Plantar Warts: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

PLANTAR WARTS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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PLANTAR WARTS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Plantar Warts: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84550-6 1. Plantar Warts-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on plantar warts. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PLANTAR WARTS...................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Plantar Warts ............................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. PATENTS ON PLANTAR WARTS .................................................................................. 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Patents on Plantar Warts ............................................................................................................ 19 Patent Applications on Plantar Warts......................................................................................... 23 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON PLANTAR WARTS ...................................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Chapters on Plantar Warts .......................................................................................................... 25 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 29 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 31 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 33 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 35 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 40 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 43 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 43 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 43 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 49 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 49 PLANTAR WARTS DICTIONARY.............................................................................................. 51 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 73

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with plantar warts is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about plantar warts, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to plantar warts, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on plantar warts. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to plantar warts, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on plantar warts. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PLANTAR WARTS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on plantar warts.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and plantar warts, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “plantar warts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Over-the-Counter Foot Remedies Source: American Family Physician. 64(5): 791-796. September 1, 2001. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the efficacy of several widely available nonprescription foot remedies that are used to treat minor foot problems. Shoes that do not fit properly can contribute to abnormal foot mechanics and areas of excessive pressure. When a patient presents with foot pain, bunions, corns, or plantar warts, the physician should instruct the patient on how to choose properly fitting shoes. Several effective and inexpensive nonprescription

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treatments are available for minor but troubling foot problems. In most cases, one week of therapy with topical terbinafine is effective for interdigital tinea pedis. Other nonprescription antifungal antibiotics available for the treatment of tinea pedis are clotrimazole, miconazole, tolnaftate, and undecylenic acid. Treatment of plantar warts with 17 percent salicylic acid with lactic acid in a collodion base is as effective as cryotherapy, but treatment must be sustained for several months. Toe sleeves and toe spacers can relieve pain from hard or soft corns. Metatarsal pads can relieve the pressure associated with plantar keratoses. Heel cups often can relieve the pain caused by age related thinning of the heel fat pad. Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of anteromedial heel pain caused by repetitive strain on the plantar fascia. Although the mainstay of therapy is stretching exercises, ready made arch supports and insoles can be helpful adjuncts. 5 figures, 2 tables, and 20 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Plantar Warts The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to plantar warts. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to plantar warts. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore plantar warts.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “plantar warts” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for plantar warts in the PubMed Central database:

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 2

Studies

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Human papillomavirus type 1 produces redundant as well as polycistronic mRNAs in plantar warts. by Palermo-Dilts DA, Broker TR, Chow LT.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249512

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Identification and mapping of human papillomavirus type 1 RNA transcripts recovered from plantar warts and infected epithelial cell cultures. by Chow LT, Reilly SS, Broker TR, Taichman LB.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254198

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with plantar warts, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “plantar warts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for plantar warts (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of carcinoma cuniculatum with coexistant viral plantar wart. Author(s): Wilkinson JD, McKee PH, Black MM, Whimster IW, Lovell D. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1981 November; 6(6): 619-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7341014

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A case of peculiar plantar warts. Human papillomavirus type 60 infection. Author(s): Kashima M, Adachi M, Honda M, Niimura M, Nakabayashi Y. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 November; 130(11): 1418-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7979444

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A comparison of acyclovir cream versus placebo cream versus liquid nitrogen in the treatment of viral plantar warts. Author(s): Gibson JR, Harvey SG, Barth J, Darley CR, Reshad H, Burke CA. Source: Dermatologica. 1984; 168(4): 178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6724070

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Acquired cutaneous lymphangiectasia mimicking plantar warts. Author(s): el Sayed F, Bazex J, Bouissou X, Laplanche G, Samalens G, Daste G, Gorguet B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 June; 132(6): 1014-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7662553

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Assessment of treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): McKnight AG. Source: Ulster Med J. 1968 Winter; 37(1): 40-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4872117

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Cimetidine therapy for plantar warts. Author(s): Ronna T, Lebwohl M. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1995 November; 85(11): 717-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537909

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Clinical and immunohistochemical responses of plantar warts to topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone. Author(s): van der Steen P, van de Kerkhof P, der Kinderen D, van Vlijmen I, Happle R. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1991 June; 18(6): 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1939862

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Common and plantar warts with trichilemmal keratinization-like keratinizing process: a possible existence of pseudo-trichilemmal keratinization. Author(s): Kimura S, Komatsu T, Ohyama K. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1982 December; 9(6): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6186709

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Communal showers and the risk of plantar warts. Author(s): Johnson LW. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1995 February; 40(2): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7852935

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Comparison of human papillomavirus type 1 serotyping by monoclonal antibodies with genotyping by in situ hybridization of plantar warts. Author(s): Jenson AB, Lim LY, Singer E. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1989 April; 16(2): 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2547854

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Conservative management of plantar warts by gentle chemocautery. Author(s): Gibbs RC. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1978 December; 4(12): 915. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=730936

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Cryosurgery of plantar warts. Author(s): Limmer BL, Bogy LT. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1979 December; 69(12): 713-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=521593

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Cryosurgery treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): Buckley D. Source: Ir Med J. 2000 July-August; 93(5): 140-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11072922

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Deep palmo-plantar wart causing extensive bone erosion: brief report. Author(s): McLoughlin SJ, Shaw SJ, Turner S, Sylvester BS. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1990 February; 15(1): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2307876

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Density of viral particles in pre and post Nd: YAG laser hyperthermia therapy and cryotherapy in plantar warts. Author(s): El-Tonsy MH, Anbar TE, El-Domyati M, Barakat M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 38(5): 393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10369554

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Detection of human papillomavirus type 60 in plantar cysts and verruca plantaris by the in situ hybridization method using digoxigenin labeled probes. Author(s): Kawase M, Honda M, Niimura M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 October; 21(10): 709-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7798425

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Direct method versus underwater method in the treatment of plantar warts with ultrasound. A comparative study. Author(s): Vaughn DT. Source: Physical Therapy. 1973 April; 53(4): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4693292

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Does acyclovir have an adjunctive role in plantar wart therapy? Author(s): Pechman KJ. Source: Cleve Clin Q. 1983 Summer; 50(2): 213. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6640937

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Electronmicroscopic diagnosis of human papilloma virus in verruca plantaris. Author(s): Johnston FE, Meek WD, Henderson DA, McCosh J. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1995 June; 85(6): 306-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7541459

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Flagellate hyperpigmentation following intralesional bleomycin treatment of verruca plantaris. Author(s): Abess A, Keel DM, Graham BS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 March; 139(3): 337-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622626

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Flat feet, plantar warts and corns. Author(s): Crawford JA. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1967 October; 60(10): 1376-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6066067

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Foot dysplasias--and ultrasound therapy in plantar warts. Author(s): Heather AJ. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1965 November; 55(11): 747-59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5835002

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Granulomatous hepatitis in a healthy adult following BCG injection into a plantar wart. Author(s): D'Alessandria RM, Khakoo RA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1977 October; 68(4): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=605897

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Homeopathic treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): Labrecque M, Audet D, Latulippe LG, Drouin J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1992 May 15; 146(10): 1749-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1596811

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How I treat plantar warts. Author(s): Israel RM. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1969 August; 46(2): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5802720

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Human papillomavirus type 1 produces redundant as well as polycistronic mRNAs in plantar warts. Author(s): Palermo-Dilts DA, Broker TR, Chow LT. Source: Journal of Virology. 1990 June; 64(6): 3144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2159571

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Human papillomavirus type 60 plantar warts are predominately pigmented when discovered after early adulthood. Author(s): Kashima M, Tanabe Y, Kaminishi K, Takahama H, Egawa K, Nakabayashi Y, Mizoguchi M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 September; 141(3): 601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583099

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Human papillomavirus type 60-associated plantar wart. Ridged wart. Author(s): Honda A, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Kawashima M, Morishima T, Matsukura T. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 November; 130(11): 1413-7. Erratum In: Arch Dermatol 1995 March; 131(3): 318. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7979443

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Hypertrophic scar formation following carbon dioxide laser ablation of plantar warts in cyclosporin-treated patients. Author(s): Ozluer SM, Chuen BY, Barlow RJ, Markey AC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 December; 145(6): 1005-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11899123

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Hypnotherapy and plantar warts. Author(s): Rowe WS. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 December; 16(4): 304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6963179

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Intralesional recombinant alpha-2 interferon for the treatment of patients with condyloma acuminatum or verruca plantaris. Author(s): Vance JC, Bart BJ, Hansen RC, Reichman RC, McEwen C, Hatch KD, Berman B, Tanner DJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1986 March; 122(3): 272-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3954392

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Inverted plantar wart. Author(s): Egawa K, Hayashibara T, Ono T. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 March; 129(3): 385-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8383481

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Langerhans cells in molluscum contagiosum, verruca vulgaris, plantar wart, and condyloma acuminatum. Author(s): Bhawan J, Dayal Y, Bhan AK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 October; 15(4 Pt 1): 6459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2429998

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Large plantar wart caused by human papillomavirus-66 and resolution by topical cidofovir therapy. Author(s): Davis MD, Gostout BS, McGovern RM, Persing DH, Schut RL, Pittelkow MR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 August; 43(2 Pt 2): 3403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10901717

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Letter: 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene therapy for plantar warts. Author(s): Greenberg J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 June; 109(6): 910. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4830106

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Letter: A simple treatment for plantar warts. Author(s): Hernandez-Perez E. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 April; 109(4): 571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4819121

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Letter: Blunt dissection of plantar warts. Author(s): Snyder W. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1973 December; 108(6): 856. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4764719

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Letter: Treatment of plantar warts with bleomycin. Author(s): Hudson AL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1976 August; 112(8): 1179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=60084

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Linear porokeratosis presenting as mosaic plantar warts. Author(s): Witkowski JA, Parish LC. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1982 January-February; 21(1): 40-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6460714

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Liquid nitrogen treatment of hand and plantar warts. Author(s): Hewitt WR Jr. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 1992 May; 40(6): 288-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1602097

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Localization of wart virus antigen in human plantar warts (verrucae vulgares). Author(s): Genner J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1971; 51(5): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4109274

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Melanoma mimicking plantar wart. Author(s): McBurney EI, Herron CB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1979 August; 1(2): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=521512

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Monochloroacetic acid and 60% salicylic acid as a treatment for simple plantar warts: effectiveness and mode of action. Author(s): Steele K, Shirodaria P, O'Hare M, Merrett JD, Irwin WG, Simpson DI, Pfister H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 April; 118(4): 537-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3377974

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Nonmosaic verruca plantaris: treatment with a salicylic acid polymeric matrix delivery system. Author(s): Bender ME, Schultz PP, Neveaux JL, Bush L. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1991 March; 47(3): 199-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2022131

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Nuisance nonhealing ulcer of the foot: verruca plantaris. Author(s): Borman H, Maral T. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1999 February; 42(2): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10029496

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On radiotherapy for plantar warts. Author(s): Shair HM. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979 April; 5(4): 257-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=438405

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Orthopaedic skin lesions of the soles and the toes. Calluses, corns, plantar warts, keratomas, neurovascular growths, onychomas. Author(s): Lapidus PW. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1966 March-April; 45: 87-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5937377

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Photodynamic therapy with topical delta-aminolaevulinic acid for the treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): Fabbrocini G, Di Costanzo MP, Riccardo AM, Quarto M, Colasanti A, Roberti G, Monfrecola G. Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology. 2001 August 15; 61(12): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11485845

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Plantar wart presenting as a cutaneous horn. Author(s): Dyall-Smith D, Mason G. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1995 November; 36(4): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8593113

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Plantar wart treatment with combination imiquimod and salicylic acid pads. Author(s): Tucker SB, Ali A, Ransdell BL. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 April; 2(2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12905977

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Plantar wart treatment with combination imiquimod and salicylic acid pads. Author(s): Tucker SB, Ali A, Ransdell BL. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 January; 2(1): 70-2. Corrected and Republished In: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 April; 2(2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12852385

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Plantar warts in the athlete. Author(s): Esterowitz D, Greer KE, Cooper PH, Edlich RF. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1995 July; 13(4): 441-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7605535

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Plantar warts of defined aetiology in adults and unresponsiveness to low dose cimetidine. Author(s): Lee SH, Rose B, Thompson CH, Cossart Y. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2001 August; 42(3): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11510467

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Plantar warts recently turned black. Clinical and histopathologic findings. Author(s): Berman A, Domnitz JM, Winkelmann RK. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 January; 118(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7059201

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Plantar warts treated with an immune response modifier: a report of two cases. Author(s): Zamiri M, Gupta G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 November; 28 Suppl 1: 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616815

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Plantar warts, plantar calluses, and such. Author(s): McDowell F. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1973 February; 51(2): 196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4683943

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Plantar warts. Author(s): Glover MG. Source: Foot Ankle. 1990 December; 11(3): 172-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2074085

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Plantar warts. Author(s): Bart B. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1982 August; 72(2): 251, 255. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7100015

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Plantar warts. Author(s): Shields C, Laurie WG, Sanders S. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 July 8; 3(818): 116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5041132

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Plantar warts. A statistical survey. Author(s): Barr A, Coles RB. Source: Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc. 1966; 52(2): 226-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5999236

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Plantar warts: practical therapy. Author(s): Fishman HC. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1980 August; 26(2): 199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7408540

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Preliminary report on a method of human papillomavirus DNA extraction from verruca plantaris for polymerase chain reaction studies. Author(s): Pfannenstein RR, Johnson JC, Bennett JD, Evans RD, John KJ, Hayes DW Jr. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000 October; 17(4): 737-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070803

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Radiation therapy for keloids and plantar warts. Author(s): Perez CA, Lockett MA, Young G. Source: Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 2001; 35: 135-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11351943

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Radiation therapy for plantar warts. Author(s): Shair HM, Hanshaw WJ, Grayson LD. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1978 August; 4(8): 635-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=690315

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Radiation treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): Dunham HH, Elward CJ. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1972 March; 65(3): 205-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5022852

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Recombinant alpha-interferon and verruca plantaris. A review of the literature. Author(s): Johnson RE, Johnson JC, Kloberdanz SJ, Morrill MJ. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1991 May; 81(5): 253-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2061822

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Sodium salicylate iontophoresis in the treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): Gordon AH, Weinstein MV. Source: Physical Therapy. 1969 August; 49(8): 869-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5799811

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The efficacy of laser surgery for verruca plantaris: report of a study. Author(s): Lavery LA, Cutler JM, Galinski AW, Gastwirth BW. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1988 April; 5(2): 377-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3359385

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The sensitivity of plantar warts to roentgen radiation. Author(s): Reymann F. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1969; 49(2): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4184564

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The treatment of palmar and plantar warts using natural alpha interferon and a needleless injector. Author(s): Brodell RT, Bredle DL. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 March; 21(3): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7712088

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The treatment of plantar warts in the home. A critical appraisal of a new preparation. Author(s): Bunney MH, Hunter JA, Ogilvie MM, Williams DA. Source: The Practitioner. 1971 August; 207(238): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4935660

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The treatment of plantar warts with 5-fluorouracil. Author(s): Bunney MH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 July; 89(1): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4788324

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The treatment of resistant mosaic plantar warts with aggressive cryotherapy under general anaesthetic. Author(s): Rademaker M, Thomas RH, Munro DD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 April; 116(4): 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3580289

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Toe disorders and plantar warts. Author(s): Cracchiolo A 3rd. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1976 October; 7(4): 779-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=980417

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Topical DNCB therapy for recalcitrant Verruca plantaris. Author(s): Grayson RJ, Ratner SW, Shaps RS. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1982 November; 72(11): 557-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6216278

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Treatment of plantar warts by blunt dissection. Author(s): Pringle WM, Helms DC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1973 July; 108(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4716744

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Treatment of plantar warts in children with a salicylic acid-podophyllin-cantharidin product. Author(s): Coskey RJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1984 July; 2(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6504780

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Treatment of plantar warts with acyclovir. Author(s): Bauer DJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1982 July 20; 73(1A): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7102711

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Treatment of plantar warts with banana skin. Author(s): Warzawer-Schwarcz L. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1981 December; 68(6): 975-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7301999

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Treatment of plantar warts with cytostatics. Author(s): Marker T, Reymann F. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1967; 47(5): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4168796

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Treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): Carpenter H. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1988 August; 17(8): 664. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3248076

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Treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): McLaughlin RR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1972 July; 106(1): 129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5039103

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Treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): Manilla GT, Hood TK, Eakin NR. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1965 October; 62(10): 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5828026

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Treatment of recalcitrant plantar warts with imiquimod. Author(s): Yesudian PD, Parslew RA. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2002 March; 13(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006136

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Treatment of verruca plantaris with ultrasound. Author(s): Block IH. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1967 July; 57(7): 330-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6046566

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Ultrasound and plantar warts: a double blind study. Author(s): Braatz JH, McAlistar BR, Broaddus MD. Source: Military Medicine. 1974 March; 139(3): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4206165

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Ultrasound in verruca plantaris. Report of a study. Author(s): Tropp BE. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1967 July; 57(7): 326-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6046565

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Ultra-sound therapy in Verruca plantaris. Author(s): Quade AG, Radzyminski SF. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1966 November; 56(11): 503-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5979285

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Verruca plantaris: a compendium of its understanding and treatment. Author(s): Luciano CS. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1977 December; 67(12): 858-69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=925320

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Verruca plantaris: a review of the problem. Author(s): Reed RW. Source: J Foot Surg. 1976 Spring; 15(1): 24-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1088287

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Vitamin A acid in the topic treament of plantar warts. Author(s): de Bersaques J. Source: Dermatologica. 1975; 150(6): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1201813

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What is the best method in the use of ultrasound for the treatment of plantar warts? Author(s): Griffin JE, Gersten JW. Source: Physical Therapy. 1971 January; 51(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5539667

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CHAPTER 2. PATENTS ON PLANTAR WARTS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.7 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “plantar warts” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on plantar warts, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Plantar Warts By performing a patent search focusing on plantar warts, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 7Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on plantar warts: •

Compositions and methods for the topical treatment of nail fungi conditions Inventor(s): Buck; Carol J. (30 Brooks Bend, Princeton, NJ 08540) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,231,840 Date filed: May 19, 1998 Abstract: Compositions and methods for treating keratin-related conditions and disorders such as straightening and styling hair, treating nail fungal conditions such as onychomycosis, ingrown nails, and hyperkeratotic conditions of the epidermis such as psoriasis, acne, callouses, corns, verruca, particularly plantar warts, and surface lines and blemishes of aging skin by aiding the exfoliation of keratinocytes. The compositions comprise at least one alkanoic acid in aqueous solution. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for treating keratinous tissue for purposes of straightening hair, enhancing curl retention of hair, treating nail fungal conditions, including onychomycosis, ingrown nails, hyperkeratotic conditions, including psoriasis, acne and keratosis pilaris, callouses, corns, plantar wart, DowlingMeara form of epidermolysis bullosa simplex, ichthyosiform dermatoses, and surface lines and blemishes of aging skin by exfoliation of keratinocytes. Human hair is a thermoset of cross-linked,.alpha.-helix protein, primarily keratin. Keratin is composed of a complex of polypeptide chains of high molecular weight. Protein sequencing analysis of whole hair fiber using acid hydrolysis has found traces of all the amino acids in human hair, but suggests that cystine, glutamic acid, serine, leucine, aspartic acid, arginine and threonine are among the amino acids of highest prevalence in hair.sup.1 The human hair shaft is comprised of three concentric layers identified as the cuticle, a thin, outer-most shell, the cortex, the main body of the hair, and the medulla, a thin, central core. The cuticle and cortex are responsible for the hair shaft's mechanical properties (in some hair the medulla is absent). The cuticle is composed of flattened, scale-like platelets of amphoras keratin. Its condition is responsible for the outward appearance of the hair, particularly feel and shine. The cortex forms and is composed of long keratinous spindle cells containing numerous macrofibrils of intermediate filament protein, held together by an intercellular matrix of beta-keratose. Each macrofibril contains 11 protofibrils in a helical structure. Each of the protofibrils is composed of three alpha-helices, the fundamental fibrous keratin.sup.1 Gillespie and Inglis, Total SCarboxymethyl Keratin Extracted from Guinea Pig Hair by Standard Methods (1965). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231840__

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Method for using acoustic shock waves in the treatment of medical conditions Inventor(s): Ogden; John A. (Atlanta, GA), Warlick; John F. (Woodstock, GA) Assignee(s): Healthtronics Inc. (marietta, Ga) Patent Number: 6,368,292 Date filed: December 22, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to methods for medical treatment of pathological conditions. More particularly, the invention relates to methods for using acoustic shock

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waves to treat a variety of pathological conditions such as plantar warts, deep bone bruises, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy, urinary incontinence, and spinal cord injuries, including the reduction or removal of scar tissue to aid in spinal cord regrowth. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for medical treatment of pathological conditions. More particularly, the invention relates to methods for using acoustic shock waves to treat a variety of pathological conditions. The use of energy wave forms for medical treatment of various bone pathologies is known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,360, issued on Jul. 23, 1985 to Duarte, teaches the use of ultrasound transducers, in direct contact with the skin of the patient, for transmitting ultrasound pulses to the site of the bone defect. Duarte teaches a nominal ultrasound frequency of 1.3 to 2.0 MHz, a pulse width range of 10 to 2000 microseconds, and a pulse rate varying between 100 and 1000 Hz Duarte maintains the ultrasound power level below 100 milliwatts per square centimeter, with treatments lasting no more than 20 minutes per day. Other devices utilize piezoelectric materials fastened adjacent to the pathological site on the patient's limb to produce ultrasonic energy in the vicinity of the bone pathology for administering therapy. Examples of such prior art references include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,211,160, 5,259,384, and 5,309,898. Clinicians have also utilized shock waves to treat various pathologies. Early approaches of using shock waves for medical treatment required immersing the patient in water and directing a shock wave, generated by an underwater spark discharge, at a solid site to be treated, such as a bone or kidney stone. When the shock wave hits the solid site, a liberation of energy from the change of acoustic impedance from water to the solid site produces pressure in the immediate vicinity of the site. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,905,671 to Senge et al., issued on Mar. 6, 1990, teaches a method applying acoustic shock waves to induce bone formation. Senge et al. teaches that the acoustical sound waves utilized by Duarte (and similar references) for treatment of bone have a generally damped sinusoidal wave form centered on ambient pressure. More specifically, Senge et al. teaches that the pressure of an acoustical sound wave utilized by Duarte rises regularly to a maximum value above ambient, falls regularly through ambient and on to a minimum value below ambient in a continued oscillation above and below ambient until complete damping occurs. Portions of the wave above ambient represent acoustic compression, while portionsbelow ambient represent acoustic tension. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368292__ •

Method of treating pathological conditions of the nail Inventor(s): Brem; Jacob (11 Eaglehead Ter., Shrewsbury, MA 01545) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,180,058 Date filed: August 15, 1978 Abstract: A method for treating pathological conditions of the nail, particularly onychomycosis, is described. The method comprises the breaching the protective keratin of the nail to form an opening therein, placing a caustic-keratolytic agent in the opening to enlarge it, and treating the nail through the opening with topical therapeutic agents for the pathological condition being treated, for instance, an antifungal agent for onychomycosis. In addition, thick callouses and painful plantar warts can be removed with modifications of this method.

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Excerpt(s): This invention is related to methods for treating pathological conditions of the nail that cause thickness, enlargement, and deformity of the nail, particularly methods for treating onychomycosis. It enables the therapeutic agent to reach conditions and parasites, hitherto protected by hard keratin. Three groups of fungi are involved in onychomycosis: the dermatophytes, the molds and the yeasts. An attempt to account for the various clinical manifestations of onychomycosis by considering the requirements of these groups of fungi was made by English in "Nails and Fungi", British Journal of Dermatology, 94, 697 (1976). Invasion of the nail apparatus by fungi produces changes of varying degree which are indistinguishable in respect to the causative fungus. A variety of other dermatoses affect nail growth and are frequently misdiagnosed as fungal infections. However, the clinical features of these nail conditions are ordinarily sufficient to distinguish them. The fungus which causes nail infections most commonly is T. rubrum. Next in importance is T. mentagrophytes, though it infects the toenails most commonly, rarely the fingernails. Other species of dermatophytes, including members of the genera Microsporum and Epidermophyton, cause nail infections uncommonly, with the possible exception of T. violaceum, which has been reported as the responsible agent in fingernail infections by observers in some Far Eastern countries. Candidiasis of the nails is another condition which occurs most frequently in individuals with immuno-deficiency diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04180058__ •

Treatment of plantar warts using cycloheximide Inventor(s): Montes; Leopoldo F. (Buenos Aires, AR) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,017,587 Date filed: January 12, 1990 Abstract: The invention consists in healing of plantar warts with cycloheximide. Cycloheximide is used in various topical forms and methods of application to treat plantar warts. The concentrations employed ranges from 0.01% to 5.0% and the duration of treatment from 5 to 12 weeks. Excerpt(s): The invention consists in a method for the treatment of plantar warts in which cycloheximide with a suitable carrier is applied over the warts during a certain period and also the composition for the treatment of plantar warts. Plantar warts also known as verruca plantaris result from the invasion and subsequent colonization of the stratum corneum by a human papillomavirus (HPV). Among the 30 or more different types of HPV, the HPV 1 seems to be the one which causes plantar warts (Cance, D. J. and Gardner, S. D. Papovavirus: Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses, Page 483 in Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology, Edited by Zuckerman, A. J., Banatvala, J. E. and Pattison, J. R., John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York, 1987). The viral infection produces thickening of the epidermis, also known as acanthosis, and the human host reacts with an inflammatory infiltrate in the upper dermis. As plantar warts grow, the surface of the involved skin becomes harder and harder leading to the formation of a callus. Pressure on this callus while walking produces pain, sometimes unbearable, but the callus also acts as a protective shield against the penetration of topical treatments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05017587__

Patents 23

Patent Applications on Plantar Warts As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.8 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to plantar warts: •

Formulations and methods for straightening hair Inventor(s): Buck, Carol J.; (Princeton, NJ) Correspondence: Mathews, Collins, Shepherd & Mckay, P.A.; Suite 306; 100 Thanet Circle; Princeton; NJ; 08540; US Patent Application Number: 20030143173 Date filed: December 4, 2002 Abstract: Compositions and methods for treating keratin-related conditions and disorders such as straightening and styling hair, treating nail fungal conditions such as onychomycosis, ingrown nails, and hyperkeratotic conditions of the epidermis such as psoriasis, acne, callouses, corns, verruca, particularly plantar warts, and surface lines and blemishes of aging skin by aiding the exfoliation of keratinocytes. The compositions comprise at least one alkanoic acid in aqueous solution. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/023,449, and claims the benefit of the priority date thereof. The invention relates to formulations and methods for straightening or relaxing the curl of hair, particularly naturally kinky and curly hair. Many people with naturally kinky, curly, or even wavy hair often desire to straighten their hair. There are a number of hair straightening compositions and methods available today, but these involve use of harsh straightening agents such as alkaline or sulfite-based chemicals. To permanently alter the natural curl of human hair, a number of types of bonds within the hair are cleaved, including salt bridges and disulfide bonds. Human hair is composed of cross-linked, a-helix protein, primarily keratin. Keratin is a complex of polypeptide chains of high molecular weight. The hair shaft will maintain its outward shape by ionic bonding or salt bridges (disulfide or cystine bridges) which pair various amino acids found in the hair. Current straightening methods break disulfide bonds into free sulfhydryls and then re-establish new disulfide bonds in the desired configuration by reduction/oxidation of the hair shaft using various chemicals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with plantar warts, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “plantar warts” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on plantar warts. 8

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning plantar warts. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON PLANTAR WARTS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to plantar warts. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on plantar warts include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Plantar Warts In order to find chapters that specifically relate to plantar warts, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and plantar warts using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “plantar warts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on plantar warts: •

Chapter 204: Viral Skin Infections Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 3 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have viral skin infections with information on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of warts and molluscum contagiosum. Warts, which are caused by any of 60 related human papillomarviruses, are small skin growths that are easily spread from one area of the body to another. Most warts are harmless, and the most common types do not become cancerous. The ultimate size and shape of a wart depends on the particular virus that caused it and its position on the body. Common warts are firm growths that usually have a rough surface; are round or irregular; are grayish, yellow, or brown; and are

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typically less than half an inch in diameter. Plantar warts, which develop on the sole of the foot, are usually flattened by the pressure of walking and are surrounded by thickened skin. Filiform warts are small, long, narrow growths that occur on the eyelids, face, neck, or lips. Flat warts usually appear in groups as smooth, yellow brown spots, mainly on the face. Treatment depends on the location, type, and severity of the warts and the length of time they have been on the body. Common warts usually disappear without treatment within 2 years. Treatment options include applying a solution or plaster containing salicylic and lactic acids to the wart to soften it, freezing the wart with liquid nitrogen, electrodesiccating the wart, and applying chemicals to destroy it. Plantar warts can be treated by paring them with a knife, freezing them, and applying chemicals. Flat warts are often treated with peeling agents. Molluscum contagiosum, an infection of the skin caused by a poxvirus, causes skin colored, smooth, waxy bumps. Although common in the groin and pubic areas, it can infect any part of the body. Treatment involves freezing the growths or removing their core with a needle. •

Section Seven: Foot and Ankle Source: in Greene, W.B., Ed. Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care. 2nd ed. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 2001. p. 406-517. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018-4262. (800) 626-6726 (toll-free) or (847) 823-7186. Fax (800) 823-8025 (toll-free) or (847) 823-8025. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aaos.org. PRICE: $105.00 for nonmembers; $90.00 AAOS members; $80.00 for residents; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0892032170. Summary: This section of a book on musculoskeletal care provides health professionals with information on common conditions affecting the foot and ankle, including acute and chronic or repetitive injuries and degenerative, inflammatory, or idiopathic conditions. The section begins with information on the principles of evaluating and examining a patient presenting with a foot or ankle complaint, focusing on inspection; palpation; range of motion; and muscle, special, and sensory testing. This is followed by a description of Achilles tendon rupture; ankle sprain; arthritis of the foot and ankle; bunionette; chronic lateral ankle pain; corns and calluses; diabetic foot problems; fractures of the ankle, calcaneus, talus, metatarsal, midfoot, and phalanges; hallux rigidus and valgus; ingrown toenail; malodorous feet; metatarsalgia; Morton neuroma; nail fungus infection; plantar fasciitis; posterior heel pain; plantar warts; posterior tibial tendon dysfunction; rheumatoid foot and ankle; sesamoiditis; soft tissue masses of the foot and ankle; stress fractures of the foot and ankle; tarsal tunnel syndrome; toe deformities; and turf toe. Information includes synonyms for and red flags associated with each condition; the definition, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, adverse outcomes, and treatment of the condition; diagnostic tests; and adverse treatment outcomes. Other topics include contrast baths; ankle joint, Morton neuroma, and plantar fasciitis injection; application of a metatarsal pad; trimming of a corn or callus; care of diabetic feet; digital anesthetic block of the foot; nail plate avulsion; orthotic devices; and shoe wear. 108 figures and 1 table.

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APPENDICES

29

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway12

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “plantar warts” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 274 5 425 2 4 710

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “plantar warts” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 16 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 12 13

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 17

18

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on plantar warts can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to plantar warts. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to plantar warts. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “plantar warts”:

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Foot Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html HPV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hpv.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Warts http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/warts.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to plantar warts, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Common Warts Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00370 Warts http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/wartsloader.html Warts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/209.xml Warts Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/warts.html

•

Treatment Warts: Removal by Freezing Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/105.xml

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Plantar Warts Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=225&topcategory=Foot

•

Children Beware of Warts Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/warts.html

Patient Resources

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Warts Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/skin/wart.html What's Up with Warts? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/aches/warts.html •

Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/

•

Research Duct Tape May Be an Effective Therapy for Getting Rid of Warts Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ37J2LD7D&s ub_cat=609

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on plantar warts. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Foot Owner's Manual: A Guide to Good Foot Care Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1996. 16 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This booklet provides the general public with information on how to protect the feet from unnecessary wear and tear. The booklet describes the anatomy of the foot and explains the mechanics of walking. This is followed by a checklist people can use to ensure that shoes fit properly. Other topics include using the forefoot test to determine whether shoes fit properly and using orthotic devices to relieve pain. The booklet then

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Plantar Warts

describes common foot problems and outlines methods of self care and physician based care. Common foot problems are ingrown toenails, blisters, corns and calluses, soft corns, athlete's foot, and plantar warts. Other foot problems include metatarsalgia, plantar neuroma, hammer and claw toes, bunions, bunionettes, hallux rigidus, heel pain, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendinitis. In addition, the booklet presents general foot care tips and suggests stretching exercises that people can do before and after exercising. •

Warts Source: Schaumberg, IL: American Academy of Dermatology. 2000. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology. 930 N. Meacham Road, P.O. Box 4014, Schaumberg, IL 60168-4014. (888) 462-DERM ext. 22. Website: www.aad.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure discusses different types of warts and their treatment. Warts are benign growths in the top layer of the skin caused by human papillomavirus. Wart viruses are more easily transmitted if the skin has been injured. Common warts generally appear on the fingers, around the nails, or on the backs of the hand. These warts can be treated at home with salicylic acid either in a gel, plaster, or solution form. Cryotherapy, electrosurgery, and laser treatments are methods performed by a dermatologist to remove warts. Foot warts, also known as plantar warts, are found on the soles of the foot. These warts are flat and may be painful to walk on. Treatment for these warts is the same as for common warts. The doctor may also recommend wearing different shoes to reduce the pressure on the wart and advise the patient to keep the foot dry to prevent more warts from forming. Flat warts are small, smooth warts that appear in clusters commonly on the face in children, the beard area of the face in men, and on the legs of women. These warts are treated by daily application of salicylic acid, tretinoin, glycolic acid, or other peeling preparations. Warts can also be treated with bleomycin, immunotherapy, and interferon.

•

Common Foot Problems Source: Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1996. 8 p. Contact: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018. Summary: This brochure for the general public or patients examines common foot problems. These problems include bunions, heel pain, Morton's neuroma , corns and calluses, hammertoes , and plantar warts. The causes and treatment of these problems are discussed. 6 illustrations.

•

About Foot Care Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1999. 16 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. Fax (800) 499-6464. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Contact company for pricing information; available in bulk. Order Number 122941-7-97. Summary: This illustrated booklet provides the general public with information on foot care. Keeping one's feet healthy is important for physical and mental health. Some common foot problems include bunions, corns and calluses, ingrown toenails, flat feet,

Patient Resources

39

toenail fungus, athlete's foot, plantar warts, and heel pain. More serious health conditions can also cause foot problems. Foot problems may be prevented by choosing and wearing proper shoes, practicing good foot hygiene, and exercising the feet by walking. Foot problems can be treated by podiatrists, primary care physicians, and orthopedists. People who must take special care of their feet include those who have diabetes, children, older people, and athletes. •

Your Podiatric Physician Talks About Warts Source: Bethesda, MD: American Podiatric Medical Association. 1995. 6 p. Contact: Available from American Podiatric Medical Association. 9312 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-1698. (800) 275-2762 or (301) 581-9277. Fax (301) 530-2752. Website: www.apma.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost. Summary: This pamphlet provides people who have plantar warts with information on this viral skin condition, which appears most often on the plantar surface, or sole, of the foot. The pamphlet discusses problems with identifying warts and highlights some of the conditions that can be mistakenly identified as warts. The source of the plantar wart virus is usually dirty surfaces, littered ground, or wet surfaces. The pamphlet offers tips on preventing plantar warts and presents modes of self-treatment and professional treatment. Common professional methods include cryocautery and electrocautery. 4 figures. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to plantar warts. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to plantar warts. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with plantar warts. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about plantar warts. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “plantar warts” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “plantar warts”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “plantar warts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

Patient Resources

41

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “plantar warts” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

43

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 45

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 47

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

49

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

51

PLANTAR WARTS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helices: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU]

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Plantar Warts

Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Ankle Joint: The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the tibia, the malleolar articular surface of the fibula, and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the talus. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls,

Dictionary 53

multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Calcaneus: The largest of the tarsal bones and is situated at the lower and back part of the foot forming the heel. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell,

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enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cidofovir: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH]

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Collodion: A nitrocellulose solution in ether and alcohol. Collodion has a wide range of uses in industry including applications in the manufacuture of photographic film, in fibers, in lacquers, and in engraving and lithography. In medicine it is used as a drug solvent and a wound sealant. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Condyloma: C. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH]

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Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]

Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers:

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1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex: Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and by serous bullae that heal without scarring. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of

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their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genitals: Sex organs, including the penis and testicles in men and the vagina and vulva in women. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hallux Rigidus: A condition caused by degenerative arthritis (osteoarthritis) of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe and characterized by pain and limited dorsiflexion, but relatively unrestricted plantar flexion. [NIH] Hammer: The largest of the three ossicles of the ear. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H,

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atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within

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intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH]

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Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and

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store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metatarsophalangeal Joint: The articulation between a metatarsal bone and a phalanx. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are

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unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Orthotic Devices: Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body. [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]

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Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains podophyllotoxin and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porokeratosis: A rare, chronic, progressive autosomal dominant disorder seen most often in males and usually appearing in early childhood. It is characterized by the formation of slightly atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on

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the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic

Dictionary 67

end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH]

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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Skin Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the skin. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH]

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Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Tarsal Bones: The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and first, second and third cuneiforms. The tarsus is a skeletal part of the foot. [NIH]

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: A syndrome produced by entrapment neuropathy of posterior tibial nerve. [NIH] Tarsus: The region of the articulation between the foot and the leg. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratogenesis: Production of monstrous growths or fetuses. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH]

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Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolnaftate: A synthetic antifungal agent. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs,

Dictionary 71

administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small, circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

73

INDEX A Ablation, 9, 51 Acceptor, 51, 64 Acne, 20, 23, 51, 70 Acne Vulgaris, 51, 70 Acoustic, 20, 21, 51 Acyclovir, 5, 7, 16, 51 Aetiology, 12, 51 Algorithms, 51, 53 Alkaline, 23, 51 Alpha Particles, 51, 67 Alpha-helices, 20, 51 Alpha-helix, 51, 62 Alternative medicine, 51 Amino acid, 20, 23, 51, 52, 55, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70 Anaesthesia, 51 Anaesthetic, 15, 51 Analog, 51, 52, 57 Ankle, 13, 26, 52 Ankle Joint, 26, 52 Annealing, 52, 65 Antibiotics, 4, 52, 53 Antibodies, 52, 62, 63, 67 Antibody, 52, 60, 61, 63, 67 Antifungal, 4, 21, 52, 63, 70 Antigen, 11, 52, 60, 61 Anti-inflammatory, 52, 67 Antimetabolite, 51, 52, 57 Antimycotic, 52, 54 Antineoplastic, 52, 53, 57, 65 Antiviral, 51, 52, 61 Aqueous, 20, 23, 52, 53 Arginine, 20, 52 Arteries, 52, 53, 55, 63 Artery, 52, 55, 66, 71 Articular, 52, 64 Aspartic, 20, 52 Aspartic Acid, 20, 52 Avulsion, 26, 52 B Bacteria, 52, 68, 70 Base, 4, 53, 56, 62 Baths, 26, 53 Benign, 21, 38, 53, 63, 64, 67 Biological response modifier, 53, 61 Biotechnology, 4, 5, 31, 53 Bladder, 53, 61, 66, 67, 70

Bleomycin, 8, 10, 38, 53 Blood vessel, 53, 54, 59, 68, 71 Branch, 47, 53, 64, 68, 70 C Calcaneus, 26, 53, 69 Callus, 22, 26, 53, 62 Cantharidin, 16, 53 Carbon Dioxide, 9, 53, 67 Carcinoma, 5, 53 Caudal, 53, 65 Caustic, 21, 53, 65 Cell, 5, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67 Cell membrane, 53, 54, 65 Cellulose, 54, 58, 65 Central Nervous System, 54, 58 Character, 54, 56 Chin, 54, 63 Chlorophyll, 54, 58 Chronic, 26, 51, 54, 61, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71 Cidofovir, 10, 54 Cimetidine, 6, 12, 54 Clinical trial, 4, 31, 54, 67 Cloning, 53, 54 Clotrimazole, 4, 54 Coagulation, 54, 62 Collagen, 51, 54, 57, 58 Collodion, 4, 55 Computational Biology, 31, 55 Concentric, 20, 55 Condyloma, 9, 10, 55 Connective Tissue, 54, 55, 56, 58, 67, 69 Contraindications, ii, 55 Corneum, 22, 55, 57 Coronary, 55, 63 Coronary Thrombosis, 55, 63 Cortex, 20, 55 Cryotherapy, 4, 7, 15, 38, 55 Cutaneous, 6, 11, 12, 13, 55, 71 Cycloheximide, 22, 55 Cystine, 20, 23, 55 Cytochrome, 54, 55 Cytotoxic, 55, 67 D Degenerative, 26, 56, 59, 64 Denaturation, 56, 65 Density, 7, 56, 68 Dermatologist, 38, 56

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Dermis, 22, 56, 69 Diabetic Foot, 26, 56 Diagnosis, Differential, 26, 56 Diagnostic procedure, 19, 56 Digoxigenin, 7, 56 Direct, iii, 7, 21, 56, 67 Discrete, 56, 69 Dissection, 10, 15, 56 Dorsal, 56, 65 Dystrophic, 56, 57 E Efficacy, 3, 14, 56, 70 Elastic, 56, 68 Enamel, 56, 62 Environmental Health, 30, 32, 56 Enzymatic, 51, 56, 59, 65 Enzyme, 54, 56, 64, 65, 71 Eosinophilia, 56, 57 Epidermal, 56, 62, 71 Epidermis, 20, 22, 23, 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 66 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 20, 57 Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex, 20, 57 Epithelial, 5, 57, 59, 64 Epithelium, 55, 57, 64 Ether, 55, 57 Eukaryotic Cells, 57, 61 Excitatory, 57, 58 Exfoliation, 20, 23, 57 Extensor, 57, 66 Extraction, 14, 57 F Family Planning, 31, 57 Fasciitis, 4, 26, 38, 57 Fat, 4, 57, 67, 68 Fibroblasts, 57 Fibrosarcoma, 57 Fibula, 52, 57, 70 Flexion, 57, 59 Fluorouracil, 15, 57 Foot Care, 37, 38, 57 Foot Ulcer, 56, 58 Forearm, 57, 58 Fungi, 20, 22, 52, 58, 70, 71 Fungus, 22, 26, 39, 58 G Gamma Rays, 58, 67 Gas, 53, 58, 60, 64 Gastric, 54, 58, 59, 64 Gastrin, 54, 58 Gelatin, 58, 69 Gene, 53, 58, 70 Gene Expression, 58, 70

Genetic testing, 58, 65 Genitals, 55, 58 Gland, 58, 66, 68, 69 Glutamate, 58 Glutamic Acid, 20, 58, 63 Glycine, 51, 58, 63, 68 Governing Board, 59, 66 Graft, 59, 60 Graft Rejection, 59, 60 Groin, 26, 59 Growth, 22, 52, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71 H Hair follicles, 56, 59, 71 Hallux Rigidus, 26, 38, 59 Hammer, 38, 59, 64 Hemoglobin, 59, 62 Hemolytic, 57, 59 Hepatitis, 8, 59 Hepatocytes, 59 Herpes, 51, 59 Heterotrophic, 58, 59 Histamine, 54, 59 Horny layer, 57, 59 Host, 22, 59, 60 Human papillomavirus, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 22, 38, 59 Hydrogen, 51, 53, 56, 59, 63, 64, 66 Hydrolysis, 20, 52, 56, 60 Hydroxyproline, 51, 54, 60 Hyperpigmentation, 8, 60 Hyperthermia, 7, 60 Hypertrophy, 21, 60 I Id, 36, 39, 46, 48, 60 Idiopathic, 26, 60 Imidazole, 54, 59, 60, 63 Immersion, 53, 60 Immune response, 13, 52, 59, 60, 71 Immune system, 60, 62 Immunization, 60 Immunoglobulin, 52, 60, 63 Immunologic, 60, 67 Immunosuppressant, 57, 60 Immunosuppressive, 60 Immunosuppressive therapy, 60 Immunotherapy, 6, 38, 60 In situ, 6, 7, 60 In Situ Hybridization, 6, 7, 60 Incontinence, 21, 61 Infarction, 55, 61, 63 Infection, 5, 22, 26, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 69

Index 75

Inflammation, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 61, 65, 67, 69, 71 Infusion, 61, 63 Interferon, 9, 14, 15, 38, 61 Interferon-alpha, 61 Intracellular, 61 Intravenous, 61, 63 Ion Exchange, 54, 61 Ionization, 61 Ionizing, 51, 61, 67 Ions, 53, 60, 61 Iontophoresis, 14, 61 J Joint, 52, 62, 64, 69 K Kb, 30, 62 Keratin, 20, 21, 22, 23, 62 Keratinocytes, 20, 23, 62 Keratolytic, 21, 62, 65 Keratosis, 20, 62 Kidney stone, 21, 62 L Laser Surgery, 14, 62 Leucine, 20, 62, 64 Library Services, 46, 62 Life cycle, 58, 62 Ligament, 62, 66 Liver, 59, 62 Localized, 61, 62, 65, 67, 70 Lymphatic, 61, 62, 68 Lymphocyte, 52, 62 M Malignancy, 62, 64 Malignant, 52, 57, 62, 63, 67 Mannans, 58, 62 Medial, 52, 62, 70 MEDLINE, 31, 62 Melanocytes, 60, 62 Membrane, 53, 54, 55, 57, 63, 64, 65 Mental, iv, 4, 30, 32, 38, 54, 63, 66 Mental Health, iv, 4, 30, 32, 38, 63 Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 59, 63 MI, 49, 63 Miconazole, 4, 63 Modification, 51, 63 Molecular, 20, 23, 31, 33, 53, 55, 63 Molecule, 52, 53, 60, 63, 64, 67 Monoclonal, 6, 63 Monoclonal antibodies, 6, 63 Mononuclear, 57, 63 Morphological, 58, 62, 63 Myocardium, 63

N Need, 3, 25, 40, 63 Neoplasm, 63, 64 Nerve, 54, 58, 63, 70 Neuroma, 26, 38, 63 Neuropathy, 63, 69 Neurotransmitter, 51, 52, 58, 59, 63 Neutrons, 51, 63, 67 Nitrogen, 5, 11, 26, 64 Nucleic acid, 60, 64, 66, 67 O Onychomycosis, 20, 21, 22, 23, 64 Orthotic Devices, 26, 37, 64 Ossicles, 59, 64 Osteoarthritis, 59, 64 Oxidation, 23, 51, 55, 64 P Palpation, 26, 64 Papilloma, 8, 55, 64 Papillomavirus, 64 Pathologic, 55, 64, 66 Pathologies, 21, 64 Patient Education, 37, 44, 46, 49, 64 Pelvic, 64, 66 Pepsin, 54, 64 Pepsin A, 54, 64 Peptide, 51, 62, 64, 66 Perianal, 55, 65 Pharmacologic, 65, 70 Phonophoresis, 61, 65 Phospholipids, 57, 65 Pigmentation, 60, 65 Plants, 52, 53, 65, 70 Platelets, 20, 65, 69 Pleated, 62, 65 Pneumonia, 55, 65 Podophyllin, 16, 65 Podophyllotoxin, 65 Polymerase, 14, 65 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 14, 65 Polysaccharide, 52, 54, 65 Porokeratosis, 10, 65 Posterior, 26, 56, 65, 69 Practicability, 65, 70 Practice Guidelines, 32, 66 Prevalence, 20, 66 Prickle, 62, 66 Progressive, 59, 64, 65, 66 Promyelocytic leukemia, 66, 70 Prostate, 21, 66 Protein S, 53, 55, 66, 69 Proteins, 51, 52, 54, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70

76

Plantar Warts

Protons, 51, 60, 61, 66, 67 Pruritic, 66, 70 Psoriasis, 20, 23, 66, 70 Psychic, 63, 66 Public Policy, 31, 66 Pulse, 21, 66 Purgative, 65, 66 Purines, 66, 68 Pyrimidines, 67, 68 R Radiation, 14, 58, 60, 61, 67, 71 Radioactive, 60, 61, 63, 67 Radioimmunotherapy, 67 Radiotherapy, 11, 67 Randomized, 56, 67 Receptor, 52, 67 Recombinant, 9, 14, 67 Rectum, 58, 61, 66, 67 Refer, 1, 58, 59, 64, 67 Regimen, 56, 67 Renal pelvis, 62, 67 Respiration, 53, 67 Rheumatism, 67 Rheumatoid, 26, 67 S Salicylate, 14, 67 Salicylic, 4, 11, 12, 16, 26, 38, 67 Scleroderma, 57, 67 Scleroproteins, 62, 67 Screening, 54, 68 Sebaceous, 56, 68, 71 Sebaceous gland, 56, 68, 71 Secretion, 51, 54, 59, 68 Self Care, 38, 68 Semen, 66, 68 Senile, 65, 68 Sequencing, 20, 65, 68 Serine, 20, 68 Serous, 57, 68 Shock, 20, 21, 68 Skin Neoplasms, 65, 68 Soft tissue, 26, 57, 68 Solid tumor, 53, 68 Solvent, 55, 68 Sound wave, 21, 68 Specialist, 40, 68 Species, 22, 63, 68, 69 Spectrum, 54, 68 Spinal cord, 21, 54, 63, 68 Spinous, 57, 62, 68 Stool, 61, 69 Strand, 65, 69

Streptomycin, 55, 69 Stress, 26, 69 Subacute, 61, 69 Subclinical, 61, 69 Subspecies, 68, 69 Sweat, 56, 69 Sweat Glands, 56, 69 Symphysis, 54, 66, 69 Systemic, 61, 67, 69 T Talus, 26, 52, 69, 70 Tarsal Bones, 53, 69 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome, 26, 69 Tarsus, 69 Tendinitis, 38, 69 Tendon, 26, 69 Teratogenesis, 65, 69 Teratogenic, 69, 70 Thermal, 64, 65, 69 Thigh, 59, 69 Threonine, 20, 68, 69 Thrombocytes, 65, 69 Tibia, 52, 57, 70 Tibial Nerve, 69, 70 Tinea Pedis, 4, 70 Tissue, 20, 21, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 67, 68, 70 Tolnaftate, 4, 70 Topical, 4, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 21, 22, 70 Toxic, iv, 53, 56, 63, 65, 70 Toxicology, 32, 70 Toxins, 52, 61, 63, 67, 70 Transfection, 53, 70 Translation, 51, 70 Treatment Outcome, 26, 70 Tretinoin, 38, 70 U Ulcer, 11, 70 Unconscious, 60, 70 Ureters, 62, 70 Urethra, 66, 70 Urinary, 21, 61, 70 Urine, 53, 61, 62, 67, 70 V Vaccines, 70, 71 Vascular, 56, 61, 71 Ventricle, 66, 71 Verruca, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 20, 22, 23, 71 Vertebrae, 68, 71 Veterinary Medicine, 31, 71 Viral, 5, 7, 22, 25, 39, 71

Index 77

Virus, 8, 11, 25, 39, 59, 61, 71 Vitro, 65, 71 Vulgaris, 10, 71 W Wart, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 25, 37, 38, 39, 62, 71

X X-ray, 58, 67, 71 Y Yeasts, 22, 58, 71

78

Plantar Warts

Index 79

80

Plantar Warts

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