Onions - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

NIONS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Onions: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-11077-6 1. Onions-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on onions. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ONIONS ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Onions........................................................................................... 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 Academic Periodicals covering Onions........................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ONIONS ........................................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Finding Nutrition Studies on Onions ......................................................................................... 25 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON ONIONS.................................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Patents on Onions........................................................................................................................ 37 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ONIONS ..................................................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 41 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 42 Chapters on Onions ..................................................................................................................... 42 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 47 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 49 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 53 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 55 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 59 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 59 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 65 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 65 ONIONS DICTIONARY ................................................................................................................ 67 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 95

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with onions is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about onions, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to onions, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on onions. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to onions, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on onions. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ONIONS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on onions.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and onions, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “onions” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Get a Low-Fat Life Source: Fitness. p.84,86,88. October 1998. Summary: Eppel offers 14 hints on reducing dietary fat. Sample suggestions are: using evaporated skim milk in recipes as a replacement for half- and-half or heavy cream; making beans a staple of the diet; and adding lots of vegetables such as broccoli, onions, and tomatoes to macaroni and cheese. Other ideas are: using strong flavors such as lemon, vinegar, and capers for low-fat recipes; eating lots of rice; and including high amounts of fiber in the diet.

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Practical Pointers for Grappling with GERD: Heartburn Gnaws at Quality of Life for Many Patients Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 105(7): 88-90, 95-98, 103-104. June 1999. Summary: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) seriously impairs quality of life for millions of people and consumes huge amounts of medical resources. The typical symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation are considered reasonably specific for GERD, but the exact mechanisms involved in causing these symptoms are still not clear. In this article, the first in a series of three on esophageal diseases, the authors review the current concepts about the causes, recognition, and treatment of this disorder. The spectrum of disease due to GERD is wide, ranging from symptoms alone to esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and respiratory tract complications. The primary cause of symptoms and tissue injury to the esophagus associated with GERD is duration of esophageal exposure to gastric acid and other digestive juices. A number of tests facilitate diagnosis of GERD and its complications, but no single test currently provides all the information necessary for definitive evaluation in patients with complicated symptoms. Treatment options include lifestyle modification, antacids, histamine antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, promotility drugs, and antireflux surgery. Recommended lifestyle changes include the following: stop smoking; lose excess weight; eat small meals; reduce consumption of caffeine, chocolate, fatty foods, alcohol, onions, peppermint, and spearmint; elevate the head of the bed (6 to 9 inches), and avoid tight fitting garments. Medications can relieve symptoms and heal even the most severe forms of esophagitis. Surgical therapy is an effective option for patients with truly refractory disease or for those patients with significant disease who prefer not to use drug treatment. 3 figures. 3 tables. 16 references.

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Using Herbal Therapies Safely Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 16(3): 6-8, 10-13. May-June 1999. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: In discussing the safe use of herbal therapies, this article begins with a description of current Federal laws on dietary supplements, focusing on the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. This law created a new food category called dietary supplements so that truthful, nonmisleading information could be used in conjunction with the sale of herbal products and consumers could be given information on a product's benefits and potential side effects. The article continues with an examination of myths and truths about herbs. Myths that are debunked are that herbs are natural so they must be safe; herbs must be safe and effective because they have been around for centuries; doctors do not need to be told that a patient is taking herbal supplements; all products that contain a specific herb are basically the same; and herbs are easy to take. This is followed by guidelines on the safe use of herbs. In addition, the article identifies some herbal products that may have potential as aids to diabetes management, including bilberry fruit, bitter melon, burdock root, capsicum, fenugreek, garlic and onions, and ginseng. The article concludes by providing sources of additional information about dietary supplements and identifying herbal products that have been associated with serious illness and injuries.

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Become a Bread Winner Source: Runner's World. 36(2):28-29. February 2001.

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Summary: Sandwiches, if made correctly, can be healthful, performance-enhancing meals for runners and others who exercise. According to the author, a healthful sandwich should contain four ingredients: bread, a protein filling, a vegetable topping, and a condiment. Select breads that provide muscle- fueling carbohydrate along with fiber, and avoid those, such as croissants, that contain unwanted fat. Whole-grain breads such as seven-grain, 100 percent whole-wheat, and whole-wheat sourdough make good choices. Excellent protein choices include turkey, chicken, roast beef, some types of ham, eggs, tuna or other seafood, and soy products such as tempeh, soy lunch 'meats,' and soy cheese. Vegetable toppings can range from lettuce and tomato slices to shredded carrots, green or red peppers, red onions, avocados, and red cabbage. When selecting condiments, choose reduced-fat or fat-free condiments, or naturally fat-free mustard, ketchup, salsa, or pickle relish. The author's favorite sandwich recipe, with nutritional analysis, is included. •

Natural Products and Diabetes Treatment Source: Diabetes Educator. 24(2): 201-202, 205-206, 207. March-April 1998. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe Street, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603-1901. (312) 424-2426. Summary: This article provides information about natural products as diabetes treatment. The authors point out that some natural products are potentially damaging to people with chronic diseases, especially if they are used instead of proven scientific treatment regimens. However, Americans spend about 14 billion dollars each year on alternative medicines and treatments. The authors briefly discuss the following natural products that have been promoted in relation to diabetes: ackee fruit, alfalfa, aloe vera, argimony, artichokes, barley, bitter melon, burdock root, capsaicin (cayenne pepper), carrot oil, charcoal, chromium, coriander, dandelion root, devil's club, eucalyptus, ephedra, evening primrose, fenugreek seeds, fo-ti, garlic, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, glucomannan, grape seed, guayusa, guar gum (karaya gum), gymnena, juniper, licorice, mushrooms, neem seed oil, onions, pectin (apples), periwinkle, potatoes, yellow root (golden seal), and yohimbine. The authors note that the few products that do have a mild impact on lowering blood glucose levels are significantly less effective than standard treatments. In order to ensure that no toxic effects occur and that treatment objectives are achieved, health professionals should closely monitor any person who decides to use a natural product for diabetes. The article includes general guidelines for counseling people who use herbs. 39 references. (AA-M).

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Time to Winterize Source: Runner's World. 36(11): 26-28. November 2001. Summary: This article provides suggestions for 'winterizing' one's diet. The shorter daylight hours during the winter months can cause mild depression, called Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). The condition can be improved by increased exposure to sunlight and also by foods containing certain nutrients: bananas and other good sources of vitamin B6, fatty fish (omega-3 fatty acids), lean steak (selenium), and whole grains. Applegate also recommends bolstering the immune system with essential nutrients to reduce the risk of winter colds and illnesses. Nutrients important for the immune system found in seasonal winter foods include vitamin C found in citrus fruits; zinc in clams and oysters; vitamin A in butternut squash; and the antioxidant quercitin in onions, garlic, and leeks. Eating strategies that can keep one feeling energized in the winter include eating small portion sizes, crunching on fresh winter vegetables between

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meals, keeping hydrated, and checking caffeine intake. The article includes a butternut squash casserole recipe with its nutritional analysis. A sidebar provides a list of fruits and vegetables in season during the winter months, along with the nutrients they provide and suggestions for adding these foods to one's diet. •

Get Your Disease Fighters From Food Source: Health. p. 20. January/February 2001. Summary: This article recommends getting beta-carotene, an antioxidant, and flavonoids, a group of powerful antioxidants, from food rather than supplements. Research indicates that when beta-carotene is taken in pill form, the risk of cancer increases even though eating foods high in this antioxidant lowers cancer and heart disease risk. Now scientists are concerned that flavonoid supplements may also be risky. Martyn Smith, a toxicologist at the University of California at Berkeley, reviewed the research on flavonoids. He found evidence that in food sources such as vegetables, fruits, grains, and wine, the nutrients protect against heart disease and cancer. However, there were no studies demonstrating the safety or efficacy of supplements. Taking the amount suggested by some flavonoid supplement manufacturers could cause more harm than good, according to Smith. Until more is known, he advises sticking with flavonoid-rich foods such as onions and apples.

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Dietary Choices of People with Ostomies Source: Journal of WOCN. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses. 28(1): 2831. January 2001. Contact: Mosby, Inc. Periodicals Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to collect data related to individual dietary recommendations and restrictions for people with ostomies. A descriptive survey was used that asked people about food choices and avoidances that occurred because of their ostomy. Subjects were members of the United Ostomy Association (UOA) who had an ostomy and who were living at home. A questionnaire with 14 items on it was mailed to the UOA membership (approximately 40,000 current members) in their quarterly newsletter; of these, 604 questionnaires were returned. The most frequent reason for ostomy surgery among the respondents was colon cancer (71 percent, n = 424) and the most common type of ostomy was a colostomy. The majority of respondents (88.4 percent) stated that they were not following a special diet because of the ostomy; 11.8 percent (n = 69) stated that they had modified their diet. Of the people who had modified their diet, 55 percent stated that they were using the special diet indefinitely and were adhering to it very well. More than half of the participants had received dietary instructions, provided mainly by a WOC (wound, ostomy, continence) nurse, at the time of surgery. The foods avoided because of the ostomy included fresh fruits, nuts, coconut, and vegetables such as corn, popcorn, cabbage, beans, and onions. The major problems reported were blockage and increased gas. The author stresses that many respondents reported problems with certain foods. Preoperative teaching and postoperative followup must include anticipatory guidance on food selection. 1 figure. 3 tables. 7 references.

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Short-Term Management Strategies Source: Consultant. 37(5): 1329-1330, 1335-1336, 1339-1340, 1346, 1348. August 1997.

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Contact: Available from Consultant. Cliggott Publishing Company, 55 Holly Hill Lane, Box 4010, Greenwich, CT 06831-0010. Summary: This article reviews the factors that contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and discusses intervention strategies for short term management. Dietary and lifestyle changes that may alleviate symptoms in patients with mild GERD include weight loss, elevating the head of the bed, avoiding postprandial recumbency (lying down after meals), and avoiding certain food and beverages (such as alcohol, fatty foods, coffee, onions, chocolate, and peppermint), and drugs that can contribute to the disorder (such as NSAIDs, alendronate, anticholinergics, sedatives, antiarrhythmics, quinidine, and potassium supplements). H2 receptor antagonists (given twice daily) are most effective in patients with nonerosive GERD; higher doses are necessary in patients with erosive esophagitis. Proton pump inhibitors have a longer duration of action than H2 receptor antagonists and are more effective in patients with moderate or severe GERD; an alternate day regimen may benefit some patients but is not appropriate for those with strictures or severe esophagitis. The author advises physicians to reserve combination therapy with a prokinetic agent and an H2 receptor antagonist or a proton pump inhibitor for patients who have severe underlying dysmotility syndromes. 2 figures. 3 tables. 12 references. (AA-M). •

Herbal Supplements in Diabetes Management Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 17(6): 28, 30-31, 35-37. November-December 2000. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article, the second of a series of articles on herbal therapies, reviews some of the most promising blood sugar lowering herbals, including bitter melon, fenugreek, gurmar, goat's rue, bilberry, ginseng, nopal cactus, and garlic and onions. Bitter melon is the most widely used traditional remedy for diabetes in Asia and Africa. As a treatment for diabetes, the juice or an extract of the unripe fruit is used. Compounds isolated from bitter melon believed to be responsible for its blood sugar lowering properties include charantin and plant insulin. No well designed studies using bitter melon in humans have been conducted. Fenugreek is a common spice. Its seeds or a defatted powder made from the seed have been used as a diabetes treatment. Studies of fenugreek suggest that it has hypoglycemic activity and that it may improve blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Gurmar, or gymnema sylvestre leaf, has been used as a traditional treatment for diabetes in India. Gymnema is believed to act by improving the function of the pancreatic beta cells. There is minimal research on gymnema, and the studies conducted in humans have not been well designed. Goat's rue is another traditional remedy for diabetes that has been shown to have hypoglycemic activity in humans. The leaves of bilberry have been used as an antidiabetic tea. However, chronic consumption of bilberry leaf or capsules is not recommended because they can be toxic. Ginseng, which is sold chiefly as an energy booster in the United States, has been investigated as a diabetes remedy in only a few small studies. The stem or leaf of nopal cactus has been used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat type 2 diabetes. Garlic and onions have been used as folk medicines to treat diabetes, and a few studies suggest that they may have some mild blood sugar lowering properties. The article reviews studies on these products, identifies their adverse effects, and presents typical dosing regimens. In addition, the article lists potentially dangerous plant products and provides guidelines for safe supplement use. 1 figure.

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Federally Funded Research on Onions The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to onions. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to onions. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore onions. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for onions: •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FISSION AND FUSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Shaw, Janet M.; Professor; Biology; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (applicant's description): Changes in mitochondrial morphology and copy number are associated with a variety of human diseases including neurological disorders and some types of cancer. Although the metabolic functions of mitochondria have been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial membrane dynamics are not understood. In the current funding period, we characterized two different GTPases in S. cerevisiae that regulate mitochondrial morphology and copy number. Dnm1p is a dynamin-related GTPase that acts on the outer mitochondrial membrane to regulate fission. Fzo1p (fuzzy onions) is a transmembrane GTPase that regulates mitochondrial docking and/or fusion. Both GTPases have human homologues that, when mutated, cause defects in mitochondrial morphology. These findings illustrate how effectively yeast can be used as a tool to study the molecular mechanisms that control mitochondrial dynamics in human cells. During the next funding period, we will continue to study mitochondrial fission and fusion in yeast using a combination of genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches. Specifically, we propose: 1) to identify and characterize SFZ genes/proteins required for mitochondrial fission, 2) to determine the role of Fzo1p self-interactions in mitochondrial fusion, 3) to screen for binding partners that interact with Fzo1p in its GTP-bound state, and 4) to develop an in vitro assay for mitochondrial fusion. The studies we propose will provide new information about the molecular and biochemical basis of mitochondrial fission and fusion in eukaryotic cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “onions” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for onions in the PubMed Central database: •

A Novel Alliinase from Onion Roots. Biochemical Characterization and cDNA Cloning. by Lancaster JE, Shaw ML, Joyce MD, McCallum JA, McManus MT.; 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58963

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ACCELERATED DNA SYNTHESIS IN ONION ROOT MERISTEM DURING XIRRADIATION. by Das NK, Alfert M.; 1961 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=285220

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Cloning of Sucrose:Sucrose 1-Fructosyltransferase from Onion and Synthesis of Structurally Defined Fructan Molecules from Sucrose. by Vijn I, van Dijken A, Luscher M, Bos A, Smeets E, Weisbeek P, Wiemken A, Smeekens S.; 1998 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34914

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Death of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli in the Presence of Freshly Reconstituted Dehydrated Garlic and Onion. by Johnson MG, Vaughn RH.; 1969 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=377836

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Malformin in Aspergillus niger-Infected Onion Bulbs (Allium cepa). by Curtis RW, Stevenson WR, Tuite J.; 1974 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186727

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Pectic Enzyme Activities of Bacteria Associated with Rotted Onions (Allium cepa). by Obi SK, Umezurike GM.; 1981 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244065

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Quorum-Sensing System and Stationary-Phase Sigma Factor (rpoS) of the Onion Pathogen Burkholderia cepacia Genomovar I Type Strain, ATCC 25416. by Aguilar C, Bertani I, Venturi V.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150111

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Zonal Changes in Ascorbate and Hydrogen Peroxide Contents, Peroxidase, and Ascorbate-Related Enzyme Activities in Onion Roots. by del Carmen CordobaPedregosa M, Cordoba F, Villalba JM, Gonzalez-Reyes JA.; 2003 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166845

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with onions, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “onions” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for onions (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of onion allergy. Author(s): Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D, Amato S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 August; 108(2): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11496255

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A family with Friedreich ataxia and onion-bulb formations at sural nerve biopsy. Author(s): Barreira AA, Marques Junior W, Sweeney MG, Davis MB, Chimelli L, PacoLarson ML, Wood NW. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1999 September 14; 883: 466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10586275

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A matter of fried onions. Author(s): Friedman DB. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 1992 December; 1(4): 307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1344781

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A potent antimicrobial protein from onion seeds showing sequence homology to plant lipid transfer proteins. Author(s): Cammue BP, Thevissen K, Hendriks M, Eggermont K, Goderis IJ, Proost P, Van Damme J, Osborn RW, Guerbette F, Kader JC, et al. Source: Plant Physiology. 1995 October; 109(2): 445-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7480341

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A prospective cohort study on the relationship between onion and leek consumption, garlic supplement use and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in The Netherlands. Author(s): Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1996 March; 17(3): 477-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8631133

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Absorption and antioxidant effects of quercetin from onions, in man. Author(s): McAnlis GT, McEneny J, Pearce J, Young IS. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 February; 53(2): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10099940

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Absorption and DNA protective effects of flavonoid glycosides from an onion meal. Author(s): Boyle SP, Dobson VL, Duthie SJ, Kyle JA, Collins AR. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 2000 October; 39(5): 213-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11131368

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Absorption and excretion of conjugated flavonols, including quercetin-4'-O-betaglucoside and isorhamnetin-4'-O-beta-glucoside by human volunteers after the consumption of onions. Author(s): Aziz AA, Edwards CA, Lean ME, Crozier A. Source: Free Radical Research. 1998 September; 29(3): 257-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9802557

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Accumulation of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) in onion bulbs of nerves biopsied from patients with different subtypes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1. Author(s): Liehr T, Grehl H, Rautenstrauss B. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1997 November; 94(5): 514-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9386787

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Accumulation of peripheral myelin protein 22 in onion bulbs and Schwann cells of biopsied nerves from patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A. Author(s): Nishimura T, Yoshikawa H, Fujimura H, Sakoda S, Yanagihara T. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1996 November; 92(5): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8922056

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Accumulation of quercetin conjugates in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by women. Author(s): Moon JH, Nakata R, Oshima S, Inakuma T, Terao J. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2000 August; 279(2): R461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10938233

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Administration of raw onion inhibits platelet-mediated thrombosis in dogs. Author(s): Briggs WH, Folts JD, Osman HE, Goldman IL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 October; 131(10): 2619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11584080

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An onion in your ear. Author(s): Brooks DN. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1986 September; 100(9): 1043-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3531372

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An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with green onions. Author(s): Dentinger CM, Bower WA, Nainan OV, Cotter SM, Myers G, Dubusky LM, Fowler S, Salehi ED, Bell BP. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 April 15; 183(8): 1273-6. Epub 2001 March 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11262211

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Anaphylactic reaction to the ingestion of raw onion. A case report. Author(s): Arena A, Cislaghi C, Falagiani P. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2000 September-October; 28(5): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11270091

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Anti-asthmatic effects of onions. Alk(en)ylsulfinothioic acid alk(en)yl-esters inhibit histamine release, leukotriene and thromboxane biosynthesis in vitro and counteract PAF and allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in vivo. Author(s): Dorsch W, Wagner H, Bayer T, Fessler B, Hein G, Ring J, Scheftner P, Sieber W, Strasser T, Weiss E. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1988 December 1; 37(23): 4479-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2462422

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Antiasthmatic effects of onions. Inhibition of platelet-activating factor-induced bronchial obstruction by onion oils. Author(s): Dorsch W, Ettl M, Hein G, Scheftner P, Weber J, Bayer T, Wagner H. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1987; 82(3-4): 535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3570522

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Anti-bacterial action of onion (Allium cepa L.) extracts against oral pathogenic bacteria. Author(s): Kim JH. Source: J Nihon Univ Sch Dent. 1997 September; 39(3): 136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9354029

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Antibacterial activity of garlic and onions: a historical perspective. Author(s): Farbman KS, Barnett ED, Bolduc GR, Klein JO. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 July; 12(7): 613-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8346006

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Anti-inflammatory effects of onions: inhibition of chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by thiosulfinates and cepaenes. Author(s): Dorsch W, Schneider E, Bayer T, Breu W, Wagner H. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1990; 92(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2246074

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Antiplatelet activity in onion (Allium cepa) is sulfur dependent. Author(s): Goldman IL, Kopelberg M, Debaene JE, Schwartz BS. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1996 September; 76(3): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8883285

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Antiplatelet constituents of garlic and onion. Author(s): Makheja AN, Bailey JM. Source: Agents Actions. 1990 March; 29(3-4): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2111084

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Bronchial asthma caused by onion. Author(s): Kawane H. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 October; 96(4): 568. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7560675

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Bronchial asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and contact dermatitis caused by onion. Author(s): Valdivieso R, Subiza J, Varela-Losada S, Subiza JL, Narganes MJ, MartinezCocera C, Cabrera M. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 November; 94(5): 928-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7963160

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Can onions be engineered for not tearing? Author(s): Ascenzi P, Azzi A. Source: Iubmb Life. 2003 January; 55(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12716063

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Cancer prevention by organosulfur compounds from garlic and onion. Author(s): Fukushima S, Takada N, Hori T, Wanibuchi H. Source: J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1997; 27: 100-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9591199

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Cell cycle control protein p34cdc2 homologue and its phase specific accumulation in synchronized onion (Allium cepa L.) root meristem cells. Author(s): Chaudhuri SK, Ghosh S. Source: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1998 August; 35(4): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854898

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Changes in content and composition of dietary fiber in yellow onions and red delicious apples during commercial storage. Author(s): Marlett JA, Marlett JA. Source: J Aoac Int. 2000 July-August; 83(4): 992-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10995128

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Circulating forms of parathyroid hormone: peeling back the onion. Author(s): Bringhurst FR. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2003 December; 49(12): 1973-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14633866

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Consumption of flavonoids in onions and black tea: lack of effect on F2-isoprostanes and autoantibodies to oxidized LDL in healthy humans. Author(s): O'Reilly JD, Mallet AI, McAnlis GT, Young IS, Halliwell B, Sanders TA, Wiseman H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 June; 73(6): 1040-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11382657

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Consumption of onions and a reduced risk of stomach carcinoma. Author(s): Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Sturmans F. Source: Gastroenterology. 1996 January; 110(1): 12-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8536847

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Effect of onion and ginger consumption on platelet thromboxane production in humans. Author(s): Srivastava KC. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1989 March; 35(3): 1835. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2710801

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Effect of onions on blood fibrinolytic activity. Author(s): Menon IS, Kendal RY, Dewar HA, Newell DJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 August 10; 3(614): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5662989

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Effect of raw versus boiled aqueous extract of garlic and onion on platelet aggregation. Author(s): Ali M, Bordia T, Mustafa T. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1999 January; 60(1): 437. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10319916

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Effects of an onion-olive oil maceration product containing essential ingredients of the Mediterranean diet on blood pressure and blood fluidity. Author(s): Mayer B, Kalus U, Grigorov A, Pindur G, Jung F, Radtke H, Bachmann K, Mrowietz C, Koscielny J, Wenzel E, Kiesewetter H. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2001 February; 51(2): 104-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11258039

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Effects of feeding wild onions (Allium validum) to bred ewes. Author(s): James LF, Binns W. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1966 September 1; 149(5): 512-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6008240

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Effects of Welsh onion extracts on human platelet function in vitro. Author(s): Chen JH, Chen HI, Wang JS, Tsai SJ, Jen CJ. Source: Life Sciences. 2000 March; 66(17): 1571-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11261587

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Exercise-induced anaphylaxis to onion. Author(s): Perez-Calderon R, Gonzalo-Garijo MA, Fernandez de Soria R. Source: Allergy. 2002 August; 57(8): 752-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12121198

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Fresh onions and blood fibrinolysis. Author(s): Menon IS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 March 29; 1(5647): 845. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5813088

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Fungal corneal ulcers of onion harvesters in southern Taiwan. Author(s): Lin SH, Lin CP, Wang HZ, Tsai RK, Ho CK. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999 June; 56(6): 423-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10474540

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Fungi genus and concentration in the air of onion fields and their opportunistic action related to mycotic keratitis. Author(s): Chang CW, Ho CK, Chen ZC, Hwang YH, Chang CY, Liu ST, Chen MJ, Chen MY. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2002 July-August; 57(4): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530603

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Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa): a review of their relationship to cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Kendler BS. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1987 September; 16(5): 670-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3317392

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Garlic and onion oils inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation of HL-60 cells. Author(s): Seki T, Tsuji K, Hayato Y, Moritomo T, Ariga T. Source: Cancer Letters. 2000 November 10; 160(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11098081

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Garlic and onions: their effect on eicosanoid metabolism and its clinical relevance. Author(s): Ali M, Thomson M, Afzal M. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2000 February; 62(2): 55-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10780871

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Garlic, onion and cereal fibre as protective factors for breast cancer: a French casecontrol study. Author(s): Challier B, Perarnau JM, Viel JF. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 December; 14(8): 737-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9928867

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Garlic, onions and cardiovascular risk factors. A review of the evidence from human experiments with emphasis on commercially available preparations. Author(s): Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, ter Riet G. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 November; 28(5): 535-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2686739

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Gastroenterology. Of oxides and onions. Author(s): Kapadia CR, Spiro H. Source: Lancet. 1996 December 21-28; 348 Suppl 2: Sii7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8973485

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Genetic analyses of correlated solids, flavor, and health-enhancing traits in onion (Allium cepa L.). Author(s): Galmarini CR, Goldman IL, Havey MJ. Source: Molecular Genetics and Genomics : Mgg. 2001 May; 265(3): 543-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11405638

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Grafting of synthetic mannose receptor-ligands onto onion vectors for human dendritic cells targeting. Author(s): Chenevier P, Grandjean C, Loing E, Malingue F, Angyalosi G, Gras-Masse H, Roux D, Melnyk O, Bourel-Bonnet L. Source: Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England). 2002 October 21; (20): 2446-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12430483

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Hepatitis A outbreak associated with green onions at a restaurant--Monaca, Pennsylvania, 2003. Author(s): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Source: Mmwr. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2003 November 28; 52(47): 1155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14647018

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Histologic findings in two very small intracanalicular solitary schwannomas of the eighth nerve: II. “Onion bulbs”. Author(s): Neely JG, Hough JV. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1988 May; 9(3): 216-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3177605

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related chronic relapsing inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with multifocal unusual onion bulbs in sural nerve biopsy. A clinicomorphological study with qualitative and quantitative light and electron microscopy. Author(s): Gibbels E, Diederich N. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1988; 75(5): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3376757

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Hypocholesterolemic effect of onion extract on cholesterol-enriched erythrocytes. Author(s): Singh M, Kanakaraj P. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1985 August; 23(8): 456-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4077145

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Images in cardiology. Onion skin aneurysm of the aortic arch. Author(s): Chatterjee T, Muller MF, Meier B. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1998 March; 79(3): 288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9602664

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Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural classification of peripheral neuropathies with onion-bulbs. Author(s): Chou SM. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 1992 May-June; 11(3): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1319289

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Induction of phase II enzymes by aliphatic sulfides derived from garlic and onions: an overview. Author(s): Munday R, Munday CM. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 382: 449-56. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15047116

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Infantile demyelinating neuropathy associated with a de novo point mutation on Ser72 in PMP22 and basal lamina onion bulbs in skin biopsy. Author(s): Ceuterick-de Groote C, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V, Van Goethem G, Lofgren A, Ceulemans B, Van Broeckhoven C, Martin JJ. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 2001; 197(3): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11314784

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Influence of the onion as an essential ingredient of the Mediterranean diet on arterial blood pressure and blood fluidity. Author(s): Kalus U, Pindur G, Jung F, Mayer B, Radtke H, Bachmann K, Mrowietz C, Koscielny J, Kiesewetter H. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2000 September; 50(9): 795-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11050695

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Intraspecific metabolic diversity among strains of Burkholderia cepacia isolated from decayed onions, soils, and the clinical environment. Author(s): Yohalem DS, Lorbeer JW. Source: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1994; 65(2): 111-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7526797

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Life is like an onion. Author(s): Arboleda-Florez J. Source: Academic Psychiatry : the Journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry. 2003 Fall; 27(3): 223-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12969865

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Mechanism for antiplatelet effect of onion: AA release inhibition, thromboxane A(2)synthase inhibition and TXA(2)/PGH(2)receptor blockade. Author(s): Moon CH, Jung YS, Kim MH, Lee SH, Baik EJ, Park SW. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2000 May; 62(5): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10883058

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Monoclonal antibody raised against human mitotic cyclin B1, identifies cyclin B-like mitotic proteins in synchronized onion (Allium cepa L.) root meristem. Author(s): Chaudhuri SK, Ghosh S. Source: Cell Biology International. 1997 March; 21(3): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9151992

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Nerve and muscle biopsy in a case of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type III with basal lamina onion bulbs. Author(s): Bornemann A, Hansen FJ, Schmalbruch H. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 1996 February; 22(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8866786

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Neuropathy with onion bulb formations and pure motor manifestations. Author(s): Auer RN, Bell RB, Lee MA. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1989 May; 16(2): 194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2543490

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New inhibitor of platelet aggregation in onion oil. Author(s): Kawakishi S, Morimitsu Y. Source: Lancet. 1988 August 6; 2(8606): 330. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2899737

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NopA64, a novel nucleolar phosphoprotein from proliferating onion cells, sharing immunological determinants with mammalian nucleolin. Author(s): de Carcer G, Cerdido A, Medina FJ. Source: Planta. 1997; 201(4): 487-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9151450

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On peeling, slicing and dicing an onion: the complexity of taxonomies of values and medicine. Author(s): Erde EL. Source: Theoretical Medicine. 1983 February; 4(1): 7-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11651695

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Onion bulb formation in the initial complex of neurons in human dorsal root ganglion: their significance and alterations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Author(s): Murayama S, Bouldin TW, Suzuki K. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1991; 82(6): 462-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1785259

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Onion exerts antiaggregatory effects by altering arachidonic acid metabolism in platelets. Author(s): Srivastava KC. Source: Prostaglandins Leukot Med. 1986 September; 24(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3094033

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Onion juice (Allium cepa L.), a new topical treatment for alopecia areata. Author(s): Sharquie KE, Al-Obaidi HK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 29(6): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126069

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Onion powder in baby food may induce anemia in cats. Author(s): Kaplan AJ. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995 December 1; 207(11): 1405. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7493865

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Onion root mitosis, fetal pigs, and me. Author(s): Huebner TK. Source: Med Econ. 2003 March 21; 80(6): 68-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12698629

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Onion skin and functionality in congenital heart disease. Author(s): Cyran SE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 August; 131(2): 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9290599

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Onion skin. Author(s): Chapman S. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1992 March 18-31; 47(6): 442-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1568088

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Onions and blood fibrinolysis. Author(s): Menon IS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1970 May 16; 2(5706): 421. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5420613

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Onions and dyspepsia. Author(s): Sullivan SN. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 October; 85(10): 1429. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2220746

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Onions and platelet aggregation. Author(s): Baghurst KI, Raj MJ, Truswell AS. Source: Lancet. 1977 January 8; 1(8002): 101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=63702

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Onions. Author(s): Valeriote M. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1969 April 5; 100(13): 626. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5776435

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Onions--a global benefit to health. Author(s): Griffiths G, Trueman L, Crowther T, Thomas B, Smith B. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 November; 16(7): 603-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410539

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Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection associated with cheese and onion quiche. Author(s): Holtby I, Tebbutt GM, Harrison R, Kett J. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1995 July 21; 5(8): R118-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7663604

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Oxides, onions, and other matters gastrointestinal--1996--a perspective. Author(s): Kapadia CR. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1997 April; 24(3): 133-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9179730

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Phenomenon of Schwann cell apoptosis in a case of congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy with basal lamina onion bulb formation. Author(s): Fidzianska A, Drac H, Rafalowska J. Source: Brain & Development. 2002 October; 24(7): 727-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427523

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Pickled onion-induced asthma: a model of sulfite-sensitive asthma? Author(s): Gastaminza G, Quirce S, Torres M, Tabar A, Echechipia S, Munoz D, Fernandez de Corres L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 August; 25(8): 698-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7584680

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Pilot study evaluating topical onion extract as treatment for postsurgical scars. Author(s): Jackson BA, Shelton AJ. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1999 April; 25(4): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10417579

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Please pass me the onions and the socks--lidocaine toxicity. Author(s): Mack RB. Source: N C Med J. 1983 August; 44(8): 485-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6579356

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Quality changes of onion (Allium cepa L.) as affected by the drying process. Author(s): Adam E, Muhlbauer W, Esper A, Wolf W, Spiess W. Source: Die Nahrung. 2000 February; 44(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10702997

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Roast beef, onions, and substernal chest pain. Author(s): Strum WB. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1984 May; 19(5): 53-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6425344

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Role of macrophages in onion-bulb formation in localized hypertrophic mononeuritis (LHM). Author(s): Chou SM. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 1991 May-June; 10(3): 112-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1860270

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Schwann cell differentiation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A): normal number of myelinating Schwann cells in young CMT1A patients and neural cell adhesion molecule expression in onion bulbs. Author(s): Hanemann CO, Gabreels-Festen AA, Stoll G, Muller HW. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1997 October; 94(4): 310-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9341930

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Schwann cell-onion bulb tumor of the trigeminal nerve: hyperplasia, dysplasia or neoplasia? Author(s): LaPoint SF, Powers JM, Woodruff JM, MacCollin M, Jacoby LB, Vortmeyer AO, Zhuang Z, Fong CT, Ifthikharuddin SF, Teot L, Coniglio JU, Sullivan RP. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2000 January; 99(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651030

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Study of the fibrinolytic activity of onion. Author(s): Rahman MS, Choudhury SA, Rahman J, Rashid MA. Source: Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1988 December; 14(2): 75-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3250459

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Suspended onion particles and potential corneal injury in onion harvesters. Author(s): Hwang YH, Chou EJ, Chang CW, Chen CC, Ho CK, Chou CL, Lee ZY, Tseng CT. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2002 January-February; 57(1): 78-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12071365

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Temporal aspects of onion-induced antiplatelet activity. Author(s): Osmont KS, Arnt CR, Goldman IL. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2003 Winter; 58(1): 27-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859011

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The effect of raw onions on acid reflux and reflux symptoms. Author(s): Allen ML, Mellow MH, Robinson MG, Orr WC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 April; 85(4): 377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2327378

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Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.). Author(s): Augusti KT. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1996 July; 34(7): 634-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8979497

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Treating stingray wounds with onions. Author(s): Whiting SD, Guinea ML. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 June 1; 168(11): 584. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640314

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Type A botulism from sauteed onions. Clinical and epidemiologic observations. Author(s): MacDonald KL, Spengler RF, Hatheway CL, Hargrett NT, Cohen ML. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985 March 1; 253(9): 1275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3968852

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Unusual conjugates in biological profiles originating from consumption of onions and garlic. Author(s): Jandke J, Spiteller G. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 October 9; 421(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3429558

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Uptake and phytotoxicity of TNT in onion plant. Author(s): Kim J, Drew MC, Corapcioglu MY. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. 2004; 39(3): 803-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055943

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With onions and tears: a multidimensional analysis of a counter-ritual. Author(s): Levick SE, Jalali B, Strauss JS. Source: Family Process. 1981 March; 20(1): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7215525

Academic Periodicals covering Onions Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to onions. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ONIONS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and onions.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Onions The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. Once you have entered the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “onions” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “onions” (or a synonym): •

Application of onion and garlic flavours in spaghetti manufacture. Source: Faheid, S. M. M. Deutsche-Lebensmittel-Rundschau (Germany). (1998). volume 94(6) page 187-192.

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Chemical and oxidative changes in fried bitter gourd and onion during storage. Author(s): PCSIR Lab., Karachi (Pakistan). Biotechnology and Food Research Centre Source: Zia ur Rehman Shah, W.H. Pakistan-Journal-of-Scientific-and-IndustrialResearch (Pakistan). (December 2000). volume 43(6) page 381-385.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A comparative study on the beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), amla (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn)and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on the hyperlipidemia induced by butter fat and beef fat in rats. Author(s): Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Education, M.G. University, Kottayam, India. Source: Augusti, K T Arathy, S L Asha, R Ramakrishanan, J Zaira, J Lekha, V Smitha, S Vijayasree, V M Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 Aug; 39(8): 760-6 0019-5189

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Acid and heat stability of the anticoagulative activity of an onion extract. Author(s): Faculty of Food Science, Dong-A University, Pusan, Korea. Source: Kim, G N Lee, M K Park, I Biosci-Biotechnol-Biochem. 2002 April; 66(4): 859-61 0916-8451

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Anti-diabetic effects of onion and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. Source: Sheela, C.G. Kumud, K. Augustii, K.T. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. Aug 1995. volume 61 (4) page 356-357. 0032-0943

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Antithrombotic effect of onion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Author(s): Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Paldal-gu, Suwon, South Korea. Source: Jung, Y S Kim, M H Lee, S H Baik, E J Park, S W Moon, C H ProstaglandinsLeukot-Essent-Fatty-Acids. 2002 April; 66(4): 453-8 0952-3278

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Aroma analysis of fresh and preserved onions and leek by dual solid-phase microextraction-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): University Francois Rabelais, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 6035, Tours, France. Source: Mondy, N Duplat, D Christides, J P Arnault, I Auger, J J-Chromatogr-A. 2002 July 19; 963(1-2): 89-93

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Biologically active organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions: the search for new drugs. Source: Block, E. NATO-ASI-Ser-Ser-A-Life-Sci. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press. 1990. volume 197 page 283-290. ill.

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Coat protein gene sequences of garlic and onion isolates of the onion yellow dwarf potyvirus (OYDV). Author(s): Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Molecular, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Kobayashi, K Rabinowicz, P Bravo Almonacid, F Helguera, M Conci, V Lot, H Mentaberry, A Arch-Virol. 1996; 141(12): 2277-87 0304-8608

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Concentration of onion juice volatiles by reverse osmosis and its effects on supercritical CO2 extraction. Source: Nuss, J.S. Guyer, D.E. Gage, D.A. J-food-process-eng. Trumbull, Conn. : Food and Nutrition Press, Inc. May 1997. volume 20 (2) page 125-139. 0145-8876

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Determination of antidiabetic activity in Allium cepa (onion) tissue cultures. Author(s): Radiation Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India. [email protected] Source: Kelkar, S M Kaklij, G S Bapat, V A Indian-J-Biochem-Biophys. 2001 August; 38(4): 277-9 0301-1208

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Development of a sample preparation method for the analysis of oxidized flavonols in onions and leek. Author(s): School of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Food Science, Department of Chemical Analytics, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany. Source: Jungbluth, G Ternes, W Nahrung. 2002 October; 46(5): 349-52 0027-769X

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Distribution of Burkholderia cepacia phenotypes by niche, method of isolation and pathogenicity to onion. Source: Yohalem, D.S. Lorbeer, J.W. Ann-appl-biol. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists. June 1997. volume 130 (3) page 467-479. 0003-4746

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Eat more onions. Source: Anonymous Home-Healthc-Nurse. 2000 Nov-December; 18(10): 633 0884-741X

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Enhancing effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on hepatocarcinogenesis in rats: association with increased cell proliferation and elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity. Author(s): First Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School. Source: Takada, N Kitano, M Chen, T Yano, Y Otani, S Fukushima, S Jpn-J-Cancer-Res. 1994 November; 85(11): 1067-72 0910-5050

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Fast narrow-bore HPLC analysis of thiosulfinates in onions and hybrids. Relationship with the platelet anti-aggregant activity. Author(s): IRBI, University F. Rabelais, ESA CNRS 6035, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France. Source: Mandon, N Brohard Bohn, B Pain, S Jaillais, B Rendu, F Auger, J BiomedChromatogr. 2000 February; 14(1): 53-5 0269-3879

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Flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown Vidalia onions. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Science Building, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7610, USA. Source: Sellappan, S Akoh, C C J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 September 11; 50(19): 5338-42 0021-8561

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Flavorants from garlic, onion, and other alliums and their cancer-preventive properties. Source: Block, E. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1994. (546) page 84-96. 0097-6156

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Hypolipidemic effects of onion oil and garlic oil in ethanol-fed rats. Source: Bobboi, A. Augusti, K.K. Joseph, P.K. Indian-J-Biochem-Biophys. New Delhi, India : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. June 1984. volume 21 (3) page 211213. 0301-1208

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Identification of aster yellows phytoplasma in garlic and green onion by PCR-based methods. Author(s): Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, Canada. [email protected]

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Source: Khadhair, A H Evans, I R Choban, B Microbiol-Res. 2002; 157(3): 161-7 0944-5013 •

Induction of onion-induced haemolytic anaemia in dogs with sodium nprophylthiosulphate. Source: Yamato, O. Hayashi, M. Yamasaki, M. Maede, Y. Vet-rec. London : The British Veterinary Association. February 28, 1998. volume 142 (9) page 216-219. 0042-4900

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Induction of premature mitosis in S-blocked onion cells. Author(s): Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, University of Calcutta, Calcutta-700 019, India. Source: Sen, R Ghosh, S Cell-Biol-Int. 1998 November; 22(11-12): 867-74 1065-6995

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Nucleotide sequences of the 3' terminal region of onion yellow dwarf virus isolates from Allium plants in Japan. Author(s): Institute for Biotechnology Research, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan. Source: Tsuneyoshi, T Ikeda, Y Sumi, S Virus-Genes. 1997; 15(1): 73-7 0920-8569

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Onion and a mixture of vegetables, salads, and herbs affect bone resorption in the rat by a mechanism independent of their base excess. Author(s): Department Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland. Source: Muhlbauer, R C Lozano, A Reinli, A J-Bone-Miner-Res. 2002 July; 17(7): 1230-6 0884-0431

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Onion juice can cure allergies in the world of homeopathic medicine. Source: Milner, I. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (January 1993). volume 16(1) page 1, 4. onions vegetable juices hypersensitivity homeopathy drugs 0893-4452

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Onions are safe sheep feed. Source: Senft, D. Agricultural-research (Washington, D.C.) (USA). (April 1995). volume 43(4) page 22. sheep animal feeding onions weight gain sorghum lucerne sulphides 0002-161X

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Palatable pupae and onions ala orthoptera or have you considered food insects as your next meal. Source: Rexwinkle, E. AgVentures. Blackwell, OK : Schatz Pub. Group, c1997-. Oct/November 2000. volume 4 (5) page 16-20.

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Postharvest flux and genotype x environment effects for onion-induced antiplatelet activity, pungency, and soluble solids in long-day onion during postharvest cold storage. Source: Debaene, J.E.P. Goldman, I.L. Yandell, B.S. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci. Alexandria, Va. :. July 1999. volume 124 (4) page 366-372. 0003-1062

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Prevention of browning in potato with a heat-treated onion extract. Author(s): Faculty of Food Science, Dong-A University, Pusan, Korea. Source: Lee, M K Kim, Y M Kim, N Y Kim, G N Kim, S H Bang, K S Park, I BiosciBiotechnol-Biochem. 2002 April; 66(4): 856-8 0916-8451

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Selenate concentration affects selenium and sulfur uptake and accumulation by 'Granex 33' onions. Source: Kopsel, D.A. Randle, W.M. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci. Alexandria, Va. :. Sept 1997. volume 122 (5) page 721-726. 0003-1062

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Sulfur chemistry of onions and inhibitory factors of the arachidonic acid cascade. Source: Kawakishi, S. Morimitsu, Y. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1994. (546) page 120-127. 0097-6156

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Variation in the quercetin content in different colored onions (Allium cepa L.). Source: Patil, B.S. Pike, L.M. Yoo, K.S. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci. Alexandria, Va. :. November 1995. volume 120 (6) page 909-913. 0003-1062

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Yield and quality of onion flavor oil obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and other methods. Source: Dron, A. Guyer, D.E. Gage, D.A. Lira, C.T. J-food-process-eng. Trumbull, Conn. : Food and Nutrition Press, Inc. May 1997. volume 20 (2) page 107-124. 0145-8876

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to onions; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Bromelain/quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,941,00.html Quercetin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10053,00.html Sulfur Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfur Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Food and Diet Asparagus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,7,00.html Bagels Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barley Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Beets Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,10,00.html Buckwheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Buckwheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,71,00.html Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,16,00.html Cheddar Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Chickpeas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Collard Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,152,00.html Cotswold Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Crayfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cream Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crocodile and Alligator Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cucumbers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Duck Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,87,00.html Eggplant Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggplants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,19,00.html Eggs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fructo-Oligosaccharides (FOS) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Garlic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,786,00.html Goose Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,89,00.html Gouda Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gruyère Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iceberg Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem Artichokes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,39,00.html Kale Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,127,00.html Kohlrabi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,319,00.html Leeks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leeks Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,24,00.html Lentils Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,99,00.html Lettuce & Other Salad Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,196,00.html Lima Beans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,151,00.html

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Low-Fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Okra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Okra Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,26,00.html Onions Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Onions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,27,00.html Port Salut Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,270,00.html Quark Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html Rutabagas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,202,00.html Sardines Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,317,00.html Scallions Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scallions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,34,00.html Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sprouted-grain Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com String Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Summer Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tempeh Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,92,00.html Turnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetables Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,178,00.html Zucchini Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

35

36

Onions

Zucchini Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,183,00.html

37

CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON ONIONS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “onions” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on onions, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Onions By performing a patent search focusing on onions, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Onions

will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on onions: •

Process for deodoring garlic or welsh onion and the like Inventor(s): Isao; Sakai (2-11, Nishiogiminami 1-chome, Suginami-ku, Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,260,090 Date filed: August 21, 1992 Abstract: More than 50% of the odor-producing allyl sulfides present in garlic or Welsh onion are removed by immersion in a solution of bicarbonate of soda. The solution is buffered with one or more organic acids such as citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, phytic acid or acetic acid to restrict the action of the bicarbonate of soda and to neutralize alkaline components thus reducing the bitter taste. Some of the characteristic odor and bitter taste remain during eating but no bad oral odor or body odor is generated after eating. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for deodorizing garlic or Welsh onion for removing or reducing the especially bad odor of garlic and Welsh onion and the like without damaging their characteristic odor, bitter taste and nutrition. The usual types of Welsh onions can be roughly classified as long neck Welsh onion, common onion and leek. The Welsh onion (botanical name: Allium fistulosum) is roughly classified as A.f. var. Caespitosum and A.f. var. viviparum. The common onion (botanical name: Allium Cepa) is classified as plain onion as well as tomato onion, potato onion, multiplier onion, (A.C. form proliferum) and top onion or the like. The leek (botanical name: Allium taberosum), is classified as a scallion (a large leek, a plain leek)=(Allium bakeri) or the like. Garlic (botanical name: Allium sativum forme pekinense), includes A. Scorodoprasum and Allium Grayi or the like. These garlics and Welsh onions have been used as tonic foods and have long been used as materials essential for certain recipes such as soup or the like. However, these garlics and Welsh onions have a unique bad odor during cooking or as an oral odor or a body odor after partaking of a meal, so that the odor is considered to be a disadvantage in social life. Various resolving processes (an odor removing and a deodorizing process) have been applied to garlic. However, although it has not been possible to find a deodorizing process for Welsh onions such as the common onion or long neck Welsh onion, there are many dishes prepared with common onions as compared with those using other Welsh onions or garlic and there are many people who do not eat these dishes due to their residual odor. In particular, the odor of the common onion is one of the troublesome problems in children's eating habits. In addition, it is already pointed out that if the pungent taste and bitter taste of the common onion are removed, the dishes become more delicious and many cooks are looking for a method for removing the pungent taste and odor of the common onion. With the object of meeting the aforesaid requirement, the present inventor has carried out research for 20 years so as to restrict the bad odor or bitter taste of garlic or Welsh onion or the like. It was found that the bad odor component comprises several kinds of allyl sulfides, i.e. diallyl sulfide, allyl disulfide, allyl trisulfide and allyl propyl disulfide. These are decomposed by the action of an inner alkali and then they are changed into disulfides and sulfide dioxides and gasified. Fragrance substances contained in garlic and Welsh onion and the like (a so-called nice odor producing a delicious flavor in cooking) are confirmed to be citral, geraniol, linalool, alpha-phellandrene and betaphellandrene or the like having boiling points of 171.degree. C. to 230.degree. C. In addition, the bitter taste component is an alkaloid which is called quinovatine. Although

Patents

39

quinovatine is present in all botanical plants as an organic acid, it has the characteristic that when it is reacted with acid to make a salt, it then becomes water soluble. In turn, when alliin contained in garlic and Welsh onion or the like is decomposed under the action of the enzyme alliinase, aricine, ammonia and pyruvic acid are generated. Aricine and pyruvic acid have a certain tonic action. In view of these facts, the present invention has as its object to provide a deodorizing process for garlic and Welsh onion or the like in which the bad odor generating substance contained therein can be efficiently reduced. A small amount of the characteristic odor contained in garlic or Welsh onion or the like is maintained when the garlic or Welsh onion is eaten, and after eating it is not noticed as an oral odor and body odor, its bitter taste is restricted and its fragrance or nutrition remains unchanged. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05260090__

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with onions, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “onions” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on onions. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning onions. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

41

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ONIONS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to onions. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on onions include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “onions” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on onions: •

Diabetes Snack Munch Nibble Nosh Book Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1998. 208 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association, Inc. Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400000. Order number 462201. Summary: This cookbook features more than 150 recipes for quick-to-fix snacks and minimeals. Recipes presented in the dips and spreads category may be used for snacks or appetizers. Some recipes are made primarily from high-fiber ingredients such as beans and lentils. Others add fiber with celery, green onions, and sun-dried tomatoes. only fat free or reduced-fat dairy products are used. Recipes in the sandwich category can be made quickly. Some are presented open-faced on a slice of whole-wheat bread. Others are made on half an English muffin, stuffed into a pita pocket, or rolled in a

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tortilla. Recipes may be doubled so that the sandwich can be eaten for lunch. All the vegetable snack recipes are low in fat and calories and high in fiber, and salads are made with dressings that are low in fat and calories. Recipes for parties, baked items, desserts, snacks for hard-to-please children, and snacks designed for the microwave are also included. Each recipe is accompanied by a nutritional analysis that notes the diabetes exchanges; number of calories; number of grams of fat, carbohydrates, protein, and fiber; and number of milligrams of cholesterol and sodium. Preparation time, number served, and serving size are also provided for each recipe. The cookbook concludes with indexes.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the link below, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “onions” (or a synonym) in their titles. •

Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/externalsearch?tag=icongroupinterna&keyword=onions&mode=books

Chapters on Onions In order to find chapters that specifically relate to onions, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and onions using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “onions” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on onions: •

Halitosis (Bad Breath) Source: in Sutton, A.L. Dental Care and Oral Health Sourcebook. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. 2003. p. 499-500. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics. 615 Griswold Street, Detroit, MI 48226. (313) 961-1340. Fax: (313) 961-1383. E-mail: [email protected]. www.omnigraphics.com. PRICE: $78.00; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 780806344. Summary: Halitosis (bad breath) is a curable condition that is generally caused by strong foods such as onions or garlic; poor oral health habits; or medical problems such as stomach disorders, an excessive postnasal drip, or bacteria in the mouth. This brief chapter on halitosis is from a book that provides information about dental care and oral health at all stages of life. Oral malodor is divided into two categories: transitory and chronic. The chapter outlines strategies for coping with the most common causes of bad breath. The author stresses that just as important to oral health and fresh breath as consistent home care and healthy lifestyle habits is oral health care delivered by a qualified oral health care professional.

Books

•

43

Role of Diet and Bulking Agents in the Treatment of IBS Source: in Camilleri, M. and Spiller, R.C., eds. Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 2002. p. 141-150. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Website: www.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $75.00. ISBN: 702026557. Summary: Some patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have abnormal colonic fermentation and produce excessive amounts of hydrogen. Diet and bulking agents are currently the most effective means of manipulating colonic fermentation and thus play a major role in the successful management of IBS. This chapter on the role of diet and bulking agents in the treatment of IBS is from a book that provides an up-to-date overview of the care of patients with IBS. IBS is a condition characterized by abdominal pain and an erratic bowel disturbance (diarrhea, constipation, or both) that can interrupt the patient's life and persist indefinitely. The authors of this chapter note that diets that exclude a range of sources of poorly absorbed carbohydrate may be beneficial. Patients likely to respond to such diets are characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea, flatulence, and abdominal distension. Soluble 'fiber' which is rapidly fermented should be avoided in such cases but insoluble fiber is good treatment for those troubled mainly by constipation. Exclusion diets have been developed to help patients identify foods which aggravate their symptoms. The most common offenders are cereals (especially wheat), dairy products, citrus fruits, onions, tea, coffee, and nuts. The authors stress that all these dietary maneuvers should be supervised by an experienced dietitian to avoid patients adopting nutritionally inadequate diets. The chapter includes full-color illustrations, a highlighted section of key points, and a list of references. 5 figures. 7 tables. 18 references.

•

Vegetables Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 91-120. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: Vegetables are packed with vitamins and minerals and have few calories. The diabetes food pyramid suggests that people with diabetes eat 3 to 5 servings of vegetables each day. This chapter on vegetables is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss the benefits of eating vegetables, the role of antioxidants, shopping for produce, deciding between fresh, frozen or canned vegetables, tips for eating more vegetables, and how to make the most of eating at a salad bar. Numerous recipes are then provided: 3 flavored vinegars, 5 easy dressings with low-fat sour cream, roasted garlic, caramelized onions, green beans with tomatoes and herbs, zucchini marinara, broccoli with sesame seeds and scallions, broccoli and garlic, Brussels sprouts with chestnuts, cauliflower with cheddar cheese sauce, curried cauliflower soup, healthy coleslaw, fall spinach salad, soy kale, arugula and watercress salad, and spinach saute with mushrooms. The chapter concludes with a

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chart of common vegetables and their nutrition values, and a special focus section on water.

45

APPENDICES

47

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “onions” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 949 20 769 2 105 1845

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “onions” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

51

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

53

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on onions can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to onions. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to onions. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas.

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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “onions” (or synonyms). Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to onions. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

Patient Resources

•

55

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on onions is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “onions” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to onions. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “onions” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “onions” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “onions” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to onions, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “onions” (or synonyms).

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to onions. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with onions. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about onions. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “onions” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

Patient Resources

57

Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “onions”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “onions” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “onions” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

59

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

61

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

63

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

65

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

67

ONIONS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Alendronate: A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloin-

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emodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on

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the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergics: Medicines that calm muscle spasms in the intestine. Examples are dicyclomine (dy-SY-kloh-meen) (Bentyl) and hyoscyamine (HY-oh-SY-uh-meen) (Levsin). [NIH]

Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU]

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Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH]

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Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bulking Agents: Laxatives that make bowel movements soft and easy to pass. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH]

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Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] CDC2: It is crucial for entry into mitosis of eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone

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proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colostomy: An opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH]

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Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Continence: The ability to hold in a bowel movement or urine. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Ulcer: Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

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Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Disulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]

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Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place

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in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Food and Beverages: Edible or potable substances. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids,

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pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grasshoppers: Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary

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disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically. [NIH] Histamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of

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water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role

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in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Juniper: A slow growing coniferous evergreen tree or shrub, genus Juniperus. The Juniper is cultivated for its berries, which take up to three years to ripen. The resinous, sweetly flavored berries are borne only by the female juniper, and can be found in various stages of ripeness on the same plant. [NIH] Karaya Gum: Polysaccharide gum from Sterculia urens, an Indian tree; it is used as suspending or stabilizing agent in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; also as bulkforming laxative, surgical lubricant and adhesive, and in the treatment of skin ulcers. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to

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humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maturation-Promoting Factor: Protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. In meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. In mitosis it has a role in the G2/M phase transition. Once activated by cyclins, MPF directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. The catalytic subunit of MPF is protein P34CDC2. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meristem: A tissue capable of active cell division and therefore of adding new cells to the plant body. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that

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cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the

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axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Orthoptera: An order of insects comprising two suborders: Caelifera and Ensifera. They consist of grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (Gryllidae). [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH]

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Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ostomy: Surgical construction of an artificial opening (stoma) for external fistulization of a duct or vessel by insertion of a tube with or without a supportive stent. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH]

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Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potyvirus: A large genus of plant viruses of the family Potyviridae which infect mainly plants of the Solanaceae. Transmission is primarily by aphids in a non-persistent manner. The type species is potato virus Y. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for

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the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein p34cdc2: Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the cell cycle. It is the catalytic subunit of the maturation-promoting factor and complexes with both cyclin A and cyclin B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of p34cdc2 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated. Protein p34cdc2, the product of the cdc2 gene in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, should not be confused with the unrelated product of the CDC2 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that forms the large subunit of DNA polymerase III. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

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Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration

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(= cell respiration). [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall

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in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stoma: A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sural Nerve: A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH]

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Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU]

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Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH]

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Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 43, 67, 85 Abdominal Pain, 43, 67 Adenosine, 67, 71 Adrenergic, 67, 88, 93 Adverse Effect, 7, 67, 89 Aerobic, 67, 83 Affinity, 67, 89 Age of Onset, 67, 92 Alendronate, 7, 67 Alertness, 67, 71 Alfalfa, 5, 67 Alimentary, 67, 75 Alkaline, 38, 67, 68, 71, 85, 91 Alkaloid, 38, 67, 71, 88, 93 Allergen, 12, 67 Aloe, 5, 67 Alopecia, 20, 68 Alternative medicine, 5, 68 Amine, 68, 79 Amino acid, 26, 68, 69, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93 Ammonia, 39, 68, 93 Anaemia, 28, 68 Anaphylaxis, 15, 68 Anatomical, 68, 89 Anemia, 20, 68 Aneurysm, 17, 68 Antagonism, 68, 71 Antibacterial, 13, 68, 90 Antibiotic, 68, 90 Antibodies, 68, 70 Antibody, 19, 67, 68, 69, 80 Anticholinergics, 7, 69 Anticoagulant, 69, 87 Antidiabetic, 7, 27, 69 Antigen, 67, 68, 69, 74, 79, 80 Antigen-presenting cell, 69, 74 Antimicrobial, 10, 69 Antioxidant, 5, 6, 11, 27, 69 Anus, 69, 71, 73, 77 Aphids, 69, 86 Aponeurosis, 69, 77 Apoptosis, 21, 69 Aqueous, 15, 69, 70, 74, 81 Arachidonic Acid, 20, 28, 69, 81, 87 Arginine, 69, 84, 88 Arterial, 18, 69, 80

Arteries, 69, 70, 74, 82, 91 Artery, 68, 69, 74, 87 Assay, 8, 69, 92 Astringents, 70, 76 Ataxia, 10, 70, 91 Autoantibodies, 14, 70 Autoantigens, 70 B Bacteria, 9, 12, 42, 68, 69, 70, 76, 82, 86, 90, 93 Bactericidal, 70, 76 Basal Ganglia, 70, 77 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 70 Base, 28, 70, 77, 81, 86, 92 Basophil, 70, 79 Benign, 70, 77, 78 Bile, 70, 77, 81 Bile Acids, 70, 77 Biochemical, 8, 9, 12, 70 Biopsy, 10, 17, 18, 19, 70 Blood Glucose, 5, 70, 79, 80, 81 Blood pressure, 15, 18, 70, 72, 80, 83, 89 Blood vessel, 70, 72, 89, 90, 91, 93 Body Fluids, 70, 75, 89 Bone Resorption, 28, 71 Bowel, 43, 71, 74, 81, 90 Bowel Movement, 71, 74, 90 Brain Stem, 71, 92 Branch, 63, 71, 85, 90, 91 Breakdown, 71, 75, 77, 82 Bronchi, 71 Bronchial, 12, 13, 71, 79 Bronchitis, 71, 76 Bulking Agents, 43, 71 Bupivacaine, 71, 81 C Caffeine, 4, 6, 71 Calcium, 71, 73, 85, 91 Capsaicin, 5, 71 Capsicum, 4, 71 Capsules, 7, 71 Carbohydrate, 5, 43, 71 Carcinogens, 71, 73 Carcinoma, 11, 14, 71 Cardiac, 17, 71, 76, 81, 83, 88 Cardiology, 17, 72 Cardiovascular, 16, 72, 75, 81 Cardiovascular disease, 16, 72

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Carotene, 6, 72 Case report, 12, 72 CDC2, 72, 87 Cell Adhesion, 22, 72 Cell Death, 69, 72 Cell Differentiation, 22, 72 Cell Division, 70, 72, 82, 83, 86 Cell proliferation, 27, 72 Cell Respiration, 72, 83, 88 Cellulose, 72, 86 Central Nervous System, 71, 72, 77, 78, 81 Cerebellar, 70, 72, 88 Cerebral, 70, 71, 72 Cerebral Cortex, 70, 72 Cerebrovascular, 70, 72, 91 Chemotaxis, 13, 72 Chest Pain, 22, 72 Cholesterol, 7, 17, 42, 70, 72, 74 Chromatin, 69, 72, 76, 82, 84 Chromium, 5, 73 Chronic, 5, 7, 17, 42, 73, 76, 80, 90 Chronic Disease, 5, 73 Citric Acid, 38, 73 Citrus, 5, 43, 73 Clinical trial, 8, 49, 73, 88 Collagen, 68, 73, 86 Collapse, 68, 71, 73 Colon, 6, 73 Colorectal, 11, 73 Colostomy, 6, 73 Combination Therapy, 7, 73 Computational Biology, 49, 73 Condiments, 5, 73 Conjugated, 11, 73 Conjunctiva, 73, 92 Connective Tissue, 73, 77, 82, 91 Constipation, 43, 73 Consumption, 4, 7, 11, 14, 24, 74, 88 Contact dermatitis, 13, 74 Continence, 6, 74 Contraindications, ii, 74 Cornea, 74, 81 Corneal Ulcer, 15, 74 Coronary, 72, 74, 82 Coronary heart disease, 72, 74 Coronary Thrombosis, 74, 82 Cranial, 74, 78, 82, 92 Cutaneous, 74 Cyclic, 71, 74 Cyclin, 19, 74, 87 Cytoplasm, 69, 74, 76, 82, 83, 84

D Dairy Products, 41, 43, 74 De novo, 18, 74 Decarboxylation, 74, 79, 84, 88 Degenerative, 74, 79, 82 Deletion, 69, 74 Dendrites, 74, 83 Dendritic, 17, 74 Dendritic cell, 17, 74 Dental Care, 42, 75 Dermatitis, 75 Deuterium, 75, 79 Diagnostic procedure, 37, 75 Diarrhea, 43, 75, 76 Dicyclomine, 69, 75 Dietary Fiber, 14, 75 Dietitian, 43, 75 Digestion, 67, 70, 71, 75, 81, 90 Dilatation, 68, 75 Diploid, 75, 86 Direct, iii, 75, 88 Disinfectant, 75, 76 Distal, 75, 78 Disulfides, 38, 75 Diuresis, 71, 75 Dorsal, 20, 75, 86 Drip, 42, 75 Duct, 75, 85 Duodenum, 70, 75, 85, 90 Dyspepsia, 21, 75 Dysplasia, 23, 75 E Edema, 74, 75 Efficacy, 6, 75 Electrolyte, 75, 86, 89 Embryo, 72, 75, 86 Emodin, 68, 76 Environmental Health, 16, 23, 48, 50, 76 Enzymatic, 68, 71, 72, 76, 77, 79 Enzyme, 9, 39, 76, 78, 86, 87, 91, 93 Eosinophils, 76, 81 Epithelial, 74, 76, 79 Erythema, 74, 76, 93 Erythrocytes, 17, 68, 76 Esophageal, 4, 76 Esophagitis, 4, 7, 76 Esophagus, 4, 76, 78, 79, 82, 85, 88, 90 Ethanol, 27, 76, 77 Eucalyptus, 5, 76 Eukaryotic Cells, 8, 72, 76 Evacuation, 73, 76, 81 Excitability, 76, 88

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Exocytosis, 76, 79 Exogenous, 76, 92 Extracellular, 73, 76, 89, 91 Extraction, 26, 27, 29, 76 F Family Planning, 49, 76 Fat, 3, 5, 26, 34, 41, 43, 69, 72, 74, 76, 81, 84, 92 Feces, 73, 76, 90 Fermentation, 43, 76 Fetus, 77, 82, 93 Fibrin, 77, 91 Fibrinolysis, 15, 20, 77 Fibrinolytic, 14, 23, 77 Fibrosis, 77, 89 Fish Products, 77, 89 Flatulence, 43, 77 Flatus, 77 Flavoring Agents, 76, 77 Food and Beverages, 7, 77 Forearm, 70, 77 Frameshift, 77, 92 Frameshift Mutation, 77, 92 Free Radicals, 69, 77 Fungi, 16, 77, 82, 83, 93 G Gallbladder, 67, 77 Ganglion, 20, 77, 92 Gas, 6, 26, 68, 77, 79, 84 Gastric, 4, 77, 79, 84 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 6, 7, 77 Gastrointestinal, 21, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 90 Gastrointestinal tract, 76, 77, 78, 81, 90 Gene, 26, 78, 87 Genotype, 28, 78, 85 Ginger, 14, 78 Ginkgo biloba, 5, 78 Ginseng, 4, 5, 7, 78 Gland, 78, 85, 89, 91 Glucose, 70, 72, 73, 78, 79, 81 Glutathione Peroxidase, 78, 89 Glycine, 68, 78, 84 Goats, 74, 78 Governing Board, 78, 87 Grasshoppers, 78, 84 Growth, 68, 69, 72, 78, 83, 84, 86, 91, 92 H Habitat, 78, 84 Halitosis, 42, 78 Haploid, 78, 86 Headache, 71, 78 Heart attack, 72, 79

Heartburn, 4, 79 Hemoglobin, 68, 76, 79 Hepatitis, 12, 17, 79 Hepatocytes, 79 Hereditary, 19, 79 Heredity, 78, 79 Histamine, 4, 12, 79 Histamine Agonists, 79 Histamine Antagonists, 4, 79 Histamine Release, 12, 79 Histidine, 79 Histology, 79, 82 Hormone, 79, 80, 82, 91 Hydrogen, 9, 43, 68, 70, 71, 75, 78, 79, 83, 85, 87 Hydrolysis, 79, 87 Hydroxyproline, 68, 73, 80 Hyperlipidemia, 26, 80 Hyperplasia, 23, 80 Hypersensitivity, 28, 67, 68, 80, 81 Hypertension, 72, 78, 80 Hypertrophy, 80 Hypoglycemic, 7, 80 I Id, 29, 62, 64, 80 Immersion, 38, 80 Immune response, 69, 70, 80, 93 Immune system, 5, 69, 80, 81, 93 Immunity, 80, 84 Immunodeficiency, 17, 80 Impotence, 80, 93 In vitro, 8, 12, 15, 80, 91 In vivo, 12, 80, 91 Incompetence, 78, 80 Infarction, 74, 80, 82 Infection, 21, 74, 80, 82, 83, 90, 93 Ingestion, 11, 12, 78, 80, 91 Innervation, 80, 90, 91 Inorganic, 75, 80, 90 Insulin, 7, 80, 81, 92 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 81 Intestinal, 72, 81 Intestine, 69, 71, 75, 79, 81, 88 Intracellular, 71, 80, 81, 82, 86, 89 Ions, 70, 75, 79, 81, 86 J Juniper, 5, 81 K Karaya Gum, 5, 81 Kb, 48, 81 Keratitis, 16, 81

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L Laxative, 76, 81 Lens, 81, 88 Leukocytes, 13, 76, 81, 83, 84 Leukotrienes, 14, 15, 16, 19, 69, 81 Library Services, 62, 81 Lidocaine, 22, 81 Ligands, 17, 81 Lipid, 10, 81, 92 Liver, 67, 69, 70, 76, 77, 79, 81, 93 Localized, 22, 80, 81, 86, 93 Locomotion, 81, 86 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 78, 82 Lymphatic, 80, 82 Lymphocytes, 69, 74, 81, 82, 93 M Maceration, 15, 82 Mastication, 82, 92 Maturation-Promoting Factor, 82, 87 Maxillary, 82, 92 Maxillary Nerve, 82, 92 MEDLINE, 49, 82 Membrane, 8, 73, 76, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88 Membrane Proteins, 82, 87 Meristem, 14, 19, 82 Methionine, 82, 90 MI, 42, 65, 82 Microbe, 82, 92 Microscopy, 17, 82 Mitochondria, 8, 83 Mitosis, 20, 28, 69, 72, 82, 83 Mitotic, 19, 82, 83 Modification, 4, 68, 83, 88 Molecular, 8, 17, 26, 49, 51, 73, 83 Molecule, 22, 69, 70, 74, 79, 83, 85, 86, 88 Monitor, 5, 83, 84 Monocytes, 81, 83 Morphology, 8, 83 Mucinous, 77, 83 Mycosis, 83 Mycotic, 16, 83 Mydriatic, 83, 93 Myelin, 11, 83 Myocardium, 82, 83 N Need, 3, 4, 41, 42, 67, 83 Neoplasia, 23, 83 Nerve, 17, 19, 67, 70, 74, 77, 80, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91, 92 Nervous System, 72, 83, 84 Neural, 22, 83 Neurons, 20, 74, 83

Neuropathy, 18, 19, 21, 83 Neurotransmitter, 67, 68, 78, 79, 83 Neutrophils, 81, 84 Niche, 27, 84 Nitrogen, 67, 68, 84 Nuclear, 70, 76, 77, 82, 84 Nuclei, 83, 84, 87 Nucleus, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 82, 83, 84, 87, 91, 92 O Obstetrics, 82, 84 Omega-3 fatty acid, 5, 84 Omeprazole, 84, 87 Ophthalmic, 84, 92 Oral Health, 42, 84 Oral Hygiene, 78, 84 Organ Culture, 84, 91 Ornithine, 27, 84, 88 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 27, 84 Orthoptera, 28, 84 Osmosis, 27, 84 Osteoporosis, 67, 85 Ostomy, 6, 85 Oxidation, 69, 78, 85 Oxides, 16, 21, 85 P Pancreas, 67, 80, 85 Pancreatic, 7, 78, 85 Pancreatic Juice, 78, 85 Parathyroid, 14, 85, 91 Parathyroid Glands, 85 Parathyroid hormone, 14, 85 Pathologic, 69, 70, 74, 80, 85 Pathologic Processes, 69, 85 Peptide, 68, 85, 87 Pharmacologic, 85, 92 Pharynx, 78, 85 Phenotypes, 27, 85 Phospholipids, 76, 85 Physiologic, 86, 88 Physiology, 10, 11, 26, 72, 86 Phytic Acid, 38, 86 Pigments, 72, 86 Plant Viruses, 86 Plants, 28, 39, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 83, 86, 89, 90, 92 Plasma, 11, 68, 79, 86 Platelet Aggregation, 15, 19, 21, 86, 91 Platelets, 20, 86, 91 Pneumonia, 74, 86 Point Mutation, 18, 86 Pollen, 86, 88

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Polymerase, 86, 87 Posterior, 70, 75, 85, 86 Postmenopausal, 67, 85, 86 Postoperative, 6, 86 Postprandial, 7, 86 Potassium, 7, 86, 88 Potyvirus, 26, 86 Practice Guidelines, 50, 86 Precursor, 69, 76, 87, 90 Procaine, 81, 87 Progressive, 72, 74, 78, 87, 92 Prostaglandins, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 26, 69, 87 Protease, 73, 87 Protein C, 5, 87, 93 Protein p34cdc2, 14, 87 Proteins, 8, 10, 19, 68, 69, 73, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93 Proton Pump, 4, 7, 84, 87 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 4, 87 Protons, 79, 87 Public Policy, 49, 87 Pulmonary, 70, 74, 81, 87 Pulmonary Artery, 70, 87 Pulse, 83, 87 Putrescine, 84, 88, 90 Pyridoxal, 84, 88 Q Quality of Life, 4, 88 Quercetin, 11, 29, 30, 88 Quinidine, 7, 88 Quinine, 88 R Radioactive, 79, 84, 88 Randomized, 75, 88 Receptor, 7, 17, 19, 69, 88 Rectum, 69, 71, 73, 77, 88 Red Nucleus, 70, 88 Refer, 1, 77, 78, 81, 88 Reflux, 4, 23, 77, 88 Refraction, 88, 90 Refractory, 4, 88 Regimen, 7, 75, 88 Regurgitation, 4, 78, 79, 88 Resolving, 38, 88 Respiration, 83, 88 Reversion, 89, 92 Rigidity, 86, 89 Risk factor, 16, 89 Rutin, 88, 89 S Sclerosis, 20, 89 Screening, 73, 89

Seafood, 5, 89 Secretion, 75, 79, 81, 84, 89 Selenium, 5, 28, 89 Sequence Homology, 10, 89 Shock, 68, 89, 92 Side effect, 4, 67, 89, 92 Skeletal, 88, 89 Smooth muscle, 71, 79, 89 Social Environment, 88, 89 Sodium, 28, 42, 88, 89 Solvent, 76, 89 Somatic, 83, 89, 90 Somatic cells, 83, 90 Species, 71, 78, 83, 86, 88, 89, 90, 93 Spectrum, 4, 90 Spermidine, 84, 90 Spices, 71, 90 Spinal cord, 71, 72, 77, 83, 90 Stent, 85, 90 Sterile, 85, 90 Stimulant, 71, 79, 90 Stoma, 85, 90 Stomach, 14, 42, 67, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 85, 87, 88, 90 Stool, 73, 90 Stress, 43, 90, 93 Stroke, 48, 72, 90 Subacute, 80, 90 Subclinical, 80, 90 Sulfides, 18, 38, 90 Sulfur, 13, 28, 30, 75, 82, 90 Sural Nerve, 10, 17, 90 Systemic, 68, 70, 80, 90 T Tendon, 77, 91 Tetany, 85, 91 Thalamic, 70, 91 Thalamic Diseases, 70, 91 Thrombin, 77, 86, 87, 91 Thrombocytes, 86, 91 Thrombomodulin, 87, 91 Thrombosis, 12, 13, 90, 91 Thromboxanes, 69, 91 Thrombus, 74, 80, 86, 91 Thyroid, 85, 91 Thyroid Gland, 85, 91 Tibial Nerve, 90, 91 Tissue, 4, 27, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92 Tissue Culture, 27, 91 Tone, 84, 91, 92 Tonic, 38, 92

100

Onions

Topical, 20, 22, 70, 76, 92 Toxic, iv, 5, 7, 24, 80, 83, 88, 89, 92 Toxicity, 22, 76, 92 Toxicology, 50, 92 Toxins, 69, 80, 92 Trace element, 73, 92 Translation, 68, 92 Trauma, 70, 76, 78, 91, 92 Trees, 76, 92 Trigeminal, 23, 82, 92 Trigeminal Nerve, 23, 92 Triglyceride, 7, 92 Tumour, 77, 92 Type 2 diabetes, 7, 92 Typhimurium, 9, 92 U Unconscious, 80, 92 Urea, 84, 93 Urine, 74, 75, 93 Urticaria, 68, 93

Uterus, 82, 93 V Vaccines, 93 Vascular, 68, 80, 91, 93 Vasodilator, 79, 93 Vein, 68, 84, 93 Veterinary Medicine, 27, 49, 93 Viral, 74, 93 Virulence, 92, 93 Virus, 17, 28, 69, 86, 93 Vitro, 93 Vivo, 93 W Weight Gain, 28, 93 White blood cell, 68, 70, 81, 82, 93 Y Yohimbine, 5, 93 Z Zymogen, 87, 93