having both feet measured, standing on one foot at a time, ensuring that there is enough length in the toe, determining the shape of the sole, and avoiding buying shoes that are uncomfortable. Other tips include keeping feet clean and dry and stretching the feet and legs.

•

Common Painful Foot Syndromes Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 48(10): 1-4. 1999. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on common painful foot syndromes. Although foot problems are common and can be disabling, they are amenable to interventions and management. Diagnosis of the painful foot requires obtaining a medical history and performing a systematic examination of each foot as well as a specific examination of the patient's complaints. A common cause of forefoot pain is metatarsalgia. Other causes include Morton's neuroma, stress fractures, hallux valgus, and hallux limitus and rigidus. A common cause of hindfoot pain is tarsal tunnel syndrome, which is the most common entrapment syndrome in the ankle. Other causes of hindfoot pain include plantar fasciitis, foot burase, and posterior

52 Plantar Fasciitis

tibialis tendon disorders. The article includes two vignettes that illustrate the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of metatarsalgia and tarsal tunnel syndrome. 3 tables and 8 references. •

Simple Remedies That Relieve Heel Pain Source: University of California at Berkeley Wellness Letter. 13(9):6; June 1997. Contact: Available from Health Letter Associates, P.O. Box 412, Prince Street Station, New York, NY 10012-0007. Summary: This newsletter article for the general public discusses heel pain. The causes of heel pain are identified. Inexpensive and effective home remedies are described, including performing exercises to stretch the Achilles tendon and the plantar fascia and inserting a silicon heel cushion in a comfortable shoe with a shock-absorbent sole. Other approaches to treating or preventing plantar fasciitis are outlined, including buying well-fitting shoes with shock-absorbent soles, avoiding prolonged walking and standing in thin-soled flats and high heels, resting a painful heel, and using aspirin or ibuprofen for pain relief. In addition, the medical treatment of heel pain is discussed.

Academic Periodicals covering Plantar Fasciitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to plantar fasciitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering plantar fasciitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

55

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

56 Plantar Fasciitis

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 57

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

58 Plantar Fasciitis

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 270 3 10 1 0 284

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources 59

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

61

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on plantar fasciitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to plantar fasciitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to plantar fasciitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “plantar fasciitis”:

62 Plantar Fasciitis

•

Other guides Ankle Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ankleinjuriesanddisorders.html Foot Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foothealth.html Foot Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html Peripheral Nerve Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralnervedisorders.html Sports Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsinjuries.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to plantar fasciitis, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Common Foot Problems Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/brochure/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=7&topcategory=Fo ot Foot and Ankle Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=100&topcategory=Foot &all=all

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Bone Radiography Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/bone_radiography.htm Foot Problems: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/544.html MR Imaging (MRI)-Musculoskeletal Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/mr_musculoskeletal.htm

•

Treatment Arthritic Disorders and Treatments Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/brarthdis.html Arthroscopy of the Foot and Ankle Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/brarthfa.html

Patient Resources 63

Bunion Surgery Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/booklet/thr_report.cfm?thread_id=7&topcategory=foot Correcting Overpronation: Help for Faulty Foot Mechanics Source: McGraw-Hill Companies http://www.physsportsmed.com/issues/1999/05_99/nesbitt.htm Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/brshockwave.html Foot and Ankle Injuries: Immediate Treatment Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.apma.org/topics/injury.htm Forefoot Surgery Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.apma.org/topics/forefoot.htm Many Conditions Affect the Rearfoot Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.apma.org/topics/rsurgery.htm Orthotic Devices Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=368&topcategory=Foot Surgery of the Foot & Ankle Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/brftankl.html What Are Orthotics? Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.apma.org/topics/Orthoses.htm •

Specific Conditions/Aspects Achilles Tendon Rupture Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00160 Adult (Acquired) Flatfoot Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=381&topcategory=Foot Blisters Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=WL00008 Bunion Deformities and Treatment Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/brbundef.html Burning Sensation in Feet Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00362

64 Plantar Fasciitis

Compartment Syndrome Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=287&topcategory=Abou t%2520Orthopaedics Corns Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=184&topcategory=Foot Digital Disorders and Treatments: Corns, Calluses and Pain May Indicate Joint Problems Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/brdigdis.html Foot Pain Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=178&topcategory=Foot Footdrop Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00724 Fractures of the Heel Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=353&topcategory=Foot Heel Disorders and Treatments Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/brheelds.html Heel Pain Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=235&topcategory=Foot Ingrown Toenail Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=197&topcategory=Foot Intermetatarsal Neuromas and Treatments Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/brinert.html Lisfranc (Midfoot) Fractures Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=315&topcategory=Foot Morton's Neuroma (Plantar Neuroma) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00468 Painful Progressive Flatfoot Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/brflatfoot.html Plantar Fasciitis Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=144&topcategory=Foot

Patient Resources 65

Plantar Fasciitis: A Common Cause of Heel Pain Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/140.html Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction Source: American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=336&topcategory=Foot &all=all Sesamoiditis Source: American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=334&topcategory=Foot &all=all Stiff Big Toe (Hallux Rigidus) Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=352&topcategory=Foot Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/brtarsatunnel.html Toe and Forefoot Fractures Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=335&topcategory=Foot What Are Plantar Warts? Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.apma.org/topics/Warts.htm What is a Hammertoe? Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.apma.org/topics/hammertoes.htm •

Children Clubfoot and Other Foot Deformities Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1211.asp Common Childhood Orthopedic Conditions Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/bones/common_ortho.html Flat Feet in Children Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/106.html Flexible Flatfoot in Children Source: American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=256&topcategory=Foot Growing Out of It: Leg and Foot Development in the Growing Child Source: Shriners Hospitals for Children http://www.shrinershq.org/patientedu/legfoot.html

66 Plantar Fasciitis

Intoeing Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/202.html Pediatric Foot or Ankle Sprain May Be a More Complex Growth Plate Injury Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/prpedft.html Sever's Disease: A Common Cause of Heel Pain Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/158.html Webbed Fingers and Toes Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00114 Why Does My Foot Fall Asleep? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/foot_asleep.html •

From the National Institutes of Health Questions and Answers About Sprains and Strains Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/strain_sprain/strain_sprain.htm

•

Law and Policy Your Podiatric Physician Talks About Medicare Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.apma.org/topics/Medicare.htm

•

Organizations American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.aaos.org/ American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine http://www.aapsm.org/ American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons http://www.acfas.org/ American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society http://www.aofas.org/ American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.apma.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/

•

Statistics If the Shoe Fits, Wear It Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=104&topcategory=Foot

Patient Resources 67

•

Teenagers Bunions Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=204&topcategory=Foot

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on plantar fasciitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Help for Plantar Fasciitis Source: American Family Physician. 63(3): 477-478. February 1, 2001. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article uses a question and answer format to provide people who have plantar fasciitis with information on this common cause of heel pain. The plantar fascia is a thin layer of tough tissue that supports the arch of the foot. The cause of plantar fasciitis is usually some combination of tightness of the foot and the calf, weakness of the foot, improper athletic training, or stress on the arch of the foot. Treatment involves reducing or eliminating the cause of plantar fasciitis. Options include wearing shoes with more arch support, changing shoe size, spending less time doing actions that cause stress, massaging the foot across the width of the plantar fascia before getting out of bed, and doing stretching and strengthening exercises. Strengthening exercises include towel curls, marble or coin pickups, and toe taps. Inflammation can be treated with ice or medications. 4 figures. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to plantar fasciitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide

68 Plantar Fasciitis

useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to plantar fasciitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with plantar fasciitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about plantar fasciitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “plantar fasciitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

Patient Resources 69

Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “plantar fasciitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “plantar fasciitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “plantar fasciitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

71

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

72 Plantar Fasciitis

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 73

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

74 Plantar Fasciitis

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 75

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

76 Plantar Fasciitis

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

77

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

79

PLANTAR FASCIITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abduction: Forcible pulling of a limb away from its natural position, a risk in road accidents and disasters; move outwards away from middle line. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Ankle Joint: The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the tibia, the malleolar articular surface of the fibula, and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the talus. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue

80 Plantar Fasciitis

cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]

Dictionary 81

Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Brace: Any form of splint or appliance used to support the limbs or trunk. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bunion: A swelling of the bursa mucosa of the ball of the great toe, with thickening of the overlying skin and forcing of the toe outward. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Calcaneus: The largest of the tarsal bones and is situated at the lower and back part of the foot forming the heel. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cauda Equina: The lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU]

82 Plantar Fasciitis

Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix

Dictionary 83

'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex

84 Plantar Fasciitis

hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]

Dictionary 85

Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epicondylitis: Inflammation of the epicondyle or of the tissues adjoining the epicondyle of the humerus. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]

Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its

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length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hallux Limitus: A bony proliferation and articular degeneration of the first metatarsophalangeal joint that is characterized by pain and a progressive decrease in the dorsiflexion range of motion. [NIH] Hallux Rigidus: A condition caused by degenerative arthritis (osteoarthritis) of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe and characterized by pain and limited

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dorsiflexion, but relatively unrestricted plantar flexion. [NIH] Hallux Valgus: Lateral displacement of the great toe, producing deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with callous, bursa, or bunion formation over the bony prominence. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]

The activity of the immune system against foreign substances

In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH]

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Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insertional: A technique in which foreign DNA is cloned into a restriction site which occupies a position within the coding sequence of a gene in the cloning vector molecule. Insertion interrupts the gene's sequence such that its original function is no longer expressed. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischial: A pointed projection on the posterior margin of the ischium. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH]

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Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]

Services offered to the library user. They include reference and

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Medical Records: illnesses. [NIH]

Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metatarsophalangeal Joint: The articulation between a metatarsal bone and a phalanx. [NIH]

MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary

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arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]

Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Office Visits: Visits made by patients to health service providers' offices for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. [NIH] Orthotic Devices: Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium.

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[EU]

Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Popliteal Cyst: A synovial cyst in the popliteal space arising from the semimembranous bursa or the knee joint. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and

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costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Pronator: A muscle which turns a part into the prone position. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prone Position: The posture of an individual lying face down. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Radial Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand. [NIH]

Radial Neuropathy: Disease involving the radial nerve. Clinical features include weakness of elbow extension, elbow flexion, supination of the forearm, wrist and finger extension, and thumb abduction. Sensation may be impaired over regions of the dorsal forearm. Common sites of compression or traumatic injury include the axilla and radial groove of the humerus. [NIH]

Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH]

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Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rotator Cuff: The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Sciatica: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy;

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radiculopathy (involving the L4, L5, S1 or S2 spinal nerve roots; often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: Tenosinovitis in the shoulders and arms of persons having a poor posture while working with visual display terminals. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft Tissue Injuries: Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as "soft tissue injuries of the hand". [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU]

Dictionary 95

Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subclavian Vein: The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Supination: Applies to the movements of the forearm in turning the palm forward or upward and when applied to the foot, a combination of adduction and inversion of the foot. [NIH]

Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Cyst: A nodular, tumorlike lesion in or about a tendon sheath or joint capsule, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. It is not a true cyst as it lacks an epithelial wall, and it does not communicate with the underlying synovial space. The lesion represents a focal accumulation of mucin in the dermis of the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanges or, less often, other portions of the extremities. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH]

96 Plantar Fasciitis

Tarsal Bones: The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and first, second and third cuneiforms. The tarsus is a skeletal part of the foot. [NIH]

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: A syndrome produced by entrapment neuropathy of posterior tibial nerve. [NIH] Tarsi: An inflammatory affection of the Meibomian glands. [NIH] Tarsus: The region of the articulation between the foot and the leg. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon sheath. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the brachial plexus; subclavian artery; and subclavian vein at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a cervical rib (cervical rib syndrome), anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, paresis or paralysis of brachial plexus innervated muscles, paresthesia, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ischemia, and edema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5). [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Triad: Trivalent. [NIH]

Dictionary 97

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulnar Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

98

INDEX A Abduction, 81, 97 Adjustment, 40, 81 Adrenal Cortex, 81, 86, 96 Algorithms, 81, 83 Alternative medicine, 52, 81 Ampulla, 81, 88 Analgesic, 81, 91 Androgens, 81, 86 Anesthesia, 81 Ankle, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 41, 46, 47, 54, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 81 Ankle Joint, 46, 81 Anomalies, 81, 101 Anorexia, 81, 95 Antibody, 81, 82, 85, 91 Antigen, 81, 82, 85, 90, 91 Anti-inflammatory, 4, 5, 42, 82, 87, 89, 90 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 82, 87 Antineoplastic, 82, 87 Aponeurosis, 82, 89 Aqueous, 82 Arterial, 82, 96, 101 Arteries, 82, 83, 86, 93 Articular, 5, 81, 82, 90, 94 Articulation, 82, 93, 101 Aspirin, 54, 82 Avulsion, 46, 82 Axilla, 82, 83, 97 B Basal Ganglia, 82, 89 Base, 40, 82, 92 Baths, 46, 82 Benign, 12, 41, 82, 89, 103 Bilateral, 15, 83, 95 Bile, 83, 100 Biochemical, 83, 94 Biomechanics, 5, 83 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 52, 59, 83 Bladder, 83, 91, 102 Blood vessel, 83, 90, 92, 99, 102 Body Mass Index, 83, 95 Brace, 40, 83 Brachial, 47, 83, 93, 97, 101, 102 Brachial Plexus, 83, 93, 97, 101, 102 Branch, 77, 83, 99, 101 Bunion, 65, 83, 90

Bursitis, 34, 47, 83 C Calcaneus, 6, 42, 43, 46, 83, 101 Calcium, 83, 85, 95 Calculi, 84, 90 Callus, 46, 84 Carbohydrate, 84, 86 Carcinogenic, 84, 100 Cardiac, 84, 94, 100 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 47, 84 Case report, 15, 84 Cauda Equina, 84, 98 Caudal, 84, 96 Causal, 41, 84 Cell, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 92, 94 Cellulose, 84, 89 Central Nervous System, 84, 89 Cervical, 4, 83, 84, 93, 97, 101, 102 Cervix, 84, 89 Character, 84, 87 Chest wall, 47, 84 Chlorophyll, 84, 89 Cholesterol, 83, 85, 100 Chronic, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 46, 52, 85, 91, 98, 100 Clinical trial, 6, 59, 85, 86, 87, 97 Cloning, 83, 85, 91 Collagen, 41, 85, 88, 96 Complement, 85, 86 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 35, 85 Complementary medicine, 33, 86 Computational Biology, 59, 86 Concomitant, 42, 43, 86 Connective Tissue, 53, 85, 86, 89, 93, 98, 100, 101 Connective Tissue Cells, 86 Consciousness, 81, 86 Contracture, 47, 86 Contraindications, ii, 86 Controlled study, 26, 86 Coronary, 86, 93 Coronary Thrombosis, 86, 93 Corticosteroid, 4, 5, 30, 86 Cortisone, 87 Cutaneous, 87, 92, 95, 97 D Degenerative, 20, 46, 87, 90, 94

Index 99

Dexamethasone, 15, 26, 87 Diabetic Foot, 46, 87 Diagnosis, Differential, 46, 87 Diagnostic procedure, 39, 52, 87 Direct, iii, 87, 97, 100 Discrete, 87, 101 Dislocation, 47, 87 Distal, 87, 97, 100 Dorsal, 41, 87, 96, 97, 99, 100 Double-blind, 26, 87 Duodenum, 83, 87, 88 E Edema, 16, 87, 101 Efficacy, 22, 87, 102 Elastic, 41, 88 Elasticity, 41, 88 Elastin, 85, 88 Electrolyte, 86, 88, 93, 99 Endoscope, 88 Endoscopic, 9, 12, 88 Environmental Health, 58, 60, 88 Eosinophilia, 88 Epicondylitis, 47, 88 Epidermal, 88, 103 Extensor, 88, 97 Extracellular, 86, 88, 99 Extracellular Matrix, 86, 88 Extracorporeal, 7, 12, 13, 14, 24, 28, 34, 65, 88 Extremity, 83, 88, 93, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102 F Family Planning, 59, 88 Fasciitis, ii, iv, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 81, 88 Fat, 86, 88, 95, 98, 99 Fibroblasts, 86, 88 Fibrosarcoma, 14, 88, 89 Fibrosis, 86, 89 Fibula, 81, 89, 96, 101 Flexion, 89, 90, 97 Flexor, 47, 88, 89 Foot Ulcer, 87, 89 Forearm, 88, 89, 93, 97, 100, 102 Fossa, 89, 98 Fungi, 89, 103 Fungus, 46, 53, 89 G Gait, 53, 89

Ganglion, 47, 89 Gene, 83, 89, 91 Glucocorticoid, 87, 89 Gonadal, 90, 100 Gout, 4, 90 Governing Board, 90, 96 Growth, 68, 81, 88, 90, 93, 102 H Hallux Limitus, 53, 90 Hallux Rigidus, 46, 67, 90 Hallux Valgus, 47, 53, 90 Heme, 90, 95 Hemolytic, 88, 90 Hormonal, 86, 90 Hormone, 86, 87, 90, 96, 98 Hydrogen, 82, 84, 90, 94 Hydroxylysine, 85, 90 Hydroxyproline, 85, 90 Hypersensitivity, 90, 98 Hyperuricemia, 90 I Ibuprofen, 54, 90 Id, 30, 35, 65, 66, 68, 70, 76, 78, 91 Idiopathic, 22, 26, 46, 91 Immersion, 82, 91 Immune response, 82, 87, 91 In vitro, 91 In vivo, 42, 43, 91 Incision, 91, 92 Incontinence, 49, 91 Indicative, 45, 91, 102 Infarction, 86, 91, 93 Infection, 46, 87, 88, 91, 93, 94, 98, 100 Infiltration, 10, 33, 91 Inflammation, 6, 20, 42, 43, 69, 82, 83, 88, 89, 91, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101 Innervation, 83, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102 Insertional, 17, 91 Intervertebral, 91, 92, 98 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 92, 98 Intracellular, 91, 92 Invasive, 17, 42, 43, 92, 93 Involuntary, 92, 94, 97 Ion Exchange, 84, 92 Ionization, 92 Ions, 82, 88, 90, 92 Iontophoresis, 4, 15, 26, 92 Ischemia, 92, 101 Ischial, 47, 92 J Joint, 12, 16, 20, 23, 34, 47, 66, 81, 82, 89, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100

100 Plantar Fasciitis

K Kb, 58, 92 L Laser therapy, 9, 92 Library Services, 76, 92 Ligament, 10, 42, 43, 92 Localized, 4, 91, 92, 98 Lupus, 92, 100 Luxation, 87, 92 Lymph, 84, 92, 93 Lymph node, 84, 93 Lymphatic, 91, 92, 93 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 13, 93 Malignant, 82, 88, 93 Mannans, 89, 93 Medial, 4, 5, 47, 81, 93, 101, 102 Median Nerve, 84, 93 Medical Records, 93, 98 MEDLINE, 60, 93 Meta-Analysis, 24, 93 Metabolic disorder, 90, 93 Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 41, 90, 93 MI, 43, 79, 93 Mineralization, 93, 95 Mineralocorticoids, 81, 86, 93 Modification, 26, 94 Molecular, 59, 61, 83, 86, 94 Molecule, 82, 85, 91, 94, 102 Mononuclear, 88, 94 Morphological, 89, 94 Mucinous, 89, 94 Myocardium, 93, 94 N Need, 3, 5, 42, 45, 49, 53, 71, 94 Nerve, 4, 47, 64, 81, 83, 84, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 Nervous System, 84, 94, 95 Neuroma, 46, 47, 53, 66, 94 Neuropathy, 47, 94, 98, 101 Nuclear, 12, 22, 25, 82, 89, 94 Nuclei, 93, 94 O Occult, 16, 94 Office Visits, 42, 94 Orthotic Devices, 46, 65, 94 Osteoarthritis, 4, 90, 94 Osteomalacia, 16, 34, 95 Overweight, 5, 30, 95 Oxygenase, 5, 95 P Palpation, 46, 95

Palsy, 47, 95 Paralysis, 47, 95, 101 Paresis, 95, 101 Paresthesia, 95, 101 Patient Education, 4, 69, 74, 76, 79, 95 Pericardium, 95, 100 Peripheral Nervous System, 95 Peroneal Nerve, 47, 95, 98 Pharmacologic, 81, 95, 101 Phonophoresis, 92, 95 Physical Examination, 5, 95 Physical Therapy, 5, 11, 15, 19, 20, 23, 25, 47, 95 Pituitary Gland, 86, 95 Pneumonia, 86, 96 Popliteal, 47, 96 Popliteal Cyst, 47, 96 Posterior, 10, 14, 18, 28, 46, 47, 54, 67, 87, 92, 96, 97, 98, 101 Practicability, 96, 102 Practice Guidelines, 60, 96 Progesterone, 96, 100 Progressive, 66, 90, 94, 96, 102 Projection, 92, 96 Proline, 85, 90, 96 Pronator, 47, 96 Prone, 96 Prone Position, 96 Prospective study, 8, 11, 15, 96 Protein S, 83, 96 Proteins, 82, 85, 94, 96, 102 Protocol, 13, 41, 97 Proximal, 11, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24, 27, 34, 87, 97 Public Policy, 59, 97 R Radial Nerve, 47, 97 Radial Neuropathy, 47, 97 Radiography, 4, 25, 64, 97 Randomized, 9, 12, 16, 20, 23, 26, 28, 87, 97 Randomized clinical trial, 20, 97 Rectum, 91, 97 Red blood cells, 90, 95, 97, 98 Refer, 1, 85, 89, 97, 99 Reflex, 47, 97 Regimen, 4, 5, 42, 87, 97 Resection, 9, 97 Restoration, 95, 97 Retrospective, 9, 25, 98 Retrospective study, 9, 98 Rheumatism, 91, 98 Rheumatoid, 4, 46, 98

Index 101

Rheumatoid arthritis, 4, 98 Risk factor, 4, 23, 96, 98 Rotator, 47, 98 Rotator Cuff, 47, 98 S Saponins, 98, 100 Sciatic Nerve, 95, 98, 101 Sciatica, 4, 98 Scleroderma, 88, 98 Screening, 85, 98 Secretion, 87, 94, 98 Shock, 7, 12, 13, 22, 23, 24, 28, 41, 51, 52, 54, 65, 98 Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, 4, 99 Silicon, 54, 99 Silicon Dioxide, 99 Skeleton, 92, 99, 101 Sodium, 90, 94, 99 Soft tissue, 34, 46, 88, 89, 99 Soft Tissue Injuries, 34, 99 Specialist, 70, 99 Spinal cord, 83, 84, 85, 89, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102 Spinal Nerve Roots, 98, 99 Splint, 5, 16, 20, 26, 27, 41, 83, 99 Spondylitis, 4, 99 Steel, 26, 27, 99 Steroid, 15, 23, 27, 87, 98, 99 Stimulus, 91, 97, 100 Stool, 91, 100 Stress, 4, 5, 28, 46, 53, 69, 98, 100 Subacute, 91, 100 Subclavian, 100, 101 Subclavian Artery, 100, 101 Subclavian Vein, 100, 101 Subclinical, 91, 100 Subcutaneous, 47, 87, 100 Supination, 97, 100 Suppression, 86, 100 Synovial, 96, 100 Synovial Cyst, 96, 100 Systemic, 4, 91, 98, 100 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 4, 100 T Talus, 46, 81, 101 Tarsal Bones, 83, 101

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome, 4, 14, 46, 47, 54, 67, 101 Tarsi, 10, 101 Tarsus, 101 Tendinitis, 15, 17, 34, 47, 101 Tendon, 5, 10, 14, 41, 45, 46, 47, 54, 65, 67, 83, 89, 100, 101 Tenosynovitis, 47, 101 Thoracic, 47, 83, 93, 97, 100, 101, 102 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, 47, 101 Tibia, 81, 89, 101 Tibial Nerve, 98, 101 Tin, 84, 95, 101 Tissue, 5, 10, 28, 33, 41, 69, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102 Toxic, iv, 94, 101 Toxicology, 60, 101 Toxins, 82, 91, 102 Trace element, 99, 101, 102 Transfection, 83, 102 Treatment Outcome, 46, 102 Triad, 14, 102 Tryptophan, 85, 102 Tubercle, 42, 43, 102 Tumour, 89, 102 U Ulnar Nerve, 47, 102 Ultrasonography, 22, 26, 102 Unconscious, 91, 102 Uric, 90, 102 Urinary, 49, 84, 91, 102 Urine, 83, 91, 102 Uterus, 84, 89, 96, 102 V Vaccine, 97, 102 Vascular, 87, 91, 102 Vector, 91, 102 Vertebrae, 91, 99, 103 Veterinary Medicine, 60, 103 Viral, 103 Viscera, 99, 103 Vivo, 42, 43, 103 W Warts, 46, 67, 103 Y Yeasts, 89, 103

102 Plantar Fasciitis

Index 103

104 Plantar Fasciitis

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Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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