Molluscum Contagiosum - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES...

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MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Molluscum Contagiosum: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84501-8 1. Molluscum Contagiosum-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on molluscum contagiosum. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM .................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Molluscum Contagiosum.............................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM ........................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Molluscum Contagiosum ............................................................ 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 54 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM ............................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Patents on Molluscum Contagiosum........................................................................................... 57 Patent Applications on Molluscum Contagiosum....................................................................... 61 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM .................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 63 Chapters on Molluscum Contagiosum ........................................................................................ 64 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM ..................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 67 Academic Periodicals covering Molluscum Contagiosum ........................................................... 69 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 71 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 72 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 75 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 77 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 81 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 84 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 87 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 87 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 87 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 93 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 94 MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM DICTIONARY.................................................................... 97 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 135

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with molluscum contagiosum is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about molluscum contagiosum, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to molluscum contagiosum, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on molluscum contagiosum. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to molluscum contagiosum, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on molluscum contagiosum. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on molluscum contagiosum.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and molluscum contagiosum, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Molluscum Contagiosum and Warts Source: American Family Physician. 67(6): 1233-1240. March 15, 2003. Summary: This journal article for physicians discusses molluscum contagiosum and warts, benign eruptions resulting from viral infections of the skin. Molluscum contagiosum eruptions are usually self-limited and without sequalae, although they can be more extensive in immunocompromised persons. The typical lesion appears as a firm, rounded, translucent papule found on the trunk, face, and extremities in children and on the abdomen and genital area of adults. Spontaneous disappearance of lesions is the norm, but treatment by local destruction (cutterage, cryotherapy, or trichloracetic acid) or immunologic modulation can shorten the disease course, possibly reducing autoinoculation and transmission. Warts result from a hyperkeratotic reaction to human

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papillomavirus infection; nongenital warts are classified as common, periungual, flat, filiform, or plantar, based on location and shape. Warts are treated by local destruction (acids, cryotherapy, electrodessication-curettage), chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. The choice of treatment varies with the age and wishes of the patient, the potential side effects of the treatment, and the location of the lesions. 17 figures, 2 tables, and 23 references. (AAM).

Federally Funded Research on Molluscum Contagiosum The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to molluscum contagiosum. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to molluscum contagiosum. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore molluscum contagiosum. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for molluscum contagiosum: •

Project Title: A POXVIRAL PROTEIN THAT INHIBITS CHEMOKINE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Krathwohl, Mitchell D.; Medicine; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The candidate's long term goals are to become a fully independent investigator and join the faculty of an academic medical school. The short term goals are to gain superior skills and background understanding of molecular biology and receptor biology. The career development plan provides for intense mentoring, didactic instruction and close supervision by an advisory committee. The environment at this institution provides a number of individuals with superior skills in immunology, virology, molecular biology and chemokine biology. The broad, long term goals of this project are to understand the role of chemokines in viral infection and to develop novel compounds to inhibit the inflammatory response. The theoretical model to be used is that virus infection of cells results in a release of chemokines that attempt to recruit inflammatory cells. The molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is able to then make a protein that specifically blocks the effects of these released chemokines, thus preventing an inflammatory response and elimination of the virus itself. The specific hypotheses to be tested are: 1) the viral protein is made very early in the viral life cycle in order to effectively block the innate immune response. 2) The viral protein is able to block the action of multiple chemokines and block the chemotaxis of multiple inflammatory cell

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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types. 3) The viral chemokine accomplishes it's effects by binding to but not activating chemokine receptors. 4) Structural features of the viral protein at the amino terminus and an internal site known as the heparin binding site are important for the function of this protein. The specific aims of this research are: 1) To characterize the time course of production after infection of the viral chemokine inhibitor protein, MC148R, by infecting keratinocytes with MCV and testing for mRNA production and protein production. 2) To identify the ability of MC148R to block chemotaxis induced by a panel of chemokines, and to identify which subsets of inflammatory cells are blocked by MC148R. 3) To characterize the ability of MC148R to bind to chemokine receptors and induce an intracellular signal. Binding will be assayed by radioactively labeling MC148R and demonstrating radioactivity on cells carrying cloned chemokine receptors. Intracellular signaling will be assayed using a calcium flux assay in cells with cloned chemokine receptors. 4) To determine the regions of MC148R that are important for blocking chemotaxis by constructing mutant proteins at both the amino terminus and the internal heparin binding site. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIODEFENSE

INHIBITING

POXVIRUS PHOSPHATASES:

THERAPY

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Traktman, Paula; Walter Schroeder Professor and Chairman; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532260509 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The reemergence of smallpox by release of variola virus, which was declared to be eradicated as a natural threat to humans in the late 1970s, is one of the most feared bioterrorist scenarios. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop potent antiviral therapeutics that would be easily administered to exposed individuals and would curtail or eliminate the development and spread of the disease. Because of the high degree of similarity between variola (VAR) and vaccinia (VV) viruses, such drugs are also likely to be efficacious in the treatment of post-vaccination complications that may arise. It would also be of public health benefit to develop a safe and efficacious treatment for Molluscum contagiosum (MCV), another poxvirus that infects humans and causes long-Iived skin lesions that are uncomfortable, somewhat disfiguring, and contagious. This proposal is being submitted in response to PAR-02026, which requires a partnership between an academic laboratory and a commercial entity. The PI is an established poxvirologist; the industrial partner, CEPTYR, Inc. is a biotechnology company whose drug discovery programs are focused exclusively on protein phosphatases. The vaccinia dual specificity phosphatase VH1 is essential for viral infectivity, thus validating poxvirus phosphatases as drug targets. The specific aims of the proposal are: AIM 1: Identification of small molecule inhibitors of the variola phosphatase and the Molluscum contagiosum phosphatase through high-throughput screening of a small molecule chemical compound library. These inhibitors will have IC50 values in the low mu M range and will additionally pass a battery of secondary assays specifically designed for this family of enzymes. AIM 2: Lead optimization: development of small molecule inhibitors with improved chemical properties, potency, and biological activity. We will apply iterative rounds of organic chemistry to increase the potency, selectivity and bioavailability of the compounds isolated in Aim 1. Compounds will be tested in both biochemical and cellular assays. Compounds that significantly affect viral infectivity in cellular assays will have high potential for study in animal models and for further development to human therapeutics.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISM OF SELENOPROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN EUKARYOTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Berry, Marla J.; Professor of Cell and Molecular Biology; Cell and Molecular Biology; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Selenium is an essential trace element which has provoked considerable interest due to identification of a growing number of enzymes that contain the amino acid, selenocysteine. A number of these enzymes catalyze reactions that are critical to health or life. The first identified mammalian selenoenzymes, the glutathione peroxidases, catalyze detoxification of peroxides and thus, protection from oxidative stress. Another class of redox selenoenzymes, the thioredoxin reductases, play roles in proper transcription factor folding and generating reducing equivalents for deoxribonucleotide synthesis. The iodothyronine deiodinases, also selenoenzymes, catalyze thyroid hormone activation and inactivation and are thus essential to regulation of the many functions of thyroid hormone. Additional classes of selenoproteins are being discovered, with evidence for intruiging and important functions in many biological processes. In addition to cellular functions, a growing body of data is accumulating implicating selenium in the pathology of a number of viruses. Selenium status appears to affect HIV replication and the progression of AIDS, host selection for virulent strains of Coxsackie virus, and sensitivity to apoptosis in Molluscum contagiosum poxvirus infection. Studies have also implicated selenium in protection from lung, colon, and prostate cancer. Incorporation of selenocysteine into proteins requires a novel translation step in which UGA specifies selenocysteine insertion. Selenoproteins are found in eukaryotes, eubacteria, and archae, but the mechanisms of incorporation are distinct. While much is known about selenocysteine incorporation in bacteria, our knowledge about the eukaryotic process, where some of the more intriguing mechanistic questions lie, has lagged behind. The focus of this proposal is to further our understanding of the process of selenocysteine incorporation in eukaryotes, through investigation of the RNA and protein factors mediating this process, and their interactions. This includes continuing structural studies of the RNA sequences that direct selenocysteine incorporation, and intriguingly, some recently identified polymorphisms in these structures that appear to have consequences for human disease. We are also focusing on identification and characterization of the protein factors that interact with these RNAs to mediate incorporation at the ribosome. Finally, proposed studies include investigation of the functions and mechanisms of regulation of newly identified selenoproteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS TOPOISOMERASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bushman, Frederic D.; Associate Professor; Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla, Ca 920371099 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) The poxvirus molluscum contagiosum (MCV) causes benign papules in healthy people but disfiguring skin lesions in immunocompromised patients. No effective treatment for MCV infection is presently available. MCV appears to be a good candidate for chemotherapy, because antiviral agents might be applied topically rather than systemically, thereby reducing possible toxic side effects. Bushman and colleagues proposes to carry out mechanistic and

Studies

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pharmacological studies of the topoisomerase enzyme encoded by MCV. Studies of poxviruses have revealed that the virus-encoded topoisomerase is required for replication, indicating that inhibitors of this enzyme are likely to obstruct viral growth. A DNA encoding MCV topoisomerase has been cloned and overexpressed, and assays have been established for activity in vitro. Mechanistic studies have centered on understanding DNA-protein contacts important for function and the domain structure of the enzyme. Pharmacological studies have yielded an initial panel of enzyme inhibitors. The PI proposes to carry out extensive studies of the enzyme function, structure, and pharmacology. They will investigate the mechanism of topoisomerase function in vitro, the domain organization of the enzyme, and the structure of domains and the full-length enzyme. They will investigate the function of the enzyme in vivo, and use the assays developed to characterize inhibitors. An extensive compound screening program will be carried out to identify inhibitory small molecules. It is postulated that the combination of screening and thorough mechanistic and structural studies offers the most promising long-term route to inhibitor development. In addition, poxviruses have been implicated as possible biological warfare agents; thus poxvirus topoisomerase inhibitors might be use for treating such infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: POXVIRUS IMMUNE MODULATORS AND THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Xiang, Yan; Assistant Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Poxviruses express soluble and membrane-bound proteins that directly modulate the host immune response. Recently, a new strategy of immune modulation was revealed by the discovery (by the applicant and his mentor) of a soluble IL-18 binding protein (IL18BP) in both poxviruses and in their mammalian hosts. IL18 is a proinflammatory cytokine that enhances immune responses and protects against microbial infection and tumors in murine models. The viral and host IL18BPs can bind to IL-18 with high affinities and inhibit IL-18-mediated IFNg induction. A detailed understanding of interactions involving IL-18, its receptor and IL18BP is needed, and has therapeutic implications. The availability of IL18BPs from six different genera of poxviruses has allowed detailed molecular studies to be performed on the mechanism of IL-18 recognition and inhibition. The applicant proposes the following specific aims: First, to further characterize the structure/function relationship of the IL18 and IL18BP interaction by examining binding in different poxvirus species. Then to determine the molecular mechanism of IL18BP function by identifying in human IL-18 the main binding site for IL18BPs and determining whether the site is shared by IL18R. Finally, to investigate the functions of two molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) proteins that share significant homology with IL18BP but that have no IL-18 binding activity, and determine whether IL18BPs bind and inhibit other cytokines that are closely related to IL-18. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VACCINIA VIRUS LATE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Wright, Cynthia F.; Associate Professor; Pathology and Lab Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: The poxviruses are DNA-containing viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and are pathogenic to many animal species. The poxviruses known to cause human disease include variola, the causative agent of smallpox, molluscum contagiosum, an opportunistic pathogen often infecting AIDS patients, and monkeypox. Gene expression in vaccinia virus, the prototypic member of the poxvirus family, is temporally regulated and can be divided into early, intermediate, and late phases. All three phases of gene expression rely on multiple virally-encoded factors and a multisubunit RNA polymerase with homology to eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. One factor needed for late transcription in vitro has been partially purified from infected cells and designated VLTF-X. Recently, transcription complementation assays were used to demonstrate that VLTF-X activity is present in the cytoplasm and nucleus of uninfected HeLa cells. VLTF-X activity from uninfected cells is indistinguishable from that recovered from infected cells by a variety of biochemical criteria, leading to the hypothesis that VLTF-X is a factor provided by the host cell. Also, a late promoter DNAbinding activity co-purifies with VLTF-X, suggesting that the biochemical role of this factor may be in late promoter recognition. The experiments of this proposal were designed to identify this factor, define its biochemical role in vaccinia virus late transcription, and to define how the protein functions through a comprehensive mutagenesis analysis. These objective will be accomplished by: (1) cloning the gene encoding VLTF-X either by extensive purification of the factor followed by identification of the purified proteins or by using late promoter-containing oligonucleotides to screen an expression library (2) mapping contacts between VLTF-X and DNA through a variety of chemical and enzymatic techniques (3) defining all of the proteins participating in the late transcription system and defining protein-protein contacts and (4) studying the function of VLTF-X through mutagenesis of the protein. These studies have the potential to uncover a previously unidentified role for the host cell in poxvirus infections. Also, it is expected that knowledge of the transcriptional processes of the virus will increase its application as a vector for gene expression and vaccine use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for molluscum contagiosum in the PubMed Central database:

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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•

Binding of FADD and Caspase-8 to Molluscum Contagiosum Virus MC159 v-FLIP Is Not Sufficient for Its Antiapoptotic Function. by Garvey TL, Bertin J, Siegel RM, Wang GH, Lenardo MJ, Cohen JI.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136828

•

Characterization of a molluscum contagiosum virus homolog of the vaccinia virus p37K major envelope antigen. by Blake NW, Porter CD, Archard LC.; 1991 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241359

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Direct detection of molluscum contagiosum virus in clinical specimens by dot blot hybridization. by Hurst JW, Forghani B, Chan CS, Oshiro L, Darai G.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270242

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Functional characterization of the C[bond]C chemokine-like molecules encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus types 1 and 2. by Krathwohl MD, Hromas R, Brown DR, Broxmeyer HE, Fife KH.; 1997 Sep 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23285

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Molluscum Contagiosum Virus Interleukin-18 (IL-18) Binding Protein Is Secreted as a Full-Length Form That Binds Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans through the CTerminal Tail and a Furin-Cleaved Form with Only the IL-18 Binding Domain. by Xiang Y, Moss B.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=141116

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Molluscum Contagiosum Virus Topoisomerase: Purification, Activities, and Response to Inhibitors. by Hwang Y, Wang B, Bushman FD.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109833

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Scarring in molluscum contagiosum: comparison of physical expression and phenol ablation. by Weller R, O'Callaghan CJ, MacSween RM, White MI.; 1999 Dec 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28297

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Some biological and physical properties of molluscum contagiosum virus propagated in cell culture. by Francis RD, Bradford HB Jr.; 1976 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=354875

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Molluscum Contagiosum

To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with molluscum contagiosum, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for molluscum contagiosum (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A complete remission of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in an AIDS patient following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) Author(s): Cattelan AM, Sasset L, Corti L, Stiffan S, Meneghetti F, Cadrobbi P. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1999 January; 38(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10090515

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A giant solitary molluscum contagiosum, resembling nodular basal cell carcinoma, in a renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Taskapan O, Yenicesu M, Aksu A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 May; 76(3): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8800315

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A highly selective CC chemokine receptor (CCR)8 antagonist encoded by the poxvirus molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Luttichau HR, Stine J, Boesen TP, Johnsen AH, Chantry D, Gerstoft J, Schwartz TW. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2000 January 3; 191(1): 171-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10620615

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A random DNA sequencing, computer-based approach for the generation of a gene map of molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Moratilla M, Agromayor M, Nunez A, Funes JM, Varas AJ, Lopez-Estebaranz JL, Esteban M, Martin-Gallardo A. Source: Virus Genes. 1997; 14(1): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9208457

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ABC of sexually transmitted diseases. Genital warts and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Adler MW. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 January 21; 288(6412): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6419862

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Abortive infection and transformation of human embryonic fibroblasts by Molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Barbanti-Brodano G, Mannini-Palenzona A, Varoli O, Portolani M, La Placa M. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1974 August; 24(2): 237-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4368362

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An epidemic study of molluscum contagiosum. Relationship to swimming. Author(s): Niizeki K, Kano O, Kondo Y. Source: Dermatologica. 1984; 169(4): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6500123

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An epidemiologic study of molluscum contagiosum in Anchorage, Alaska. Author(s): Overfield TM, Brody JA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1966 October; 69(4): 640-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5921341

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An immunohistochemical study of abnormal keratinocyte differentiation in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Takahashi M, Izutani A, Tezuka T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 July; 141(1): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10417525

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An immunohistochemical study of abnormal keratinocyte proliferation in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Simonart T, Fayt I, Noel JC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 146(4): 609-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11966691

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An open label safety study of topical imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Molluscum contagiosum in children. Author(s): Barba AR, Kapoor S, Berman B. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2001 February; 7(1): 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11328641

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An outbreak of molluscum contagiosum in a kibbutz. Author(s): Oren B, Wende SO. Source: Infection. 1991 May-June; 19(3): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1889869

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An unusual case of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Marks R, Reed TA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1966 April; 78(4): 244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5910914

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An update on molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Lewis EJ, Lam M, Crutchfield CE 3rd. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 July; 60(1): 29-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9252731

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Analysis of molluscum contagiosum virus genomes isolated in Japan. Author(s): Nakamura J, Muraki Y, Yamada M, Hatano Y, Nii S. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1995 August; 46(4): 339-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7595411

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Analysis of the genome of molluscum contagiosum virus by restriction endonuclease analysis and molecular cloning. Author(s): Darai G, Reisner H, Scholz J, Schnitzler P, Lorbacher de Ruiz H. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1986 January; 18(1): 29-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3003245

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Antibodies to molluscum contagiosum virus in the general population and susceptible patients. Author(s): Watanabe T, Nakamura K, Wakugawa M, Kato A, Nagai Y, Shioda T, Iwamoto A, Tamaki K. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 December; 136(12): 1518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11115164

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Atopic dermatitis, impaired cellular immunity, and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Pauly CR, Artis WM, Jones HE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 March; 114(3): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=629575

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Atypical iatrogenic presentations of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Ratka P, Fitowski JA. Source: Dermatol Monatsschr. 1990; 176(12): 735-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2094610

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Atypical molluscum contagiosum infection in an HIV-infected patient. Author(s): Mastrolorenzo A, Urbano FG, Salimbeni L, Paoli S, Comin CE, Zuccati G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 May; 37(5): 378-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9620486

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Atypical molluscum contagiosum--a diagnostic problem. Author(s): Ogg GS, Coleman R, Rosbotham JL, MacDonald DM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 January; 77(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9059690

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Autoradiographic studies on molluscum contagiosum using 3H-thymidine. Author(s): Tanigaki T, Kato S. Source: Biken J. 1967 June; 10(2): 41-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6059948

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Binding of FADD and caspase-8 to molluscum contagiosum virus MC159 v-FLIP is not sufficient for its antiapoptotic function. Author(s): Garvey TL, Bertin J, Siegel RM, Wang GH, Lenardo MJ, Cohen JI. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 January; 76(2): 697-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11752160

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Biogenesis of poxviruses: transitory expression of Molluscum contagiosum early functions. Author(s): McFadden G, Pace WE, Purres J, Dales S. Source: Virology. 1979 April 30; 94(2): 297-313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=452419

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Cantharidin therapy for molluscum contagiosum in children. Author(s): Epstein E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 October; 45(4): 638. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11568766

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Cantharidin treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Epstein E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(1): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2563620

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Cantharidin: a valuable office treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Funt TR, Mehr KA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 August; 72(8): 1019. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=472800

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Case report: Molluscum contagiosum. Toxic shock syndrome following cantharidin treatment. Author(s): Langley JM, Soder CM, Schlievert PM, Murray S. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2003 July; 49: 887-9. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Can Fam Physician. 2003 October; 49: 1273. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901485

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Central pitting of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Uehara M, Danno K. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1980 June; 7(3): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7440814

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Characterisation by restriction mapping of three subtypes of molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Porter CD, Archard LC. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1992 September; 38(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1328506

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Characterization and physical mapping of Molluscum contagiosum virus DNA and location of a sequence capable of encoding a conserved domain of epidermal growth factor. Author(s): Porter CD, Archard LC. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1987 March; 68 ( Pt 3): 673-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3029297

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Characterization of early gene transcripts of molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Bugert JJ, Lohmuller C, Darai G. Source: Virology. 1999 April 25; 257(1): 119-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10208926

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Chemokine homolog of molluscum contagiosum virus: sequence conservation and expression. Author(s): Bugert JJ, Lohmuller C, Damon I, Moss B, Darai G. Source: Virology. 1998 March 1; 242(1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9501046

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Childhood molluscum contagiosum: experience with cantharidin therapy in 300 patients. Author(s): Silverberg NB, Sidbury R, Mancini AJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 September; 43(3): 503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10954663

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Cimetidine therapy for multiple molluscum contagiosum lesions. Author(s): Sharma AK. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(2): 194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840981

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Clearing of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus around molluscum contagiosum lesions. Author(s): Charley MR, Sontheimer RD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1982 April; 6(4 Pt 1): 529-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7076906

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Clinical and molecular aspects of molluscum contagiosum infection in HIV-1 positive patients. Author(s): Thompson CH, de Zwart-Steffe RT, Donovan B. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1992 March-April; 3(2): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1571379

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Close relationship between equine and human molluscum contagiosum virus demonstrated by in situ hybridisation. Author(s): Thompson CH, Yager JA, Van Rensburg IB. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1998 March-April; 64(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9625473

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CNS toxicity after topical application of EMLA cream on a toddler with molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Rincon E, Baker RL, Iglesias AJ, Duarte AM. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2000 August; 16(4): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10966344

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Co-existing actinic granuloma and giant molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Agarwal S, Takwale A, Bajallan N, Berth-Jones J, Charles-Holmes S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 July; 25(5): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11012595

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Coinfection of molluscum contagiosum with human papillomavirus. Author(s): Payne D, Yen A, Tyring S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 April; 36(4): 641-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9092759

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Complete regression of giant molluscum contagiosum lesions in an HIV-infected patient following combined antiretroviral therapy with saquinavir, zidovudine and lamivudine. Author(s): Hurni MA, Bohlen L, Furrer H, Braathen LR. Source: Aids (London, England). 1997 November 15; 11(14): 1784-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9386818

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Counts and areas of S-100-positive epidermal dendritic cells in atypical molluscum contagiosum affecting HIV+ patients. Author(s): Vera-Sempere FJ, Rubio L, Massmanian A. Source: Histology and Histopathology. 2001 January; 16(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11193211

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Curettage for molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Scott PM. Source: Jaapa. 2002 June; 15(6): 53-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12141075

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Curettage of molluscum contagiosum in children: analgesia by topical application of a lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA). Author(s): Rosdahl I, Edmar B, Gisslen H, Nordin P, Lillieborg S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1988; 68(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2453995

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Cutaneous cryptococcosis mimicking molluscum contagiosum in a haemophiliac with AIDS. Author(s): Jimenez-Acosta F, Casado M, Borbujo J, Soto-Melo J, Viguer JM, Sanjurjo MJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1987 November; 12(6): 446-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3504752

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Cutaneous cryptococcosis mimicking molluscum contagiosum in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Concus AP, Helfand RF, Imber MJ, Lerner EA, Sharpe RJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988 October; 158(4): 897-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3171235

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Cutaneous cryptococcosis resembling molluscum contagiosum in a homosexual man with AIDS. Report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Ghigliotti G, Carrega G, Farris A, Burroni A, Nigro A, Pagano G, De Marchi R. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1992; 72(3): 182-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1357854

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Cutaneous cryptococcosis resembling molluscum contagiosum in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Rico MJ, Penneys NS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 July; 121(7): 901-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4015137

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Cutaneous cryptococcosis resembling molluscum contagiosum in a patient with nonHodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Blanco P, Viallard JF, Beylot-Barry M, Faure I, Mercie P, Vergier B, Pellegrin JL, Leng B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 September; 29(3): 683-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10530468

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Cutaneous cryptococcosis resembling molluscum contagiosum: a first manifestation of AIDS. Author(s): Picon L, Vaillant L, Duong T, Lorette G, Bacq Y, Besnier JM, Choutet P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(4): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2568067

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Cutaneous cryptococcosis with molluscum contagiosum coinfection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Sulica RL, Kelly J, Berberian BJ, Glaun R. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1994 February; 53(2): 88-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7851129

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Cutaneous cryptococcus resembling molluscum contagiosum in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Miller SJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1988 June; 41(6): 411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3391046

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Cutaneous pseudolymphoma in association with molluscum contagiosum in an elderly patient. Author(s): Moreno-Ramirez D, Garcia-Escudero A, Rios-Martin JJ, Herrera-Saval A, Camacho F. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2003 August; 30(7): 473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859748

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Cutaneous pseudolymphoma in association with molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): de Diego J, Berridi D, Saracibar N, Requena L. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1998 October; 20(5): 518-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9790119

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Cutaneous transmission of molluscum contagiosum during orienteering competition. Author(s): Commens CA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1987 January 19; 146(2): 117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3796412

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Cytologic diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum in scrape samples from facial lesions. Author(s): Gupta RK, Naran S, Lallu S, Fauck R. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2003 August; 29(2): 84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12889045

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Cytologic diagnosis of Molluscum contagiosum of the mons pubis. Report of two cases. Author(s): Wada Y, Masukawa T. Source: Acta Cytol. 1977 January-February; 21(1): 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=264744

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Dermacase. Molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Enta T. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1997 October; 43: 1723, 1727-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9356750

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Detection and typing of molluscum contagiosum virus in skin lesions by using a simple lysis method and polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Nunez A, Funes JM, Agromayor M, Moratilla M, Varas AJ, Lopez-Estebaranz JL, Esteban M, Martin-Gallardo A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1996 December; 50(4): 342-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8950692

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Detection of molluscum contagiosum virus DNA by in situ hybridization. Author(s): Thompson CH, Biggs IM, de Zwart-Steffe RT. Source: Pathology. 1990 October; 22(4): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2090999

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Direct detection of molluscum contagiosum virus in clinical specimens by dot blot hybridization. Author(s): Hurst JW, Forghani B, Chan CS, Oshiro L, Darai G. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 September; 29(9): 1959-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1774321

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Direct detection of Molluscum contagiosum virus in clinical specimens by in situ hybridization using biotinylated probe. Author(s): Forghani B, Oshiro LS, Chan CS, Hurst JW, Dennis J, Darai G, Warford AL, Cohen RM. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 1992 February; 6(1): 67-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1545832

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Disseminated molluscum contagiosum and pulmonary cryptococcosis coexisting in an HTLV-1 seropositive patient. Author(s): Adedayo AO, Bascom C, Grell GC, Bellot P, Adebiyi R, Chandra P. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 November; 17(6): 723-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14761148

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Disseminated molluscum contagiosum in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia after alemtuzumab. Author(s): Pitini V, Arrigo C, Barresi G. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2003 November; 123(4): 565. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616955

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Domain structure, intracellular trafficking, and beta2-microglobulin binding of a major histocompatibility complex class I homolog encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Senkevich TG, Moss B. Source: Virology. 1998 October 25; 250(2): 397-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9792850

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Early host cell-Molluscum contagiosum virus interactions. Author(s): Vreeswijk J, Leene W, Kalsbeek GL. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1977 August; 69(2): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=881573

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Early interactions of the virus Molluscum contagiosum with its host cell. Virusinduced alterations in the basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis. Author(s): Vreeswijk J, Leene W, Kalsbeek GL. Source: J Ultrastruct Res. 1976 January; 54(1): 37-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1249846

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Eczema and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Glickman FS, Silvers SH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 March 26; 223(13): 1512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4740040

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Eczema and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Block SH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 January 8; 223(2): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4739470

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Efficacy of cidofovir in the treatment of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in an AIDS patient. Author(s): Ibarra V, Blanco JR, Oteo JA, Rosel L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 July-August; 80(4): 315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11028878

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Electron-beam therapy for AIDS-related molluscum contagiosum lesions: preliminary experience. Author(s): Scolaro MJ, Gordon P. Source: Radiology. 1999 February; 210(2): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10207432

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EMLA cream provides rapid pain relief for the curettage of molluscum contagiosum in children with atopic dermatitis without causing serious application-site reactions. Author(s): Ronnerfalt L, Fransson J, Wahlgren CF. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 July-August; 15(4): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9720701

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of IgG antibody to Molluscum contagiosum virus and investigation of the serological relationship of the molecular types. Author(s): Konya J, Thompson CH, De Zwart-Steffe RT. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1992 November; 40(2): 183-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1452633

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Epibulbar molluscum contagiosum in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Charles NC, Friedberg DN. Source: Ophthalmology. 1992 July; 99(7): 1123-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1495792

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Epibulbar molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Ingraham HJ, Schoenleber DB. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 March; 125(3): 394-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9512162

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Epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum using genetic analysis of the viral DNA. Author(s): Scholz J, Rosen-Wolff A, Bugert J, Reisner H, White MI, Darai G, Postlethwaite R. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1989 February; 27(2): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2921605

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Epidermodysplasia verruciformis associated with severe immunodeficiency, lymphoma, and disseminated molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Slawsky LD, Gilson RT, Hockley AJ, Libow LF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 September; 27(3): 44850. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1401282

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Eruptive molluscum contagiosum in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Solomon LM, Telner P. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1966 November 5; 95(19): 978-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5922914

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Erythema annulare centrifugum and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Vasily DB, Bhatia SG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 December; 114(12): 1853. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=736595

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Erythema annulare centrifugum induced by molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Furue M, Akasu R, Ohtake N, Tamaki K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 November; 129(5): 646-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8251373

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Evaluation of the effectiveness of 5% potassium hydroxide for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Romiti R, Ribeiro AP, Romiti N. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 November-December; 17(6): 495. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11189099

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Experience in treating molluscum contagiosum in children with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Bayerl C, Feller G, Goerdt S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 149 Suppl 66: 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616342

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Expression of keratohyalin-trichohyalin hybrid granules in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Manabe M, Yaguchi H, Butt KI, O'Guin WM, Sun TT, Ogawa H. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 February; 35(2): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8850037

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Facial and perioral molluscum contagiosum as a manifestation of HIV infection. Author(s): Kolokotronis A, Antoniades D, Katsoulidis E, Kioses V. Source: Aust Dent J. 2000 March; 45(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10846273

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Facial and perioral molluscum contagiosum in patients with HIV infection. A report of eight cases. Author(s): Ficarra G, Cortes S, Rubino I, Romagnoli P. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994 November; 78(5): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7838470

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Facial molluscum contagiosum in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Ficarra G, Gaglioti D. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1989 August; 18(4): 2001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2507666

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Failure to detect human papilloma virus in cutaneous molluscum contagiosum lesions. Author(s): Apisarnthanarax N, Payne D, Yen A, Tyring S. Source: Anticancer Res. 1997 November-December; 17(6D): 4781-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9494606

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Features of molluscum contagiosum in the north-east of Scotland and in Fijian village settlements. Author(s): Postlethwaite R, Watt JA, Hawley TG, Simpson I, Adam H. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1967 September; 65(3): 281-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5233985

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Fine structure of palpebral molluscum contagiosum and its secondary conjunctival lesions. Author(s): Denis J, Chauvaud D, Savoldelli M, Pouliquen Y. Source: Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1978 November 8; 208(1-3): 207-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=310261

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Follicular molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Ive FA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 October; 113(4): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4063184

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Fulminant molluscum contagiosum infection and concomitant leukaemia cutis after bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia. Author(s): Au WY, Lie AK, Shek TW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 143(5): 1097-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069530

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Functional characterization of the C---C chemokine-like molecules encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus types 1 and 2. Author(s): Krathwohl MD, Hromas R, Brown DR, Broxmeyer HE, Fife KH. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997 September 2; 94(18): 9875-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9275219

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GAp junctions in skin tumors of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Caputo R, Gasparini G, Innocenti M. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1980; 267(3): 265-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7406536

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Genital molluscum contagiosum in children: evidence of sexual abuse? Author(s): Bargman H. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1986 September 1; 135(5): 432-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3755643

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Genital molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Felman YM, Nikitas JA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1980 July; 26(1): 28, 30, 32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7389396

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Genital warts and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Margolis S. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1984 February; 11(1): 163-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6369703

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Giant molluscum contagiosum following splenectomy. Author(s): Linberg JV, Blaylock WK. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1990 August; 108(8): 1076. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2383191

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Giant molluscum contagiosum in AIDS. Author(s): Vozmediano JM, Manrique A, Petraglia S, Romero MA, Nieto I. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 January; 35(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8838930

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Giant molluscum contagiosum of the sole. Author(s): Dickinson A, Tschen JA, Wolf JE Jr. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1983 September; 32(3): 239-40, 243. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6627987

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Giant molluscum contagiosum presenting as a tumor in an HIV-infected patient. Author(s): Izu R, Manzano D, Gardeazabal J, Diaz-Perez JL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 April; 33(4): 266-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8021083

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Giant molluscum contagiosum presenting as a tumour in an HIV-infected patient: case report. Author(s): Mulugeta A. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2000 April; 38(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11144884

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Giant molluscum contagiosum presenting as basal cell carcinoma in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient. Author(s): Fivenson DP, Weltman RE, Gibson SH. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 November; 19(5 Pt 1): 912-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3192776

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Granuloma annulare masquerading as molluscum contagiosum-like eruption in an HIV-positive African woman. Author(s): Kapembwa MS, Goolamali SK, Price A, Boyle S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 August; 49(2 Suppl Case Reports): S184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894118

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Griseofulvin therapy in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Singh OP, Kanwar A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 November; 113(11): 1615. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=931417

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Growth and regression of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Pierard-Franchimont C, Legrain A, Pierard GE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 November; 9(5): 669-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6643765

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Growth of molluscum contagiosum virus in a human foreskin xenograft model. Author(s): Fife KH, Whitfeld M, Faust H, Goheen MP, Bryan J, Brown DR. Source: Virology. 1996 December 1; 226(1): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8941326

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HIV-positive patient presented with giant molluscum contagiosum of the eyelid. Author(s): Chattopadhyay DN, Basak SK, Ghose S. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1997 June; 95(6): 202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9420414

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HIV-related molluscum contagiosum presenting as a cutaneous horn. Author(s): Schwartz JJ, Myskowski PL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 February; 31(2): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1559741

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How we treat molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Olansky S, Clair A. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1970 March; 47(3): 259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5418282

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Hyperfocal cryotherapy of multiple Molluscum contagiosum lesions in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Author(s): Bardenstein DS, Elmets C. Source: Ophthalmology. 1995 July; 102(7): 1031-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9121748

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Id reaction to molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Rocamora V, Romani J, Puig L, de Moragas JM. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1996 July-August; 13(4): 349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8844759

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Identification and typing of molluscum contagiosum virus in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Thompson CH. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1997 November; 53(3): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9365883

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Identification of human and mouse homologs of the MC51L-53L-54L family of secreted glycoproteins encoded by the Molluscum contagiosum poxvirus. Author(s): Xiang Y, Moss B. Source: Virology. 1999 May 10; 257(2): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10329540

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Images in clinical medicine. Molluscum contagiosum in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Cotell SL, Roholt NS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998 March 26; 338(13): 888. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9516224

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Imiquimod therapy for molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Liota E, Smith KJ, Buckley R, Menon P, Skelton H. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2000 April; 4(2): 76-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11179929

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Immune-defense molecules of molluscum contagiosum virus, a human poxvirus. Author(s): Moss B, Shisler JL, Xiang Y, Senkevich TG. Source: Trends in Microbiology. 2000 October; 8(10): 473-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11044683

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Immunocompetent cells and epithelial cell modifications in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Viac J, Chardonnet Y. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1990 August; 17(4): 202-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2203834

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Immunoreactive proteins of molluscum contagiosum virus types 1, 1v, and 2. Author(s): Thompson CH. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 October; 178(4): 1230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9806070

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Indeterminate leprosy, molluscum contagiosum and nevus depigmentosus. Author(s): Nigam PK. Source: Indian J Lepr. 2001 October-December; 73(4): 360-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11898470

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Inefficacy of oral cimetidine for nonatopic children with molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Cunningham BB, Paller AS, Garzon M. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 January-February; 15(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9496815

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Interferon alpha treatment of molluscum contagiosum in immunodeficiency. Author(s): Hourihane J, Hodges E, Smith J, Keefe M, Jones A, Connett G. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1999 January; 80(1): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10325766

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Intralesional interferon for the treatment of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in HIV antibody positive individuals--a preliminary report. Author(s): Nelson MR, Chard S, Barton SE. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1995 September-October; 6(5): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8547417

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Intraocular molluscum contagiosum after a corneoscleral laceration. Author(s): Ryan EH Jr, Cameron JD, Carpel E. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 October; 124(4): 560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9323953

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Intraoral molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Kaur S, Thami GP. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2002 September; 94(3): 279; Author Reply 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12324779

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Intraoral molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Whitaker SB, Wiegand SE, Budnick SD. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991 September; 72(3): 334-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1923422

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Intraoral molluscum contagiosum: a report of a case and a review of the literature. Author(s): Fornatora ML, Reich RF, Gray RG, Freedman PD. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2001 September; 92(3): 318-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552151

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Is genital molluscum contagiosum a cutaneous manifestation of sexual abuse in children? Author(s): Bargman H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 May; 14(5 Pt 1): 847-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3711391

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Isolated perianal molluscum contagiosum. A case in a young girl. Author(s): Caliendo TJ, Sherwin L. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1972 January; 11(1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5061330

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Keloid scars as a result of CO2 laser for molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Friedman M, Gal D. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 September; 70(3 Pt 1): 394-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3627587

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Ken and Katie caterpillar: helpful props for treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Silverman RA, Lucky A. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 May-June; 20(3): 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787284

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Lack of host cellular immune response in eruptive molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Heng MC, Steuer ME, Levy A, McMahon S, Richman M, Allen SG, Blackhart B. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1989 June; 11(3): 248-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2471417

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Langerhans cells in molluscum contagiosum, verruca vulgaris, plantar wart, and condyloma acuminatum. Author(s): Bhawan J, Dayal Y, Bhan AK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 October; 15(4 Pt 1): 6459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2429998

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Laser therapy for vulvar molluscum contagiosum infection. Author(s): Amstey MS, Trombetta GC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 December 1; 153(7): 800-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4073146

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Lepromatous leprosy masquerading as molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Thappa DM, Kaviarasan PK, Sethuraman G. Source: Indian J Lepr. 2000 October-December; 72(4): 495-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11212484

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Lid abscess with extensive molluscum contagiosum in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Biswas J, Therese L, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Yesudian P. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1997 December; 45(4): 234-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9567020

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Local spread of molluscum contagiosum by electrolysis. Author(s): Rich JD, Dickinson BP, Flaxman AB, Mylonakis E. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 May; 28(5): 1171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10452661

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Mapping of mRNA transcripts in the genome of molluscum contagiosum virus: transcriptional analysis of the viral slam gene family. Author(s): Bugert JJ, Melquiot NV, Darai G. Source: Virus Genes. 2000 October; 21(3): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11129634

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MC148 encoded by human molluscum contagiosum poxvirus is an antagonist for human but not murine CCR8. Author(s): Luttichau HR, Gerstoft J, Schwartz TW. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2001 August; 70(2): 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493620

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Molecular cloning of a novel CC chemokine, interleukin-11 receptor alpha-locus chemokine (ILC), which is located on chromosome 9p13 and a potential homologue of a CC chemokine encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Ishikawa-Mochizuki I, Kitaura M, Baba M, Nakayama T, Izawa D, Imai T, Yamada H, Hieshima K, Suzuki R, Nomiyama H, Yoshie O. Source: Febs Letters. 1999 November 5; 460(3): 544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10556532

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Molecular epidemiologic analysis of Japanese patients with molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Yamashita H, Uemura T, Kawashima M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 February; 35(2): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8850036

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Molecular epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum virus and analysis of the hostserum antibody response in Spanish HIV-negative patients. Author(s): Agromayor M, Ortiz P, Lopez-Estebaranz JL, Gonzalez-Nicolas J, Esteban M, Martin-Gallardo A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 February; 66(2): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11782922

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Molecular epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Scholz J, Rosen-Wolff A, Bugert J, Reisner H, White MI, Darai G, Postlethwaite R. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988 October; 158(4): 898-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3171236

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Molluscum contagiosum among cross-country runners. Author(s): Mobacken H, Nordin P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 September; 17(3): 51920. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3655036

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Molluscum contagiosum and cryosurgery: triggering factors for Wells' syndrome? Author(s): Stavropoulos PG, Kostakis PG, Panagiotopoulos AK, Papakonstantinou AM, Petridis AP, Georgala S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(5): 380-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609112

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Molluscum contagiosum and Job's syndrome. Author(s): Martins MN, Tullu MS, Mahajan SA. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 October-December; 47(4): 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11832646

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Molluscum contagiosum and page 697. Author(s): Kanof NM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 June; 18(6): 1369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3385055

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Molluscum contagiosum and warts. Author(s): Stulberg DL, Hutchinson AG. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 March 15; 67(6): 1233-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12674451

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Molluscum contagiosum appearing as a solitary lesion on the eyelid. Author(s): Khaskhely NM, Maruno M, Hoshiyama Y, Uezato H, Nonaka S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 27(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10692832

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Molluscum contagiosum associated with AIDS: a case report with ultrastructural study. Author(s): Sugihara K, Reichart PA, Gelderblom HR. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1990 May; 19(5): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2162958

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Molluscum contagiosum effectively treated with a topical acidified nitrite, nitric oxide liberating cream. Author(s): Ormerod AD, White MI, Shah SA, Benjamin N. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 December; 141(6): 1051-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606851

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Molluscum contagiosum eyelid lesions as the initial manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Leahey AB, Shane JJ, Listhaus A, Trachtman M. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 August; 124(2): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9262550

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Molluscum contagiosum from infancy to maturity. Author(s): Husar K, Skerlev M. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 March-April; 20(2): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11973052

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Molluscum contagiosum in a patient with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia. Author(s): Ben-Amitai D, Metzker A, Hodak E, Cohen I, Garty BZ. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1994 September; 30(9): 707-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8088984

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Molluscum contagiosum in a soft fibroma: a particular combined lesion. Author(s): Betti R, Pazzini C, Inselvini E, Crosti C. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 March; 61(3): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9538958

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Molluscum contagiosum in an immune reconstituted AIDS patient. Author(s): Albini T, Rao N. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 November; 87(11): 1427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609853

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Molluscum contagiosum in children and its relationship to attendance at swimmingpools: an epidemiological study. Author(s): Castilla MT, Sanzo JM, Fuentes S. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 191(2): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8520069

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Molluscum contagiosum in children. Author(s): Janniger CK, Schwartz RA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1993 October; 52(4): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8261802

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Molluscum contagiosum in Dutch general practice. Author(s): Koning S, Bruijnzeels MA, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, van der Wouden JC. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1994 September; 44(386): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8790656

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Molluscum contagiosum in herpes zoster scars. Author(s): Nico MM, Bergonse FN, Godoy AM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 August; 40(8): 521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11703525

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Molluscum contagiosum in human immunodeficiency virus infection: response to zidovudine. Author(s): Betlloch I, Pinazo I, Mestre F, Altes J, Villalonga C. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 June; 28(5): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2753594

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Molluscum contagiosum in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Kohn SR. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1987 April; 105(4): 458. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3566594

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Molluscum contagiosum mimicking sebaceous nevus of Jadassohn, ecthyma and giant condylomata acuminata in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Itin PH, Gilli L. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189(4): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7873828

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Molluscum contagiosum of the eyelid and infraorbital margin--a clinicopathologic study with light and electron microscopic observations. Author(s): al-Hazzaa SA, Hidayat AA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1993 January-February; 30(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8455130

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Molluscum contagiosum of the eyelids in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Author(s): Robinson MR, Udell IJ, Garber PF, Perry HD, Streeten BW. Source: Ophthalmology. 1992 November; 99(11): 1745-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1454352

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Molluscum contagiosum on a tattoo. Author(s): Salmaso F, Gnecchi L, Gianotti R, Veraldi S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 May; 81(2): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11501659

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Molluscum contagiosum presenting as cellulitis in an AIDS patient: cytologic and ultrastructural features. Author(s): Freeman CL, Moriarty AT. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1995 June; 12(4): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7544721

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Molluscum contagiosum treated with iodine solution and salicylic acid plaster. Author(s): Ohkuma M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1990 July-August; 29(6): 443-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2397974

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Molluscum contagiosum virus expresses late genes in primary human fibroblasts but does not produce infectious progeny. Author(s): Bugert JJ, Melquiot N, Kehm R. Source: Virus Genes. 2001 January; 22(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11210936

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Molluscum contagiosum virus grows in human skin xenografts. Author(s): Paslin D, Krowka J, Forghani B. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 July; 289(8): 486-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9266028

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Molluscum contagiosum virus inhibitors of apoptosis: The MC159 v-FLIP protein blocks Fas-induced activation of procaspases and degradation of the related MC160 protein. Author(s): Shisler JL, Moss B. Source: Virology. 2001 March 30; 282(1): 14-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11259186

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Molluscum contagiosum virus interleukin-18 (IL-18) binding protein is secreted as a full-length form that binds cell surface glycosaminoglycans through the C-terminal tail and a furin-cleaved form with only the IL-18 binding domain. Author(s): Xiang Y, Moss B. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 February; 77(4): 2623-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12552001

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Molluscum contagiosum virus topoisomerase: purification, activities, and response to inhibitors. Author(s): Hwang Y, Wang B, Bushman FD. Source: Journal of Virology. 1998 April; 72(4): 3401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9525670

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Molluscum contagiosum virus types in genital and non-genital lesions. Author(s): Porter CD, Blake NW, Archard LC, Muhlemann MF, Rosedale N, Cream JJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 January; 120(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2638915

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Molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Birthistle K, Carrington D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1997 January; 34(1): 21-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9120320

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Molluscum contagiosum virus: antibody responses in persons with clinical lesions and seroepidemiology in a representative Australian population. Author(s): Konya J, Thompson CH. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 March; 179(3): 701-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9952381

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Molluscum contagiosum, involving the upper eyelids, in a child infected with HIV-1. Author(s): Pelaez CA, Gurbindo MD, Cortes C, Munoz-Fernandez MA. Source: Pediatr Aids Hiv Infect. 1996 February; 7(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361472

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Molluscum contagiosum, swimming and bathing: a clinical analysis. Author(s): Choong KY, Roberts LJ. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10333619

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Molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Nelson BL, Thompson LD. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 August; 82(8): 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14503090

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Molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Waugh MA. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1998 October; 16(4): 839-41, Xv. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9891691

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Molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Gottlieb SL, Myskowski PL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 July; 33(7): 453-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7928025

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Molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Servodidio CA, Abramson DH, Romanella A. Source: J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 1990 May-June; 9(3): 118, 122. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2366250

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Molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Menon PA, Fernandez-Obregon AC. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 January-February; 27(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3346133

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Molluscum contagiosum. A case report with fine needle aspiration cytologic diagnosis and ultrastructural features. Author(s): Jain S, Das DK, Malhotra V, Tatke M, Kumar N. Source: Acta Cytol. 2000 January-February; 44(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10667162

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Molluscum contagiosum. New insights, new directions. Author(s): Myskowski PL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 August; 133(8): 1039-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267255

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Molluscum contagiosum: a case series. Author(s): Rajendran ES. Source: Homeopathy. 2002 October; 91(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12422930

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Molluscum contagiosum: characterization of viral DNA and clinical features. Author(s): Porter CD, Muhlemann MF, Cream JJ, Archard LC. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1987 October; 99(2): 563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2824227

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Molluscum contagiosum: histologic patterns and associated lesions. A study of 578 cases. Author(s): Cribier B, Scrivener Y, Grosshans E. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2001 April; 23(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11285403

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Molluscum contagiosum: its clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical spectrum. Author(s): Smith KJ, Yeager J, Skelton H. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 September; 38(9): 664-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10517682

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Molluscum contagiosum: recent advances in pathogenic mechanisms, and new therapies. Author(s): Smith KJ, Skelton H. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(8): 535-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358555

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Molluscum contagiosum: serology and electron microscopy findings in twenty one patients. Author(s): Fonseca ME, Machado RD, Liberto MI, Marcolino G. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1987 March-April; 29(2): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3423616

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Molluscum contagiosum: the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Tyring SK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 September; 189(3 Suppl): S12-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532898

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Molluscum contagiosum--a novel presentation. Author(s): Bates CM, Carey PB, Dhar J, Hart CA. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 September; 12(9): 614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11516373

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Molluscum contagiosum-induced comedo and secondary abscess formation. Author(s): Brandrup F, Asschenfeldt P. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1989 June; 6(2): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2748472

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Multiple bilateral eyelid molluscum contagiosum lesions associated with TNFalphaantibody and methotrexate therapy. Author(s): Cursiefen C, Grunke M, Dechant C, Antoni C, Junemann A, Holbach LM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 August; 134(2): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140038

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Multiple lesions of molluscum contagiosum with metaplastic ossification. Author(s): Naert F, Lachapelle JM. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1989 June; 11(3): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2499207

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Multiple molluscum contagiosum lesions of the limbus in a patient with HIV infection. Author(s): Merisier H, Cochereau I, Hoang-Xuan T, Toublanc M, Ruggeri C. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995 April; 79(4): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7742295

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Observations on the antibody rsponses in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Shirodaria PV, Matthews RS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 January; 96(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=320993

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Office diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum by light microscopic demonstration of virions. Author(s): Shelley WB, Burmeister V. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1985 December; 36(6): 465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4075839

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Ophthalmic molluscum contagiosum: clinical and immunopathological features. Author(s): Charteris DG, Bonshek RE, Tullo AB. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995 May; 79(5): 476-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7612562

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Oral cimetidine treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Yashar SS, Shamiri B. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 November-December; 16(6): 493. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651572

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Oral griseofulvin therapy in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Mukul, Meena HS, Gupta S. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1987 October; 32(4): 104-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3503820

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Pathologic quiz case 1. Molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Henderson LT, Weitzner S, Jahrsdoerfer RA. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1987 January; 113(1): 90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3790292

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PCR assay fails to detect molluscum contagiosum virus-related sequences in AIDSrelated Kaposi's sarcoma. Author(s): Simonart T, Noel JC, Van Vooren JP, Hermans P, Liesnard C, Fayt I, Gilot P, Godfroid E, Parent D. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1998 July; 73(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9705179

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Pediatric molluscum contagiosum: optimal treatment strategies. Author(s): Silverberg N. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2003; 5(8): 505-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12895133

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Persistent molluscum contagiosum. Case study in a 6-year-old girl with asthma and eczema. Author(s): Hedden AZ. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 May; 10(5): 79-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420536

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Photodynamic therapy for molluscum contagiosum infection in HIV-coinfected patients: review of 6 patients. Author(s): Moiin A. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 December; 2(6): 637-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711142

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Pictorial CME. AIDS-related cryptococcus infection presenting with molluscum contagiosum-like skin lesions. Author(s): Saple DG, Maniar JK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 April; 46(4): 368. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273319

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Pleomorphic T-cell infiltrate associated with molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Guitart J, Hurt MA. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1999 April; 21(2): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10218681

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Polypoidal and giant molluscum contagiosum in an AIDS patient. Author(s): Kumar B, Dawn G. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 February; 71(1): 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7750960

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Polypoidal and giant molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Rea AJ, Goh BT. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 December; 71(6): 417. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8566995

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Preputial ectopic sebaceous glands mimicking molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Piccinno R, Carrel CF, Menni S, Brancaleon W. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1990; 70(4): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1977263

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Problems in therapy of molluscum contagiosum. Case report. Author(s): Kaye JW. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1966 October; 94(4): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5920777

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Protein synthesis and cell surface proteins in molluscum contagiosum virus infected cells. Author(s): Bernardini A, Del Barrio G, La Placa M. Source: Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1973; 42(4): 355-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4766108

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Pseudoleukemia cutis: report of a case in association with molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Ackerman AB, Tanski EV. Source: Cancer. 1977 August; 40(2): 813-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=890661

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Pulsed dye laser treatment of molluscum contagiosum in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Nehal KS, Sarnoff DS, Gotkin RH, Friedman-Kien A. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1998 May; 24(5): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598007

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Radioautography of in vitro 3H-thymidine labeled biopsies of Molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): de Man JC, Noorduyn NJ. Source: Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol. 1969; 3(3): 295-301. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4981180

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Rare oral viral disorders (molluscum contagiosum, localized keratoacanthoma, verrucae, condyloma acuminatum, and focal epithelial hyperplasia). Author(s): Praetorius-Clausen F. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1972 October; 34(4): 604-18. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4562543

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Recalcitrant giant molluscum contagiosum in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Cronin TA Jr, Resnik BI, Elgart G, Kerdel FA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 August; 35(2 Pt 1): 2667. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8708034

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Recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in a patient with AIDS successfully treated by a combination of CO2-laser and natural interferon beta gel. Author(s): Gross G, Roussaki A, Brzoska J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 July; 78(4): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689311

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Recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in a patient with AIDS: combined treatment with CO(2) laser, trichloroacetic acid, and pulsed dye laser. Author(s): Yoshinaga IG, Conrado LA, Schainberg SC, Grinblat M. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2000; 27(4): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074505

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Recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in an HIV-afflicted male treated successfully with topical imiquimod. Author(s): Brown CW Jr, O'Donoghue M, Moore J, Tharp M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 June; 65(6): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10879304

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Recent advances in molluscum contagiosum virus research. Author(s): Bugert JJ, Darai G. Source: Arch Virol Suppl. 1997; 13: 35-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9413524

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Recurrent angio-oedema and solitary molluscum contagiosum as presenting signs of non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma. Author(s): Arnold J, Berens N, Brocker EB, Goebeler M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 146(2): 343-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11903266

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Replication of molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Buller RM, Burnett J, Chen W, Kreider J. Source: Virology. 1995 November 10; 213(2): 655-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7491789

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Resolution of disseminated molluscum contagiosum with Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy (HAART) in patients with AIDS. Author(s): Calista D, Boschini A, Landi G. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 April-May; 9(3): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10210787

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Resolution of intractable molluscum contagiosum in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient after institution of antiretroviral therapy with ritonavir. Author(s): Hicks CB, Myers SA, Giner J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 May; 24(5): 1023-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9142826

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Resolution of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum virus lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients treated with cidofovir. Author(s): Meadows KP, Tyring SK, Pavia AT, Rallis TM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 August; 133(8): 987-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267245

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Resolution of severe molluscum contagiosum on effective antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Horn CK, Scott GR, Benton EC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 April; 138(4): 715-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640394

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Response to molluscum contagiosum in a halo nevus. Author(s): Hanau D, Grosshans E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1981 April; 20(3): 218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7275451

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Scalp mass. Giant molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Lew W, Lee SH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 June; 131(6): 719, 722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7778927

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Scarring in Molluscum contagiosum: comparison of physical expression and phenol ablation. Author(s): Weller R, O'Callaghan CJ, MacSween RM, White MI. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 December 11; 319(7224): 1540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10591712

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Scarring molluscum contagiosum in patients with severe atopic dermatitis: report of two cases. Author(s): Ghura HS, Camp RD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 144(5): 1094-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359410

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Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency associated with disseminated molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Mayumi M, Yamaoka K, Tsutsui T, Mizue H, Doi A, Matsuyama M, Ito S, Shinomiya K, Mikawa H. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1986 April; 145(1-2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3089801

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Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod for the treatment of common warts and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Hengge UR, Esser S, Schultewolter T, Behrendt C, Meyer T, Stockfleth E, Goos M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 143(5): 1026-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069514

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Self-assessment. Molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Bartunek C, Brodell RT. Source: J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 1997 March-April; 16(2): 79-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9204838

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Sequence analysis of a Molluscum contagiosum virus DNA region which includes the gene encoding protein kinase 2 and other genes with unique organization. Author(s): Martin-Gallardo A, Moratilla M, Funes JM, Agromayor M, Nunez A, Varas AJ, Collado M, Valencia A, Lopez-Estebaranz JL, Esteban M. Source: Virus Genes. 1996; 13(1): 19-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8938976

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Severe atypical molluscum contagiosum infection in an immunocompromised host. Author(s): Cotton DW, Cooper C, Barrett DF, Leppard BJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 June; 116(6): 871-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3620349

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Severe molluscum contagiosum infection in a patient with human T cell lymphotrophic (HTLV-III) disease. Author(s): Redfield RR, James WD, Wright DC, Brown C, Salahuddin SZ, Markham PD, Sarngadharan MG, Folks TF, Gallo RC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 November; 13(5 Pt 1): 821-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3001156

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Severe molluscum contagiosum infection with T cell deficiency. Author(s): Peachey RD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 July; 97 Suppl 15: 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=301746

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Sexually transmitted diseases in children: herpes simplex virus infection, cytomegalovirus infection, hepatitis B virus infection and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Nageswaran A, Kinghorn GR. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1993 August; 69(4): 303-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7721295

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Similarity in genome organization between Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) and vaccinia virus (VV): identification of MCV homologues of the VV genes for protein kinase 2, structural protein VP8, RNA polymerase 35 kDa subunit and 3betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Author(s): Douglass NJ, Blake NW, Cream JJ, Soteriou BA, Zhang HY, Theodoridou A, Archard LC. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1996 December; 77 ( Pt 12): 3113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9000105

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Solitary giant molluscum contagiosum of the sole. Author(s): Ha SJ, Park YM, Cho SH, Cho BK, Song KY. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 May-June; 15(3): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9655321

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Spontaneous disappearance of molluscum contagiosum. Report of a case. Author(s): Steffen C, Markman JA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1980 August; 116(8): 923-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7406521

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Spontaneous regression of generalized molluscum contagiosum turning black. Author(s): Ogino A, Ishida H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1984; 64(1): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6203291

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Stability of molluscum contagiosum virus DNA among 184 patient isolates: evidence for variability of sequences in the terminal inverted repeats. Author(s): Bugert JJ, Darai G. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1991 March; 33(3): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1880497

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STD screening with molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Ross JD, Paterson J, McMillan A. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1992 May-June; 3(3): 216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1616973

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Strategy for identifying the gene encoding the DNA polymerase of molluscum contagiosum virus type 1. Author(s): Sonntag KC, Darai G. Source: Virus Genes. 1996; 13(1): 31-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8938977

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Structural polypeptides of molluscum contagiosum virus: their variability in various isolates and location within the virion. Author(s): Oda H, Ohyama Y, Sameshima T, Hirakawa K. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1982; 9(1): 19-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7061995

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Structure of molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Nakai M, Naito T, Yaku M. Source: Journal of Electron Microscopy. 1964; 13(3): 183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5879142

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Studies on the mechanism of molluscum contagiosum cytotoxicity. Author(s): Burnett JW, Neva FA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1966 January; 46(1): 76-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5910975

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Successful treatment of molluscum contagiosum in the immunosuppressed adult with topical injection of streptococcal preparation OK-432. Author(s): Inui S, Asada H, Yoshikawa K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1996 September; 23(9): 628-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8916664

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Successful treatment of molluscum contagiosum with topical imiquimod in a severely immunocompromised HIV-positive patient. Author(s): Strauss RM, Doyle EL, Mohsen AH, Green ST. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 April; 12(4): 264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11319979

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Suprabasal keratinocytes infected with poxvirus molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Olmos L, Cabre J. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1981 February; 8(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7014678

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Surgical gems. A simplified surgical management of lesions of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Resnik SS. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1980 December; 6(12): 982-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7204726

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The “nuisance” sexually transmitted diseases: molluscum contagiosum, scabies, and crab lice. Author(s): Billstein SA, Mattaliano VJ Jr. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1990 November; 74(6): 1487-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2246949

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The association of molluscum contagiosum and infantile eczema. Author(s): Block SH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1972 September 9; 2(11): 626-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5082794

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The association of molluscum contagiosum and infantile eczema. Author(s): Keipert JA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 January 30; 1(5): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4251025

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The death effector domains (DEDs) of the molluscum contagiosum virus MC159 vFLIP protein are not functionally interchangeable with each other or with the DEDs of caspase-8. Author(s): Garvey T, Bertin J, Siegel R, Lenardo M, Cohen J. Source: Virology. 2002 September 1; 300(2): 217-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12350352

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The genome of molluscum contagiosum virus: analysis and comparison with other poxviruses. Author(s): Senkevich TG, Koonin EV, Bugert JJ, Darai G, Moss B. Source: Virology. 1997 June 23; 233(1): 19-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9201214

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The histogenesis of molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Reed RJ, Parkinson RP. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1977 June; 1(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=602977

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The increase in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Waugh MA. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 February 7; 294(6568): 373. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3101885

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The increase in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Oriel JD. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 January 10; 294(6564): 74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3105661

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The natural history of molluscum contagiosum in Fijian children. Author(s): Hawley TG. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1970 December; 68(4): 631-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5276334

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The successful treatment of molluscum contagiosum with podophyllotoxin (0.5%) self-application. Author(s): Markos AR. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 December; 12(12): 833. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11791521

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The surgical treatment of Molluscum contagiosum in a pediatric AIDS patient. Author(s): Wheaton AF, Timothy NH, Dossett JH, Manders EK. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2000 June; 44(6): 651-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10884085

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Three-dimensional ultrastructural study of molluscum contagiosum in the skin using scanning-electron microscopy. Author(s): Mihara M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 December; 125(6): 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1760359

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Topical 0.3% and 0.5% podophyllotoxin cream for self-treatment of molluscum contagiosum in males. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Syed TA, Lundin S, Ahmad M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8003791

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Topical cidofovir for molluscum contagiosum in children. Author(s): Zabawski EJ Jr, Cockerell CJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 September-October; 16(5): 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10627225

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Topical cidofovir for severe cutaneous human papillomavirus and molluscum contagiosum infections in patients with HIV/AIDS. A pilot study. Author(s): Calista D. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 November; 14(6): 484-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11444271

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Topical cidofovir for severe molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Davies EG, Thrasher A, Lacey K, Harper J. Source: Lancet. 1999 June 12; 353(9169): 2042. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10376628

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Topical cidofovir: a novel treatment for recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1. Author(s): Toro JR, Wood LV, Patel NK, Turner ML. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 August; 136(8): 983-5. Erratum In: Arch Dermatol 2002 February; 138(2): 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10926733

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Topical imiquimod for molluscum contagiosum in T cell immunodeficiency. Author(s): Yazdani S, Stiehm ER. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 June; 22(6): 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799517

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Topical imiquimod therapy for chronic giant molluscum contagiosum in a patient with advanced human immunodeficiency virus 1 disease. Author(s): Buckley R, Smith K. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 October; 135(10): 1167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10522662

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Topical immunomodulators for the treatment of external genital warts, cutaneous warts and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Hengge UR, Cusini M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 149 Suppl 66: 15-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616340

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum in males with an analog of imiquimod 1% in cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Syed TA, Goswami J, Ahmadpour OA, Ahmad SA. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 May; 25(5): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640884

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum using a lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA) for analgesia. Author(s): de Waard-van der Spek FB, Oranje AP, Lillieborg S, Hop WC, Stolz E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 October; 23(4 Pt 1): 6858. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2229496

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Skinner RB Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271282

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with oral cimetidine: clinical experience in 13 patients. Author(s): Dohil M, Prendiville JS. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1996 July-August; 13(4): 310-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8844752

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with potassium hydroxide: a clinical approach in 35 children. Author(s): Romiti R, Ribeiro AP, Grinblat BM, Rivitti EA, Romiti N. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 May-June; 16(3): 228-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10383783

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with silver nitrate paste. Author(s): Niizeki K, Hashimoto K. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 September-October; 16(5): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10571843

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with the 585-nm pulsed dye laser. Author(s): Hughes PS. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1998 February; 24(2): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9491117

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with the pulsed dye laser over a 28-month period. Author(s): Hancox JG, Jackson J, McCagh S. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 May; 71(5): 414-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12769411

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with the pulsed tuneable dye laser. Author(s): Hindson C, Cotterill J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 September; 22(5): 255. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9536555

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Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with topical 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Skinner RB Jr, Ray S, Talanin NY. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 September-October; 17(5): 420. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11085678

•

Treatment of periorbital Molluscum contagiosum by incision and curettage. Author(s): Gonnering RS, Kronish JW. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1988 May; 19(5): 325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3399259

•

Trends in molluscum contagiosum in the United States, 1966-1983. Author(s): Becker TM, Blount JH, Douglas J, Judson FN. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1986 April-June; 13(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3715678

•

Trichloroacetic acid peel of molluscum contagiosum in immunocompromised patients. Author(s): Garrett SJ, Robinson JK, Roenigk HH Jr. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992 October; 18(10): 855-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1430538

•

Two major antigenic polypeptides of molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Watanabe T, Morikawa S, Suzuki K, Miyamura T, Tamaki K, Ueda Y. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 February; 177(2): 284-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9466513

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•

Ultrastructural changes in dermal and eipidermal cells of skin infected with Molluscum contagiosum virus. Author(s): Sutton JS, Burnett JW. Source: J Ultrastruct Res. 1969 February; 26(3): 177-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5776617

•

Unusual cases of molluscum contagiosum of eye. Author(s): Rao VA, Baskaran RK, Krishnan MM. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1985 July-August; 33(4): 263-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3842837

•

Venereal herpes-like molluscum contagiosum: treatment with tretinoin. Author(s): Papa CM, Berger RS. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1976 October; 18(4): 537-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1037097

•

Viral folliculitis. Atypical presentations of herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Weinberg JM, Mysliwiec A, Turiansky GW, Redfield R, James WD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 August; 133(8): 983-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267244

•

Viral infections of the skin. Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, warts, and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Jarratt M. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1978 May; 25(2): 339-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=353674

•

Virus-specific and anticellular antibodies in molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Shirodaria PV, Matthews RS, Samuel M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1979 August; 101(2): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=226113

•

Warts and molluscum contagiosum in children. Author(s): Gellis SE. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1987 January; 16(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3562093

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•

Warts and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Williams LR, Webster G. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1991 January-March; 9(1): 87-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1933729

•

Warts and molluscum contagiosum: beware of treatments worse than the disease. Author(s): Ordoukhanian E, Lane AT. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1997 February; 101(2): 223-6, 229-32, 235. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9046937

•

What is molluscum contagiosum? Author(s): Graham R. Source: The Practitioner. 1989 May 22; 233(1469): 721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2602309

•

What's your assessment? Molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Bielan B. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1998 June; 10(3): 198, 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9849166

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CHAPTER 2. CONTAGIOSUM

NUTRITION

AND

MOLLUSCUM

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and molluscum contagiosum.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Molluscum Contagiosum The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “molluscum contagiosum” (or a synonym): •

National guideline for the management of molluscum contagiosum. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association of Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). Source: Anonymous Sex-Transm-Infect. 1999 August; 75 Suppl 1S80-1 1368-4973

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “molluscum contagiosum” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on molluscum contagiosum, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Molluscum Contagiosum By performing a patent search focusing on molluscum contagiosum, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on molluscum contagiosum: •

Administering particular compounds against various parasites, mycoplasmas, other indications and other infections Inventor(s): Prendergast; Patrick T. (Baybush, Straffan, County Kildare, IE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,292,725 Date filed: June 21, 1991 Abstract: One or more compounds are administered against one or more kinds of parasites and/or one or more diseases caused by such parasites, against one or more kind of Mycoplasma and/or one or more diseases caused by such Mycoplasmas and/or against one or more of the following indications or infections (a) hairy leukoplakia, (b) oral candidosis, (c) mouth ulcerations-aphthous/herpetic/bacterial, (d) fungal candida, (e) human papilloma virus, (f) molluscum contagiosum, (g) squamous oral carcinoma, (h) Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, (i) periodontitis, (j) necrotizing gingivitis, (k) orofacial herpes zoster, and (1) rotaviruses. The present invention furthermore provides specific formulations including such compound(s). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to administering compounds to beings afflicted with one or more parasites (each believed to be a haemoflagellate parasite of man), and to administering compounds to beings afflicted with disease caused by such parasites. More particularly, but not limited thereto, this aspect of the invention relates to administering compounds to beings afflicted with disease caused by one or more of trypanosomia, leishmania, toxoplasma and/or enterocytozoon bieneusi This invention also relates to specific forms in which said compounds can be provided to facilitate administering them. This invention further relates to administering compounds to beings infected with Mycoplasma, to administering compounds to beings afflicted with disease caused by Mycoplasma, and to specific forms in which said compounds can be provided to facilitate administering them. This invention further relates to administering compounds to beings suffering from any one or more of the following indications or infections (a) hairy leukoplakia, (b) oral candidosis, (c) mouth ulcerations aphthous/herpetic/bacterial, (d) fungal candida, (e) human papilloma virus, (f) molluscum contagiosum, (g) squamous oral carcinoma, (h) Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, (i) periodontitis, (j) necrotizing gingivitis, (k) orofacial herpes zoster, and (1) rotaviruses. More particularly, but not limited to, this aspect of the invention relates to administering compounds to HIV infected beings afflicted with oral disease This invention also relates to specific forms in which said compounds can be provided to facilitate administering them. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05292725__

Patents 59

•

Functional characterization of the C-C chemokine-like molecules encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus types 1 and 2 Inventor(s): Brown; Darron R. (Zionsville, IN), Broxmeyer; Hal E. (Indianapolis, IN), Fife; Kenneth H. (Zionsville, IN), Hromas; Robert (Indianapolis, IN), Krathwohl; Michell D. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Advanced Research & Technology Institute (bloomington, In) Patent Number: 6,281,200 Date filed: August 13, 1998 Abstract: The inventors have cloned and expressed the chemokine-like genes from MCV type 1 and the closely related MCV type 2 in order to determine a potential role for these proteins in the viral life cycle. These are the first viral chemokines that have been shown to antagonize the chemotactic activity of human chemokines and the first viral chemokines that have been shown to have inhibitory activity on human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Methods and compositions for exploiting these proteins are disclosed herein. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the fields of inflammatory responses and natural chemokine action. More particularly, it concerns the methods of making and using of novel chemokine-like genes and proteins from MCV type 1 and the closely related MCV type 2. Poxviruses are notorious for their ability to evade the host's immune system by both active and passive mechanisms (Pickup, 1994). Since the eradication of smallpox, the only poxvirus that naturally infects humans is molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). MCV causes benign proliferative lesions of the skin in normal and immunocompromised individuals. Persons with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) sometimes get extensive MCV infections which can be disfiguring (Ray and Gateley III, 1994; Smith et al., 1994). There are at least two types of MCV based on restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of viral DNA (Darai et al., 1986; Porter et al., 1989; Thompson et al., 1990). Some epidemiological studies have been reported, but there is no consensus on anatomic or patient group distribution of the two MCV types. Although MCV cannot be propagated in tissue culture, the inventors and others have shown recently that MCV can be grown in human tissue implanted into immunodeficient mice (Buller et al., 1995; Fife et al., 1996). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06281200__

•

Lithium treatment Inventor(s): Horrobin; David F. (Lythe Hill Park, GB2) Assignee(s): Efamol Holdings Plc (surrey, Gb2) Patent Number: 5,223,271 Date filed: September 24, 1991 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of the human or animal body to combat Molluscum Contagiosum, said treatment comprising topically administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a physiologically acceptable lithium compound to affected areas on said body.It also extends to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a physiologically acceptable lithium compound together with at least one keratolytic and/or skin

60

Molluscum Contagiosum

penetration assisting agent and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of skin disorders and in particular to a new medical use for lithium in the treatment of Molluscum Contagiosum. Molluscum Contagiosum is a common infectious skin disease caused by a pox virus. It occurs predominantly in children and is characterised by the appearance on the body of lobulated epidermal outgrowths or lesions. These lesions, which are the result of excessive cellular proliferation stimulated in the keratinocyte layer by virus which has entered through the skin, appear as white shining papules, 5-10 mm in diameter. Each lesion, which may have a central pore, contains within its center dead skin cells which have been killed by the virus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05223271__ •

Method and system for growing molluscum contagiosum in xenografts to immunocompromised hosts Inventor(s): Paslin; David A. (1684 Lexington Ave., San Mateo, CA 94402) Assignee(s): Paslin; David A. (san Mateo, Ca) Patent Number: 5,885,822 Date filed: August 20, 1996 Abstract: A method and system is provided for the growth of the molluscum contagiosum virus in human skin xenografted to an immunocompromised host. A human skin graft is infected with molluscum contagiosum virus attached to or beneath a skin section of the immunocompromised host. According to the method, a section of skin of an immunocompromised host is prepared for receiving a human skin xenograft which is then placed onto or into the host. The human skin is infected with the molluscum contagiosum virus. The animals are monitored and the newly grown virus and its products are harvested for further study. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a system and method for growing molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) in human keratinocytes and, more specifically, for growing MCV in human keratinocytes through a xenograft to an immunocompromised host. Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) causes an asymptomatic, indolent, harmless infection of human skin. However, in people with impaired immunity, especially in people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), MCV often becomes morbid with the development of many nodules some of which are large in size. The difficulty associated with growing MCV in culture appears to be due to a defect in the expression of the genome in MCV. Mouse embryo cells infected with vaccinia have been shown to synthesize viral RNA and polypeptides. The same cells infected with MCV do not synthesize viral RNA and viral polypeptides. Shand, et al., J. Gen. Virol. (1976) 33:281-295. In culture, MCV has been shown to induce a nontransmissible cytopathic effect, but does not produce infectious progeny. Francis, et al., J. Virology (1976) 19:382-388. With the exception of one report (Buller, et al., Virology (1995) 213:655-659), attempts to grow MCV off a human host have repeatedly failed. For example, MCV was found not to grow on the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos, on normal human skin grafted onto the chorioallantoic membrane or in cultures of human fetal skin. Postlethwaite, Arch Environ Health (1970) 21:432-452. MCV has been found not to grow following inoculation into the skin, footpad, peritoneal cavity or brain of hairless mice. MCV has also been found not to grow in

Patents 61

cultures of human embryonic liver or lung or in cultures of African green and cynomolgus monkey kidney cells or in cultures of human amnion and human foreskin. Postlethwaite, Arch Environ Health (1970) 21:432-452. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05885822__

Patent Applications on Molluscum Contagiosum As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to molluscum contagiosum: •

Atopic dermatitis treatment method Inventor(s): Paslin, David A.; (San Mateo, CA) Correspondence: Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati; 650 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 943041050 Patent Application Number: 20020009489 Date filed: August 1, 2001 Abstract: Compositions are provided for treating atopic dermatitis, other atopic diseases and other inflammatory or allergic skin disorders. The compositions include proteins from Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV), or fragments, variants, analogs, and derivatives thereof which exhibit AD inhibiting activity. Examples of MCV proteins which exhibit AD inhibiting activity include MC148P1, MC148P2, MC148P3, other MC148P type proteins, and fragments, variants, analogs, and derivatives of MC148P1, MC148P2, MC148P3, and other MC148P type-proteins which possess AD inhibiting activity. The fragments, variants, analogs and derivatives may be less than 100 % homologous to MCV proteings so long as they are sufficiently homologous such that AD inhibiting activity is preserved. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of inflammatory and/or allergic skin disorders and more particularly to the treatment of Atopic Dermatitis using compositions which include a protein derived from Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV). Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a genetically determined, reaginically (IgE) associated, chronic disease of the skin affecting approximately 8 million adults and children in the United States. In AD, the skin is dry, easily irritated, subject to immediate hypersensitivity type of allergic responses, typically scaly, often thickened, commonly red, frequently infected, sometimes exudative and above all itchy. Among adults with AD, coexisting respiratory allergy (allergic rhinitis and/or asthma), has been reported to range from 63 % to 85 %. Reaginic diseases, i.e. atopic diseases, are characterized by the capacity to form IgE antibodies, on a genetic basis, resulting in immediate hypersensitivity reactions upon exposure to many specific allergens, most prominent among which may be the house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), but which also include pollens, molds and danders. Multiple genetic factors contribute to expression of this phenotype. Atopic susceptibility genes include those making several major histocompatibility complex (HLA) class II molecules, IL-4 receptor proteins and IgE high affinity receptor proteins. An atopy susceptibility gene recently identified

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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involves a guanine for adenine substitution at nucleotide 1902 of the IL-4 receptor gene, synthesizing the.alpha. subunit of the IL-4 receptor on the surface of B lymphocytes which results in an arginine for glutamine substitution at peptide position 576 (R576). This substitution was found in 57 % of patients with AD, but in only 17 % of non-atopic controls, p=0.001. A majority of subjects identified as carrying a single copy of the mutant allele had atopy, suggesting a dominant effect, yet penetrance is modified by other factors, since others carrying allele R576 lacked atopy. R576 alters the binding profile of the adjacent phosphorylated tyrosine residue, which impairs enzyme mediated termination of signaling of cytokine receptors, causing sustained or exaggerated receptor signaling. (NEJM 337:172-5, 1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with molluscum contagiosum, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on molluscum contagiosum. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning molluscum contagiosum. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

63

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to molluscum contagiosum. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on molluscum contagiosum include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on molluscum contagiosum: •

Oral Manifestations of AIDS Source: Torrance, CA: Homestead Schools, Inc. 2000. [37 p.]. Contact: Available from Homestead Schools, Inc. 23844 Hawthorne Boulevard, Suite 200, Torrance, CA 90505. (310) 791-9975. Fax (310) 791-0135. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.homesteadschools.com. PRICE: $36.00 plus shipping and handling. Course No. 6215. Summary: Knowledge of HIV infection has become a critically important requirement for professionals responsible for oral health care delivery. This continuing education program for dentists focuses on the oral manifestations of AIDS. Topics covered include the nature of HIV infection, including demographics, pathogenesis, transmission, progression, survival and treatment strategies; the oral manifestations of HIV infection, including the role of clinicians and dental professionals, transmission risks, saliva, other

64

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transmissible diseases, differential diagnosis, and patient approach; fungal infections, including candidiasis, histoplasmosis, and other oral fungal infections; viral infections, including herpes family viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and oral hairy leukoplakia, varicella virus reactivation, cytomegalovirus (CMV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and condyloma acuminatum, molluscum contagiosum (MC), and hepatitis viruses; bacterial infections, including necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and periodontitis, non-oral-flora opportunists, and tuberculosis (TB); HIV associated malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and squamous carcinoma; and other HIVassociated lesions, including recurrent aphthous-like stomatitis, hypersensitivity and lichenoid reaction, sialadenitis (inflamed salivary glands) and xerostomia (dry mouth), thrombocytopenia, and ulcerative stomatitis and unclassified lesions. The program includes a posttest with which readers can qualify for continuing education credit. •

Atlas of Diseases of the Oral Cavity in HIV Infection Source: Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard. 1995. 152 p. Contact: Available from Munksgaard. 35 Norre Sogade, P.O. Box 2148, DK-1016, Copenhagen K, Denmark. Telephone +45 33 12 70 30; Fax +45 33 12 93 87; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.munksgaard.dk/publishers/. PRICE: DKK 400,000 plus postage; contact directly for current price in US dollars. ISBN: 8716115090. Summary: This atlas of oral diseases in HIV infection depicts and describes the oral manifestations of HIV in three sections. The authors stress that oral manifestations are often the key to an initial clinical diagnosis of HIV infection. The introductory material discusses epidemiology, the global aspects of HIV seropositivity, predictions for the future, and the classification of oral lesions associated with HIV infection. The first section covers lesions strongly associated with HIV infection including candidiasis, hyperplasia, angular cheilitis, hairy leukoplakia, periodontal diseases, linear gingival erythema, necrotizing gingivitis, stomatitis and periodontitis, Kaposi's sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The second section covers lesions less commonly associated with HIV infection including tuberculosis, hyperpigmentation, pigmentation of the nails, enlargement of major salivary glands, lymphoepithelial lesion, thrombocytopenia, atypical ulceration, herpes labialis, herpetic stomatitis, herpes zoster, varicella, condyloma acuminatum, focal epithelial hyperplasis, and verruca vulgaris. The third section outlines lesions seen in HIV infection, notably Klebsiella pneumonia infection, bacillar epithelioid angiomatosis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug-induced ulcerations, cryptococcoses, mucormycosis, penicilliosis, facial nerve paralysis, aphthous ulceration, cytomegalovirus-induced oral ulceration, and molluscum contagiosum. A final section describes other lesions, including exfoliative cheilitis, impetigo contagiosa, secondary syphilis, lichenoid lesions of buccal mucosa, and oral cancer. The atlas depicts each manifestation with a full-color photograph and provides brief descriptions. The book concludes with a list of references, coding according to the international classification of diseases, and a subject index. 111 figures. 193 references.

Chapters on Molluscum Contagiosum In order to find chapters that specifically relate to molluscum contagiosum, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and molluscum contagiosum using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book

Books

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chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on molluscum contagiosum: •

Viral Diseases Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 88-123. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: Many viral diseases present with oral lesions. This lengthy chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses the etiology, clinical features, histopathology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis for a variety of viral diseases. Diseases covered include herpes simplex, primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, recurrent herpes simplex, eczema herpeticum, varicella, herpes zoster, herpangina, acute lymphonodular pharyngitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hoof-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, smallpox, vaccinia, orf, measles, rubella, infectious mononucleosis, mumps, human papillomavirus, oral squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease), molluscum contagiosum, Kawasaki's disease, HIV infections, and AIDS. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for each section. 56 figures. 189 references. (AA-M).

•

Acquired Mucosal Disorders Source: in Scully, C., et al. Color Atlas of Orofacial Health and Disease in Children and Adolescents. London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd. 2002. p.123-173. Contact: Available from Martin Dunitz Ltd, The Livery House. 7-9 Pratt Street, London, England NW1 0AE. 4404074822202. Website: www.dunitz.co.uk. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $125.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1841841021. Summary: This chapter on acquired mucosal disorders is from a full-color atlas that covers the presentation of the common orofacial disorders and a wide range of less common and some rare disorders. The chapter begins with an overview of common complaints associated with acquired mucosal disorders, including lumps and swellings, pigmented lesions, red lesions, ulcers, and white lesions. The chapter then covers acute candidosis (thrush, candidiasis, moniliasis), amalgam and other tattoos, angioedema, angular stomatitis (angular cheilitis), aphthae (recurrent aphthous stomatitis), Behcet's syndrome, bites, burns, carcinoma, chapped lips, check-chewing, cheilitis, choristoma, Crohn's disease, deep mycoses, erythema multiforme, exfoliative cheilitis, furred tongue, celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy), hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, herpes simplex infections, human papillomavirus infections, iatrogenic injury, impetigo, infectious mononucleosis, keratosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lichenoid lesions, lingual papillitis, lip fissures, lupus erythematosus, lymphoepithelial cyst, lymphoma, macroglossia and microglossia, measles (rubeola), median rhomboid glossitis, melanotic macule, melanocytic nevus, molluscum contagiosum, orofacial granulomatosis, papillary hyperplasia, pemphigus vulgaris, pyostomatitis vegetans, scleroderma, self-mutilation, syphilis, traumatic ulcers, and varicella-zoster virus

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infections (chickenpox). Full-color photographs are accompanied by brief text entries describing each condition and noting diagnostic and management considerations for each. 107 figures. 8 tables. •

Chapter 204: Viral Skin Infections Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 3 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have viral skin infections with information on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of warts and molluscum contagiosum. Warts, which are caused by any of 60 related human papillomarviruses, are small skin growths that are easily spread from one area of the body to another. Most warts are harmless, and the most common types do not become cancerous. The ultimate size and shape of a wart depends on the particular virus that caused it and its position on the body. Common warts are firm growths that usually have a rough surface; are round or irregular; are grayish, yellow, or brown; and are typically less than half an inch in diameter. Plantar warts, which develop on the sole of the foot, are usually flattened by the pressure of walking and are surrounded by thickened skin. Filiform warts are small, long, narrow growths that occur on the eyelids, face, neck, or lips. Flat warts usually appear in groups as smooth, yellow brown spots, mainly on the face. Treatment depends on the location, type, and severity of the warts and the length of time they have been on the body. Common warts usually disappear without treatment within 2 years. Treatment options include applying a solution or plaster containing salicylic and lactic acids to the wart to soften it, freezing the wart with liquid nitrogen, electrodesiccating the wart, and applying chemicals to destroy it. Plantar warts can be treated by paring them with a knife, freezing them, and applying chemicals. Flat warts are often treated with peeling agents. Molluscum contagiosum, an infection of the skin caused by a poxvirus, causes skin colored, smooth, waxy bumps. Although common in the groin and pubic areas, it can infect any part of the body. Treatment involves freezing the growths or removing their core with a needle.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover molluscum contagiosum.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on molluscum contagiosum is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to molluscum contagiosum. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for molluscum contagiosum: •

Topical cidofovir clears severe molluscum contagiosum in children with AIDS Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 24, 2000

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•

Protective Enzyme In Molluscum Contagiosum Virus Identified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 05, 1998

•

Molluscum Contagiosum Virus: Complete Genome Sequence Identified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 09, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to molluscum contagiosum, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Molluscum Contagiosum Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to molluscum contagiosum. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering molluscum contagiosum that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for molluscum contagiosum. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with molluscum contagiosum. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks,

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etc.). The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to molluscum contagiosum: Cidofovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vistide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203520.html

Tretinoin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vesanoid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203663.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Avita; Renova; Retin-A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202574.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1072 17 14 48 5 1156

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on molluscum contagiosum can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to molluscum contagiosum. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to molluscum contagiosum. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “molluscum contagiosum”:

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Hepatitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitis.html Premature Ovarian Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prematureovarianfailure.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Viral Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on molluscum contagiosum. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

What Is Molluscum Contagiosum? Contact: California Department of Health Services, Office of AIDS, California AIDS Clearinghouse, 1443 N Martel Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90046-4207, (323) 845-4180, http://www.hivinfo.org/cac/cachouse.shtml. Summary: This fact sheet provides a general overview of molluscum contagiosum, a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Molluscum Contagiosum can be transmitted during sex, through skin-to-skin contact, or through sharing common objects such as towels. The symptoms of this STD include several tan, yellow, gray, or pink smooth, firm rounded bumps with a dip in the center that appear on the thighs, sex organs, anus, navel, below the waist, and, in some people, the face. Individuals can help to prevent Molluscum Contagiosum by practicing safer sex with condoms during every sexual encounter and checking partners for signs of STDs. This STD is generally treated with liquid nitrogen. If individuals believe they may have Molluscum Contagiosum they should see a health care provider immediately and keep all return appointments. The fact sheet provides contact information for services from which individuals can learn more about STDs and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Patient Resources

•

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Molluscum Contagiosum Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). 2000. 6 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology, Marketing Department. P.O. Box 2289, Carol Stream, IL 60132-2289. (847) 240-1280. Fax (847) 240-1859. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aad.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk prices available. Summary: This pamphlet uses a question and answer format to provide people who have molluscum contagiosum with information on the etiology, symptoms, and treatment of this common noncancerous skin growth caused by a viral infection. Although these growths are similar to warts, they are caused by a different virus. The molluscum virus is transmitted from the skin of an infected person to the skin of another person. The growths are usually small, flesh colored or pink, and dome shaped. Molluscum is more common in children than adults, and it seems to be more common in tropical climates. Molluscum will eventually go away on their own without leaving a scar, but it may take from 6 months to 5 years for all of the molluscum to go away on their own. They can be frozen with liquid nitrogen, destroyed with various acids or blistering solutions, treated with an electric needle, scraped off with a sharp instrument, treated daily with a home application of a topical retinoid cream or gel, or treated with a topical immune modifier or a topical antiviral medication. New drugs are being developed to treat viral infections, and if they can be developed in topical form, they may be of benefit in the treatment of molluscum in the future. 4 figures. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

2002 national guideline on the management of molluscum contagiosum Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3049&nbr=2275&a mp;string=molluscum+AND+contagiosum

•

Guidelines for the management of leg ulcers in Ireland Source: Smith and Nephew, Ltd. - Private For Profit Organization; 2002; 44 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3616&nbr=2842&a mp;string=molluscum+AND+contagiosum The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to molluscum contagiosum. The drawbacks of this approach are that the

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information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to molluscum contagiosum. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with molluscum contagiosum. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about molluscum contagiosum. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Patient Resources

85

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “molluscum contagiosum” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “molluscum contagiosum”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “molluscum contagiosum” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “molluscum contagiosum” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 89

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 91

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

93

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on molluscum contagiosum: •

Basic Guidelines for Molluscum Contagiosum AIDS Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm HIV infection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000602.htm Molluscum contagiosum Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000826.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Molluscum Contagiosum Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Nodules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003230.htm

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Papule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003233.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lesions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Molluscum Contagiosum Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm

•

Background Topics for Molluscum Contagiosum Autoinoculation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002218.htm Central Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Condoms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004001.htm Safer sex behaviors Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001949.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

Online Glossaries 95

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

97

MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of

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antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]

that

produce

immediate

hypersensitivity

Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH]

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Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anogenital: Pertaining to the anus and external genitals. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH]

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Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving

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chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buccal mucosa: The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH]

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Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]

Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]

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Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Chorioallantoic membrane: The membrane in hen's eggs that helps chicken embryos get enough oxygen and calcium for development. The calcium comes from the egg shell. [NIH] Choristoma: A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cidofovir: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but

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some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Comedo: A plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle, frequently containing the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus albus, and Pityrosporon ovale; called also blackhead. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU]

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Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Condyloma: C. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. [EU] Condylomata Acuminata: Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Coxsackieviruses: A heterogeneous group of the genus enterovirus found in association with various diseases in man and other animals. Two groups (A and B) have been identified with a number of serotypes in each. The name is derived from a village in New York State where the virus was first identified. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]

Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Cryptococcus: A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium. [NIH]

Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH]

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Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH]

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Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU]

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Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endonucleases: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enterocytozoon: A genus of parasitic protozoa in the family Enterocytozoonidae, which infects humans. Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been found in the intestines of patients with AIDS. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum

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epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen

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and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides

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in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH]

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Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis Viruses: Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small

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intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization

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involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be

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clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-11: Lymphohematopoietic cytokine that has the ability to modulate antigenspecific antibody responses, potentiate megakaryocytes, and regulate bone marrow adipogenesis. [NIH] Interleukin-18: Cytokine which resembles IL-1 structurally and IL-12 functionally. It enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK cells and CTLs, and appears to play a role both as neuroimmunomodulator and in the induction of mucosal immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU]

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Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratoacanthoma: A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and zalcitabine analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Leishmania: A genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. As a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: Leishmania leishmania and Leishmania viannia. Species within the Leishmania leishmania subgenus include: L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. donovani, L. enrietti, L. gerbilli, L. hertigi, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica. The following species are those that compose the Leishmania viannia subgenus: L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, and L. shawi. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

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Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH]

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Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH]

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Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Molluscipoxvirus: A genus of Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxviridae, infecting humans. Transmission is by direct contact among children, by sexual contact among young adults, or by fomites. Molluscum contagiosum virus is the type species. [NIH] Molluscum Contagiosum Virus: A species of molluscipoxvirus causing skin lesions in humans. It is transmitted by direct contact or from non-living reservoirs (fomites), such as books or clothing. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mutilation: Injuries to the body. [NIH]

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Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains

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RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orf: A specific disease of sheep and goats caused by a pox-virus that is transmissible to man and characterized by vesiculation and ulceration of the lips. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous

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membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Papule: A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU]

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Periorbital: Situated around the orbit, or eye socket. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH]

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Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH]

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Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU]

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Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH]

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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Behavior: Sexual activities of humans. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and

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types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenectomy: An operation to remove the spleen. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and

Dictionary 129

occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thioredoxin: A hydrogen-carrying protein that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide during ribonucleotide reduction. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH]

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Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasma: A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. T. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites of man. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and

Dictionary 131

also as a caustic for removing warts. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose Ulcer: Ulcer due to varicose veins. Chronic venous insufficiency in the deep veins of the legs leads to shunting the venous return into the superficial veins, in which pressure and flow rate, as well as oxygen content, are increased. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Variola Virus: A species of Orthopoxvirus causing infections in humans. No infections have been reported since 1977 and the virus is now believed to be virtually extinct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small,

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circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA

Dictionary 133

during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

135

INDEX A Abdomen, 3, 97, 111, 117, 122, 123, 128, 129 Abdominal, 97, 123 Ablation, 9, 42, 97 Abscess, 28, 36, 97 Acantholysis, 97, 122 Acetylcholine, 97, 120 Acetylgalactosamine, 97, 111 Acetylglucosamine, 97, 111 Acne, 97, 130 Acne Vulgaris, 97, 130 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 17, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 39, 97 Adenine, 62, 97 Adverse Effect, 97, 127 Afferent, 97, 109 Affinity, 61, 97 Algorithms, 98, 101 Alkaline, 98, 102 Allergens, 61, 98, 112 Allergic Rhinitis, 61, 98, 112 Alternative medicine, 68, 98 Amber, 98, 114 Amino acid, 6, 98, 99, 100, 103, 111, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131 Amino Acid Sequence, 98, 99 Ammonia, 98, 111 Amnion, 61, 98 Amniotic Fluid, 98 Amyloid, 98, 111 Anaerobic, 98, 120, 128 Anaesthesia, 98, 114 Analog, 48, 98, 116, 126 Anemia, 98, 133 Angioedema, 65, 99 Animal model, 5, 99 Annealing, 99, 124 Anogenital, 99, 105 Antibacterial, 99, 128 Antibiotic, 99, 128 Antibodies, 12, 50, 61, 99, 112, 118, 123 Antibody, 20, 26, 29, 34, 36, 37, 98, 99, 104, 112, 113, 114, 115, 127 Anticoagulant, 99, 125 Antigen, 9, 97, 98, 99, 104, 106, 112, 113, 114, 115, 127 Antigen-presenting cell, 99, 106

Anti-infective, 99, 113, 116 Antimetabolite, 99, 119 Antineoplastic, 99, 119, 124 Antioxidant, 99, 121 Antiviral, 5, 6, 83, 99, 115 Antiviral Agents, 6, 99 Anus, 82, 99, 104, 115, 122 Aphthous Stomatitis, 65, 100 Apoptosis, 6, 33, 100, 102 Aqueous, 100, 106, 113 Arginine, 62, 100, 120 Arterial, 100, 116, 125 Arteries, 100, 105, 119 Aspiration, 35, 100 Assay, 5, 20, 38, 100 Asymptomatic, 60, 100 Atopic, 12, 20, 21, 42, 61, 100 Atypical, 12, 15, 42, 50, 64, 100, 115 B Bacteria, 6, 99, 100, 104, 111, 119, 120, 128, 131 Bacterial Infections, 64, 100 Bacteriophage, 100, 132 Basal cell carcinoma, 10, 24, 100 Basal cells, 100 Base, 97, 100, 116 Benign, 3, 6, 59, 100, 110, 116, 120, 121, 126 Bilateral, 36, 100 Bile, 100, 117 Bioavailability, 5, 100 Biochemical, 5, 8, 99, 100, 101, 129 Biochemical reactions, 101, 129 Biological response modifier, 101, 115 Biological Warfare, 7, 101 Biopsy, 94, 101 Biotechnology, 5, 8, 9, 68, 77, 101 Bladder, 101, 125, 131 Blister, 101, 122 Blood Coagulation, 101, 102, 129 Blood Platelets, 101, 118, 129 Blot, 9, 18, 101 Bone Marrow, 22, 101, 114, 115, 118, 119, 125, 133 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 22, 101 Bradykinin, 101, 120 Branch, 91, 101, 118, 122, 125, 127, 129 Buccal, 64, 101, 117, 128 Buccal mucosa, 64, 101

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Molluscum Contagiosum

Bupivacaine, 101, 117 Burns, 65, 101 Burns, Electric, 101 C Calcium, 5, 102, 103, 104 Callus, 102, 116 Candidiasis, 64, 65, 102 Candidosis, 58, 65, 102 Cantharidin, 13, 14, 102 Capsid, 102, 132 Carbohydrate, 102, 111, 124 Carcinogenic, 102, 125 Carcinoma, 58, 64, 65, 102, 128 Cardiac, 102, 108, 109, 117, 120 Case report, 13, 20, 24, 30, 35, 39, 102 Case series, 35, 102 Caspase, 9, 13, 45, 102 Caustic, 102, 131 Celiac Disease, 65, 102 Cell Death, 100, 103 Cell Division, 100, 103, 119, 123 Cellulitis, 32, 103 Cervical, 103, 126 Character, 103, 106, 111 Cheilitis, 64, 65, 103 Chemokines, 4, 59, 103 Chemotaxis, 4, 103 Chemotherapy, 4, 6, 103 Chickenpox, 66, 103 Chorioallantoic membrane, 60, 103 Choristoma, 65, 103 Chromatin, 100, 103 Chromosome, 29, 103, 117 Chronic, 19, 22, 47, 61, 94, 97, 103, 115, 116, 117, 122, 125, 126, 129, 131, 132 Chronic Disease, 61, 103, 117 Cidofovir, 19, 41, 47, 67, 72, 103 Cimetidine, 14, 26, 37, 48, 103 Clinical Medicine, 25, 103, 124 Clinical trial, 4, 77, 103, 107 Cloning, 8, 12, 29, 101, 103 Codon, 103, 127 Collagen, 98, 104, 109, 123 Colon, 6, 104 Comedo, 36, 104 Complement, 104, 110, 118 Complementation, 8, 104 Complete remission, 10, 104, 126 Complete response, 104 Computational Biology, 77, 104 Concomitant, 22, 104 Condoms, 82, 94, 105

Condyloma, 28, 40, 64, 65, 105 Condylomata Acuminata, 32, 105 Congestion, 105, 109 Connective Tissue, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 110, 118, 119, 126 Contraindications, ii, 105 Cornea, 105, 133 Corneum, 105, 109 Coronary, 105, 119 Coronary Thrombosis, 105, 119 Cowpox, 105, 131 Cowpox Virus, 105, 131 Coxsackieviruses, 105, 112 Cranial, 105, 109 Cryosurgery, 29, 105 Cryotherapy, 3, 25, 105 Cryptococcosis, 16, 17, 18, 105 Cryptococcus, 17, 38, 105 Curative, 105, 129 Curettage, 4, 16, 20, 49, 105 Curette, 105 Cyclic, 106, 111, 120 Cyst, 65, 106 Cytochrome, 103, 106 Cytokine, 7, 62, 106, 115 Cytomegalovirus, 43, 64, 106 Cytoplasm, 8, 100, 106, 119, 126 Cytotoxic, 106, 115 Cytotoxicity, 44, 106 D Degenerative, 106, 112 Deletion, 100, 106 Dementia, 97, 106 Denaturation, 106, 124 Dendrites, 106 Dendritic, 15, 106, 118 Dendritic cell, 15, 106 Dentists, 63, 106 Depressive Disorder, 106, 117 Dermal, 50, 107 Dermatitis, 12, 20, 21, 42, 61, 107 Dermis, 99, 107 Detoxification, 6, 107 Diagnostic procedure, 57, 68, 107 Digestion, 100, 107, 117, 128 Dilatation, 99, 107, 124, 131 Diploid, 104, 107, 123 Direct, iii, 6, 9, 18, 71, 103, 107, 119, 126 Discrete, 107, 133 Dissociation, 97, 107 Dorsal, 107, 109 Dose-dependent, 107, 133

Index 137

Double-blind, 47, 48, 107 Drug Interactions, 72, 107 Duct, 107, 126 E Ectopic, 39, 107 Eczema, 19, 38, 45, 65, 107 Edema, 99, 107, 121 Effector, 45, 97, 104, 107 Efferent, 107, 109 Elastic, 107, 111 Elective, 42, 108 Electrolysis, 28, 108 Electrolyte, 108, 124 Emaciation, 97, 108 Embryo, 60, 98, 108, 114 Endocarditis, 102, 108 Endogenous, 107, 108 Endonucleases, 108, 126 Endothelium, 108, 120 Endothelium-derived, 108, 120 Enterocytozoon, 58, 108 Environmental Health, 76, 78, 108 Enzymatic, 8, 98, 102, 104, 108, 112, 116, 124 Enzyme, 7, 20, 62, 68, 102, 107, 108, 111, 122, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 133 Enzyme Inhibitors, 7, 108 Epidemic, 11, 108 Epidemiological, 31, 59, 108 Epidermal, 14, 15, 60, 64, 108, 116, 118, 132 Epidermal Growth Factor, 14, 108 Epidermis, 19, 97, 100, 101, 105, 107, 108, 113, 116, 122, 124, 125 Epinephrine, 109, 120, 131 Epithelial, 26, 40, 64, 65, 108, 109, 112, 116, 121 Epithelial Cells, 108, 109, 112 Epithelium, 105, 108, 109, 122, 133 Erythema, 21, 64, 65, 93, 109 Erythema Multiforme, 65, 109 Erythrocytes, 98, 101, 109 Eukaryotic Cells, 8, 109, 114, 120, 121 Excipient, 60, 109 Exfoliation, 109, 120 Exogenous, 107, 108, 109 Extracellular, 98, 105, 109 Extracellular Matrix, 105, 109 Extremity, 109, 116 Eye socket, 109, 123 F Facial, 17, 21, 22, 64, 109 Facial Expression, 109

Facial Nerve, 64, 109 Family Planning, 77, 109 Fat, 101, 109, 117, 127 Fibroblasts, 10, 33, 109 Fibroma, 31, 110 Follicles, 110 Folliculitis, 50, 110 Foramen, 110, 123 Fungi, 110, 119, 129, 132 Fungus, 102, 105, 110 G Ganglion, 110, 133 Gas, 98, 110, 113, 120 Gastric, 103, 108, 110, 112, 122 Gastrin, 103, 110, 112 Gene, 8, 10, 14, 28, 42, 44, 61, 101, 110, 130 Gene Expression, 8, 110, 130 Genetic Engineering, 101, 103, 110 Genetic testing, 110, 124 Genital, 3, 10, 23, 27, 33, 48, 110 Genotype, 110, 123 Gingivitis, 58, 64, 110 Gland, 110, 118, 125, 127, 129, 130 Glossitis, 65, 110 Glucuronic Acid, 110, 112 Glutamic Acid, 111, 120 Glutamine, 62, 111 Glutathione Peroxidase, 6, 111, 127 Gluten, 65, 102, 111 Glycine, 98, 111, 120 Glycoproteins, 25, 111 Glycosaminoglycans, 9, 33, 111 Goats, 111, 121 Governing Board, 111, 124 Graft, 111, 113, 114 Graft Rejection, 111, 114 Gram-negative, 111, 120 Granule, 111, 126 Granuloma, 15, 24, 111 Groin, 66, 111 Guanine, 62, 111 Guanylate Cyclase, 111, 120 H Hair follicles, 107, 110, 111, 128, 132 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, 65, 112 Haptens, 97, 112 Hay Fever, 98, 112 Heart failure, 112, 121 Hemolytic, 112, 114 Heparin, 5, 112 Hepatitis, 43, 64, 82, 112, 115 Hepatitis Viruses, 64, 112

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Molluscum Contagiosum

Hepatocytes, 112 Hepatomegaly, 112, 115 Heredity, 97, 110, 112 Herpes, 31, 43, 50, 58, 64, 65, 112 Herpes Zoster, 31, 50, 58, 64, 65, 112 Heterogeneity, 97, 112 Histamine, 103, 112, 113 Histiocytosis, 65, 112 Homologous, 61, 112 Hormone, 6, 109, 110, 112, 116, 130 Horny layer, 109, 113 Host, 6, 7, 8, 19, 28, 29, 59, 60, 100, 102, 113, 114, 131, 132 Human papillomavirus, 4, 15, 47, 64, 65, 105, 113 Hybrid, 21, 113 Hybridization, 9, 18, 113 Hydrogen, 100, 102, 106, 111, 113, 117, 119, 120, 121, 129, 132 Hydrogen Peroxide, 111, 113, 117 Hydroxyproline, 98, 104, 113 Hyperpigmentation, 64, 113 Hyperplasia, 40, 64, 65, 113 Hypersensitivity, 61, 64, 98, 113 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 98, 113 Hypertrophy, 113 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 31, 113 I Id, 25, 28, 54, 83, 84, 90, 92, 113 Immune response, 4, 7, 28, 99, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 131, 132 Immune system, 59, 99, 113, 114, 118, 131, 132 Immunity, 12, 60, 97, 113, 115 Immunization, 113, 114 Immunocompromised, 3, 6, 42, 45, 49, 59, 60, 114 Immunocompromised Host, 42, 60, 114 Immunodeficiency, 20, 26, 32, 41, 47, 82, 97, 113, 114 Immunoglobulin, 42, 99, 114 Immunologic, 3, 114, 133 Immunology, 4, 7, 97, 114 Immunosuppressant, 114, 119 Immunosuppressive, 114 Immunosuppressive therapy, 114 Immunotherapy, 4, 114 Impetigo, 64, 65, 114 In situ, 15, 18, 114 In Situ Hybridization, 18, 114 In vitro, 7, 8, 39, 114, 124, 127, 130 In vivo, 7, 112, 114

Incision, 49, 114, 116 Indolent, 60, 114 Induction, 7, 114, 115, 125 Infancy, 31, 114 Infarction, 105, 114, 119 Infectious Mononucleosis, 65, 115 Infiltration, 115, 124, 133 Inflammation, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 107, 110, 112, 115, 122, 123, 126, 128, 131, 132 Innervation, 109, 115 Interferon, 26, 40, 115 Interferon-alpha, 115 Interleukin-1, 9, 29, 33, 115 Interleukin-11, 29, 115 Interleukin-18, 9, 33, 115 Interleukin-2, 115 Intestinal, 102, 115, 118 Intestinal Mucosa, 102, 115 Intestines, 97, 108, 115 Intracellular, 5, 19, 115, 120, 124, 127 Intrinsic, 98, 115 Invasive, 113, 116 Iodine, 33, 116 K Kb, 76, 116 Keratin, 104, 116, 127 Keratinocytes, 5, 45, 60, 116 Keratoacanthoma, 40, 116 Keratolytic, 59, 116, 124 Keratosis, 65, 97, 116 L Laceration, 27, 116 Lacrimal, 109, 116 Lamivudine, 15, 116 Leg Ulcer, 83, 116 Leishmania, 58, 116 Leprosy, 26, 28, 116 Leucocyte, 116, 117 Leukaemia, 19, 22, 117 Leukocytes, 101, 103, 115, 117, 119 Leukopenia, 117, 133 Leukoplakia, 58, 64, 117 Library Services, 90, 117 Lice, 45, 117 Lidocaine, 16, 48, 117 Life cycle, 4, 59, 110, 116, 117 Ligament, 117, 125 Linkages, 111, 117, 122, 132 Lip, 65, 117 Lipid, 117, 121 Lipid Peroxidation, 117, 121 Lipoprotein, 111, 117, 132

Index 139

Lithium, 59, 60, 117 Liver, 61, 97, 100, 106, 111, 112, 117 Localized, 40, 97, 99, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 126, 131 Lupus, 14, 65, 117 Lymph, 103, 108, 115, 117, 118, 126, 129 Lymph node, 103, 118, 126 Lymphadenopathy, 115, 118 Lymphatic, 108, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 126, 128 Lymphatic system, 117, 118, 126, 128 Lymphocyte, 97, 99, 118 Lymphocyte Count, 97, 118 Lymphocytic, 19, 118 Lymphoid, 99, 116, 118 Lymphoma, 16, 20, 40, 64, 65, 118 Lytic, 118, 132 M Macrophage, 115, 118 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 19, 61, 118 Malabsorption, 102, 118 Malignant, 97, 99, 112, 118, 120, 126 Manic, 117, 118 Mediate, 6, 118 MEDLINE, 77, 118 Megakaryocytes, 115, 118 Melanin, 118, 123, 131 Melanocytes, 113, 118, 120 Membrane, 7, 60, 98, 100, 103, 104, 105, 109, 111, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122 Mental, iv, 4, 76, 78, 106, 107, 118, 125 Mental Health, iv, 4, 76, 78, 118, 125 Mesenchymal, 108, 119 Methotrexate, 36, 119 MI, 9, 20, 29, 30, 36, 42, 94, 119 Microbe, 119, 130 Microbiology, 7, 18, 26, 100, 119 Microorganism, 119, 122, 132 Microscopy, 36, 44, 46, 119, 120 Mitosis, 100, 119 Modification, 98, 110, 119, 132 Molecular, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15, 18, 20, 29, 77, 79, 98, 101, 104, 112, 119 Molecule, 5, 99, 100, 104, 107, 108, 119, 120, 121, 126, 130, 131 Molluscipoxvirus, 119 Monocytes, 115, 117, 119 Mononuclear, 111, 115, 119 Morphological, 108, 110, 118, 119 Mouth Ulcer, 58, 119 Mucins, 111, 119, 126

Mucosa, 65, 117, 119, 128 Mucositis, 119, 130 Mutilation, 65, 119 Mycoplasma, 58, 120 Myocardium, 119, 120 N Necrolysis, 64, 120 Need, 3, 5, 63, 64, 85, 120 Neoplasm, 120, 121, 126, 131 Neoplastic, 116, 118, 120 Nerve, 106, 107, 109, 110, 115, 120, 124, 131, 133 Neurotransmitter, 97, 98, 101, 111, 112, 120 Nevus, 26, 32, 41, 65, 120 Nitric Oxide, 30, 120 Nitrogen, 66, 82, 83, 111, 120 Nuclear, 109, 110, 120, 125 Nuclei, 110, 119, 120, 126 Nucleic acid, 102, 113, 114, 120, 132 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 113, 120 Nucleolus, 120, 126 Nucleus, 8, 100, 103, 106, 109, 119, 120, 121, 128 O Oedema, 40, 121 Opportunistic Infections, 97, 121 Oral Health, 63, 121 Oral Manifestations, 63, 64, 121 Orbit, 109, 121, 123 Orf, 65, 121 Organ Culture, 121, 130 Organelles, 106, 118, 119, 121 Orofacial, 58, 65, 121 Ossification, 36, 121 Ovum, 117, 121 Oxidation, 99, 106, 111, 117, 121 Oxidative Stress, 6, 121 P Palate, 121, 128 Palliative, 121, 129 Papilla, 121 Papillary, 65, 121 Papilloma, 22, 58, 65, 105, 121 Papillomavirus, 122 Papule, 3, 94, 122 Paralysis, 64, 122 Parasite, 58, 122 Parasitic, 108, 117, 122, 130 Patch, 117, 122 Pathogen, 8, 122 Pathogenesis, 63, 122

140

Molluscum Contagiosum

Pathologic, 37, 100, 101, 102, 105, 113, 122, 125 Pathologic Processes, 100, 122 Patient Education, 82, 88, 90, 94, 122 Pelvic, 122, 125 Pelvis, 97, 122 Pemphigus, 65, 97, 122 Penis, 105, 122 Pepsin, 103, 122 Pepsin A, 103, 122 Peptide, 62, 98, 116, 122, 125 Perianal, 27, 105, 122 Periodontal disease, 64, 122 Periodontitis, 58, 64, 110, 122 Perioral, 21, 122 Periorbital, 49, 123 Peritoneal, 60, 121, 123 Peritoneal Cavity, 60, 121, 123 Peritoneum, 123 Pharmacologic, 123, 130 Pharyngitis, 65, 123 Phenotype, 61, 104, 123 Phenylalanine, 122, 123, 131 Phosphorus, 102, 123 Phosphorylated, 62, 123 Physiologic, 123, 126 Pigmentation, 64, 113, 123 Pilot study, 47, 123 Plants, 101, 123, 130 Plasma, 99, 120, 123, 127 Plasma cells, 99, 123 Platelet Aggregation, 120, 123 Platelets, 120, 123 Pleural, 121, 123 Pleural cavity, 121, 123 Pneumonia, 64, 105, 123 Podophyllotoxin, 46, 47, 124 Polymerase, 8, 18, 25, 43, 44, 99, 124 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 18, 25, 124 Polysaccharide, 99, 124 Potassium, 21, 48, 124 Potassium hydroxide, 21, 48, 124 Potentiate, 115, 124 Practice Guidelines, 78, 83, 124 Precursor, 107, 108, 123, 124, 131 Prenatal, 108, 124 Prickle, 97, 116, 124 Probe, 18, 124 Procaine, 117, 124 Progeny, 33, 60, 124 Progression, 6, 63, 99, 124 Progressive, 106, 111, 125, 131

Promoter, 8, 125 Promyelocytic leukemia, 125, 130 Prophylaxis, 59, 99, 125, 131 Prostate, 6, 125 Protease, 125, 126 Protein C, 7, 8, 98, 100, 103, 116, 117, 125, 132 Protein S, 99, 101, 125, 126 Protozoa, 108, 116, 119, 125, 130 Pruritic, 107, 125, 126 Psoriasis, 125, 130 Public Health, 5, 78, 125 Public Policy, 77, 125 Pulmonary, 18, 125 Pustular, 97, 114, 125 R Radiation, 114, 125 Radioactivity, 5, 125 Reactivation, 64, 125 Receptor, 4, 7, 10, 29, 61, 99, 126 Recombinant, 126, 131 Rectum, 99, 104, 110, 125, 126 Reductase, 119, 126, 129 Refer, 1, 101, 104, 110, 112, 126 Refraction, 126, 128 Remission, 126 Restoration, 125, 126 Restriction Mapping, 14, 126 Retinoid, 83, 126 Ribosome, 6, 126, 130 Ritonavir, 41, 126 Rubella, 65, 126 S Salicylic, 33, 66, 126 Saliva, 63, 126 Salivary, 64, 106, 109, 126, 129, 132 Salivary glands, 64, 106, 109, 126 Saquinavir, 15, 126 Sarcoma, 38, 58, 64, 126 Scabies, 45, 126 Scleroderma, 65, 126 Screening, 5, 7, 44, 103, 127 Sebaceous, 32, 39, 107, 127, 132 Sebaceous gland, 39, 107, 127, 132 Sebum, 97, 104, 127 Secretion, 97, 103, 108, 112, 119, 127 Selenium, 6, 127 Selenocysteine, 6, 127 Semen, 125, 127 Sequencing, 10, 124, 127 Serology, 36, 127 Serum, 29, 104, 127

Index 141

Sex Behavior, 94, 127 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 10, 45, 49, 82, 127 Shock, 13, 127 Side effect, 4, 6, 71, 97, 127, 130, 132 Skin graft, 60, 127 Small intestine, 113, 115, 127 Smallpox, 5, 8, 59, 65, 127, 131 Soft tissue, 101, 127 Specialist, 84, 127 Species, 7, 8, 98, 105, 109, 113, 116, 119, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132 Specificity, 5, 98, 127 Spectrum, 35, 128 Sperm, 103, 128 Spinous, 108, 116, 128 Spirochete, 128, 129 Spleen, 106, 118, 128 Splenectomy, 23, 128 Splenomegaly, 115, 128 Squamous, 58, 64, 65, 116, 128 Squamous cell carcinoma, 116, 128 Staphylococcus, 104, 114, 128 Staphylococcus aureus, 114, 128 Stomach, 97, 110, 112, 115, 122, 123, 127, 128 Stomatitis, 64, 65, 128 Stool, 104, 128 Strand, 124, 128 Streptococcal, 44, 128 Streptococci, 114, 128 Streptococcus, 128 Stress, 64, 121, 129 Subacute, 14, 115, 129 Subclinical, 115, 129 Subcutaneous, 99, 103, 107, 121, 129 Submaxillary, 108, 129 Subspecies, 127, 129, 131 Substrate, 108, 129 Sulfur, 116, 129 Suppression, 129, 133 Symphysis, 125, 129 Syphilis, 64, 65, 129 Systemic, 72, 94, 102, 109, 115, 121, 126, 128, 129, 131 T Teratogenic, 129, 130 Terminator, 103, 129, 132 Therapeutics, 5, 72, 129 Thermal, 107, 124, 129 Thigh, 111, 129 Thioredoxin, 6, 129

Thorax, 97, 129 Thrombin, 123, 125, 129 Thrombocytopenia, 64, 129 Thrombomodulin, 125, 129 Thrush, 65, 102, 129 Thymidine, 12, 39, 130 Thyroid, 6, 116, 130, 131 Tissue, 59, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 130, 131 Tissue Culture, 59, 130 Topical, 11, 15, 16, 30, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 67, 72, 83, 113, 130 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 7, 130 Toxic, iv, 6, 13, 64, 102, 106, 113, 124, 127, 130, 132, 133 Toxicity, 15, 107, 130 Toxicology, 78, 130 Toxins, 99, 110, 115, 130 Toxoplasma, 58, 130 Trace element, 6, 130 Trachea, 130 Transcriptase, 116, 130, 132 Transfection, 101, 130 Translation, 6, 98, 130 Transplantation, 114, 118, 130 Tretinoin, 50, 72, 130 Trichloroacetic Acid, 40, 130 Tumour, 24, 110, 131 Tunica, 119, 131 Tyrosine, 62, 131 U Ulcer, 103, 131 Ulceration, 64, 116, 121, 131 Unconscious, 113, 131 Urethra, 122, 125, 131 Urine, 101, 108, 131 V Vaccination, 5, 131 Vaccine, 8, 131 Vaccinia, 5, 8, 9, 43, 60, 65, 131 Vaccinia Virus, 8, 9, 43, 131 Vagina, 102, 131 Vaginitis, 102, 131 Varicella, 64, 65, 131 Varicose, 116, 131 Varicose Ulcer, 116, 131 Variola, 5, 8, 131 Variola Virus, 5, 131 Vascular, 99, 107, 108, 113, 114, 115, 120, 121, 131 Vasodilators, 120, 131

142

Molluscum Contagiosum

Vector, 8, 131 Venereal, 50, 54, 129, 131 Venous, 116, 121, 125, 131 Verruca, 28, 64, 65, 131 Vesicular, 65, 112, 127, 131, 132 Veterinary Medicine, 77, 132 Villous, 102, 132 Viral, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 20, 28, 35, 40, 50, 59, 60, 64, 65, 66, 82, 83, 99, 102, 112, 132 Virion, 44, 132 Virulence, 130, 132 Virulent, 6, 132 Virus Diseases, 99, 132 Vitro, 7, 112, 132 Vivo, 132 Vulgaris, 28, 64, 65, 97, 132

W Wart, 28, 66, 116, 132 White blood cell, 99, 115, 117, 118, 123, 132 Windpipe, 130, 132 X Xenograft, 24, 60, 99, 132 Xerostomia, 64, 132 Y Yeasts, 102, 110, 123, 132 Z Zalcitabine, 116, 132 Zidovudine, 15, 32, 132 Zoster, 65, 133 Zymogen, 125, 133

Index 143

144

Molluscum Contagiosum

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