MASTITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Mastitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84493-3 1. Mastitis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on mastitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MASTITIS ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Mastitis ......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MASTITIS ......................................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Mastitis........................................................................................ 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON MASTITIS ..................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Dissertations on Mastitis............................................................................................................. 59 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MASTITIS................................................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patents on Mastitis ...................................................................................................................... 61 Patent Applications on Mastitis .................................................................................................. 83 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 103 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MASTITIS ................................................................................................. 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 105 Chapters on Mastitis.................................................................................................................. 106 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MASTITIS ................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 107 Academic Periodicals covering Mastitis .................................................................................... 108 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 113 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 115 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 117 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 119 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 121 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 123 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 123 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 123 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 129 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 130 MASTITIS DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 131 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 179
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with mastitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about mastitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to mastitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on mastitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to mastitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on mastitis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MASTITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on mastitis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and mastitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “mastitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Lactation in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Source: Progress in Food and Nutrition Science. Volume 14. 1990. p. 333-370. Summary: This article investigates factors that influence successful breastfeeding in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Topics include lactation in women with diabetes; hormonal changes in pregnancy and lactation; the role of prolactin in initiating lactation; thyroid hormones; milk synthesis; prolactin and insulin interrelationship; the role of insulin deficiency in diabetic lactation, including mammary gland metabolism; glucose transport, and RNA/DNA syntheses; insulin deficiency and breast milk of women with diabetes, including milk macronutrient composition, milk yield, hypoglycemia, breast milk macronutrient composition of women with diabetes, breast milk volume, and effect of metabolic control; maternal plasma nutrient levels, including plasma glucose, milk glucose, milk lactose, plasma lipids, postpartum lipids,
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and postpartum amino acids; additional factors that may influence lactation in women with IDDM, notably weight gain during pregnancy, prior lactation experience, method of delivery and feeding frequency, hospital protocol, mastitis, gestational age, fetal condition, metabolic control and insulin needs, dehydration, and maternal dietary intake; and the lactation management of women with IDDM. 1 figure. 1 table. 139 references.
Federally Funded Research on Mastitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to mastitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to mastitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore mastitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for mastitis: •
Project Title: BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF CAPSULE EXPRESSION BY S. AUREUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Jean C.; Associate Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for a diverse spectrum of human and animal diseases. Approximately 75% of S. aureus strains from humans are encapsulated. The prevalence of encapsulation among bovine isolates is variable, depending upon the geographic source of the isolate. An understanding of the role of the staphylococcal capsule in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections is important. This FIRCA application is a supplement to Dr. Jean Lee's RO1 AI29040 grant to study the genetics of capsule production by S. aureus. The proposed research will be performed primarily in Argentina at the University of Buenos Aires by Dr. Daniel Sordelli and his colleagues. The objectives of the FIRCA project complement those of Dr. Lee's grant and are specifically related to specific aim #3. Under that aim, S. aureus isolates have been identified that lack the capsule genetic locus and carry an IS257-1ike element in its place. The proposed study will: 1) Investigate the loss of the cap5/8 gene cluster in NT S. aureus and the potential role of the IS257 element in such a mechanism. Whether copies of IS257 are associated with cap5/8 locus in S. aureus and whether loss of the cap5(8) genes can occur in vivo will be determined. The in vivo infections will include a
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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systemic model of bacteremia leading to renal abscess formation and the mouse mastitis model of localized infection. 2) Determine whether CP5 or CP8 production enhances staphylococcal virulence in a mouse model of experimental mastitis. 3) Evaluate the effect of CP expression on S. aureus clumping factor A-mediated adherence to fibrinogen. The proposed research will permit further exploration of issues not covered by our currently funded projects, and the information that will emerge from it will expand our knowledge of S. aureus capsular polysaccharide biology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CAPRINE ARTHRITIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS INFECT: IMMUNITY, GENOME: GOAT AIDS MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Mdurvwa, Emmanuel G.; Tuskegee University Tuskegee Institute, Al 36088 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) belongs to the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses. It integrates into the host cell genome and induces a persistent infection of domestic goats. CAEV infection causes encephalomyelitis in young goats, and mastitis, chronic progressive arthritis and synovitis in adult goats. The arthritis which results is similar in pathology to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans. There is recent evidence that a novel CAEV variant occurs in humans and generates immune cross-reactivity to human immunodeficiency virus- I (IUV- 1). It is evident that CAEV is important not only as a pathogen in goats but as a vehicle for studying human diseases. We will use CAEV-induced disease 'in goats as a model to study the pathogenetic mechanisms of lentiviruses and also to investigate further some of the mechanisms that lead to arthritis. The obiective of this proposed project is to study molecular mechanisms of CAEV pathogenesis. This is important in the light of the possible use of CAEV-1ike lentivuiuses as -prophylactic agents against human viruses like EDIV-1. Specifically we propose to: i) investigate virus-host cell interactions by identifying and characterizing cell surface receptor(s) and defining the role of viral gp 13 5 and i do tha are essential for interaction with the cellular receptors; and ii) investigate some mechanisms that may be involved in the initiation and progression of arthritis by determining the role of various cytokines and chemokines, oxygen radicals, intracellular calcium fluctuations, circulating immune complexes, rheumatoid factor and also by identifying genes that are differentially transcribed during the infection. These results will provide a better understanding of a disease condition that is very similar to RA and in which the etiology is known. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV Principal Investigator & Institution: Aldrovandi, Grace M.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Despite the recent progress, each day approximately 1,600 children become HIV infected, the vast majority of these infections occur in Africa. One-third to one-half of these perinatal HIV infections is due to breast-feeding. Formula feeding is not an option due to economic and cultural imperatives, and because it is often not safe in environments with out access to clean water. For the near term, an enhanced understanding of the factors that contribute to breast milk transmission is essential to help devise appropriate and sustainable efforts to minimize MTCT of HIV in
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developing countries. The role that potential determinants play on breast milk transmission remains unclear. This proposal will employ a large and well-organized cohort of breast-feeding HIV infected women, the Zambian Exclusive Breast-feeding Study (ZEBS). We will characterize important aspects of HIV breast milk transmission with respect to the virologic and immunologic constitution of breast milk and with respect to the role of local inflammatory disease. The first specific aim of this proposal is to characterize HIV variants in breast milk. We hypothesize that the breast milk is a distinct virologic compartment. We will use HTA and clonal sequencing to establish prevalence and source (i.e. plasma vs.cells) of viral co-mingling between these compartments. Differentially expressed bands will be identified, cloned and sequenced. The second aim is determine the effects of mastitis on the HIV quasispecies. Substantial evidence points to an important role oft mastitis in enhancing HIV transmission. Few data exist on the mechanism of this effect on transmission risk. Does it simply increase the population of existing variants or does it produce novel variants that are less subject to immune clearance? We hypothesize that inflammatory cytokines reactivate latent ancestral variants and increase local production. This not only increases viral diversity, resulting a higher probability of a "transmissible strain" but also may select for variants that have escaped ongoing immune surveillance. We will use HMA/HTA as well as clonal sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to define the changes induced by inflammation. The final aim is characterize HIV specific T cell responses in lactating women. We hypothesize that, as in blood, CTL responses play a critical role in HIV suppression. We will assess breast milk CTL response in comparison to blood. These data will be correlated with levels of HIV in both compartments. These studies will provide the foundation for further studies correlating CTL and MTCT and will provide important immune correlates of MTCT. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “mastitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for mastitis in the PubMed Central database: •
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Activity of pirlimycin against pathogens from cows with mastitis and recommendations for disk diffusion tests. by Thornsberry C, Marler JK, Watts JL, Yancey RJ Jr.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187914
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Analysis of the Genetic Variability of Genes Encoding the RNA III-Activating Components Agr and TRAP in a Population of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cows with Mastitis. by Gilot P, Lina G, Cochard T, Poutrel B.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139642
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Biochemical characterization of unidentified microaerophilic cocci isolated from heifer and dry-cow mastitis. by Schwan O, Nord CE, Holmberg O.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273234
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Characterization of a Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VREF) Isolate from a Dog with Mastitis: Further Evidence of a Clonal Lineage of VREF in New Zealand. by Manson JM, Keis S, Smith JM, Cook GM.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165302
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Cytotoxic Activity of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Bovine Mastitis. by Zhang S, Maddox CW.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97254
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Development of a Rapid and Sensitive Test for Identification of Major Pathogens in Bovine Mastitis by PCR. by Riffon R, Sayasith K, Khalil H, Dubreuil P, Drolet M, Lagace J.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88189
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Effect of milk on fibronectin and collagen type I binding to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis. by Miedzobrodzki J, Naidu AS, Watts JL, Ciborowski P, Palm K, Wadstrom T.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267354
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Effects of antibiotic treatment of nonlactating dairy cows on antibiotic resistance patterns of bovine mastitis pathogens. by Berghash SR, Davidson JN, Armstrong JC, Dunny GM.; 1983 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185940
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Evaluation of Lacticin 3147 and a Teat Seal Containing This Bacteriocin for Inhibition of Mastitis Pathogens. by Ryan MP, Meaney WJ, Ross RP, Hill C.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106317
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Evaluation of the API 20 Strep system for species identification of streptococci isolated from bovine mastitis. by Poutrel B, Ryniewicz HZ.; 1984 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271022
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Evaluation of the Rapid Mastitis Test for identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mammary glands. by Watts JL, Owens WE.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266407
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Evaluation of various antibiotics for induction of L forms from Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis. by Owens WE.; 1988 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266844
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Identification of a Streptococcus agalactiae protein antigen associated with bovine mastitis isolates. by Wanger AR, Dunny GM.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260486
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Identification of Nonlipophilic Corynebacteria Isolated from Dairy Cows with Mastitis. by Hommez J, Devriese LA, Vaneechoutte M, Riegel P, Butaye P, Haesebrouck F.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88631
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Identification of subpopulations of bovine mammary-gland phagocytes and evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of morphologic and functional indicators of bovine mastitis. by Rivas AL, Tadevosyan R, Quimby FW, Coksaygan T, Lein DH.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=227000
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In Vitro Expression of Adhesion Receptors and Diapedesis by Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils during Experimentally Induced Streptococcus uberis Mastitis. by Smits E, Burvenich C, Guidry AJ, Roets E.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108234
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Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus L forms from experimentally induced bovine mastitis. by Owens WE.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269375
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Leucotoxic Activities of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cows, Ewes, and Goats with Mastitis: Importance of LukM/LukF[prime prime or minute]-PV Leukotoxin. by Rainard P, Corrales JC, Barrio MB, Cochard T, Poutrel B.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150537
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Mastitis and Immunological Factors in Breast Milk of Lactating Women in Malawi. by Semba RD, Kumwenda N, Taha TE, Hoover DR, Lan Y, Eisinger W, Mtimavalye L, Broadhead R, Miotti PG, Van Der Hoeven L, Chiphangwi JD.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95752
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Methods for Identification of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Cases of Bovine Mastitis. by Boerlin P, Kuhnert P, Hussy D, Schaellibaum M.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149687
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Molecular Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Epidemiological Investigation of Mastitis Outbreaks in Irish Dairy Herds. by Daly M, Power E, Bjorkroth J, Sheehan P, O'Connell A, Colgan M, Korkeala H, Fanning S.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91402
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Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis Isolates from Dairy Cows with Mastitis. by Phuektes P, Mansell PD, Dyson RS, Hooper ND, Dick JS, Browning GF.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87955
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Outbreak of Subclinical Mastitis in a Flock of Dairy Sheep Associated with Burkholderia cepacia Complex Infection. by Berriatua E, Ziluaga I, Miguel-Virto C, Uribarren P, Juste R, Laevens S, Vandamme P, Govan JR.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87862
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Phagocytosis of mastitis isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and expression of type 5 capsular polysaccharide are influenced by growth in the presence of milk. by Sutra L, Rainard P, Poutrel B.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268157
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Rapid differentiation of streptococci isolated from cows with mastitis. by Schaufuss P, Lammler C, Blobel H.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269106
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Rapid Method for Detection of Gram-Positive and -Negative Bacteria in Milk from Cows with Moderate or Severe Clinical Mastitis. by Yazdankhah SP, Sorum H, Larsen HJ, Gogstad G.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88323
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Selective Recruitment of T-Cell Subsets to the Udder during Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Mastitis: Analysis of Lymphocyte Subsets and Adhesion Molecule Expression. by Soltys J, Quinn MT.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97032
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Serological diagnosis of bovine, caprine, and ovine mastitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by Bourry A, Cochard T, Poutrel B.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229800
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Susceptibilities of bovine summer mastitis bacteria to antimicrobial agents. by Jousimies-Somer H, Pyorala S, Kanervo A.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163075
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The Fibronectin-Binding Proteins of Staphylococcus aureus May Promote Mammary Gland Colonization in a Lactating Mouse Model of Mastitis. by Brouillette E, Talbot BG, Malouin F.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152093
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The Hyaluronic Acid Capsule of Streptococcus uberis Is Not Required for the Development of Infection and Clinical Mastitis. by Field TR, Ward PN, Pedersen LH, Leigh JA.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143150
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Toxin Genes and Other Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Milk of Cows with Mastitis. by Akineden O, Annemuller C, Hassan AA, Lammler C, Wolter W, Zschock M.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96179
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Unusual Outbreak of Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Sheep Caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. by Las Heras A, Vela AI, Fernandez E, Legaz E, Dominguez L, Fernandez-Garayzabal JF.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120234
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Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse mastitis model: studies of alpha hemolysin, coagulase, and protein A as possible virulence determinants with protoplast fusion and gene cloning. by Jonsson P, Lindberg M, Haraldsson I, Wadstrom T.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261269
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with mastitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “mastitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for mastitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
“Diabetic mastopathy” in the male breast--a special type of gynecomastia. A comparative study of lymphocytic mastitis and gynecomastia. Author(s): Hunfeld KP, Bassler R, Kronsbein H. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1997; 193(3): 197-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9198105
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32 cases of acute mastitis treated with acupuncture, moxibustion and cupping. Author(s): Liang ZP. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1988 March; 8(1): 15-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3393013
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A case of gonococcal mastitis in a male. Author(s): Bodsworth NJ, Price R, Nelson MJ. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1993 June; 69(3): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8335316
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A case of granulomatous mastitis mimicking breast carcinoma. Author(s): Sakurai T, Oura S, Tanino H, Yoshimasu T, Kokawa Y, Kinoshita T, Okamura Y. Source: Breast Cancer. 2002; 9(3): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185341
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A clinicopathological review of 34 cases of inflammatory breast disease showing an association between corynebacteria infection and granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Taylor GB, Paviour SD, Musaad S, Jones WO, Holland DJ. Source: Pathology. 2003 April; 35(2): 109-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12745457
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A descriptive study of lactation mastitis in long-term breastfeeding women. Author(s): Riordan JM, Nichols FH. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1990 June; 6(2): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2346600
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A haemagglutinating adhesin of group B streptococci isolated from cases of bovine mastitis mediates adherence to HeLa cells. Author(s): Wibawan IW, Lammler C, Seleim RS, Pasaribu FH. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1993 September; 139 ( Pt 9): 2173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8245843
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A study of T and B lymphocytes and chromosomes in breast irradiated mastitis patients. Author(s): Reddy MM, Goh KO, Logan WW, Hempelmann LH. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1977 May-June; 12(3): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=301131
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A survivor of breast cancer with immunity to MUC-1 mucin, and lactational mastitis. Author(s): Jerome KR, Kirk AD, Pecher G, Ferguson WW, Finn OJ. Source: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : Cii. 1997 January; 43(6): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9067407
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Activity of pirlimycin against pathogens from cows with mastitis and recommendations for disk diffusion tests. Author(s): Thornsberry C, Marler JK, Watts JL, Yancey RJ Jr. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 May; 37(5): 1122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8517701
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Acute mastitis; a novel presentation of relapsing polychondritis. Author(s): Haigh R, Scott-Coombes D, Seckl JR. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987 November; 63(745): 983-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3451226
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Acute puerperal mastitis in the augmented breast. Author(s): Johnson PE, Hanson KD. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1996 September; 98(4): 723-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8773697
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Acute puerperal mastitis. Evaluation of its management. Author(s): Devereux WP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970 September 1; 108(1): 78-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5454586
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An audit of mastitis in the emergency department. Author(s): Amir LH, Harris H, Andriske L. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1999 September; 15(3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10578800
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Another cause of nipple discharge. Mammary duct ectasia with periductal mastitis. Author(s): O'Brien PH, Kreutner A Jr. Source: The American Surgeon. 1982 November; 48(11): 577-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6890784
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Antepartum mastitis. A report of two cases. Author(s): Wong MK, Smith CV, Phelan JP. Source: J Reprod Med. 1986 June; 31(6): 511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3735264
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Atypical staphylococcal mastitis in a dairy herd. Author(s): Thawley DG, Marshall RB, Cullinane L, Markham J. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1977 September 1; 171(5): 425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=903282
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Bacteriological findings and clinical symptoms in relation to clinical outcome in puerperal mastitis. Author(s): Matheson I, Aursnes I, Horgen M, Aabo O, Melby K. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1988; 67(8): 723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3250184
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Bilateral non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast mimicking mastitis. Author(s): Dawn B, Perry MC. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1997 March; 90(3): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9076307
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Binding of fibronectin to Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitis from different geographical regions. Author(s): Faris A, Krovacek K, Froman G, Wadstrom T. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 1987 October; 15(1-2): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3326245
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Biochemical changes of the milk in experimental caprine mastitis induced by Mycoplasma serogroup 11 (2-D). Author(s): Rana JS, Gupta PP, Ahuja SP. Source: Acta Vet Hung. 1993; 41(1-2): 139-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8116493
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Brain abscess following mastitis in a 3-month-old infant. Author(s): Manzar S. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2001 August; 47(4): 248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523768
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Breast abscesses in lactating women. Author(s): Dener C, Inan A. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2003 February; 27(2): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12616423
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Breast cancer among women given X-ray therapy for acute postpartum mastitis. Author(s): Shore RE, Hildreth N, Woodard E, Dvoretsky P, Hempelmann L, Pasternack B. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1986 September; 77(3): 689-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3462410
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Breast carcinoma simulation. Mammography in congestive heart failure mimics acute mastitis and advanced carcinoma. Author(s): Stolz JL, Friedman AK, Arger PH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 August 5; 229(6): 682-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4408168
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Breast neoplasms in women treated with x rays for acute postpartum mastitis. A pilot study. Author(s): Mettler FA Jr, Hempelmann LH, Dutton AM, Pifer JW, Toyooka ET, Ames WR. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1969 October; 43(4): 803-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5344179
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Breast neoplasms in women treated with x-rays for acute postpartum mastitis. Author(s): Shore RE, Hempelmann LH, Kowaluk E, Mansur PS, Pasternack BS, Albert RE, Haughie GE. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1977 September; 59(3): 813-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=894746
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Breast pain in lactating women--mastitis or something else? Author(s): Amir LH. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 March; 32(3): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12666351
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Breast reconstruction with deepithelialized DIEP flap after recurrent mastitis. Author(s): Busic V, Mesic H, Begic A, Tindholdt T, Solberg U, Tonseth K, Gulbrandsen P. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 February; 113(2): 782-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14758274
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Breastfeeding and mastitis. Author(s): Zablocki JA. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1997 October; 43: 1711, 1713. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9356746
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Breastfeeding practices and lactation mastitis. Author(s): Foxman B, Schwartz K, Looman SJ. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1994 March; 38(5): 755-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8171354
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Breastfeeding tidbits. Breast infections: plugged duct/mastitis--a continuum. Author(s): Jain E. Source: Aarn News Lett. 1994 January; 50(1): 19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8116321
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Breast-feeding, mastitis, and HIV transmission: nutritional implications. Author(s): Semba RD, Neville MC. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1999 May; 57(5 Pt 1): 146-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10391017
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Breastmilk RNA viral load in HIV-infected South African women: effects of subclinical mastitis and infant feeding. Author(s): Willumsen JF, Filteau SM, Coutsoudis A, Newell ML, Rollins NC, Coovadia HM, Tomkins AM. Source: Aids (London, England). 2003 February 14; 17(3): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556695
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Characteristics of lactation mastitis in a Western Australian cohort. Author(s): Fetherston C. Source: Breastfeed Rev. 1997; 5(2): 5-11. Erratum In: 1998 May; 6(1): 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9699467
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Characterization of a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VREF) isolate from a dog with mastitis: further evidence of a clonal lineage of VREF in New Zealand. Author(s): Manson JM, Keis S, Smith JM, Cook GM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12843085
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Chronic granulomatosis mastitis. A case report. Author(s): Melucci G, Basile MR, Sebastio AM. Source: Radiol Med (Torino). 2002 November-December; 104(5-6): 483-6. English, Italian. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589273
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Chronic granulomatous mastitis: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Author(s): Azlina AF, Ariza Z, Arni T, Hisham AN. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2003 May; 27(5): 515-8. Epub 2003 April 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12715214
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Chronic granulomatous mastitis: review of 26 cases with special reference to chronic lobular mastitis. Author(s): Bhaskaran CS, Prasad KR, Rao G, Kameshwari R, Saheb DA, Aruna CA. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1992 January; 35(1): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1452244
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Chronic mastitis and carcinoma of breast. Author(s): Martin SP. Source: Lancet. 1977 April 9; 1(8015): 805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=66603
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Chronic mastitis and carcinoma of the breast. Author(s): Levene A. Source: Lancet. 1976 August 21; 1(7982): 475. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=73782
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Chronic mastitis and carcinoma of the breast. Author(s): Monson RR, Yen S, MacMahon B. Source: Lancet. 1976 July 31; 2(7979): 224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=59241
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Churg-Strauss syndrome involving the breast: a rare cause of eosinophilic mastitis. Author(s): Villalba-Nuno V, Sabate JM, Gomez A, Vidaller A, Catala I, Escobedo A, Torrubia S. Source: European Radiology. 2002 March; 12(3): 646-9. Epub 2001 November 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870481
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Coincidence of nonpuerperal mastitis and noninflammatory breast cancer. Author(s): Peters F, Kiesslich A, Pahnke V. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 October 10; 105(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12270566
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Conservative management of infective mastitis and breast abscesses after ultrasonographic assessment. Author(s): O'Hara RJ, Dexter SP, Fox JN. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1996 October; 83(10): 1413-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8944458
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Cordylobia anthropophaga mastitis mimicking breast cancer: case report. Author(s): Ugwu BT, Nwadiaro PO. Source: East Afr Med J. 1999 February; 76(2): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10442136
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Corynebacterium species isolated from patients with mastitis. Author(s): Paviour S, Musaad S, Roberts S, Taylor G, Taylor S, Shore K, Lang S, Holland D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 December 1; 35(11): 1434-40. Epub 2002 November 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439810
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Course and treatment of milk stasis, noninfectious inflammation of the breast, and infectious mastitis in nursing women. Author(s): Thomsen AC, Espersen T, Maigaard S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 July 1; 149(5): 492-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6742017
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Cytologic features of granulomatous mastitis. Report of a case with fine needle aspiration cytology and immunocytochemical findings. Author(s): Kobayashi TK, Sugihara H, Kato M, Watanabe S. Source: Acta Cytol. 1998 May-June; 42(3): 716-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9622693
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Cytology of granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Kumarasinghe MP. Source: Acta Cytol. 1997 May-June; 41(3): 727-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9167692
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Cytomorphologic features of nonspecific granulomatous mastitis diagnosed by imprint cytology. Author(s): Anastasiadis P, Koutlaki N, Liberis V, Galazios G, Tamiolakis D, Sivridis E. Source: Acta Cytol. 2001 September-October; 45(5): 887-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11575666
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Cytomorphology of tuberculous mastitis. A report of nine cases with fine needle aspiration cytology. Author(s): Jayaram G. Source: Acta Cytol. 1985 November-December; 29(6): 974-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3866461
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Cytotoxic activity of coagulase-negative staphylococci in bovine mastitis. Author(s): Zhang S, Maddox CW. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 March; 68(3): 1102-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10678913
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Diagnosis and treatment of granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Dixon JM, Chetty U. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 August; 82(8): 1143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7648189
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Diagnosis and treatment of granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Moore GE. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 July; 82(7): 1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7648088
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Diagnosis and treatment of granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Salam IM, Alhomsi MF, Daniel MF, Sim AJ. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 February; 82(2): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7749695
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Diagnosis and treatment of granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Jorgensen MB, Nielsen DM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 July; 93(1): 97-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1626579
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Differentiating inflammatory breast cancer from acute mastitis. Author(s): Dahlbeck SW, Donnelly JF, Theriault RL. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 September 1; 52(3): 929-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7653430
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Distribution of LDH isozymes in mastitis, fibroadenoma and carcinoma of the human mammary gland. Author(s): Stanislawski-Birencwajg M, Loisillier F. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1965 November; 1(3): 2214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5896133
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Effect of ascorbic acid on milk lead and cadmium level on subclinical and clinical cases of mastitis. Author(s): Naresh R, Dwivedi SK, Swarup D, Patra RC. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 November; 71(5): 899-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705649
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Effect of lactation counselling on subclinical mastitis among Bangladeshi women. Author(s): Flores M, Filteau S. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2002 March; 22(1): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11926056
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Effect of the method of breast feeding on breast engorgement, mastitis and infantile colic. Author(s): Evans K, Evans R, Simmer K. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1995 August; 84(8): 849-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7488804
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Efficacy of acupuncturing the jianjing point in 393 cases of acute mastitis. Author(s): Gao DK, Su JM, Liu CA, Wang ZY, Qin P. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1986 March; 6(1): 19-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3736095
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Efficacy of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and antibiotics in therapy of experimental murine staphylococcal mastitis. Author(s): Sanchez MS, Ford CW, Yancey RJ Jr. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1994 May; 77(5): 1259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8046067
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Epithelioid stromal cells in lymphocytic mastitis--a source of confusion with invasive carcinoma. Author(s): Ashton MA, Lefkowitz M, Tavassoli FA. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1994 January; 7(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8159652
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Exacerbations of IgA nephropathy with recurrent acute mastitis. Author(s): Healy JK, Searle JW, Monnington PK. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1990 August; 16(2): 166-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2382656
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Experimental bovine group-B streptococcal mastitis induced by strains of human and bovine origin. Author(s): Jensen NE. Source: Nord Vet Med. 1982 December; 34(12): 441-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6761644
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Experimental induction of bovine mastitis with human strains of group B streptococci (streptococcus agalactiae). Author(s): Van den Heever LW, Giesecke WH. Source: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1980 June; 51(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7019443
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Experimental mastitis in mice induced by coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from cases of mastitis in nursing women. Author(s): Thomsen AC, Mogensen SC, Love Jepsen F. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1985; 64(2): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3984692
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Farmers' choice of medical treatment of mastitis in Danish dairy herds based on qualitative research interviews. Author(s): Vaarst M, Paarup-Laursen B, Houe H, Fossing C, Andersen HJ. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2002 April; 85(4): 992-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12018446
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Fine needle aspiration biopsy of mastitis secondary to empyema necessitatis. A report of two cases. Author(s): Reyes CV, Thompson KS, Jensen J. Source: Acta Cytol. 1999 September-October; 43(5): 873-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10518147
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Fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of tuberculous mastitis. Author(s): Gupta D, Rajwanshi A, Gupta SK, Nijhawan R, Saran RK, Singh R. Source: Acta Cytol. 1999 March-April; 43(2): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10097708
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Fine needle aspiration cytology of granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Tse GM, Poon CS, Law BK, Pang LM, Chu WC, Ma TK. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 July; 56(7): 519-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12835297
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Fine needle aspiration cytology of granulomatous mastitis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Macansh S, Greenberg M, Barraclough B, Pacey F. Source: Acta Cytol. 1990 January-February; 34(1): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2296839
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Fluconazole for postpartum candidal mastitis and infant thrush. Author(s): Chetwynd EM, Ives TJ, Payne PM, Edens-Bartholomew N. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 2002 May; 18(2): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12033079
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Food safety, milk quality international issues for National Mastitis Council. Author(s): Smith CA. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997 April 15; 210(8): 1091, 1096. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9108899
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of organic oil mastitis. Author(s): Kossovsky N, Millett DE, Wrobleski DA. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1992 January; 97(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1728862
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Fungal mastitis. Case report. Author(s): Walia HS, Abraham TK, Shaikh H. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1987 February; 153(2): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3618066
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Granulomatous lobular mastitis. Author(s): Miliauskas JR, Pieterse AS, Williams RS. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1995 February; 65(2): 13941. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7857229
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Granulomatous lobular mastitis. Author(s): Galea MH, Robertson JF, Ellis IO, Elston CW, Blamey RW. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1989 July; 59(7): 547-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2665711
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Granulomatous lobular mastitis. Author(s): Going JJ, Anderson TJ, Wilkinson S, Chetty U. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1987 May; 40(5): 535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3584506
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Granulomatous lobular mastitis. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Newnham MS, Shirley SE, McDonald AH. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2001 September; 50(3): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11769035
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Granulomatous lobular mastitis: report of a case with previously undescribed histopathological abnormalities. Author(s): Axelsen RA, Reasbeck P. Source: Pathology. 1988 October; 20(4): 383-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3071775
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Granulomatous mastitis (plasma cell mastitis): a lesion simulating carcinoma. Author(s): Parrott LH. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1980 December; 76(12): 553-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6939942
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Granulomatous mastitis and lipogranuloma of the breast. Author(s): Murthy MS. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973 September; 60(3): 432-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4728145
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Granulomatous mastitis as presenting sign of Wegener's granulomatosis. Author(s): Stappaerts I, Colpaert C, Verbraecken J, Van Marck E, Vermeire P. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1999 August; 54(4): 207-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10544511
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Granulomatous mastitis associated with a pituitary prolactinoma. Author(s): Rowe PH. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1984 January; 38(1): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6538433
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Granulomatous mastitis can mimic breast cancer on clinical, radiological or cytological examination: a cautionary tale. Author(s): Heer R, Shrimankar J, Griffith CD. Source: Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2003 August; 12(4): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14659315
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Granulomatous mastitis caused by histoplasma and mimicking inflammatory breast carcinoma. Author(s): Osborne BM. Source: Human Pathology. 1989 January; 20(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2912873
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Granulomatous mastitis caused by sparganum. A case report. Author(s): Moreira MA, de Freitas Junior R, Gerais BB. Source: Acta Cytol. 1997 May-June; 41(3): 859-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9167715
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Granulomatous mastitis diagnosed and followed up by fine-needle aspiration cytology, and successfully treated by corticosteroid therapy: report of a case. Author(s): Sato N, Yamashita H, Kozaki N, Watanabe Y, Ohtsuka T, Kuroki S, Nakafusa Y, Ota M, Chijiiwa K, Tanaka M. Source: Surgery Today. 1996; 26(9): 730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8883249
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Granulomatous mastitis diagnosed by core-needle biopsy and successfully treated with corticosteroid therapy: a case report. Author(s): Hirata S, Saito T, Kiyanagi K, Kitada M, Yamazaki K, Sasajima T, Ohsaki Y, Miyokawa N. Source: Breast Cancer. 2003; 10(4): 378-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14634520
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Granulomatous mastitis in pregnancy. Author(s): Goldberg J, Baute L, Storey L, Park P. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 November; 96(5 Pt 2): 813-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11094217
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Granulomatous mastitis mimicking breast carcinoma. Author(s): Cakir B, Tuncbilek N, Karakas HM, Unlu E, Ozyilmaz F. Source: The Breast Journal. 2002 July-August; 8(4): 251-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100120
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Granulomatous mastitis secondary to histoplasmosis: report of a case diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Author(s): Houn HY, Granger JK. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1991; 7(3): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1879265
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Granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Fitzgibbons PL. Source: N Y State J Med. 1990 June; 90(6): 287. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2370983
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Granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Robertson JF, Galea MH, Ellis IO, Elston CW, Blamey RW. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1989 November; 68: 143; Discussion 157-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2488557
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Granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Carmalt HL, Ramsey-Stewart G. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 April 4; 1(7): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7195455
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Granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Koelmeyer TD, MacCormick DE. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1976 May; 46(2): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1067078
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Granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Miller F, Seidman I, Smith CA. Source: N Y State J Med. 1971 September 15; 71(8): 2194-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5284483
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Granulomatous mastitis. A review of 5 cases. Author(s): Cohen C. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1977 July 2; 52(1): 14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=560723
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Granulomatous mastitis: a lesion clinically simulating carcinoma. Author(s): Kessler E, Wolloch Y. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1972 December; 58(6): 642-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4674439
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Granulomatous mastitis: a report of seven cases. Author(s): Fletcher A, Magrath IM, Riddell RH, Talbot IC. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1982 September; 35(9): 941-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6889612
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Granulomatous mastitis: an uncommon cause of breast abscess. Author(s): Pouchot J, Foucher E, Lino M, Barge J, Vinceneux P. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 February 26; 161(4): 611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11252124
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Granulomatous mastitis: case report and review of literature. Author(s): Kasantikul V. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1992 May; 75(5): 310-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1460413
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Granulomatous mastitis: diagnosis by ultrasound-guided core biopsy. Author(s): Gal-Gombos EC, Esserman LE, Odzer SL, Weisberg S, Wilson C, Poppiti RJ Jr. Source: The Breast Journal. 2001 March-April; 7(2): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11328323
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Granulomatous mastitis: gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic findings. Author(s): Engin G, Acunas G, Acunas B. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1999 March-April; 27(3): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10064406
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Granulomatous mastitis: imaging findings with histopathologic correlation. Author(s): Memis A, Bilgen I, Ustun EE, Ozdemir N, Erhan Y, Kapkac M. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2002 November; 57(11): 1001-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12409111
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Granulomatous mastitis: mammographic and sonographic appearances. Author(s): Han BK, Choe YH, Park JM, Moon WK, Ko YH, Yang JH, Nam SJ. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1999 August; 173(2): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10430126
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Granulomatous mastitis--a rare cause of erythema nodosum. Author(s): Adams DH, Hubscher SG, Scott DG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987 July; 63(741): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3658869
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Granulomatous mastitis--a well defined entity. Author(s): Kumarasinghe MP, Amarasekera LR. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1990 December; 35(4): 143-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2285963
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Group B streptococcal breast abscess in a mother and mastitis in her infant. Author(s): Rench MA, Baker CJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 May; 73(5 Pt 2): 875-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2649829
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Group D streptococcal neonatal mastitis. Author(s): Dollberg S, Hurvitz H, Klar A, Engelhard D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1988 May; 7(5): 362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3132696
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Hand disinfection to prevent puerperal mastitis. Author(s): Peters F, Flick-Fillies D. Source: Lancet. 1991 September 28; 338(8770): 831. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1681208
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Hemagglutination by Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for human bacteremia or bovine mastitis. Author(s): Rupp ME, Han J, Gatermann S. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 1995 May; 184(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8538576
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Herpes simplex virus mastitis: clinical and imaging findings. Author(s): Soo MS, Ghate S. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000 April; 174(4): 1087-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10749256
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Human immunodeficiency virus load in breast milk, mastitis, and mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Author(s): Semba RD, Kumwenda N, Hoover DR, Taha TE, Quinn TC, Mtimavalye L, Biggar RJ, Broadhead R, Miotti PG, Sokoll LJ, van der Hoeven L, Chiphangwi JD. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 July; 180(1): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353866
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Human milk anti-inflammatory component contents during acute mastitis. Author(s): Buescher ES, Hair PS. Source: Cellular Immunology. 2001 June 15; 210(2): 87-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11520075
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Hyperprolactinemia and nonpuerperal mastitis (duct ectasia). Author(s): Peters F, Schuth W. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 March 17; 261(11): 1618-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2918655
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I recommended the use of sassafrass tea postpartum to help combat mastitis. Author(s): Lieberman L. Source: Midwifery Today Childbirth Educ. 1993 Summer; (26): 9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8267737
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Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and extramammary manifestations. Author(s): Pouchot J, Damade R, Barge J, Gaudin H, Vinceneux P. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1995 August; 119(8): 680. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7646321
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Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Van Ongeval C, Schraepen T, Van Steen A, Baert AL, Moerman P. Source: European Radiology. 1997; 7(7): 1010-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9265664
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Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. A report of three cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Donn W, Rebbeck P, Wilson C, Gilks CB. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1994 August; 118(8): 822-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8060233
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Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Report of a case clinically and mammographically simulating breast carcinoma. Author(s): De Sanctis DP, Maglietta R, Amalfitano G, Loffredo D, Betta PG. Source: Pathologica. 1994 April; 86(2): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7936770
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Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Report of a case diagnosed with fine needle aspiration cytology. Author(s): Kaur AC, Dal H, Muezzinoglu B, Paksoy N. Source: Acta Cytol. 1999 May-June; 43(3): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10349385
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Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Imoto S, Kitaya T, Kodama T, Hasebe T, Mukai K. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1997 August; 27(4): 274-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9379518
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IgA nephropathy associated with mastitis and haematuria. Author(s): Thomas M, Ibels LS, Abbot N. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 September 28; 291(6499): 867-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3931747
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Immunity to mastitis. Author(s): Lascelles AK, Mackenzie DD, Outteridge PM. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1971 February; 54(2): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5546186
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Imprint cytology of non-specific granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Tamiolakis D, Lambropoulou M, Koutlaki N, Manavis J, Alexiadis G, Tolparidou I, Papadopoulos N, Sivridis E, Anastasiadis P. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 28(3): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11530868
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Incidence of mastitis in breastfeeding women during the six months after delivery: a prospective cohort study. Author(s): Evans ME, Heads J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 February 15; 170(4): 192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10078195
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Incidence of mastitis in breastfeeding women during the six months after delivery: a prospective cohort study. Author(s): Kinlay JR, O'Connell DL, Kinlay S. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 September 21; 169(6): 310-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9785526
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Increased incidence of breast carcinoma in patients with irradiation for post-partum mastitis: a screening situation. Author(s): Logan WW, Mansur PS, Cullinan A, Kowaluk E, Hutchings J, Hempleman LH. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1979; 11(3): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=459517
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Infant mastitis due to gram-negative organisms. Author(s): Burry VF, Beezley M. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1972 November; 124(5): 736-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4563751
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Infantile salmonella gastroenteritis in association with maternal mastitis. Author(s): Gibb AP, Welsby PD. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1983 March; 6(2): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6683737
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Infectious mastitis and occurrence of antibody-coated bacteria in milk. Author(s): Thomsen AC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 October 1; 144(3): 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6889813
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Injected liquid silicone, chronic mastitis, and undetected breast cancer. Author(s): Ko C, Ahn CY, Markowitz BL. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1995 February; 34(2): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7741437
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Interrupting the maternal instinct. Mastitis in breastfeeding women. Author(s): Leccese C. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1998 October; 6(10): 69-70. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9849130
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Involutional mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastitis in a male. Author(s): Tedeschi LG, McCarthy PE. Source: Human Pathology. 1974 March; 5(2): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4855788
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Isolation and identification of fimbriae and toxin production by Escherichia coli strains from cows with clinical mastitis. Author(s): Lipman LJ, de Nijs A, Gaastra W. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 1995 November; 47(1-2): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8604542
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Isolation of T-mycoplasmas from goats, and the production of subclinical mastitis in goats by the intramammary inoculation of human T-mycoplasmas. Author(s): Gourlay RN, Brownlie J, Howard CJ. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1973 May; 76(1): 251-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4579124
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JAMA patient page. Mastitis. Author(s): Torpy JM, Lynm C, Glass RM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 2; 289(13): 1728. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672744
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Juxta-areolar mastitis. Author(s): Kummer EW. Source: Neth J Surg. 1987 April; 39(2): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3587699
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Lactation mastitis. Author(s): Barbosa-Cesnik C, Schwartz K, Foxman B. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 2; 289(13): 1609-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672715
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Lactation mastitis. Author(s): Dahlen H. Source: Nurs Times. 1993 September 8-14; 89(36): 38-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8139973
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Lactation mastitis: a descriptive study of the experience. Author(s): Wambach KA. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 2003 February; 19(1): 24-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12587642
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Lactation mastitis: bacterial cultivation of breast milk, symptoms, treatment, and outcome. Author(s): Osterman KL, Rahm VA. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 2000 November; 16(4): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11155607
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Lactation mastitis: occurrence and medical management among 946 breastfeeding women in the United States. Author(s): Foxman B, D'Arcy H, Gillespie B, Bobo JK, Schwartz K. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 January 15; 155(2): 103-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11790672
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Letter: Mastitis in the nonlactating breast during pregnancy. Author(s): Sokol RJ. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1974 February; 108(2): 247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4810539
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Letter: Treatment of pre-pubertal mastitis. Author(s): Mayer TC. Source: Lancet. 1975 October 11; 2(7937): 721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=52109
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Leukocyte counts and microbiologic cultivation in the diagnosis of puerperal mastitis. Author(s): Thomsen AC, Hansen KB, Moller BR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 August 15; 146(8): 938-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6688325
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Listeria monocytogenes in bovine mastitis. Possible implication for human health. Author(s): Jensen NE, Aarestrup FM, Jensen J, Wegener HC. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1996 September; 32(1-2): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8880340
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Localized granulomatous mastitis--an unusual presentaton of typhoid: A case report. Author(s): Campbell FC, Eriksson BL, Angorn IB. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1980 May 10; 57(19): 793-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7190733
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Localized Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare mastitis in an immunocompetent woman with silicone breast implants. Author(s): Lee D, Goldstein EJ, Zarem HA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995 January; 95(1): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7809228
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Lupus mastitis heralding systemic lupus erythematosus with antiphospholipid syndrome. Author(s): De Bandt M, Meyer O, Grossin M, Kahn MF. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 July; 20(7): 1217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8371223
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Lupus mastitis. Author(s): Cernea SS, Kihara SM, Sotto MN, Vilela MA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 August; 29(2 Pt 2): 3436. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8340511
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Lupus mastitis. Author(s): Harris RB, Winkelmann RK. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 March; 114(3): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=564666
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Lupus mastitis: radiologic and pathologic features. Author(s): Georgian-Smith D, Lawton TJ, Moe RE, Couser WG. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 May; 178(5): 1233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11959738
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Lymphocytic mastitis and diabetic mastopathy: a molecular, immunophenotypic, and clinicopathologic evaluation of 11 cases. Author(s): Valdez R, Thorson J, Finn WG, Schnitzer B, Kleer CG. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2003 March; 16(3): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640102
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Lymphocytic mastitis and fibrosis of the breast in long-standing insulin-dependent diabetics. A histopathologic study on diabetic mastopathy and report of ten cases. Author(s): Hunfeld KP, Bassler R. Source: Gen Diagn Pathol. 1997 July; 143(1): 49-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269908
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Mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastitis in males. Author(s): Al-Masad JK. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 November; 22(11): 1030-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11744981
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Mammary duct ectasia-periductal mastitis complex. Author(s): Bundred NJ. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1996 June; 83(6): 872-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8696769
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Mammary duct ectasia--periductal mastitis complex. Author(s): Dixon JM. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1996 July; 83(7): 1017-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8813814
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Mammary duct ectasia--periductal mastitis complex. Author(s): Webb AJ. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 October; 82(10): 1300-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7489149
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Mammographic and sonographic findings in the diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Yilmaz E, Lebe B, Usal C, Balci P. Source: European Radiology. 2001; 11(11): 2236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11702165
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Mammographic and sonographic spectrum of non-puerperal mastitis. Author(s): Lequin MH, van Spengler J, van Pel R, van Eijck C, van Overhagen H. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1995 December 15; 21(2): 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8850510
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Management of lactation mastitis in a Western Australian cohort. Author(s): Fetherston C. Source: Breastfeed Rev. 1997; 5(2): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9699468
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Management of recurrent infection following surgery for periductal mastitis. Author(s): Hughes LE. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1989 November; 68: 81-5; Discussion 87-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2488571
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Management style and its association with bulk milk somatic cell count and incidence rate of clinical mastitis. Author(s): Barkema HW, Van der Ploeg JD, Schukken YH, Lam TJ, Benedictus G, Brand A. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1999 August; 82(8): 1655-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10480090
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Mastitis - a melange. Author(s): Lange M. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1977 July 2; 52(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=888036
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Mastitis among lactating women: occurrence and risk factors. Author(s): Kaufmann R, Foxman B. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1991; 33(6): 701-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1957190
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Mastitis and Breastfeeding. a physiotherapists' view. Author(s): Riddoch SG. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1994 March; 23(3): 497-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8048885
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Mastitis and breastfeeding. Author(s): Cook K. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1994 March; 23(3): 497. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8048884
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Mastitis and breastfeeding. Author(s): Hogan C. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1994 January; 23(1): 77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8080511
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Mastitis and human immunodeficiency virus transmission: chemokines and maternal monocytes. Author(s): Michie CA, Lynn W. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 February; 181(2): 800-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10669381
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Mastitis and immunological factors in breast milk of human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. Author(s): Semba RD, Kumwenda N, Taha TE, Hoover DR, Quinn TC, Lan Y, Mtimavalye L, Broadhead R, Miotti PG, van der Hoeven L, Chiphangwi JD. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1999 December; 15(4): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10776180
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Mastitis and immunological factors in breast milk of lactating women in Malawi. Author(s): Semba RD, Kumwenda N, Taha TE, Hoover DR, Lan Y, Eisinger W, Mtimavalye L, Broadhead R, Miotti PG, Van Der Hoeven L, Chiphangwi JD. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1999 September; 6(5): 671-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10473515
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Mastitis and mammary duct disease. Author(s): Golinger RC, O'Neal BJ. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1982 August; 117(8): 1027-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7103720
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Mastitis and toxic shock syndrome (tampon disease). Author(s): Niessen GJ, Bartels CC, Degener JE, Stibbe J. Source: Neth J Surg. 1985 August; 37(4): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4047437
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Mastitis and toxic shock syndrome. Author(s): Demey HE, Hautekeete ML, Buytaert P, Bossaert LL. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1989; 68(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2801034
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Mastitis and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus through breast milk. Author(s): Semba RD. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000 November; 918: 156-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11131699
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Mastitis control: a discussion. Author(s): Smith KL. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1983 August; 66(8): 1790-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6352752
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Mastitis due to Mycobacterium abscessus after body piercing. Author(s): Trupiano JK, Sebek BA, Goldfarb J, Levy LR, Hall GS, Procop GW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 July 1; 33(1): 131-4. Epub 2001 June 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11389508
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Mastitis due to Mycobacterium avium complex in an HIV-infected woman taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Cunningham CO, Selwyn PA. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 2003 November; 17(11): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14746662
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Mastitis in lactating women. Author(s): Ogle KS, Davis S. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1988 February; 26(2): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3339317
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Mastitis in lactating women: physiology or pathology? Author(s): Fetherston C. Source: Breastfeed Rev. 2001 March; 9(1): 5-12. Review. Erratum In: Breastfeed Rev 2001 July; 9(2): 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11424519
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Mastitis in rural Gambian mothers and the protection of the breast by milk antimicrobial factors. Author(s): Prentice A, Prentice AM, Lamb WH. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1985; 79(1): 90-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4039482
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Mastitis in the first year postpartum. Author(s): Vogel A, Hutchison BL, Mitchell EA. Source: Birth (Berkeley, Calif.). 1999 December; 26(4): 218-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10655826
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Mastitis in the male--a rare complication of mumps. Author(s): Happel JS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1965 October 30; 5469: 1041. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5889910
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Mastitis neonatorum. Author(s): Tzen KT, Wu WH, Shih HY. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1989 July-August; 30(4): 24853. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2637605
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Mastitis nonpuerperalis after nipple piercing: time to act. Author(s): Jacobs VR, Golombeck K, Jonat W, Kiechle M. Source: Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2003 September-October; 48(5): 226-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14626379
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Mastitis today: incidence, prevention and treatment. Author(s): Jonsson S, Pulkkinen MO. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol Suppl. 1994; 208: 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8092782
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Mastitis while breastfeeding: old theories and new evidence. Author(s): Lawrence RA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 January 15; 155(2): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11790673
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Mastitis. Author(s): Appling SE. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1998 March-April; 2(2): 184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9727115
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Mastitis: infection or inflammation? Author(s): Inch S, Fisher C. Source: The Practitioner. 1995 August; 239(1553): 472-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7659673
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Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal mastitis. Author(s): Kalstone C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 July; 161(1): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2787601
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Methotrexate in the management of granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Kim J, Tymms KE, Buckingham JM. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2003 April; 73(4): 247-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12662235
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Microcystic calcifying liponecrosis following carcinomatous mastitis. Author(s): Van Goethem M, Van Laere M. Source: J Belge Radiol. 1988; 71(6): 744-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3243760
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Milk transfer of phenoxymethylpenicillin during puerperal mastitis. Author(s): Matheson I, Samseth M, Loberg R, Faegri A, Prentice A. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 January; 25(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3130891
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Milkborne gastroenteritis due to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B from a goat with mastitis. Author(s): Gross EM, Weizman Z, Picard E, Mates A, Sheinman R, Platzner N, Wolff A. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1988 July; 39(1): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3400796
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Molecular analysis of Lactococcus garvieae and Enterococcus gallinarum isolated from water buffalos with subclinical mastitis. Author(s): Carvalho MG, Vianni MC, Elliott JA, Reeves M, Facklam RR, Teixeira LM. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 418: 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9331680
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Molecular analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: epidemiological investigation of mastitis outbreaks in Irish dairy herds. Author(s): Daly M, Power E, Bjorkroth J, Sheehan P, O'Connell A, Colgan M, Korkeala H, Fanning S. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999 June; 65(6): 2723-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10347067
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More on mastitis. Author(s): Henderson H. Source: Midwifery Today Childbirth Educ. 1992-93 Winter; (24): 9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1339564
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Moxibustion of point Tanzhong and massage of point Tianzong in 47 cases of acute mastitis. Author(s): Xiong XN. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1982 June; 2(2): 109-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6765696
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MRI of the breast in the differential diagnosis of mastitis versus inflammatory carcinoma and follow-up. Author(s): Rieber A, Tomczak RJ, Mergo PJ, Wenzel V, Zeitler H, Brambs HJ. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1997 January-February; 21(1): 12832. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9022784
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Mumps mastitis. Author(s): Anderson OW. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 October; 91(4): 687. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=909003
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Mycobacterium fortuitum mastitis following augmentation mammaplasty: report of a case. Author(s): Juang YC, Wang LS, Chen CH, Lin CY. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1989 March; 88(3): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2794927
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Neonatal mastitis due to E. coli. Author(s): Schwarz MD, Rosen RA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1974 January; 13(1): 86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4588669
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Neonatal mastitis due to Escherichia coli. Author(s): Stetler H, Martin E, Plotkin S, Katz M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1970 April; 76(4): 611-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4911906
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Neonatal mastitis. Author(s): Ramachandraiah A. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2000 September; 37(9): 1021. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10992343
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Neonatal mastitis. Author(s): Walsh M, McIntosh K. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1986 August; 25(8): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3731667
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Neonatal mastitis--diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Efrat M, Mogilner JG, Iujtman M, Eldemberg D, Kunin J, Eldar S. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1995 September; 31(9): 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7558780
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Neotal mastitis due to Proteus mirabilis. Author(s): McGuigan MA, Lipman RP. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1976 November; 130(11): 1296. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=790942
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Nonpuerperal mastitis associated with galactorrhea. Author(s): Puleo JG, Ory SJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 March; 61(3 Suppl): 69S-70S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6401859
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Nursing management of mastitis due to breastfeeding. Author(s): Dilts CL. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 1985 July-August; 14(4): 286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3849574
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Observations of an idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Schelfout K, Tjalma WA, Cooremans ID, Coeman DC, Colpaert CG, Buytaert PM. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 August; 97(2): 260-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11451563
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Occurrence of the blaZ gene in penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Denmark. Author(s): Vesterholm-Nielsen M, Olhom Larsen M, Elmerdahl Olsen J, Moller Aarestrup F. Source: Acta Vet Scand. 1999; 40(3): 279-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10605145
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Patient education. Mastitis. Author(s): Amir L. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1991 June; 20(6): 841. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1867600
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Penicillin (cloxacillin)-tolerant Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis: identification and lack of correlation between tolerance in vitro and response to therapy in vivo. Author(s): Craven N, Anderson JC, Wilson CD. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1983 May; 34(3): 266-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6878877
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Pentoxifylline treatment of radiation mastitis. Author(s): Steeves RA, Robins HI. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1998 December 1; 42(5): 1177. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9869247
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Periductal mastitis and duct ectasia: different conditions with different aetiologies. Author(s): Dixon JM, Ravisekar O, Chetty U, Anderson TJ. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1996 June; 83(6): 820-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8696751
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Periductal mastitis and mammary duct ectasia in a male. Author(s): Ashworth MT, Corcoran GD, Haqqani MT. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1985 July; 61(717): 621-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4040633
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Periductal mastitis. Clinical characteristics and outcome. Author(s): Ammari FF, Yaghan RJ, Omari AK. Source: Saudi Med J. 2002 July; 23(7): 819-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12174233
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Periductal mastitis. Masquerading as carcinoma. Author(s): Miller SD, McCollough ML, DeNapoli T. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1998 March; 24(3): 383-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9537016
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Periductal mastitis/duct ectasia. Author(s): Dixon JM. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1989 November-December; 13(6): 715-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2696225
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Periductal mastitis: aetiology and management. Author(s): Dixon JM. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1989 November; 68: 76-80; Discussion 87-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2488570
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Phenotypic characterization of Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates from bovine mastitis by their binding to host derived proteins. Author(s): Rantamaki LK, Muller HP. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 1995 October; 46(4): 415-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8560738
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Plasma-cell mastitis: case report. Author(s): Case TC, Gillooley J, Madrazo AA, Ortiz VN. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1974 January; 22(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4357827
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Postlactational tumoral granulomatous mastitis: a localized immune phenomenon. Author(s): Brown KL, Tang PH. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1979 August; 138(2): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=464240
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Postpartum lobular granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Davies JD, Burton PA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1983 March; 36(3): 363. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6826784
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Postpartum psychosis and mastitis: a new indication for clozapine? Author(s): Kornhuber J, Weller M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 December; 148(12): 1751-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1796996
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Prednisone management of granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): DeHertogh DA, Rossof AH, Harris AA, Economou SG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 October 2; 303(14): 799-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191051
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Prevention of puerperal mastitis by afungil. Author(s): Kovacs L, Orojan I. Source: Ther Hung. 1966; 14(2): 77-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5912668
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Primary tuberculous mastitis in a Nigerian woman. Author(s): Akinola DO, Adejuyigbe O, Odesanmi WO. Source: West Afr J Med. 1989 July-September; 8(3): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2486799
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Production of mastitis in mice with human and bovine ureaplasmas (Tmycoplasmas). Author(s): Howard CJ, Anderson JC, Gourlay RN, Taylor-Robinson D. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1975 November; 8(4): 523-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1239513
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in a neonate. Author(s): Bailey LA, Waecker NJ Jr. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 January; 12(1): 104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8417415
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Puerperal mastitis: causes, prevention, and management. Author(s): Ezrati JB, Gordon H. Source: Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 1979 November-December; 24(6): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=259641
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Radiodiagnostic aspects of non-puerperal mastitis. Author(s): van Overhagen H, Zonderland HM, Lameris JS. Source: Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 1988 September; 149(3): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2843961
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Recurrent eosinophilic mastitis. Author(s): Komenaka IK, Schnabel FR, Cohen JA, Saqi A, Mercado C, Horowitz E, Hamele-Bena D, Joseph KA. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 July; 69(7): 620-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12889628
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Relationship between vitamin E and urinary excretion of ketosteroid fractions in cystic mastitis. Author(s): Solomon D, Strummer D, Nair PP. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1972 December 18; 203: 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4266685
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Risk factors for lactation mastitis. Author(s): Jones B. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1998 September; 14(3): 205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10205429
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Risk factors for lactation mastitis. Author(s): Fetherston C. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1998 June; 14(2): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9775842
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Risk factors for mastitis in breastfeeding women: results of a prospective cohort study. Author(s): Kinlay JR, O'Connell DL, Kinlay S. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2001 April; 25(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11357905
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S zooepidemicus infection and bovine mastitis. Author(s): Sharp MW, Prince MJ, Gibbens J. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1995 July 29; 137(5): 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8533263
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Salmonella bredeney mastitis during pregnancy. Author(s): Stamm AM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 June; 59(6 Suppl): 29S-30S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7045753
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Salmonella mastitis in a child. Author(s): Klar A, Shazberg G, Levichek Z, Halamish A, Hurvitz H. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2002 April; 41(3): 201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999687
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Selective recruitment of T-cell subsets to the udder during staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis: analysis of lymphocyte subsets and adhesion molecule expression. Author(s): Soltys J, Quinn MT. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 December; 67(12): 6293-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10569740
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Silicone mastitis in “topless” waitresses and some other varieties of foreign-body mastitis. Author(s): Symmers WS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 July 6; 3(609): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5690841
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Smoking and periductal mastitis. Author(s): Bundred NJ, Dover MS, Aluwihare N, Faragher EB, Morrison JM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 September 25; 307(6907): 772-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8219949
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Some aspects of the endocrine status in the inflammatory breast carcinoma (Mastitis carcinosa). Author(s): Kiricuta I, Frenkel Z. Source: Arch Geschwulstforsch. 1982; 52(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7200764
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Sporadic (nonepidemic) puerperal mastitis. Author(s): Niebyl JR, Spence MR, Parmley TH. Source: J Reprod Med. 1978 February; 20(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=415137
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Sporadic puerperal mastitis. An infection that need not interrupt lactation. Author(s): Marshall BR, Hepper JK, Zirbel CC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 September 29; 233(13): 1377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1174212
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Staphylococcal mastitis: phage types and patterns of S. aureus. Author(s): Giesecke WH, van den Heever LW, du Toit IJ. Source: The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 1972 June; 39(2): 87-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4268643
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Streptococcus pneumoniae as an agent of mastitis. Author(s): Wust J, Rutsch M, Stocker S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 February; 14(2): 1567. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7758490
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Stripping out pus in lactational mastitis: a means of preventing breast abscess. Author(s): Bertrand H, Rosenblood LK. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1991 August 15; 145(4): 299-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1873763
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Subclinical mastitis among HIV-infected and uninfected Zimbabwean women participating in a multimicronutrient supplementation trial. Author(s): Gomo E, Filteau SM, Tomkins AM, Ndhlovu P, Michaelsen KF, Friis H. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 March-April; 97(2): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584380
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Subclinical mastitis as a risk factor for mother-infant HIV transmission. Author(s): Willumsen JF, Filteau SM, Coutsoudis A, Uebel KE, Newell ML, Tomkins AM. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2000; 478: 211-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11065074
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Subclinical mastitis presenting as acute, unexplained, excessive crying in an afebrile 31-day-old female. Author(s): Brown L, Hicks M. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 June; 17(3): 189-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11437144
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Suppurative mastitis in infants. Author(s): Nelson JD. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1973 March; 125(3): 458-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4571961
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Surgical management of silicone mastitis. Author(s): Wustrack KO, Zarem HA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1979 February; 63(2): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=570284
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Systemic manifestations in granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Damade R, Pouchot J, Barge J, Gaudin H, Vinceneux P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 July; 19(7): 1157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1512779
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The challenge of mastitis. Author(s): Michie C, Lockie F, Lynn W. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 September; 88(9): 818-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937109
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The effect of danazol in the treatment of chronic cystic mastitis. Author(s): Lauersen NH, Wilson KH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 July; 48(1): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=945522
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The hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting with eosinophilic mastitis. Author(s): Thompson AB, Barron MM, Lapp NL. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1985 March; 145(3): 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4038872
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The immune system on the ruminant mammary gland and its role in the control of mastitis. Author(s): Lascelles AK. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1979 January; 62(1): 154-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=379059
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The influence of mastitis on antibody transfer to infants through breast milk. Author(s): Filteau S. Source: Vaccine. 2003 July 28; 21(24): 3377-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12850344
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The influence of potential biases on the risk of breast tumors among women who received radiotherapy for acute postpartum mastitis. Author(s): Prince MM, Hildreth NG. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1986; 39(7): 553-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3722318
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The pathology of breast cancer in women irradiated for acute postpartum mastitis. Author(s): Dvoretsky PM, Woodard E, Bonfiglio TA, Hempelmann LH, Morse IP. Source: Cancer. 1980 November 15; 46(10): 2257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7427865
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The problem of “chronic mastitis” with epitheliosis. Author(s): Macgillivray JB. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1969 May; 22(3): 340-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5814739
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The production of mastitis in cows by the intramammary inoculation of Tmycoplasmas. Author(s): Gourlay RN, Howard CJ, Brownlie J. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1972 September; 70(3): 511-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4506996
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The radiology of periductal mastitis. Author(s): Gravelle IH. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1989 November; 68: 73-5; Discussion 87-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2488569
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The treatment of mastitis in nursing mothers. Author(s): Theberge-Rousselet D. Source: Can Nurse. 1976 March; 72(3): 32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=943233
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The use of bromocriptine in the management of non-puerperal mastitis. Author(s): Peters F, Hilgarth M, Breckwoldt M. Source: Arch Gynecol. 1982; 233(1): 23-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7165393
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The value of cytology in granulomatous mastitis: a report of 16 cases from Malaysia. Author(s): Yip CH, Jayaram G, Swain M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 2000 February; 70(2): 1035. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10711470
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Treating mastitis. Author(s): Hogan C. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1994 July; 23(7): 1388. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8060290
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Treating mastitis. Author(s): Lawlor-Smith C. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1994 May; 23(5): 978-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8037641
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Tubercular mastitis. Author(s): Gupta R, Gupta AS, Duggal N. Source: Int Surg. 1982 October-December; 67(4 Suppl): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6892155
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Tubercular mastitis: a pragmatic approach to its management. Author(s): Sharma AK, Sree S, Mishra SK. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1993 April; 63(4): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8311809
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Tuberculous and granulomatous mastitis. Author(s): Banerjee A, Green B, Burke M. Source: The Practitioner. 1989 May 22; 233(1469): 754, 756-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2602314
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Tuberculous mastitis mimicking malignancy--a case report with review of literature. Author(s): Sheikh MY, Rana TA, Islam MU. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1993 June; 43(6): 122-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8411616
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Tuberculous mastitis. Author(s): Stricker RB. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 June; 88(6): 698. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7777899
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Tuberculous mastitis. Author(s): Estrin J, Bernstein M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1994 November; 87(11): 1151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7973904
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Tuberculous mastitis. Author(s): Thakore V. Source: Trop Doct. 1994 October; 24(4): 171. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7801362
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Tuberculous mastitis. Author(s): Wilson JP, Chapman SW. Source: Chest. 1990 December; 98(6): 1505-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2245695
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Tuberculous mastitis. A review of 34 cases. Author(s): Cohen C. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1977 July 2; 52(1): 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=888037
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Tuberculous mastitis: a continuing problem. Author(s): Banerjee SN, Ananthakrishnan N, Mehta RB, Parkash S. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1987 February; 11(1): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3811379
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Tuberculous mastitis: a rare disease. Author(s): Al Soub H, Chacko K. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1996 January-February; 50(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8729603
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Ultrasound and mastitis. Author(s): Shellshear M. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1982 August; 11(8): 642. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6890341
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Uncommon forms of mastitis. Author(s): Alagaratnam TT. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1981 February; 51(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6939422
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Visualization of breast tissue by technetium-99m labeled dextran in chronic cystic mastitis. Author(s): Yang KT, Wu CC, Chen JY. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1989 October; 14(10): 772-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2478332
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MASTITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and mastitis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Mastitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “mastitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “mastitis” (or a synonym): •
Bactericidal activity of macela (Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.) and jaborandifalso (Piper aduncum L.) against strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis. Source: Lemos, G.C.S. Oliveira, L.O. Eberli, B.B. Mota, O.V. Folly, M.M. RevistaBrasileira-de-Plantas-Medicinais (Brazil). (October 2000). volume 3(1) page 67-72.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
An immunogenomics approach to understanding periparturient immunosuppression and mastitis susceptibility in dairy cows. Author(s): Immunogenetics Laboratory, Center for Animal Functional Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
[email protected] Source: Burton, J L Madsen, S A Yao, J Sipkovsky, S S Coussens, P M Acta-Vet-Scand. 2001; 42(3): 407-24 0044-605X
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Comparison of fluid and flunixin meglumine therapy in combination and individually in the treatment of toxic mastitis. Author(s): Orchard Veterinary Group, Glastonbury, Somerset. Source: Green, M J Green, L E Cripps, P J Vet-Rec. 1997 February 8; 140(6): 149-52 00424900
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Copper and zinc: do they influence mastitis. Source: Harmon, R.J. Torre, P.M. Annu-meet-Natl-Mastitis-Counc-inc. Arlington, Va. : The Council. 1994. page 54-65. 0271-9967
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Effect of mastitis on milk lactose, chloride and koestler's number. Author(s): Cairo Univ. (Egypt). Dept. of Botany Source: Morsi, N.M. El Gazzar, H. Saleh, Y. Hanafi, A. Pakistan-Journal-of-BiologicalSciences (Pakistan). (January 2000). volume 3(1) page 20-23.
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Effect of premilking teat disinfection on mastitis incidence, total bacterial count, cell count and milk yield in three dairy herds. Source: Blowey, R.W. Collis, K. Vet-Rec-J-Br-Vet-Assoc. London : The Association. February 29, 1992. volume 130 (9) page 175-178. 0042-4900
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Effect of subcutaneous injection of ginseng on cows with subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. Source: Hu, S Concha, C Johannisson, A Meglia, G Waller, K P J-Vet-Med-B-Infect-DisVet-Public-Health. 2001 September; 48(7): 519-28 0931-1793
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Efficacy of two non-antibiotic therapies, oxytocin and topical liniment, against bovine staphylococcal mastitis. Author(s): Hannah Research Institute, Ayr. Source: Knight, C H Fitzpatrick, J L Logue, D N Platt, D J Vet-Rec. 2000 March 11; 146(11): 311-6 0042-4900
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Evaluation of a homoeopathic treatment for subclinical mastitis. Author(s): Veterinary Research Laboratory, Abbotstown, Castleknock, Dublin, Ireland. Source: Egan, J Vet-Rec. 1995 July 8; 137(2): 48 0042-4900
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•
Evaluation of teat germicides of low iodine concentration for prevention for bovine mastitis by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Source: Boddie, R.L. Nickerson, S.C. Dairy-Res-Rep-La-Agric-Exp-Stn. Homer, La. : The Station. 1992. page 93-97. 0459-8504
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Flunixin meglumine and flurbiprofen in cows with experimental Escherichia coli mastitis. Author(s): Department of Herd Health and Reproduction, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Source: Lohuis, J A Van Leeuwen, W Verheijden, J H Brand, A Van Miert, A S Vet-Rec. 1989 March 25; 124(12): 305-8 0042-4900
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Identification of Escherichia coli recovered from milk of sows with coliform mastitis by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using standardized reagents. Author(s): SLU, Uppsala (Sweden) Source: Ramasoota, P. Krovacek, K. Chansiripornchai, N. Moerner, A. P. Svenson, S.B. Acta-Veterinaria-Scandinavica (Denmark). (2000). volume 41(3) page 249-259.
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Impact of prototheca mastitis on bulk tank somatic cell count and standard plant count. Author(s): Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Source: Gonzalez, R.N. Bennett, G.J. Sickles, S.A. St Hilaire, D. Nydam, D.Volume American-Association-of-Bovine-Practitioners.-Conference (USA). (September 1998). (no. 31) page 216-217.
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Inflammation-related changes in trace elements, GSH-metabolism, prostaglandins, and sialic acid in bovine mastitis. Source: Atroshi, F. Sankari, S. Tyopponen, J. Parantainen, J. Trace elements in man and animals 6 / edited by Lucille S. Hurley,. [et al.]. New York : Plenum Press, c1988. page 97-99. ISBN: 0306430045
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Isolation and characterization of alpha 2-macroglobulin from mastitis milk. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Epizootology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland. Source: Rantamaki, L K Muller, H P J-Dairy-Res. 1992 August; 59(3): 273-85 0022-0299
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Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in milk: a new biomarker for bovine mastitis. Author(s): Brandenburg State Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostics and Food Analysis, Potsdam, Germany. Source: Baeker, R Haebel, S Schlatterer, K Schlatterer, B Prostaglandins-Other-LipidMediat. 2002 January; 67(1): 75-88 1098-8823
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Mechanisms involved in milk endogenous proteolysis induced by a lipopolysaccharide experimental mastitis. Author(s): Unite sous contrat avec l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires, Vandoeuvreles-Nancy, France.
[email protected] Source: Moussaoui, F Michelutti, I Le Roux, Y Laurent, F J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 October; 85(10): 2562-70 0022-0302
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No effect of a dietary zinc proteinate on clinical mastitis, infection rate, recovery rate and somatic cell count in dairy cows. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Veterinary Field Station, Easier Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
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Source: Whitaker, D A Eayres, H F Aitchison, K Kelly, J M Vet-J. 1997 March; 153(2): 197203 1090-0233 •
Novel concepts of mastitis control. Source: Nickerson, S.C. Dairy-Res-Rep-La-Agric-Exp-Stn. Homer, La. : The Station. 1992. page 63-72. 0459-8504
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Pathogenesis-based treatment of recurring subareolar breast abscesses. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University Hospital, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210, USA. Source: Meguid, M M Oler, A Numann, P J Khan, S Surgery. 1995 October; 118(4): 77582 0039-6060
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Patterns of clinical mastitis manifestations in Danish organic dairy herds. Author(s): Danish Institute of Animal Science, Foulum, Tjele, Denmark. Source: Vaarst, M Enevoldsen, C J-Dairy-Res. 1997 February; 64(1): 23-37 0022-0299
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Phenotypic variability of X-protein expression by mastitis-causing Streptococcus agalactiae of serotype NT/X and opsonic activities of specific antibodies. Author(s): Laboratoire de Pathologie Infectieuse et d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherches de Tours, Nouzilly, France. Source: Rainard, P Sarradin, P Poutrel, B Microb-Pathog. 1994 May; 16(5): 359-72 08824010
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Phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine fail to show beneficial effects on bovine subclinical mastitis. Source: Pyorala, S Patila, J Sandholm, M Acta-Vet-Scand. 1988; 29(3-4): 501-3 0044-605X
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Protective effect of glucan against experimentally induced staphylococcal mastitis in ewes. Author(s): Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand. Source: Buddle, B M Pulford, H D Ralston, M Vet-Microbiol. 1988 January; 16(1): 67-76 0378-1135
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Prototheca, yeast, and Bacillus as a cause of mastitis. Author(s): Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Source: Gonzalez, R.N. National-Mastitis-Council (U.S.). Meeting (USA). (1996). 35th page 82-92. dairy cows bovine mastitis prototheca yeasts bacillus 0271-9967
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Recent advances in the control of bovine mastitis. Source: Nickerson, S.C. Dairy-Res-Rep-La-Agric-Exp-Stn. Homer, La. : The Station. 1992. page 213-222. 0459-8504
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Respiratory burst activity in activated and unstimulated isolated bovine blood neutrophils during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biometrics, Veterinary Faculty, University of Gent, Merelbeke, Belgie. Source: Van Oostveldt, K Burvenich, C Da Silva, F M Massart Leen, A M J-Dairy-Res. 1999 August; 66(3): 375-83 0022-0299
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Response of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis to exogenous iron sources. Author(s): Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Lennoxville, QC, Canada. Source: Diarra, M S Petitclerc, D Lacasse, P J-Dairy-Sci. 2002 September; 85(9): 2141-8 0022-0302
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•
Serum selenium and vitamin E concentration and the relationship to mastitis in dairy cows. Source: Miller, G.Y. Bartlett, P.C. Erskine, R.J. Smith, K.L. Annu-meet-Natl-MastitisCounc-inc. Arlington, Va. : The Council. 1994. page 66-68. 0271-9967
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Studies about the mechanism of internalization by mammary epithelial cells of Escherichia coli isolated from persistent bovine mastitis. Author(s): Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: Dopfer, D Nederbragt, H Almeida, R A Gaastra, W Vet-Microbiol. 2001 June 6; 80(3): 285-96 0378-1135
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Studies on the incidence of clinical mastitis and blood levels of vitamin E and selenium in dairy herds in England. Author(s): Agricultural and Food Research Council Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Newbury. Source: Ndiweni, N Field, T R Williams, M R Booth, J M Finch, J M Vet-Rec. 1991 August 3; 129(5): 86-8 0042-4900
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The effect of sour milk as a postmilking teat dip for mastitis prevention in a dairy herd. Author(s): Agricultural Research Centre, Jokioinen, Finland.
[email protected] Source: Koskinen, E Rantala, M Saloniemi, H Acta-Vet-Scand. 1996; 37(4): 427-32 0044605X
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The relationship between the vitamin E/selenium status and the incidence of mastitis in dairy herds near Harare. Source: Ndiweni, N. Finch, J.M. Zimbabwe-Vet-J. Harare : Zimbabwe Veterinary Association. December 1991. volume 22 (4) page 101-109. 1016-1511
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The use of predipping in a mastitis control program. Source: Nickerson, S.C. Dairy-Res-Rep-La-Agric-Exp-Stn. Homer, La. : The Station. 1992. page 77-79. 0459-8504
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Toxic mastitis in cattle. Source: Green, M. In-pract. [London : British Veterinary Association, 1979-. March 1998. volume 20 (3) page 128-133. 0263-841X
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Treatment of clinical mastitis: historic and new perspectives. Source: Morin, D.E. Proc-annu-conf-Am-Assoc-Bovine-Pract,-Conf. Stillwater, OK : The Association, 1996-. Sept 1999. (32nd) page 33-39.
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Vaccination with ferric enterobactin receptor (FepA) to control coliform mastitis. Author(s): The Ohio State Univ., Wooster (USA). Dept. of Animal Sciences Source: Lin, J. Hogan, J.S. Smith, K.L. Mastitis-Newsletter (Belgium). International Dairy Federation. (1999). (no.23) page 11. Comes with Bulletin - FIL-IDF (Belgium). dairy cows mastitis vaccination disease control iron 1011-9027
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Vitamin A and beta-carotene: a nutritional approach to the control of mastitis in dairy cattle. Source: Scherf, H. Frye, T.M. Williams, S.N. Annu-meet-Natl-Mastitis-Counc-inc. Arlington, Va. : The Council. 1994. page 77-91. 0271-9967
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to mastitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
•
Minerals Iodine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON MASTITIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to mastitis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “mastitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on mastitis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Mastitis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to mastitis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Associations between Specific Bovine Leukocyte Antigen DRB3 Alleles and Mastitis in Canadian Holsteins by Ledwidge, Sarah Anne; MSc from University of Guelph (Canada), 2003, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ80174
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Blood Serum Transferrin Polymorphism and Bovine Mastitis by Malik, S.S; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11931
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Coliform Mastitis in the Sow: Clinical Immunological Studies around Parturition by Osterlundh, Ingrid; VetMedDr from Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (Sweden), 2003, 44 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f80353
•
Effect of Copper Source in Enhancing Resistance to Coliform Mastitis by Scaletti, Roger William; PhD from University of Kentucky, 2003, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086900
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•
Risk Factors and Genetics of Two Health Traits in Holstein Cows: Locomotion and Subclinical Mastitis by van Dorp, Renate T. E.; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 2003, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ80142
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Studies on the Possible Roles of Beta-Hemolysin of Staphylococcus Aureus and Blood Serum in the Pathogenesis of Bovine Mastitis by Naidu, Talapala Govindaswamy; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK18023
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The Economic Impact of Management Strategies to Control Somatic Cell Counts in Dairy Herds (Mastitis) by Miller, Gay Yvette, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1991, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9120699
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The Effects of Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Clinical Signs, Milk Production, and Mammary Epithelial Cells in Cows with Endotoxin-Induced Mastitis by Wagner, Sarah Anderson; PhD from Iowa State University, 2003, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085951
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The Relationships between Bulk Tank Milk Culture Results, Management Factors Used in Mastitis Control and the Herd Prevalence of Mastitis by Godkin, Margaret Ann; DVSc from University of Guelph (Canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL57068
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MASTITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “mastitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on mastitis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Mastitis By performing a patent search focusing on mastitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on mastitis: •
Acidic aqueous chlorite teat dip with improved emollient providing shelf life, sanitizing capacity and tissue protection Inventor(s): Paquette; Cathy M. (Coon Rapids, MN), Richter; Francis L. (Lino Lakes, MN), Staub; Richard K. (Lakeville, MN), Vegoe; Donald R. (Roseville, MN) Assignee(s): Ecolab Inc. (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 6,379,685 Date filed: September 24, 1998 Abstract: The mastitis control teat dip composition of the invention provides a softening, soothing, smoothing, relaxing property, a rapid initial kill, a useful highly pseudoplastic rheology, a barrier/film-forming capacity, a unique antimicrobial composition that is stable over an extended period of time, and unexpected long term microbial control when compared to the prior art materials disclosed in patents and used in the marketplace. The compositions of the invention are made by combining an aqueous thickened liquid composition containing the organic components which can be combined with a simple aqueous solution of a salt of chlorous acid, preferably an alkali metal chlorite. The materials can be combined, blended into a smooth viscous material containing an emollient package and can be immediately contacted with the target animals. The compositions of the invention provide rapid initial kill, consistent long term kill and chemical and rheological stability. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a bovine teat dip composition that can be mixed using two parts, a simple chlorite solution and an acid or acidulant formulation, to form a stable, effective composition that can be used in routine dairy procedures. Bovine mastitis is the most common and most costly disease affecting dairy herds. Some estimates suggested at least half of the dairy animal population have some degree or form of mastitis. This condition results in lowered milk yield and reduced quality. Economic loss to mastitis in the U.S. is estimated at about $1.8 billion or approximately 10% of total milk sales with about two-thirds of this loss due to reduced milk production from infected cows. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland. Similarly, inflammation is one response of a tissue or organ to insult or injury. An injury caused by physical, chemical or thermal trauma can produce an inflammatory response. In the dairy cow, mastitis typically results from microorganisms, usually bacteria, that invade the udder, multiply in the delicate milk producing tissues, and synthesize toxins, a byproduct of bacterial metabolism. The characteristic features of inflammation are swelling, heat, redness, pain and disturbed function. While the animal immune system can fight intramammary infections, many chronic infections remain sub-clinical (asymptomatic) and undetected unless diagnosed by laboratory testing. Sub-clinical mastitis can result in a reservoir of micro-organisms that leads to the infection of other animals within the herd. More than 80 species of microorganisms have been identified as causal agents, although approximately 95% of mastitis is caused by four pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysagalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis. Mastitis causing pathogens fall into two categories namely contagious and environmental. Contagious bacteria, such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus, primarily colonize host tissue sites such as mammary glands, teat canals, teat skin lesions etc. and are spread from one infected cow to another during the milking process. Environmental bacteria, often streptococci, enterococci and coliform organisms, are commonly present within the cow's surroundings from sources
Patents 63
such as cow feces, soil, plant material, bedding or water, and infect by casual opportunistic contact with an animal during the inter-milking period. This distinction, although not exclusive, is of practical importance because different dairy herd maintenance measures are needed for the different groups of microorganisms. In all bovine mastitis cases, whatever the causal microorganism, the route of transmission of the invading pathogen into the inner gland of the udder is through the teat orifice and teat canal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379685__ •
Antiinfective free intramammary veterinary composition Inventor(s): McNally; Vincent (Sandyford, IE), Morgan; James Patrick (late of Bellinter, IE) Assignee(s): Bimeda Research & Development Limited (ie) Patent Number: 6,254,881 Date filed: August 10, 1999 Abstract: An antiinfective-free formulation for prophylactic treatment of mastitis in dry cows comprises a seal formulation having approximately 65% by weight of bismuth sub-nitrate in a gel based on aluminium stearate. The seal formulation is prepared by adding the bismuth sub-nitrate to the gel base in at least two separate stages. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a veterinary composition, particularly for the prophylactic treatment of mastitis in cows. Bacterial infection via the teats of a cow is the most common cause of mastitis. It is known to treat teats of a cow with a long acting antibiotic in a slow release form with effective cover only being provided whilst minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of the antibiotic are maintained. This period of cover can vary from 4 to 10 weeks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06254881__
•
Antimicrobial composition useful for the treatment of bovine mastitis Inventor(s): McSherry; David Daniel (Minneapolis, MN), Richter; Francis Lawrence (Lino Lakes, MN), Staub; Richard K. (Lakeville, MN), Wei; Guang-jong Jason (Mendota Heights, MN) Assignee(s): Ecolab Inc. (st. Paul, Mn) Patent Number: 6,582,734 Date filed: July 20, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to a two-part antimicrobial composition comprising at least one chlorine dioxide generating component comprising at least one metal chlorite and at least one acid-forming compound in a solid carrier, and at least one liquid aqueous component. The composition further comprises at least one antimicrobial fatty acid having from about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms, and preferably from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms. The components, upon mixing, form a composition having a pH in the range of about 5 to about 10. Excerpt(s): Bacterial infection, particularly bovine mastitis, is the most costly and difficult problem that a dairy herdsman will typically have to deal with. Mastitis is an
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inflammation of the mammary gland that occurs primarily as a result of a bacterial infection that gains entry into the udder of the mammal via the teat canal. Mastitis decreases the cow's milk production and reduces the quality of the milk. In more severe cases of mastitis, the milk will have to be discarded, and if the disease resists treatment, the cow may have to be destroyed. A further problem is that a mastitis infection can spread from cow to cow. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06582734__ •
Bovine mastitis treatment Inventor(s): Hassler; Lisa M. (102 Beaver Creek Rd., Fleetwood, PA 19522), Hassler; Mark A. (102 Beaver Creek Rd., Fleetwood, PA 19522) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,846,543 Date filed: October 24, 1995 Abstract: Chemical compositions for the treatment of bovine mastitis which compositions are combinations of four components i.e.; Echinechea Goldenseal Supreme; Wild Ginseng Supreme; gelsemium, pokeroot, and aconite; and aloe vera juice, which form a dose which is injected into the mastitis affected portion of a cow's udder for a minimum of two doses per day for at least three days, which results in a cure for the mastitis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chemical compositions for treating bovine mastitis which compositions include Echinechea Goldenseal Supreme; Wild Ginseng Supreme; gelsemium, poke root, aconite; and aloe vera juice. Dairy cows whose main purpose is to produce milk are subject to many disorders which can disrupt their milk production, and render the cow unfit to produce milk. Dairy cows are expensive to own and maintain, and the standards for milk production are high. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05846543__
•
Cephalosporin antibiotics Inventor(s): Dahnke; Karl Robert (Carmel, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (indianapolis, In) Patent Number: 6,329,363 Date filed: November 6, 1998 Abstract: The invention provides new fluorinated cephalosporin antibiotics and methods of preventing or treating infection, particularly mastitis in ruminants, using these antibiotics, and veterinary and pharmaceutical formulations comprising these antibiotics. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new fluorinated cephalosporin antibiotics and to formulations comprising, and methods of using, these antibiotics to control susceptible pathogens. The invention particularly relates to veterinary formulations and to methods for preventing or treating mastitis in a mammal with a fluorinated cephalosporin of this invention. Mastitis is a serious problem, especially in the dairy industry. It is an inflammation of the udder caused by a number of different pathogens, including
Patents 65
Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus species. There are, however, difficulties in treating mastitis effectively while still meeting the needs of the dairy industry. The agent used must be effective against the pathogen or pathogens causing the mastitis, must not adversely affect the animal being treated, and must be quickly cleared from the animal's system so that the milk it produces may be safe for subsequent use. 2) when X and Y are S and R.sup.b or R.sup.c is F, one of the remaining R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c R.sup.d or R.sup.f is other than hydrogen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06329363__ •
Composition for and method of topical administration to effect changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue Inventor(s): Allen; Michael P. (4900 Cedar La., Pell City, AL 35128) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,361,806 Date filed: February 23, 2000 Abstract: Emollient compositions for topical administration consisting of hydrophilic:hydrophobic emulsions containing a polyacrylate carrier, a vehicle, a mixture of C.sub.16:0, C.sub.18:0, C.sub.18:1 fatty acids and derivatives as penetrants, a balanced mixture of unsaturated C.sub.18:2, C.sub.18:2 and C.sub.18:3 fatty acids, a natural anti-inflammatory compound, a natural analgesic compound, a natural estrogenic compound and a fragrance; Methods of their use for ameliorating symptoms of disease including mammary fibrocystic disease, cyclic mastitis, inflammation and general and specific pre- and post-menopausal pain and swelling. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to compositions and methods for treating conditions by topical administration of agents effecting changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and specifically to compositions and methods for ameliorating symptoms of disease and treating physical cosmetic conditions. Demographics of population aging has focused special attention on pre- and post-menopausal diseases and breast cancer. About 60% of women reportedly develop palpable cysts by age 40 to 50. While retrospective studies have suggested possible relationships between fibrocystic breast disease, benign breast pain, cyclic mastalgia, benign cysts and increased risk of breast cancer, unfortunately, obvious treatment options have not been forthcoming. In younger women, fibrocystic disease is a common under-diagnosed problem with reported prevalence ranging in different studies from 41% to 69% (1-3; Citations follow the EXAMPLES section, below). It is not clear at present whether microcysts are a normal part of the breast involution process (4) and no specific United States standards of treatment exist (at present) for these conditions. With an unknown etiology, hormone therapy (5,6), caffeine restriction (7) and diet (8-11) have all been suggested as possible treatment options. In other tissues, age related changes have also been observed. Histologic changes in cutaneous tissues accompanying aging have been evaluated at a cellular level in vitro, with a variety of findings. For example, changes have been observed in extracellular matrix components, (e.g., breakdown and UV damage to collagen fibers and elastin filaments), capillary endothelium (e.g., telangiectasia), loss of elasticity in smooth muscle fibers and changes in cholesterol, triglyceride and fatty acid metabolism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06361806__
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•
Mastitis
Compositions containing thymol and carvacrol gastrointestinal infections with the compositions
and
methods
of
treating
Inventor(s): Ninkov; Dusan (Amstelveen, NL) Assignee(s): Ropapharm B.v. (zaandam, Nl) Patent Number: 6,322,825 Date filed: July 19, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to pharmaceutical compounds which are based on the anti-flammatory properties of etheric oils selected from the group consisting of Origanum vulgaris, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Thymus serpilum, Saturea hortensis, Saturea montana, Saturea subricata, Carum corticum, Thymus zugis, Ocimum gratisimum, Moranda pungtata, Mosla japanoica and Salvia officinalis. Preferably the etheric oils, obtained at the distillation of Origanum vulgaris, Thymus vulgaris and/or Mentha piperita are used. Such pharmaceutical compounds, compared to synthetic sulfonamids, antibiotics and cortisones do not create biorecidives in the human body as well as in animal meat and milk and milk and do not contribute to the resistance of microorganism against pharmaceutical compositions in general. The composition according to the invention can be used in the treatment of colibacillosis, dermatomycosis, lice, perspiration and fungas on feet, dermatitis, acne and of veterinary diseases such as coccidiosis and mastitis. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, comprising etheric oils extracted from specific plants, a process for preparing such pharmaceutical compositions, as well as to the application of said compositions in the human and veterinary medical field. 4. are not toxic, mutagenic or teratogenic. 2. the resistance of microorganisms-bacteria against the prior art products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06322825__ •
Cosmetic, dermopharmaceutical or veterinary compositions for disinfecting human or animal skin Inventor(s): Greff; Daniel (Mere, FR) Assignee(s): Stoa S.a. (perray-en-yvelines, Fr) Patent Number: 6,123,953 Date filed: August 18, 1998 Abstract: The use of alkane-1,2-diols for inactivating skin microorganisms by topical application includes 1,2-Octanediol used against the germs that cause acne and dandruff, as well as those that cause mastitis in dairy animals, and its activity strengthened by a synergistic interaction with gels such as glycerol poly(meth)acrylate. Excerpt(s): Human or animal skin (that of mammals) is not sterile. It breeds either saprophyte germs which constitute the non-pathogenic and protective resident microflora, or parasitic pathogenic germs which are opportunistic, which can give rise to illness or more or less serious pathological conditions, especially if they succeed in penetrating tissue internally to colonize the blood or lymphatic system or internal organs. Asepticizing treatment of human and/or animal skin seeks its origins in the work of Pasteur and Semmelweiss; nowadays, there exist a large number of microbicidal molecules used for different applications: treatment of acne, treatment of capillary layers, different disinfection of small wounds (scrapes), disinfection of the
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hands of surgeons and the sick, disinfection of the udders of milk-giving animals to prevent mastitis. The antimicrobial properties of 1,2-diol alkanes and 1,3-diol alkanes are known from EP-A-0524548, which also mentions their combination with aromatic alcohol for the preservation of cleaning agents for the skin, but with a decrease of germs only after several days. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06123953__ •
Device for measuring the complex impedance of milk, and pulsator having such a device Inventor(s): Nijkamp; Jan Marinus (Emmeloord, NL), Posthuma; Berend Andries (Emmeloord, NL) Assignee(s): Gascoigne-melotte B.v. (emmeloord, Nl) Patent Number: 5,829,381 Date filed: July 16, 1996 Abstract: A device for measuring the complex impedance, such as the electrical conductance and/or the capacitance, of milk, for example in connection with mastitis detection, comprises a sample chamber which is provided with sensors and in which a milk sample can be received. The sensors are mounted in the sample chamber at an essentially mutually equal height level. The sensors may also have an elongated shape and be mutually parallel. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of measuring the complex impedance, such as the electrical conductance and/or the capacitance, of milk, for example for detecting mastitis in dairy animals. In that connection, it is known to use, in a milking installation, a detection device which has a sample chamber in which a milk sample can be received. The sample chamber is generally so designed that the milk sample received therein stays relatively stationary for some time so that the conductance of the milk can be measured by means of the sensors. As an alternative, it is also known to constrict the milk hose locally so that a stagnation point occurs in the milk flow. Mounted just in front of the constriction are the electrodes which measure the conductance of the relatively slowly flowing milk. It is furthermore known, to provide, in the pulsator itself, sample chambers in which the electrodes are sited. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05829381__
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DNA encoding a plasminogen activating protein Inventor(s): Leigh; James A. (Newbury, GB), Rosey; Everett L. (Preston, CT), Yancey, Jr.; Robert J. (Salem, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer, Inc. (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 6,485,904 Date filed: May 13, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides polynucleotide molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding plasminogen activating (PauA) proteins from Streptococcus uberis, and substantially homologous polypeptides, peptide fragments, and fusion proteins thereof. The present invention further provides compositions and methods for recombinantly expressing the PauA proteins, substantially homologous
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polypeptides, peptide fragments and fusion proteins encoded by the polynucleotide molecules of the present invention. The present invention further provides a vaccine for protecting a member of a mammalian species against mastitis, comprising a PauA protein, substantially homologous polypeptide, peptide fragment, fusion protein, or polynucleotide molecule of the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention is in the field of animal health, and is directed to vaccine compositions and diagnostics for disease. More particularly, the present invention relates to vaccines against mastitis in mammals, and polynucleotide molecules having nucleotide sequences encoding plasminogen activating proteins useful in the production of said vaccines. Bovine mastitis causes significant loss of milk production in dairy cattle, resulting in severe economic impact on the dairy industry. Mastitis may be caused by one or more types of bacterial pathogens. Infection by Streptococcus is estimated to account for approximately 30% of all clinical cases of bovine mastitis. Infection by S. uberis, specifically, is estimated to account for approximately 20% of all clinical cases of bovine mastitis. Conventional methods for the prevention and treatment of mastitis in animals include the use of sanitary milking techniques and the administration of chemical antibiotics. The use of antibiotics, however, is limited by the fact that milk containing antibiotic residues is often not considered safe for human consumption and must be discarded. Specific approaches to the treatment or prevention of mastitis in animals include that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,214 to Stolle et al., which describes the use of polyvalent anti-mastitis vaccines comprising inactivated mastitis-causing pathogens cultivated from the milk of infected animals. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,684 to Sordillo et al. describes a method of treating or preventing mastitis in cows, comprising administering bovine interferon gamma to the animals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06485904__ •
DNA-sequence-based diagnosis of mastitis from a milk sample Inventor(s): Alatossava; Jouko Tapani (Oulu, FI), Forsman; Paivi Tuulikki (Oulu, FI), Tilsala-Timisjarvi; Anu Kyllikki (Oulu, FI) Assignee(s): Oulutech Ltd. (oulu, Fi) Patent Number: 5,849,488 Date filed: February 27, 1996 Abstract: A rapid method for diagnosing mastitis is described. The method is based on DNA sequence identification comprising the steps of determining the presence of the following DNA sequences in a milk sample: a DNA sequence specific for somatic cells for indicating inflammation; a DNA sequence specific for a mastitis pathogen for indicating infection; and a DNA sequence specific for an antibiotic-resistance-encoding gene of a pathogen for assisting a proper drug therapy. Test kits and genus- or speciesspecific oligonucleotides and their use in said method are also described. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for diagnosing mastitis by measuring the presence of specific DNA sequences in a milk sample. The invention further relates to a test kit and specific oligonucleotides for use in the method. Mastitis can be defined as an inflammation of the mammary gland. Mastitis is a disease the object of which can be a female of any mammalian species including man. From the economical point of view mastitis is the most important disease of dairy heifers and cows. In most cases mastitis is a result of colonization of the mammary gland by pathogenic bacteria (infection
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mastitis). In addition, physical injuries or local mechanical or chemical stresses in udder organs are able to trigger a local inflammation cascade without the involvement of any primary bacterial infection. Accordingly, these cases are also considered as mastitis, more precisely sterile mastitis. The inflammatory state is associated with varying degrees of pathological damage to the mammary epithelium, resulting in subclinical or clinical mastitis. Clinical mastitis is often an acute inflammation, but inflammatory reactions in subclinical mastitis are often so mild that this state could easily remain unrecognized and without medical care. Most cases of subclinical mastitis represent a chronic subclinical form. Many recent surveys on the prevalence of dairy cow mastitis in western countries indicate that 30-50% of dairy cows suffer from mastitis, in most cases subclinical mastitis. Consequently, bovine mastitis causes vast economical losses to dairy farmers worldwide through reduced milk production, medical expenses and slaughter of chronic cases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05849488__ •
Film-forming compositions for protecting animal skin Inventor(s): Hemling; Thomas C. (Lake Winnebago, MO), Henderson; Mark A. (Lenxa, KS), Stapley; Chris B. (Platte City, MO) Assignee(s): West Agro, Inc. (kansas City, Mo) Patent Number: 6,030,633 Date filed: May 18, 1998 Abstract: Improved film-forming skin protectant compositions are provided which are capable of forming a long-lasting elastic barrier film when applied to skin; the compositions have particular utility as barrier teat dips, for protecting cows against mastitis, especially during their susceptible non-lactating periods. The compositions include a film-forming component (preferably a mixture of polyether polyurethane and benzoin gum) dispersed in a compatible carrier and further having a minor amount of nitrocellulose incorporated therein in order to increase the time of adherence of the composition to skin, as compared with an otherwise identical composition without nitrocellulose. The compositions may also include a germicide (e.g., chlorhexidine diacetate), and a coloring dye. The most preferred compositions include polyether polyurethane, benzoin gum, a solvent system made up of tetrahydrafuran and a lower alcohol, and chlorhexidine diacetate. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with improved film-forming skin protectant compositions capable of forming an elastic film when applied to skin and including a film-forming component dispersed in a carrier, and wherein the compositions of the invention are improved by provision of a quantity of nitrocellulose dispersed in the carrier; the nitrocellulose serves to create a more long-lasting film capable of protecting skin (e.g., the skin of bovine teats) over relatively long periods of time. More particularly, the preferred forms of the invention pertain to film-forming compositions including therein effective amounts of polyether polyurethane and benzoin gum dispersed in tetrahydrafuran (THF) solvent, with a minor amount of nitrocellulose therein. A significant problem for dairy farmers is the incidence of mastitis in cattle. It is known that up to 40-50% of inflammatory infections are contracted to a cow's dry or non-lactating period, with the greatest percentages of these infections occurring the first and last two weeks of the dry period. At these times, the mammary gland is in the transitional state where immunological factors are preoccupied or suppressed, milk is no longer being flushed from the gland, and
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increased mammary pressure distends the teat, thus allowing for easier bacterial penetration through the milk canal. It is known to apply protective compositions to bovine teats, especially during or leading up to the non-lactating period, in order to minimize the occurrence of mastitis. The primary goal in such mastitis treatment is to minimize bacterial exposure on the teat ends. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06030633__ •
Hydrophilic polymer blends used to prevent cow skin infections Inventor(s): Ehrhard; Joseph (Flemington, NJ), Eknoian; Michael (Newark, NJ) Assignee(s): Hydromer, Inc. (branchburg, Nj) Patent Number: 6,203,812 Date filed: June 29, 1998 Abstract: The invention discloses a mammalian teat dip for controlling mastitis, a method for preparing the composition and a method of treatment of mammals. The composition contains a film-forming polymer blend and at least one antimicrobial. The polymer blend contains a solvent-soluble, thermoplastic polyurethane and a hydrophilic poly(N-vinyl lactam). Upon application to mammalian skin, this composition leaves a long-lasting, water-resistant, residual, elastic film which treats and protects mammalian skin from infection. Excerpt(s): The effective management and maintenance of large dairy herds and the production of dairy products has been a major agricultural accomplishment. One of the problems in maintaining large herds is the health of the individual animals. One health problem in individual animals of dairy herds which causes significant economic problems relates to mastitis. Often during milking, the skin of the dairy animal is irritated by automatic milking machines. This irritation, characterized by redness and occasionally areas of broken skin, can be the site of a microbial attack causing mastitis. Animals that contract mastitis must be removed from service resulting in the loss of the dairy output. As a result, a significant amount of attention has been focused on preventing the development of mastitis or treating mastitis in dairy herds. The dairy farmer is faced with two different types of mastitis infections. Contagious mastitis is spread during the milking process through contact between the animal and dairy equipment that may carry a source of a mastitis pathogen. Contagious mastitis is most easily controlled using germicidal post milking teat dips. Such germicidal dips kill bacteria that are introduced onto the surface of the animal from the milking machines. The second type of mastitis, environmental mastitis, is caused by contamination of the animal surface by materials from the barn yard environment, fields, barn interior, etc. Such pathogens include E. coli, Streptococcus uberis, klebsiella and others. Such contamination occurs as the animal moves through its environment. Environmental mastitis is best treated with a barrier film that protects sensitive tissues from contamination. In the treatment and prevention of mastitis the use of protective coatings, formed from aqueous coating systems, on the animals has been an option for many years. One class of coating compositions are actively antimicrobial and prevent the incidence of infection in the animal through the presence of an active biocide in the coating. Another class of coating materials are simply film barriers formed on the skin surface to prevent contact between vulnerable tissues and the environment. Many antimicrobial materials are incompatible with a variety of these polymeric or film forming materials. Recent product developments provide coatings for teat skin which form film barriers, as well as, contain antimicrobial agents.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06203812__ •
Isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus and vaccines manufactured therefrom Inventor(s): Leitner; Gabriel (Mazkeret Batya, IL), Liubashewsky; Eugenia (Bnei Aish, IL), Trainin; Ze'ev (Tel-Aviv, IL) Assignee(s): Maabarot Products Ltd. (kibbutz Maabarot, Il) Patent Number: 6,544,529 Date filed: September 1, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides antigenic compositions for the vaccination of an animal against bovine mastitis caused by infection with Staphylococcus aureus. The invention also provides methods for stimulating an animal's immune system to respond to antigens derived from selected strains of Staphylococcus aureus by administering the antigenic compositions of the invention to the animal. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to bovine mastitis infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and, more particularly, to vaccines derived from selected strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Bovine mastitis is the most important infectious disease affecting both the quality and quantity of milk production. Staphylococcus aureus (i.e., "S. aureus") is the prime agent causing bovine mastitis, and it is difficult to eliminate. In different countries, the prevalence of S. aureus mastitis ranges from 10% to 40% of all cows. The infected animals may serve as reservoirs of infection endangering other dairy cattle in the herd (Fox, L. K. and Hancock, D. 1989, "Effects of segregation on prevention of intramammary infection by Staphylococcus aureus", J. Dairy Sci. 72:540544). Recent estimates suggest that the annual production losses due to S. aureus are over 15 million dollars in Israel and over 2 billion dollars in the USA. The prevalence of S. aureus mastitis in dairy cattle raises several concerns. This bacterium can cause severe damage to milk-synthesizing tissues, drastically reducing milk production and altering milk composition. For more information on bovine mastitis and its effects, see, for example: (1) Oliver, S. P., Sordillo, L. M, 1988, "Udder health in the periparturient period", J Dairy Sd. 71:2584-2606; (2) Postle, D. S., Roguinsky, M., Poutrel, B., 1978, "Induced Staphylococcal infections in the bovine mammary gland", Am J Vet Res. 39:2935; (3) Sordillo, L. M., Nickerson, S. C and Akers, R. M., 1989, "Pathology of mastitis during lactogenesis: Relationships with bovine mammary structure and function", J. Dairy Sci. 72: 228-240; (4) Watson, D. L., McColl, M. L., Davies, H. I., 1996, "Field trial of a Staphylococcal mastitis vaccine in dairy herds: clinical, subclinical and microbiological assessments", Aust. Vet. J. 74:447-450. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06544529__
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Mastitis diagnosing apparatus Inventor(s): Matue; Takahisa (Chiba, JP), Shimizu; Masakatu (Tokyo, JP), Takahashi; Hideyuki (Ibaraki, JP) Assignee(s): Hideyuki Takahashi (tuchiura, Jp), Japan AS Represented by National Institute of Animal Health, Ministry of (tukuba, Jp), Tokken, Inc. (yachiyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,297,045 Date filed: August 4, 1999
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Abstract: In a mastitis progression data memory 80 there is previously recorded data on the corresponding relationship between the state of progression of mastitis caused by bacteria and the trace light intensity chemically emitted by phagocytic leukocytes in milk when they phagocytose the bacteria, the trace light intensity chemically emitted by the phagocytic leukocytes in the milk is detected by a photodetector 41a, the state of progression of mastitis corresponding to the light intensity is diagnosed by an extractor/converter 13 with reference to the mastitis progression data memory 80 based on the detected trace light intensity, and the diagnosed state of progression of mastitis is outputted by output means 30. It is possible to conveniently and reliably diagnose the state of progression of mastitis from invasion of bacteria up to severe mastitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a mastitis diagnosing apparatus, and particularly it relates to a mastitis diagnosing apparatus that is capable of easily measuring the state of progression of mastitis based on a chemiluminescence method (CL activity measurement). The incidence of mastitis among dairy cows in Japan hovers between 20-25% of all dairy cow diseases, and it has the highest mortality rate. Mastitis is the disease to which dairy cows are most susceptible, and it is also a very difficult disease to cure. Appropriate methods are being sought for dealing with mastitis, through early discovery of the diseased condition and optimum treatment based on the course (state of progression) of the mastitis. Various conventional methods are known for diagnosis of mastitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06297045__ •
Mastitis test Inventor(s): Sharpin; Rosemary Katherine Cameron (74 Arney Road, Remuera, Auckland 1005, NZ), Simmons; Maxine Helen (113 Amreins Road, Taupaki, Auckland 1009, NZ) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,807,684 Date filed: July 9, 1996 Abstract: A method of testing for the existence of mastitis in milk from cows either from an individual cow or from a herd of cows, by (a) obtaining a sample of milk to be tested, (b) determining whether immunoglobulin G2 (IgG.sub.2) is present in said sample at a level above or below a predetermined level which is typically about 0.05 mg IgG.sub.2 per milliliter of milk, by an ELISA comparison with immunoglobulin standards, and (c) classifying the individual cow or herd of cows as mastitis affected if said immunoglobulin is present in said sample at or above said predetermined level. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods of testing for mastitis in mammals including but not limited to humans, and for example it may be used in testing for the presence or absence of mastitis in dairy cows, either in single cows or bulk samples taken from numbers of animals. Mastitis is a disease of the breast, mammary gland or udder which is generally caused by infective micro-organisms. Mastitis is of inevitable widespread occurrence, since the mammae are glands intended to produce a rich food(intended for the young)at a warm temperature. Consequently micro-organisms may easily develop in such a medium and invade the body tissue as well, despite the presence of natural defense mechanisms. The incidence of mastitis in cows within the dairy industry may be very high in some farms, and if chronic mastitis and carrier cows
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are included in the count it is relatively uncommon to find an incidence of less than 5% in a herd. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05807684__ •
Method and pharmaceutical composition for disrupting lactation in a mammary gland and for treating and preventing mastitis Inventor(s): Shamay; Avi (Mazkeret Batia, IL), Silanikove; Nissim (Yavne, IL) Assignee(s): Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center (bet Dagan, Il) Patent Number: 6,391,849 Date filed: November 19, 1999 Abstract: A method and pharmaceutical composition for ceasing milk production, for inducing involution, or for treating infection in a mammary gland of a lactating animal is described. The method is effected by direct administration of calcium chelators to the gland, or upon administration of enzymes which cause production of chelators in situ. The invention can be used to change the physiologic state of a single mammary gland of a lactating animal without significantly affecting the physiologic state of other mammary glands of the same animal. Changes resulting from use of the invention may be either transient or long lasting. The invention is expected to have uses in commercial agriculture and human medicine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and a pharmaceutical composition for disrupting lactation in a mammary gland by reducing the concentration of extracellular divalent calcium cations in the gland, and more particularly, to the use of proteose-peptones (PPs) to accomplish this reduction. The present invention further relates to a method and a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and prevention of mastitis by reducing the concentration of extracellular divalent calcium cations in infected glands, and more particularly to the use of proteose-peptones to accomplish this reduction. Citation or identification of any reference in this section or in any other section of this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. The process of mammary gland involution in ruminants and in other mammals proceeds through several distinct stages that involve cessation of milk production, apoptosis of epithelial cells and tissue remodeling. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06391849__
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Method for determining mastitis using keratin and casein which are amplified by primers Inventor(s): Imamura; Mio (Hokkaido, JP), Itagaki; Yasuharu (Hokkaido, JP), Tanimoto; Morimasa (Hokkaido, JP) Assignee(s): Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd. (sapporo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,287,771 Date filed: May 27, 1999 Abstract: A novel primer is provided which is useful in the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to amplify.alpha.sub.S1 -casein gene and keratin gene contained in milk. A method is also provided for using the expression ratio of their
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genes to examine the pathological conditions of mammalian mastitis or determine the milk protein synthesis level in mammary gland cells. The method is quick and accurate and avoids the need for excising mammary gland tissue. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to primers capable of hybridization with keratin gene or.alpha.sub.S1 -casein gene. The primers of the present invention can be used for the test of mastitis of mammals such as cows and determination of synthetic level of milk protein in mammary gland cells. Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of mammary tissue caused by infiltrated pathogenic microorganisms in the breast, and causes great economic loss in dairy farming such as decreased milk quantity and selection and screening of infected cows. Fundamental countermeasures to mastitis include early diagnosis and treatment depending on the determination of increased number of somatic cells in milk and PL test in general. These determinations depend on the increased number of somatic cells and tendency to exhibit alkaline pH in milk due to the infection. However, these factors vary greatly between individuals and lactation period, and are deemed not always sufficient for early diagnosis of mastitis. Generally, mastitis milk shows the changes in components with a characteristically decreased content of casein, and a judgment of mastitis using the ratio of nitrogen content in casein and total nitrogen content in milk was tried, however, wide range of the determined values made the judgment unreliable. On the other hand, the volume of milk or ratio of milk fat have been widely used as indicators to evaluation of milk production of a cow. However, the ratio of milk protein has recently become important in view of the improved production of milk products and/or the trend for better health. Among milk proteins especially casein is considered to be a reliable indicator for evaluation of milk quality. However, conventional method for determination was carried out by separation of casein from milk and measurement of nitrogen content in the separated casein fraction. The procedure is troublesome and requires long period of time without sufficient sensitivity for detailed investigation. Recently, simple determination method of casein content in milk with infrared or near infrared spectroscopy was developed, however, coordination with the observed results with those of conventional methods remain unsolved. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06287771__ •
Method for the prevention and treatment of mastitis Inventor(s): Georges; Catherine (Aesch, CH), Peel; John Edmondson (Seiry, CH), Suri; Bruno (Bubendorf, CH) Assignee(s): Novartis Animal Health U.s., Inc. (greensboro, Nc) Patent Number: 6,187,800 Date filed: December 18, 1998 Abstract: A method for treating or preventing mastitis in mammals is disclosed. The method contemplates the intramammary injection or dipping the teat with micrococcin antibiotics, preferably micrococcin P1 or P2, which do not interfere with the production of cheese and yoghurt using milk from treated animals. Hydrophobic antibiotics such as micrococcin P1 or P2 can be administered prior to infection to effectively suppress the rate, severity, and duration of subsequent bacterial infection, or can be administered subsequent to infection to effectively treat mastitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for treating or preventing mastitis in mammals. Said method embraces the intramammary injection or dipping the teat with micrococcin antibiotics, preferably micrococcin P1 or P2, which do not interfere
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with the production of cheese and yoghurt using milk from treated animals. Hydrophobic antibiotics such as micrococcin P1 or P2 can be administered prior to infection to effectively suppress the rate, severity, and duration of subsequent bacterial infection, or can be administered subsequent to infection to effectively treat mastitis. In particular, the invention describes the use of micrococcin P1 or P2 for the preparation of a drug to prevent bovine mastitis. Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammalian mammary gland. In veterinary medicine mastitis is most frequently encountered in dairy cows which are highly specialised for milk production. This specialisation, and the convention of milking dairy cows 2 or at most 3 times during 24 hours, renders their mammary glands susceptible to bacterial infections. Though the mammary gland has a number of natural defense mechanisms against bacterial pathogens (Cullor et al., 1990), these mechanisms are frequently overcome by high levels of bacterial exposure. Milking, for example, is usually done by a mechanical apparatus which passes from cow to cow and thus increases the risk of transmitting an infection from one animal to another. Additionally, physiological changes at certain times in the lactation cycle result in compromise of the natural defense mechanism (Cullor et al., 1990). The periods around drying off and calving are associated with a high incidence of mastitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06187800__ •
Method for treating mastitis and other staphylococcal infections Inventor(s): Blackburn; Peter (New York, NY), Polak; June (Brooklyn, NY) Assignee(s): Ambi Inc. (tarrytown, Ny) Patent Number: 5,760,026 Date filed: September 9, 1994 Abstract: Lysostaphin is used to eliminate and cure staphylococcal infections including the cure of mastitis by intramammary infusion. Administration of from 2 mg to 400 mg of lysostaphin to an infected bovine mammary gland eliminates staphylococci, and the reoccurrence common with antibiotic therapy is not observed. Teat-dips containing lysostaphin, mutanolysin and lysozyme can be used as a prophylactic. Synergistic enhancement of the killing effect of lysostaphin is observed when a mild surfactant or penicillin or both is included in the formulation. Excerpt(s): This application relates to the use of lysostaphin in the treatment and prevention of staphylococcal infection and, in particular, to the treatment and prevention of staphylococcal bovine mastitis. Lysostaphin is a bacteriocin secreted by a single known strain of Staphylococcus simulans originally isolated and named Staphylococcus staphylolyticus by Schindler and Schuhardt. The production of lysostaphin by S. staphylolyticus has been described previously in U.S. Pat. No. 3,278,378 issued Oct. 11, 1966 and in Proceedings of the National Academy or Sciences, Vol. 51, pp. 414-421 (1964). The single organism S. staphylolyticus (NRRL B-2628) which produced lysostaphin was recently identified as a biovar of S. simulans by Sloan et al., Int. J. System. Bacteriol., Vol. 32, pp. 170-174 (1982). Since the name S. staphylolyticus, is not on the Approved List of Bacterial Names, the organism producing lysostaphin has been redesignated as S. simulans. Bacteriocins are proteins secreted by bacteria that kill and sometimes lyse related bacteria. For example, lysostaphin lyses and kills practically all known staphylococcal species but is inactive against bacteria of all other genera. Lysostaphin, isolated from culture filtrates of S. simulans (NRRL B-2628) grown according to published references, is an endopeptidase which cleaves the polyglycine
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cross-links of the peptidoglycan found in the cell walls of staphylococci. In addition, cultures that produce lysostaphin appear to be resistant to its activities while cultures grown under non-lysostaphin producing conditions are sensitive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05760026__ •
Method of establishing the presence of specific substances in milk and an implement for applying same Inventor(s): van den Berg; Karel (Bleskensgraaf, NL), van Lier; Wilco (Delft, NL), Vijverberg; Helena G. M. (Schiedam, NL) Assignee(s): Maasland N.v. a Dutch Company (nl) Patent Number: 6,197,538 Date filed: November 10, 1999 Abstract: A method and apparatus for ascertaining and measuring the quality of milk by analyzing reflected or absorbed colors or both with which the milk is irradiated. The milk is thus irradiated with three colors of light in wavelengths of red, green and blue and the intensity and color of the light reflected by the milk or absorbed thereby, or both, is measured. The light sources are periodically switched off whereby the receiving sensors measure the same red, green and blue wavelengths due to background sources to the extent that they are reflected or absorbed or both by the milk. This data is then compared with data with the light sources switched on to produce the net data which is relevant to the milk as it is being received from the animal being milked. The net measurements provide a basis for ongoing evaluations of the quality of the milk being received from the animal; they are capable of indicating blood, urine, excrement, other contaminants, e-coli bacteria, hormones, rinsing liquid, air, and conditions such as mastitis and colostrum or grass milk which is milk produced after consumption of grass by the animal. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of determining the quality or the composition or both of milk by means of measurements. Such a method if known from the German offenlegungsschrift 27 59 126 in which a light source is described that irradiates the milk and in which a light-sensitive element is described by means of which a color change of the milk is determined. When the milk shows a deviating color, such as due to the presence of blood or pus, the milk is separated and collected in a separate reservoir. This method has the disadvantage that only rough deviations in the color of the milk can be determined and that subtle color differences, such as due to the presence of exiguous contaminations or as a result of the fact that the animal has consumed grass, instead of concentrate, are not detected. An alternative method is known from the document Dutch Application NL 1004980. This document discloses a method in which the intensity values of a number of colors in the milk are determined and in which the milk is produced by individual animals. By comparing the intensity values with the values recorded during previous milkings, the presence of specific substances, such as contaminates can be determined. This method has the disadvantage that the intensity values of the milk vary to a great extent, depending on the amount of surrounding light. Moreover, the results cannot be interpreted quantitatively, as only changes relative to previous milkings are recorded. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06197538__
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Method of prophylaxis for bovine mastitis Inventor(s): Siegel; Gregg Andrew (San Antonio, TX) Assignee(s): Bio Medical Development Corporation (san Antonio, Tx) Patent Number: 6,537,577 Date filed: June 4, 2001 Abstract: A method is provided for treating bovine mastitis by applying a porous strippable polymer film containing a medicament to the udders of the bovine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of preventing bovine mastitis. There is also provided a method for treating cows, which have already been affected. Mastitis remains the most prevalent and persistent disease of dairy cattle. This disease is an inflammatory reaction of the mammary gland associated with a response to the presence of infecting pathogens. Although the disease is obvious upon direct observation in its clinical form, sub-clinical mastitis is more prevalent than clinical mastitis, since it usually precedes the clinical form and is more difficult to detect, the disease may become a prolonged infection and more difficult to overcome. Furthermore, the sub-clinical form of mastitis involves the presence of colonies of microorganisms that can lead to cross contamination and infection in other animals within the hood. The teat canal is the portal of entry for mastitis pathogens into the mammary gland. Lesions on the teats, particularly at the apex, contribute to increased incidence of infection. A common cause is the attraction of insects such as flies to lactating cows which carry pathogens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06537577__
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Method of the prophylactic treatment of mastitis Inventor(s): Inborr; Johan (Varmdo, SE), Lignell; Ake (Varmdo, SE) Assignee(s): Astacarotene AB (gustavsberg, Se) Patent Number: 6,335,015 Date filed: July 25, 2000 Abstract: A method of prophylactic treatment of mastitis in mammalian, including human, mothers, is described. The method comprises administration of a prophylactically effective dosage of a human or veterinary medicament containing at least one type of xanthophylls, such as astaxanthin, to said mothers. Preferably, the astaxanthin exists in a form esterified with fatty acids, e.g. in the form of algae meal produced by culturing of the alga Haematococcus sp. Further, use of at least one type of xanthophylls, such as astaxanthin, for the preparation of a human or veterinary medicament for the prophylactic treatment of mastitis is mammalian, including human, mothers is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of the prophylactic treatment of mastitis of mammalian, including human, mothers. The method comprises administration of a prophylactically effective dosage of a human or veterinary medicament containing at least one type of xanthophylls, such as astaxanthin, to the mothers. The invention also relates to the use of at least one type of xanthophylls, such as astaxanthin, for the preparation of a human or veterinary medicament for the prophylactic treatment of mastitis. Mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland) is a commonly appearing and often painful disease in both human and animal mothers
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during the breast feeding/suckling period as well as during the lactation period. The primary cause is usually a bacterial infection. Physical damage to the breasts, udder or the teats may predispose the individual to such infections. Further, mastitis can dramatically reduce milk production, which results in reduced nutrient and immunoglobulin intake by the offspring and/or reduced income for the dairy farmer. Therapeutic treatment usually involves medication, and consultation of a doctor/veterinarian, which is expensive. Ingestion of mother's milk is of crucial importance for the growth and health status of the new born mammal. The milk is the primary source of energy, proteins, fat and other essential nutrients during the breast feeding/suckling period. In addition, in dairy farming, the level of milk production and yields are of great importance for the profitability of the farmer. In summary, any reduction in milk production will have serious economic and health consequences. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06335015__ •
Method of treating domestic animals such as cows for mastitis and apparatus for injecting ozone into breasts Inventor(s): Ogata; Atsuya (Hokkaido, JP), Suzuki; Shigeru (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Ozone Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,797,872 Date filed: April 4, 1997 Abstract: Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for use in the method for treating cow's mastitis by means of quite a different novel chemotherapy without relying on drugs such as existing antibiotics. In order to inject ozone through a teat orifice 17 of a breast 18 into the interior of the breast 18, an ozone injecting apparatus 1 comprises an ozone generator 5 connected to an oxygen cylinder 2 or an air compressor; an ozone guide tube 13 for guiding ozone generated by the ozone generator 1; and an ozone injection nozzle 14 fitted to the tip of the guide tube 13 and intended to be inserted into the teat orifice 17. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for use therein, providing a simple and safe treatment for domestic animals's mastitis, which is a serious threat to dairy farming for breeding domestic animals such as cows, goats, pigs, etc. In order to treat, e.g., cows's mastitis, a dosage of antibiotics has hitherto been typically performed. More specifically, the antibiotics continued to be injected into breasts over a few days to a week and if necessary, the antibiotics were injected into muscles, veins, or arteries, merely for the purpose of suppressing a propagation of disease-causing bacteria residing within the breasts, mammary cisterns or teats, to thereby treat the mastitis. However, the conventional treatment taking antibiotics has resulted in curing rate and therapeutic effect which are not necessarily so high and entailed the following deficiencies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05797872__
Patents 79
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Reaction product of arginine and p-aminobenzoic acid, cosmetic, and human and animal health compositions thereof Inventor(s): Schutt; Steven R. (Teaneck, NJ) Assignee(s): Epicare Ltd. (prescott, Az) Patent Number: 6,365,167 Date filed: February 6, 1998 Abstract: What is described herein is the reaction product of arginine and paminobenzoic acid (PABA), cosmetic and human and animal health compositions thereof, useful for treating wounds (small or large animals and humans), burns (small or large animals and humans), sunburn (in humans, dogs and sheep), non-specific vaginitis (large animals), dermatitis (small or large animals and humans), pyoderma (small and large animals), rhabditis dermatitis (dogs and cattle), eczema nasi (dogs), exudative epidermitis (swine), saddle sores (horses), proudflesh (horses), hutchburn (rabbits), dermal lesions (small or large animals and humans), udder edema (cattle, goats and sheep), abscesses (small or large animals and humans) and bovine mastitis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to cosmetic and human and animal health compositions, and, more particularly, to the reaction product of arginine and paminobenzoic acid (PABA), and compositions thereof, useful for treating wounds, lesions, burns, sunburn, the hair and scalp, hemorrhoids and teeth, in animals and humans, including bovine mastitis. The prior art does not disclose the reaction product of arginine and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and cosmetic and health compositions and formulations thereof. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,067 discloses only acyl arginine derivatives without PABA; U.S. Pat. No. 4,921,939 discloses only forming guanidine sweetening agents by reaction of substituted arcyl amines with guanidino moieties; U.S. Pat. No. 5,110,797 discloses peptide substituted/reacted arginine, however, without PABA; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,647 discloses PABA/amino acid reaction products which may be used as ultraviolet protecting agents, but arginine is not disclosed. What is described herein is the reaction product of arginine and paminobenzoic acid, compositions thereof, and its use in treating or preventing wounds, lesions, burns, sunburn, the hair and scalp, hemorrhoids, and teeth, in animal and humans including, bovine mastitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06365167__
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Somatic cell analyser Inventor(s): Mangan; Steve L. (Gananoque, CA) Assignee(s): Agricultural Instruments Canada, Ltd. (gananoque, Ca) Patent Number: 6,031,367 Date filed: February 17, 1998 Abstract: An on-line somatic cell analyser and a method for measuring a somatic cell count (SCC) are provided. A flow cell is connected to a milking hose and admits a constant volume of sampled milk into the flow chamber. A probe with two electrodes is positioned in a zone of optimal sensing inside the flow chamber, and provides a modulated signal according to the number of sodium ions present in the sample. A control unit receives the modulated signal, generates an ion count, and compares same with a plurality of SCC thresholds for classifying the sample in a quality category. A set
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of parameters characterizing the respective quality category, as well as the presence of mastitis in the animal, are finally displayed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally concerned with milk quality analysis and in particular with an on-line, fully integrated somatic cell analyser. The major cause of loss in dairy farming is an infection, known as mastitis, which occurs in an animal's udder. Mastitis is caused by contagious pathogens invading the udder and producing toxins that are harmful to the mammary glands. Generally, mastitis starts in one quarter. Somatic cells, predominantly white cells and epithelial cells, enter the mammary gland as a result of damage to the alveolar lining by infection or chemical irritation. The counting of somatic cells excreted in the milk has become a widely used measure of mammary gland inflammation. The somatic cells can be counted by laborious direct microscopic method on stained milk smears, or the cell numbers can also be estimated by direct chemical tests. Other methods measure milk somatic cells indirectly or by determining the concentration of various by-products of the inflammatory response. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06031367__ •
Stable, germicidal film-forming teat-dip solutions Inventor(s): Hemling; Thomas C. (Lake Winnebago, MO), Pallos; Ferenc M. (Walnut Creek, CA), Pavlath; Attila E. (Walnut Creek, CA), Wong; Dominic W. S. (El Cerrito, CA) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of (washington, Dc), West Agro, Inc. (kansas City, Mo) Patent Number: 5,776,479 Date filed: December 20, 1996 Abstract: Improved, stable, germicidal, aqueous teat-dip compositions are disclosed, which include a film-forming agent selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methyl hydroxypropylcellulose, and ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, a germicidal agent, preferably iodine complexed with a nonionic surfactant, and water to provide a solution having a viscosity of about 50 to 1000 cp. The liquid, aqueous compositions, when applied to the teats of agricultural animals, dry to form a continuous barrier film, which functions both as an effective anti-microbial agent and as an effective barrier at the mouth of the milk channel to prevent or reduce the incidence of mastitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to and has among its objects the provision of novel germicidal compositions for protection of cow's udder from infection. In particular, the invention relates to improved germicidal film-forming compositions which are stable over a broad temperature range on storage, have germicidal activity, and when applied, dry to form a film having high adhesion and barrier properties. The compositions are useful as teat dips to provide both a continuous barrier film on the cow's teat which persists between milkings and anti-microbial activity, to thereby prevent or reduce the incidence of mastitis. Mastitis, a microbial infection of the milk channel in cows, is the most costly disease in U.S. animal agriculture. It is difficult to control because microbes are prevalent during and after milking, and the milk channel remains open for up to 90 minutes after milking. Preventive measures against mastitis have traditionally fallen along two lines--using a germicide solution which reduces the number of microbes, or forming a film-forming barrier over the cow's udder which
Patents 81
prevents microbes from entering the milk channel. Some teat-dip products have incorporated both functions by including a germicide into a film-forming ingredient. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,249 issued to Andrews describes a stable, homogeneous teat dip comprising 3-(n-dodecylamino)propylamine or 2-›2-(ndodecylamino)ethylamino!ethylamine as the germicidal ingredient and a film-forming ingredient. Only polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) provided a stable, homogeneous solution with 2-›2-dodecylamino)ethylamino!ethylamine. Other film-forming ingredients were tested in combination with this compound, including xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxyethyl cellulose, however, these did not form stable, homogeneous solutions with 2-›2-dodecylamino)ethylamino!ethylamine. U.S. Pat. No. 4,113,854 to Andrews at al., describes a composition for prophylactic treatment of mastitis, which comprises a film-forming polymer latex and a water soluble polymer thickening agent in an aqueous medium, the composition having a thixotropic value of 15 to 1200 dynes/cm.sup.2 and a practical upper viscosity limit of 10 poise at a shear rate of 250 sec.sup.-1. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05776479__ •
Syringe for the intramammary administration of veterinary pharmacological compositions Inventor(s): Gazza; Carlo (Ozzano Emilia, IT), Zaini; Corrado (Ozzano Emilia, IT) Assignee(s): Fatro S.p.a. (bologna, It) Patent Number: 5,820,598 Date filed: July 24, 1996 Abstract: A syringe for the intramammary administration of veterinary pharmacological compositions, in particular for the treatment of bovine mastitis. The syringe comprises a container body (1), a cannula (3) extending axially from one of its ends, a removable shutter (4) surrounding the initial part of the cannula (3), and a protective cap (6) covering both the cannula (3) and the shutter (4). During use, when the cap (6) is removed, only the end part of the cannula (3) is freed so as to allow insertion into the initial section of the teat; when the shutter (4) is also removed, the entire cannula (3) is freed so as to allow insertion as far as the teat cistern. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a syringe for the intramammary administration of veterinary pharmacological compositions, in particular for the treatment of bovine mastitis. The treatment of bovine mastitis is a problem of considerable importance in dairy cows breeding. The treatment method generally used consists of the administration of antibiotic compositions through the teat canal (intramammary administration). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05820598__
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Teat disinfectant Inventor(s): Westfall; Geoffrey J. (80 Robbins Rd., Brooklyn, CT 06234) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,183,785 Date filed: November 12, 1998
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Abstract: Compositions, systems, and methods for the prevention of mastitis in milk producing animals is provided. In particular, the compositions comprise a source of zinc, preferably zinc gluconate, and chlorhexidine. The composition is applied to the teat of a milk producing animal such as a cow either by dipping the teat therein or spraying the composition thereon. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the treatment or prevention of mastitis in milk producing animals. Specifically, the invention provides teat dip compositions and methods for application. As a result of traditional selective breeding methods, milk production in dairy cows far exceeds the requirements of the newborn calf. Because of udder size, position, and anatomic configuration for rapid removal of large volumes of milk, the mammary glands of dairy cows are especially prone to injury and infection. In particular, mastitis, an infection of the mammary gland, is common in milking dairy cows. Clinically, mastitis typically produces heat, swelling, tenderness and possible deformation of the udder. Although the milk from a mastitic udder is generally safe for human consumption, a major concern is the cost to producers. Mastitis causes a decrease in the amount and quality of milk produced by the infected cow. With decreased quality, the price obtained for the milk likewise decreases. Certain organisms associated with some mastitis can lead to a cow's death, e.g., Escherichia coli. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06183785__ •
Vaccines based on streptokinase Inventor(s): Leigh; James Andrew (Newbury, GB2) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 5,840,315 Date filed: July 15, 1994 Abstract: The present invention provides a vaccine to treat or prevent mastitis in a bovine species, comprising an immunologically effective amount of a plasminogenactivating streptokinase protein produced by Streptococcus uberis. The present invention further provides a method of treating or preventing mastitis in a bovine species comprising vaccinating a cow with an immunologically effective amount of a plasminogen-activating streptokinase protein produced by S. uberis. The present invention further provides an isolated plasminogen-activating streptokinase protein produced by S. uberis, or an immunogenic fragment thereof. Excerpt(s): This application is the U.S. national stage of PCT/GB93/00110, filed Jan. 18, 1993, which International Application claims priority Great Britain application No. 9201013.1 filed Jan. 17, 1992. This invention relates to vaccination against diseases caused by pathogens, and more particularly to vaccination against mastitis. To cause clinical mastitis in the bovine udder a bacterium must either grow within the gland at a rate sufficient to avoid removal in the secretion or must colonise normal secretory and/or ductular tissues. More virulent strains of bacteria may resist phagocytic killing despite the presence of large numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Certain species of bacteria are known to produce haemolytic and/or cytolytic toxins which may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05840315__
Patents 83
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Wound healing compositions containing iodine and sucrose Inventor(s): McConn-Stern; Rita (Greenlane, Kinara, Co. Galway, IE), Walsh; Thomas C. (Salalah, OM) Assignee(s): Mcconn-stern; Rita (galway, Ie) Patent Number: 5,879,717 Date filed: May 28, 1997 Abstract: A wound-healing preparation comprises a solution or paste of a non-reducing sugar and iodine in a vehicle consisting essentially of a pharamcologically acceptable glycol, especially glycerol, and, optionally, water. Preferably, the sugar is sucrose, especially that obtained from sugar beet, and the vehicle is substantially anhydrous glycerol. In one preferred embodiment, the preparation is in the form of a veterinary infusible solution and is particularly useful in the treatment of mastitis. In another embodiment, surgical sutures are treated by coating with the preparation to prevent the presence or abscesses around surgical suture lines. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to sugar-containing liquid or paste preparations for the treatment of wounds and related conditions. It has particular, but not exclusive, application to veterinary medicine. The use of various forms of sugar to treat wounds has been known since ancient times. The knowledge of such use appears to have been widespread because there are reports of honey or cane sugar being used in wound treatment by native American Indians, ancient Egyptians and Incas. However, it appears that, until fairly recently, the wound-healing properties of sugar have not been exploited in modern times. Glycerol and propylene glycol are included amongst a list of about 30 components from which the carrier may be formulated. U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,651, but not GB-A-2048070, includes iodine tincture amongst antifungal/antibacterial agents suitable for wholly or partially replacing povidone-iodine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05879717__
Patent Applications on Mastitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to mastitis: •
Acidic aqueous chlorite teat dip with improved visual indicator stability, extended shelf life, sanitizing capacity and tissue protection Inventor(s): McSherry, David D.; (Minneapolis, MN), Richter, Francis L.; (Hugo, MN) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030206971 Date filed: August 19, 2002 Abstract: The mastitis control teat dip composition having a visible indicator aspect of the invention provides a softening, soothing, smoothing, relaxing property, a rapid
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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initial kill, a useful highly pseudoplastic rheology, a barrier/film-forming capacity, a unique antimicrobial composition that is stable over an extended period of time, and unexpected long term microbial control when compared to the prior art materials disclosed in patents and used in the marketplace. The indicator aspect provides ease of visually detecting the material on the animal skin and can indicate efficacy of the material. The compositions of the invention are made by combining an aqueous liquid composition containing the visual indicator combined with the organic components which can be combined with a simple aqueous solution of a salt of chlorous acid, preferably an alkali metal chlorite. The materials after they are combined and blended into a smooth viscous material containing an emollient package generates active antimicrobial chlorine dioxide and can be immediately contacted with the target animals. The compositions of the invention provide stable visual indication, rapid initial kill, consistent long term kill with chemical and rheological stability. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/938,653 filed Sep. 26, 1997. The invention relates to a visually indicating bovine teat dip composition that can be mixed using two parts, a simple chlorite solution and an acid or acidulant formulation, to form a stable, effective composition that can be used in routine dairy procedures. Bovine mastitis is the most common and most costly disease affecting dairy herds. Some estimates suggested at least half of the dairy animal population have some degree or form of mastitis. This condition results in lowered milk yield and reduced quality. Economic loss to mastitis in the U.S. is estimated at about $1.8 billion or approximately 10% of total milk sales with about two-thirds of this loss due to reduced milk production from infected cows. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland. Similarly, inflammation is one response of a tissue or organ to insult or injury. An injury caused by physical, chemical or thermal trauma can produce an inflammatory response. In the dairy cow, mastitis typically results from microorganisms, usually bacteria, that invade the udder, multiply in the delicate milk producing tissues, and synthesize toxins, a by-product of bacterial metabolism. The characteristic features of inflammation are swelling, heat, redness, pain and disturbed function. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITIONS FOR MASTITIS CONTROL Inventor(s): BODE, BENJAMIN R.; (ALGONA, IA), FREDELL, DALE LIND; (LINDSTROM, MN), RICHTER, FRANCIS LAWRENCE; (LINO LAKES, MN) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20010036482 Date filed: October 15, 1999 Abstract: Antimicrobial compositions containing an iodine compound and a carboxylic acid, for example, a fatty acid, are disclosed. The compositions can be formulated for use as a surgical scrub, wound antiseptic, pre-operative skin preparation, industrial sanitizer, antimicrobial soap, teat dip, etc. In one particularly advantageous embodiment, a composition of the invention is formulated as a teat dip further including a rheology modifier, at least one surfactant, suitable emollients, skin conditioners and lubricants.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to antimicrobial compositions. In some embodiments, the invention provides compositions and formulations for the control of mastitis in milk producing animals. In one preferred embodiment, the invention provides teat dip formulations comprising an iodine compound and a carboxylic acid, typically a fatty acid. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland. Bovine mastitis is the most common and most costly disease affecting dairy herds. Some estimates suggest at least half of the dairy animal population have some degree or form of mastitis. This condition results in lowered milk yield and reduced milk quality. Economic loss to mastitis in the U.S. is estimated at about $1.8 billion or approximately 10% of total milk sales with about two-thirds of this loss due to reduced milk production from infected cows. In dairy cattle, mastitis typically results from microorganisms, usually bacteria, that invade the udder, multiply in the milk producing tissues, and synthesize toxins, a by-product of bacterial metabolism. The characteristic features of inflammation are swelling, heat, redness, pain and disturbed function. While the animal immune system can fight intramammary infections, many chronic infections remain sub-clinical (asymptomatic) and undetected unless diagnosed by laboratory testing. Sub-clinical mastitis can result in a reservoir of micro-organisms which can lead to the infection of other animals within the herd. More than 80 species of microorganisms have been identified as causal agents, although approximately 95% of mastitis is caused by four pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysagalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis. Mastitis causing pathogens fall into two categories namely contagious and environmental. Contagious bacteria, such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus, primarily colonize host tissue sites such as mammary glands, teat canals, teat skin lesions etc. and are spread from one infected cow to another during the milking process. Environmental bacteria, often streptococci, enterococci and coliform organisms, are commonly present within the cow's surroundings from sources such as cow feces, soil, plant material, bedding or water, and infect by casual opportunistic contact with an animal. This distinction, although not exclusive, is of practical importance because different dairy herd maintenance measures are needed for the different groups of microorganisms. In all bovine mastitis cases, whatever the causal microorganism, the route of transmission of the invading pathogen into the inner gland of the udder is through the teat orifice and teat canal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Antinfective free intramammary veterinary composition Inventor(s): McNally, Vincent; (Dublin, IE), Morgan, Bridie; (Navan, IE), Morgan, James Patrick; (Navan, IE) Correspondence: Rothwell, Figg, Ernst & Manbeck, P.C.; 1425 K Street, N.W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030235625 Date filed: August 11, 2003 Abstract: An antiinfective-free formulation for prophylactic traetment of mastitis in dry cows comprises a seal formulation having approximately 65% by weight of bismuth sub-nitrate in a gel based on aluminium stearate. The seal formulation is prepared by adding the bismuth sub-nitrate to the gel base in at least two separate stages. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a veterinary composition, particularly for the prophylactic treatment of mastitis in cows. Bacterial infection via the teats of a cow is
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the most common cause of mastitis. It is know to treat teats of a cow with a long acting antibiotic in a slow release form with effective cover only being provided whilst minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of the antibiotic are maintained. This period of cover can vary from 4 to 10 weeks. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Applicator having partial insertion cannula Inventor(s): Pyret, Thomas Walter; (Portage, MI), Wall, Fred W.; (Otsego, MI) Correspondence: Flynn, Thiel, Boutell & Tanis, P.C.; 2026 Rambling Road; Kalamazoo; MI; 49008-1699; US Patent Application Number: 20020133138 Date filed: March 5, 2002 Abstract: An applicator for administering a medication to an animal, particularly a mastitis treatment, is made up of an elongated syringe having an integral blunt-tipped cannula provided at one end thereof. The cannula has a first portion for partial insertion of the cannula and a second portion for complete insertion of the cannula. The diameter of the cannula first portion is smaller than the diameter of the cannula second portion and the cannula first and second portions join at an annular shoulder which limits the partial insertion of the cannula. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to applicators which are used for medical purposes such as administering a medication to an animal for mastitis and, more particularly, to an applicator having a partial insertion cannula for limiting the depth of the insertion of the cannula during the administration of the medication. Bovine mastitis is a problem which afflicts a large number of dairy cows. This mastitis is an inflammation of the cow's mammary gland and has a detrimental effect on milk production and profitability of a farm dairy operation. Treatment of bovine mastitis has typically been accomplished by administering various antibiotic compositions into an animal's udder through a teat canal. Initially, mastitis infusion syringes were provided from the antibiotic supplier as a molded plastic, disposable unit having a single piece plastic cover which typically snap-fitted onto the hub of the syringe at the base of the cannula to cover the cannula prior to use. The protective cap was removed at the time of treatment from the cannula and the cannula end inserted into the cow's teat end, passed up through the teat canal and positioned within a teat cistern. After being correctly positioned, the treatment antibiotic is injected from the syringe directly into the cow's teat cistern. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Bovine tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 and methods of use Inventor(s): Kehrli, Marcus E. JR.; (Terre Haute, IN), Lee, Eun-Kyung; (Taegu, KR), Mwangi, Simon; (Ames, IA), Taylor, Michael J.; (Corvallis, OR) Correspondence: Mark S. Ellinger, PH.D.; Fish & Richardson P.C., P.A.; Suite 3300; 60 South Sixth Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20020076765 Date filed: October 3, 2001
Patents 87
Abstract: The invention relates to nucleic acid sequences encoding a bovine tumor necrosis factor receptor-I (TNF-RI). Also within the invention is a soluble bovine TNFRI, which is a potent inhibitor of bovine tumor necrosis factor-.alpha. (TNF-.alpha.). The invention demonstrates that soluble bovine TNF-RI has therapeutic value as an inhibitor of TNF in cattle suffering from coliform mastitis or other inflammatory disease. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/122,156, filed Feb. 26, 1999. This invention relates to cytokines and cell signaling, and more particularly, to bovine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-I. Tumor necrosis factor-.alpha. (TNF-.alpha.) is a pleiotropic cytokine, and is produced by activated macrophages/monocytes and lymphocytes. TNF-.alpha. is a potent mediator in inflammatory and immune responses, including the recruitment of leukocytes to injured tissues during bacterial and other microbial infections, and following stimulation with inflammatory substances. When present in excessive quantities, however, TNF-.alpha. is known to cause tissue injury, and has been implicated in the pathology associated with several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Breast saver comfort band Inventor(s): Lorenzo, Aida Iris; (Valley Stream, NY) Correspondence: Ward & Olivo; 708 Third Ave; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20030050698 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: The breast saver comfort band is a band worn around the chest and between the breast to prevent lateral gravitational breast shifting while in the side lying positions for prolonged periods or night time. It does not support the breast while in the upright position as the traditional brassiere. Its construction is of a stretchable band which on one end holds a bolster that is placed over the sternum while the balance of the band is encircled around the body and fastened in the front. It's main objective is to provide relief and comfort from lateral breast shifting in women experiencing mastitis as well as preventing skin breakdown in the female geriatric population who have flaccid breast and lay in the side lying position for prolonged periods due to immobility and paralysis. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to an underclothes garment, and more particularly to a garment used in the medical field to ease and prevent lateral gravitational breast shifting while the user is in the side-lying position. The object of this invention is to provide a comfort band which is constructed from a combination of stretch woven materials with a semi-cylindrical shaped bolster centrally placed over the sternum and wrapped under the arms around the chest with a band and preferably secured with a "Velcro" type fastener thereby preventing lateral breast shifting when the patient is in the side-laying position. The stretchable and adaptable band or garment of the invention comprises of a relatively wide body strip which accommodates breast coverage or exposure achieved with a Fenestrated band. In the past a traditional brassiere has been used to support the breast while in the upright position but does not provide adequate lateral support for the side-lying position. The brassier usually has metal or plastic parts which when used while sleeping or extended periods of bed rest produces pressure points and skin irritation. It is not worn as a "traditional" undergarment or serve the same function of strapped breast support while standing in an upright position.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions and methods for the treatment and prevention of bovine mastitis Inventor(s): Dyer, David L.; (Cypress, CA) Correspondence: Woodcock Washburn Kurtz; Mackiewicz & Norris Llp; 46th Floor; One Liberty Place; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20020165260 Date filed: March 20, 2001 Abstract: An antimicrobial composition containing between about 0.0005 and about 1 weight percent of an antimicrobial agent; between about 0.05 and about 5 weight percent of a keratolytic agent; between about 0.001 and about 10 weight percent of a surfactant; and at least about 60 weight percent water. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to antimicrobial compositions and methods of using the same. More specifically, this invention relates to water-based, antimicrobial compositions and methods of using the same for the treatment and prevention of bovine mastitis. It has been the trend of the dairy industry over the last few decades to increase milking frequency (i.e. cow milkings per day) with the goal of either 1) increasing net milk production or 2) maintaining existing production levels with fewer animals. For example, in the early part of the last century, the great majority of dairies milked cows once or twice daily. Presently, improvements in dairy management, along with improvements in dairy stock and animal nutrition have allowed about 30% of dairies to maintain a three-times daily milking schedule. It is very likely that within the next two decades, four-times daily milking will be commonplace due to further improvements to livestock and increased process automation. Milking is routinely done with semiautomated milking machines in developed countries. However, frequent exposure to this process is traumatic to udder and teat tissue, due to the milking mechanism's alternation of pressure and vacuum on wet skin. Such trauma can impair the integrity of the protective layers of the skin, and result in chapping, peeling and irritation. Such roughened unhealthy skin surface has been shown to carry greater amounts of transient, potentially pathogenic, microorganisms which can increase the rate of udder-infection and concomitant mastitis in the animal. As the potential for and severity of damage resulting from automated milking trauma increases with increased daily milking frequency, the issues of skin condition, microorganism load and ultimately mastitis will be limiting factors for industrial expansion of frequent milking paradigms. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and antibacterial agent combination for intramammary treatment of mastitis Inventor(s): Britten, Nancy J.; (Portage, MI), Hallberg, John W.; (Nashville, MI), Waldron, Niki A.; (Kalamazoo, MI), Watts, Jeffrey L.; (Kalamazoo, MI) Correspondence: Pharmacia Corporation; Global Patent Department; Post Office Box 1027; ST. Louis; MO; 63006; US Patent Application Number: 20040033938 Date filed: March 20, 2003
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Abstract: A method is provided for treatment of an infective condition in an udder of a milk producing animal. The method comprises intramammary administration of an antibacterial agent in combination therapy with a selective COX-2 inhibitor in therapeutically effective amounts of each. Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibacterial agent and a selective COX-2 inhibitor, together with one or more excipients, in a dosage form suitable for intramammary administration to a milk producing animal. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/948,827, filed on Sep. 7, 2001, which claims priority of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/231,767, filed on Sep. 12, 2000. This application also claims priority of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/434,985 filed on Dec. 19, 2002. The present invention relates to a method of treatment of an infective condition in an udder of a milk producing animal. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition suitable for intramammary administration for treatment of an infective condition in an udder, and to a process for preparing such a composition. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland of milk producing animals, for example dairy cows, most often caused by bacterial infection. Bacteria enter through the teat canal of the animal and can cause acute, clinical or sub-clinical mastitis. Over 135 organisms have been documented as causative pathogens for bovine mastitis. Three of the major groups of pathogens are gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive bacilli. Hygiene, environmental factors and metabolic disturbances deriving from high milk yield combine to create conditions favorable to onset of mastitis. An increased somatic cell count, associated with mastitis, is positively correlated with infection and negatively correlated with milk production. Frequently, an infected cow must be removed from the herd and dried up. Mastitis often affects a cow during its entire life unless the disease is properly treated. Infection rates average from 10% to 30% of the cows in a typical herd, with losses per cow ranging from $185 to $250 per cow per year. Bovine mastitis is the most economically costly disease to the dairy industry, with losses estimated at two billion dollars annually in the United States alone. The majority of these losses are due to reduced milk production. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Detection and treatment of breast disease Inventor(s): Dyster, Lyn M.; (Lewiston, NY), Frustaci, Jana M.; (Williamsville, NY), Papsidero, Lawrence D.; (Orchard Park, NY) Correspondence: Darby & Darby P.C.; 805 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020076710 Date filed: April 13, 2001 Abstract: An isolated chemokine is disclosed. The isolated chemokine is expressed preferentially in breast tissue or can be detected in breast milk. It includes from about 100 to about 132 amino acids, has a deduced molecular weight of from about 10 to about 16 kDa, and has a deduced isoionic point of from about pH 10.1 to about pH 10.7. Antibodies and binding portions thereof recognizing the subject chemokine and peptides which include the antigenic portions of the subject chemokines are described. DNA molecules which encode the subject chemokines as well as nucleic acid molecules which, under stringent conditions, hybridize to nucleic acid molecules encoding the subject chemokines or to a complement thereof are also disclosed. The chemokines, peptides, antibodies and binding portions thereof, and nucleic acid molecules can be
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used to detect and treat breast disease, such as inflammations, infections, mastitis, benign cystitis, benign hyperplasias, cancer and other malignancies as well as other pathological states of the mammary gland. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/146,580, filed Sep. 3, 1998, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/071,899, filed Jan. 20, 1998, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial no. 60/092,155, filed Jul. 9, 1998, which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to the detection and treatment of breast disease. Breast cancer is one of the largest classes of malignant disease in women. However, breast cancer presents inherent difficulties in regard to the ease with which it is detected and diagnosed. This is in contrast to detection of some other common cancers, including skin and cervical cancers, the latter of which is based on cytomorphologic screening techniques. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
DNA vaccine against staphylococcus aureus Inventor(s): Brouillette, Eric; (Sherbrooke, CA), Lacasse, Pierre; (Lennoxville, CA), Talbot, Brian; (Lennoxville, CA) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030087864 Date filed: July 9, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a plasmid encoding Staphylococcus aureus polypeptides and its use in the preparation of compositions and vaccines. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with compositions, DNA vaccines and methods for providing an immune response and/or a protective immunity into mammals against a Staphylococcus aureus associated disease, such as mastitis. The plasmid used in the composition or DNA vaccine comprises at least one nucleotide coding sequence of a Staphylococcus aureus polypeptide, such as the Clumping factor A (ClfA), the fibronectin-binding protein A, the sortase-A or the pre-pheromone (ArgD). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions, DNA vaccines and methods for providing an immune response and/or a protective immunity into mammals, particularly humans and bovines, against a Staphylococcus aureus associated disease. Staphylococcus aureus is a potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded mammals, such as human and bovines. This bacteria may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. Recently, Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as the most important causative organism of bovine mastitis. Mastitis is one of the most important and costly diseases of dairy cow herds. It is found in 19 to 45% of cattle during lactation worldwide. Despite treatment and different levels of infection, mastitis has long-lasting effects on the milk yield of infected animals. Bovine mastitis has also become an important environmental issue because of increasing public resistance to the use of antibiotics and the development of resistance strains of the pathogens. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Effervescent solid composition of matter Inventor(s): Back, Marcus; (Vallingby, SE), Hellman, Asa; (Upplands Vasby, SE), Mathisen, Torbjorn; (Alvsjo, SE) Correspondence: Benton S. Duffett, JR.; Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030026837 Date filed: April 12, 2002 Abstract: An effervescent solid composition of matter is provided, which comprises, as an active component, a substance selected from chitosan, its derivatives and salts thereof and a second component capable of releasing CO.sub.2 in an acidic environment.Also, methods for treatment of a mammal suffering from a dermal wound, or for prophylactic or wound-healing treatment of lactating animals prone to develop or suffering from mastitis, are provided. The methods comprise the steps of:a) admixing said effervescent solid composition of matter with an aqueous liquid to form a solution or suspension thereof;b) contacting said animals with said solution or suspension to provide such treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to solid compositions of matter comprising an anti-microbial substance based on chitosan, its derivatives or salts thereof. The invention also involves a method for prophylactic or wound-healing treatment of lactating animals. The main active principle in the solid composition of matter involved in the present invention is selected from chitosan, its derivatives or salts thereof. Chitosan is a well-known polysaccharide which is composed of.beta.(1-4)-linked N-acetyl-Dglucosamine and D-glucosamine units. Chitosan is manufactured by alkaline treatment of chitin, a polymer forming the shell of inter alia insects and crustaceans. Commercially, chitosan is recovered from crab- and shrimpshells that are waste products from the fishing industry. When treating chitin with alkali, usually sodium hydroxide, N-deacetylation takes place, i e acetamido groups are converted to amino groups, as the chitin is transformed to chitosan. By controlling the alkaline treatment of chitin it is possible to manufacture chitosans with varying degrees of N-acetylation. Physical properties of chitosan, its derivatives and salts thereof, which properties affect its utility, depend on the degree of N-acetylation, the {overscore (Mw)}, the molecular weight distribution and the distribution of N-acetyl groups. Furthermore, different acid addition salts and derivatives of chitosan exhibit different properties. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Immunization of dairy cattle with chimeric GapC protein against streptococcus infection Inventor(s): Fontaine, Michael; (Saskatoon, CA), Perez-Casal, Jose; (Saskatoon, CA), Potter, Andrew A.; (Saskatoon, CA) Correspondence: Robins & Pasternak Llp; 90 Middlefield Road; Suite 200; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20020044928 Date filed: June 11, 2001 Abstract: The recombinant production of Gap4, a chimeric GapC plasmin binding protein comprising the entire amino acid sequence of the Streptococcus dysga/actiae
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GapC protein in addition to unique amino acid sequences from the Streptococcus parauberisand Streptococcus agalactiae GapC proteins, is described. Also described is the use of Gap4 chimeric GapC protein in vaccine compositions to prevent or treat streptococcal infections in general and mastitis in particular. Excerpt(s): This application is related to provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/211,247, filed Jun. 12, 2000, from which application priority is claimed under 35 USC.sctn.119(e)(1) and which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to bacterial antigens and genes encoding the same. More particularly, the present invention pertains to the construction of a chimeric plasmin binding protein gene comprising the entire S. dysgalactiae gapC coding sequence as well as coding sequences for unique regions from several Streptococcus bacteria species, and the use of the same in vaccine compositions. Mastitis, an infection of the mammary gland usually caused by bacteria or fungus, results in major economic losses to the dairy industry yearly. Among the bacterial species most commonly associated with mastitis are various species of the genus Streptococcus, including S. aureus, S. uberis, (untypeable), S. agalactiae (Lancefield group B), S. dysgalactiae (Lancefield group C), S. zooepidemicus, and the Lancefield groups D, G., L and N streptococci. Some of those species are contagions (e.g. S. agalactiae), while others are considered environmental pathogens (e.g. S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis). The environmental pathogen S. uberis is responsible for about 20% of all clinical cases of mastitis (Bramley, A. J. and Dodd, F. H. (1984) J. Dairy Res. 51:481-512; Bramley, A. J. (1987) Animal Health Nutrition 42:12-16; Watts, J. L. (1988) J. Dairy Sci. 71:1616-1624); it is the predominant organism isolated from mammary glands during the non-lactating period (Bramley, A. J. (1984) Br. Vet. J. 140:328-335; Bramley and Dodd (1984) J. Dairy Res. 51:481-512; Oliver, S. P. (1988) Am. J. Vet. Res. 49:1789-1793). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Immunization of dairy cattle with GapC protein against Streptococcus infection Inventor(s): Bolton, Alexandra J.; (Calgary, CA), Fontaine, Michael; (Saskatoon, CA), Perez-Casal, Jose; (Saskatoon, CA), Potter, Andrew A.; (Saskatoon, CA) Correspondence: Robins & Pasternak Llp; 545 Middlefield Road; Suite 180; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030082781 Date filed: June 11, 2001 Abstract: The GapC plasmin binding protein genes of Streptococcus dysgalactiae (S. dysgalactiae), Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae), Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis), Streptococcus parauberis (S. parauberis), and Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) are described, as well as the recombinant production of the GapC proteins therefrom. Also described is the use of the GapC proteins from those species in vaccine compositions to prevent or treat bacterial infections in general, and mastitis in particular. Excerpt(s): This application is related to provisional patent application serial No. 60/211,022, filed Jun. 12, 2000, from which application priority is claimed under 35 USC.sctn.119(e)(1) and which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to bacterial antigens and genes encoding the same. More particularly, the present invention pertains to the cloning, expression and characterization of the GapC plasmin-binding proteins from Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis,
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Streptococcus parauberis, and Streptococcus iniae, and the use of the same in vaccine compositions. Mastitis is an infection of the mammary gland usually caused by bacteria or fungus. The inflammatory response following infection results in decreased milk yield as well as quality, and causes major annual economic losses to the dairy industry. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Mastitis assay Inventor(s): Fitzpatrick, Julie Lydia; (Glasgow, GB), Logan, Karen; (Glasgow, GB), Platt, David; (Glasgow, GB), Stear, Michael James; (Glasgow, GB) Correspondence: Myers Bigel Sibley & Sajovec; PO Box 37428; Raleigh; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20020102601 Date filed: March 27, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a blood cell proliferation assay employing Staphylococcus aureus antigen capable of inducing a proliferative response. The assay finds particular application in testing cattle, including cows and bulls for use in predicting resistance to subclinical or clinical mastitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an assay and method of testing cattle for use in predicting resistance to subclinical or clinical mastitis. Mastitis is very costly to the dairy industry due to discarded milk, reduced yield, milk of lower value, increased rates of premature culling and occasional mortality (Esslemont and Spincer, 1993) and is recognised as one of the major diseases adversely affecting dairy cow welfare (Menzies, 1995). Strategies to improve mastitis resistance, rather than to simply manage the disease by antibiotic therapy and culling, are particularly timely in terms of both cow welfare and concern about antibiotic residues in meat and milk products. Bulls and cows are selected for breeding purposes on their predicted genetic merit for milk yield, composition, and physical attributes (type). These predictions can use information from a variety of sources, from ancestors, an animal's own appearance or performance in the case of cows, but for bulls these predictions rely heavily on the performance of their daughters, which is normally obtained from a progeny testing programme. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Mastitis prevention Inventor(s): Harrison, Richard J.; (Hockessin, DE) Correspondence: Richard J. Harrison; 8 Spring Meadow Lane; Hockessin; DE; 19707; US Patent Application Number: 20030235560 Date filed: April 23, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is a method for preventing the onset of mastitis in female mammals. The specification discloses the incorporation of one or more lysogenic bacteriophages with specificity to mastitis causing bacteria into a formulation which is applied to a female mammal's udders. Excerpt(s): Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland. It is generally caused by microorganisms, usually bacteria, that invade the udder, multiply and produce toxins that damage to the mammary gland. This invention relates to the prevention of mastitis
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in milking mammals, and more specifically to cows and goats. For purposes of this specification the words udders and teats are used interchangeably as they relate to the mammary gland. "Mastitis and Its Control", a paper in the National Dairy Database establishes the significant economic losses caused by mastitis in dairy cattle. These losses which include reduced production, discarded milk, early cow replacement costs, reduced cow sale value, drugs, veterinary services and labor are estimated to be $181 per cow or approximately $1.6 billion in the United States dairy herds alone. These are very visible losses to the dairy producer and thus mastitis has been the subject of significant research. Results of the aforementioned research indicate that over 95% of mastitis cases are caused by bacterial infection of the udders. Much effort has been put into remedying the widespread and costly bacterial mastitis infections. Various improved methods for pre-milking treatment of udders and methods for prevention of bovine mastitis have been described (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,206,529 to Neumann; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,124,145 and 5,234,684 to Sordillo, et al.: U.S. Pat. No. 4,253,420 to Hoefelmayr.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,355,732 to Zighelboim). Others have described improved systems of general applicability for delivery of pre-milking treatment by moist wipes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,582 to Abba, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,762,948 to Blackburn, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,281 to Win, et al.). Berg, et al., J. Dairy Sci. 68, 457-461(1985): Pankey, et al. Veterinary Clinics of North America 9, 519-530, 1993; McKinnon, et al., J. Dairy Res. 50, 153-162, 1983, Murdough, et al., J. Dairy Sci. 76, 20332038, 1993 and Ansari, et al., Am. J. Infect. Control 19, 243-249, 1991 provide further description of the present state of the art and describe the evolution of udder or teat hygiene in terms of various aspects of the commonly applied procedures for pre- and post-milking bacterial control. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and apparatus for detecting mastitis by using visual light and/or near infrared lights Inventor(s): Murayama, Koichi; (Osaka, JP), Tsenkova, Roumiana; (Hyogo, JP) Correspondence: Robert G Mukai; Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis; PO Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020183600 Date filed: May 28, 2002 Abstract: A method for diagnosing mastitis of cows, includes the steps of (1) irradiating visual light rays and/or near infrared rays in a wavelength range of 400 to 2500 nm into urine, raw milk or a mammary gland of a cow, (2) detecting an intensity of transmitted light rays, reflected light rays or transmitted and reflected light rays from said urine, raw milk or mammary gland, and (3) effecting multivariate regression analysis, and (4) diagnosing the presence of the mastitis of the cow. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for diagnosing the mastitis based on visual light and/or near infrared spectra from urine, raw milk or mammary gland of cows. The number of somatic cells in raw milk is an important factor for the mastitis diagnosis. Heretofore, a direct microscopy method, a CMT modified method, and a fluorometry have been used for measuring the number of the somatic cells. At present, a fluorometrical type somatic cell counter (Fossomatic) is used to measure the number of the somatic cells in the raw milk. This apparatus can calculate and display the number of the somatic cells per 1 ml through mixing a buffer solution and a dying liquid (ethidium bromide solution) to the raw milk, fluorescently staining
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cell nuclei of the somatic cells, scatteredly applying the resulting mixture to a peripheral portion of a disc continuously rotated with use of a microsyringe, and automatically measuring the number of the somatic cells with the fluorescent microscope. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for simultaneous detection of multiple microbial antigens in biological specimens from mastitic animals Inventor(s): Wolde-Mariam, Wondu; (Rowland Heights, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030073073 Date filed: October 11, 2001 Abstract: The present invention involves a method and an immuno-analytical device for the rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple micro-organisms in the biological fluids from milk-producing animals suffering from mastitis. This method is based on a lateral flow immuno-assay technique performed to detect antigens specific for multiple infectious agents which are known to cause and/or be encountered in cases of mastitis. Mastitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the udders of milk-producing animals as a result of microbial infections. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) of the U.S. Provisional Application that was originally filed as non-provisional U.S. application Ser. No. 09/811,806, filed Mar. 30, 2001. The invention relates generally to the field of immuno-assays. More specifically, the invention relates to a simple, rapid inexpensive pathogen-specific immuno-assay method for simultaneously screening multiple infectious agents associated with mastitis, and inflammatory disease of the udder in milk-producing animals. Mastitis is a disease of cattle and other ruminants that, if not detected early, has adverse economic consequences to the dairy farmer. Estimated annual losses amount to $150-300 per cow per year with total annual losses in the US ranging from $1.5 to $3.0 billion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for treatment and prevention of mastitis Inventor(s): Sanchez, Margaret S.; (Kalamazoo, MI), Watts, Jeffrey L.; (Portage, MI) Correspondence: Austin W. Zhang; Pharmacia & Upjohn Company; Global Intellectual Property; 301 Henrietta Street; Kalamazoo; MI; 49001; US Patent Application Number: 20020111349 Date filed: June 23, 2001 Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of treatment or prevention of mastitis in mammals with known oxazolidinone anti-bacterial agents, either alone or in combination with exogenous lactoferrins. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/215,900 filed Jul. 5, 2000 under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e)(i). The present invention relates to the treatment and prevention of mastitis with known oxazolidinones, alone or
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in combination with exogenous lactoferrins. Mastitis, which has been known and treated for many years, is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland of a mammal caused by infection of a multitude of bacteria. Bovine mastitis is one of the most difficult cattle diseases to deal with and is of considerable economic significance to the dairy industry. Bovine mastitis may be caused by Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp, as well as Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylcoccus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. The primary treatment for bovine mastitis so far has been the administration of antibiotics such as penicillin. However, the antibiotic therapies currently available for bovine mastitis do not always work, partly because these antibiotics are effective only against Gram-positive pathogens but have poor or straindependent activity against Gram-negative pathogens. Thus, there is clearly a need for more effective treatment for mastitis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
RECOMBINANT BIVALENT BACTERIAL VACCINE FOR THE PREVENTION OF MASTITIS Inventor(s): SEALS, JONATHAN R.; (UPTON, MA) Correspondence: Hollie L Baker; Hale And Dorr; 60 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109 Patent Application Number: 20020025324 Date filed: July 25, 1997 Abstract: This invention concerns a recombinant vaccine for the prevention of mastitis in milking mammals, particularly cows, and to methods for the production and use of the vaccine. The vaccine against mastitis is made from an E. coli cell that has been genetically engineered, or transformed, to contain and express an antigen from one or more of the pathogens responsible for causing mastitis. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a recombinant bivalent bacterial vaccine for the prevention of mastitis in milking animals, especially in dairy cows. Mastitis is an infection or inflammation of the mammary gland, particularly important in dairy cattle. Although there are many pathogens associated with mastitis, the primary pathogens which cause the infection are Staphylococcus aureus, which are involved in approximately 30-50% of infections, Escherichia coli, which are involved in approximately 30-40% of infections, and Streptococcus sp., which are involved in approximately 20-40% of infections. Infection of the mammary gland in dairy cows is a major health problem for the dairy industry. Chronic mastitis in a milking cow produces an abnormal udder which, when the udder is palpated, feels hard to the touch. Once infected, milk quality declines, with milk produced from infected cows having an increased somatic cell count, and overall milk production is reduced. In addition, with infections caused by E. coli, or other gram negative bacteria, the cow may suffer from endotoxemia, a potentially fatal condition. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Sampling method and sampling device therefor Inventor(s): Hakes, Reggie; (Beaver City, NE) Correspondence: Richard L. Marsh; 4116 E. Latoka; Springfield; MO; 65809; US Patent Application Number: 20020162509 Date filed: July 3, 2001 Abstract: An inline sampling device adapted to remove a representative sample dropwise from a fluid flowing through a fluid line through a sampling probe disposed in the fluid line wherein the sampling probe has at least one fluid receiving, volume relief port adapted for receiving a multiplicity of drop-wise samples of fluid flowing through the fluid line and for discharging a portion of the volume of a sampling container. The device is particularly suitable for testing for mastitis in milking animals. Excerpt(s): This application is a non-provisional application claiming priority established in provisional patent application 60/273,572 filed on Mar. 3, 2001. This invention relates to a method of sampling a fluid flowing through a line by inserting a sampling device in the line and drop-wise removing a composite sample representative of the quality and quantity of the flow from the line for immediate and/or subsequent analysis. Mastitis is the most costly dairy cattle disease. Without an effective mastitis identification and control program, loss in milk production, discarded or unsalable milk, death or premature culling and decreased genetic advancement can wipe out a dairy farm. Conductivity meters have been used to note a change in an animal's quality as it is believed that the conductivity of the milk from an animal increases with increased mastitis. Somatic Cell Count (SCC) for a herd is effective but costly and lengthy to complete as samples from each animal must be sent to a remote laboratory for testing. An on-site test is the California Mastitis Test which uses a flat paddle with a depression for collecting a sample from each quarter of the mammary. A reagent is applied to each sample to subjectively determine the amount of thickening which is representative of the amount of leukocyte cells present. Some problems with the CMT paddle test for quarters are: loss of the sample from being kicked by the animal, contamination from the environment, slowing of the milking cycle due to the manual nature of the test and finally, the CMT quarter paddle test is not representative of the entire letdown of the animal as somatic cells tend to stratify along with the butterfat over the course of the letdown. Furthermore, testing a large herd consumes a great deal of time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Staphylococcus aureus antigen-containing whole cell vaccine Inventor(s): Fattom, Ali Ibrahim; (Rockville, MD) Correspondence: Stephen A. Bent; Foley & Lardner; Washington Harbour; 3000 K Street, Suite 500; Washington; DC; 20007-5109; US Patent Application Number: 20020031528 Date filed: September 24, 2001 Abstract: A negatively-charged S. aureus antigen contains.beta.-hexosamine as a major carbohydrate component. S. aureus strains that carry the antigen account for nearly all of the clinically significant strains of S. aureus that are not Type 5 or Type 8 strains. The antigen can be used in combination with S. aureus Type 5 polysaccharide antigen and S. aureus Type 8 polysaccharide antigen to provide nearly 100% coverage of S. aureus
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infection. The antigen and antibodies to the antigen are useful in kits and assays for diagnosing S. aureus infection. A whole cell vaccine of cells that contain the antigen is particularly useful in the treatment of mastitis. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuing application, under 35 U.S.C.sctn.120, of Application Ser. No. 09/102,214, filed Jun. 22, 1998, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to Application Ser. No. 08/712,438, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,208. The present invention relates to a novel Staphylococcus aureus antigen, and to a method for obtaining and using the antigen. S. aureus causes several diseases in animals and in humans by various pathogenic mechanisms. The most frequent and serious of these diseases are bacteremia and its complications in hospitalized patients. In particular, S. aureus can cause wound infections and infections associated with catheters and prosthetic devices. Serious infections associated with S. aureus bacteremia include osteomyelitis, invasive endocarditis and septicemia. The problem is compounded by multiple antibiotic resistance in hospital strains, which severely limits the choice of therapy. In addition, S. aureus is a major cause of mastitis in dairy and beef cattle, where the infection causes a major loss of income. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
System for optimising the production performance of a milk producing animal herd Inventor(s): Chen, Fei; (Lynge, DK), Hansen, Henrik; (Farum, DK), Larsen, Flemming; (Haarby, DK), Mathiasen, Thomas; (Kobenhavn O, DK) Correspondence: Hunton & Williams; Intellectual Property Department; 1900 K Street, N.W.; Suite 1200; Washington; DC; 20006-1109; US Patent Application Number: 20020124803 Date filed: March 7, 2002 Abstract: A system for optimizing the production performance of a milk producing animal herd is provided. The system comprises milk sampling means, analytical means comprising separate means for analyzing compounds or parameters that in the presence of compounds indicative of the physiological or nutritional condition of the herd member, generates detectable signals, and means for directing a part of the milk sample to each separate analyzing means which is controlled by data for the physiological and nutritional state of a herd member such that the directing means is only activated at preselected points in time or at pre-selected time intervals in the production and or lactation cycles. Specific compounds are compounds indicative of mastitis, including beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (NAGase) E.C. 3.2.1.52 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), protein balance, including milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and total protein, ketosis, including acetolactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetone and lipids, fat and state in reproduction cycle, including a steroid or peptide hormone such as progesterone. Furthermore, the system comprises signal detection means for recording and processing the signals, means for data storage and data output means. Additionally there are provided methods for optimizing the production performance of a milk producing animal herd and an apparatus herefor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a system and methods for optimising the production performance of a milk producing animal herd. More specifically, it provides automated or semi-automated means for dynamic real time analyses of milk compounds and parameters to provide quantitative analytical data that are indicative of the overall physiological and nutritional state of the milking animals
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and which, if required, permit appropriate corrective measures to be taken. It is known to monitor the physiological and nutritional condition of milking animals, such as cows. It is also known to collect data from individual milking animals, including data for milk yield and composition, health condition data, feeding scheme data and breeding data such as genetic data. A currently common procedure is to collect milk samples manually from individual milking animals at regular intervals and subsequently ship the samples to a central laboratory for chemical and biological analyses, thereby deriving information on the milk quality as well as the health condition of each individual milking animal. In most milk producing countries, dairy herd improvement associations (DHIAs) will collect, evaluate and distribute such data relating to e.g. milk yield, milk quality and mastitis (i.e. inflammation of the mammary gland). Based on these data that are available from the DHIAs, the dairy farmers can select the best milking animals for breeding, make appropriate adjustments to feeding schemes and control health to thereby optimise the milk production. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
TEAT DIPPING AGENT Inventor(s): BACK, MARCUS; (VALLINGBY, SE), LARM, OLLE; (BROMMA, SE) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020103159 Date filed: January 19, 1999 Abstract: Use of a composition comprising chitosan in combination with a polysaccharide selected from heparin, heparan sulphate and dextran sulphate, as an active component in a solvent, for the manufacture of a teat dipping solution for lactating animals, particularly cows. The invention also relates to a process for prophylactic or wound healing treatment of lactating animals, particularly cows, against mastitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the area teat dipping agents for lactating animals. More in particular it relates to a teat dipping agent based on components which are new within this technical area. This new teat dipping agent possesses several advantages in relation to known teat dipping agents. Mastitis is an inflammatory reaction of udder tissue and is the most common and most costly disease among lactating cows over the world. The inflammation is a reaction of the lactating tissues on the presence of infectious microorganisms. A large number of different bacteria have been identified as mastitis pathogens. They have been divided into four different groups, contagious, environmental, opportunistic and other bacteria. The majority of the mastitis infections are caused by S. aureus. Another contagious mastitis pathogen is Streptococcus agalactiae. Among the environmental bacteria there are other streptococci and the coliform bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsielle pneumoniae. A large number of different disinfectants (most frequently chlorohexidine or iodophors) are used for dipping the teats immediately after milking in order to prevent bacteria from penetrating into the teat canal and further to lactating tissues. These disinfectants have a killing effect in direct contact between disinfectant and bacterium. In spite of routine use of these agents a number of bacteria escaped the killing effect, i.e. the known agents are not sufficiently effective, which can be due to insufficient amount of active components and the fact that the agents do not reach sufficient contact with the infected sites. It is also known that the effect of these agents fades out very quickly and that renewed
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contamination of the teats takes place shortly after the treatment. Small wounds and skin tissues on the teats can act as reservoirs for certain bacteria, and live stock with infected teat wounds often show higher mastitis frequencies than other live stock. Furthermore, iodine and chlorohexidin can result in taste changes of the milk and relatively small quantities of iodine and chlorohexidin in milk can cause problems in the manufacture of dairy products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Therapeutic agent for mastitis of livestock and method for treating mastitis using the same agent Inventor(s): Kai, Kenzo; (Miyagi-ken, JP), Komine, Ken-ichi; (Miyagi-ken, JP), Kumagai, Katsuo; (Miyagi-ken, JP) Correspondence: John S. Pratt, Esq; Kilpatrick Stockton, Llp; 1100 Peachtree Street; Suite 2800; Atlanta; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20020115622 Date filed: November 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a therapeutic agent and therapeutic method for treatment of mastitis in livestock comprising glycyrrhizin and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof as effective ingredients. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a therapeutic agent for the treatment of mastitis in livestock, and a method for treating mastitis using the same. Particularly, the present invention relates to a therapeutic agent and method for the treatment of mastitis in livestock during lactation periods. Mammals described as livestock, for example, cattle, horses, goats, sheep, pigs and rabbits, all possess a mammary gland and therefore may develop mastitis. Livestock that are frequently milked, for example, cattle and in particular the milk cow, are most liable to develop mastitis. Mastitis is one of the most difficult diseases to cure for the milk cow. Mastitis tends occur more frequently in recent years due to milking stress as a result of large scale breeding of cows and wide spread use of milking machines. Consequently, the mammae of cows often develop mastitis, with an incidence of as high as 1/4 of the total milk cows, including subclinical cows. It has been reported that the number of somatic cells in cow's milk increases with the development of mastitis, and the disease adversely affects the quality and flavor of the dairy products. The number of the somatic cells (referred to as somatic cell counts, SCC hereinafter) in the raw milk of a healthy cow is 500,000 cells/mL or less. In contrast, SCC in the raw milk of a cow with mastitis reportedly increases to 1,600,000 cells/mL or more. According to statistical studies, the milk production of the cow decreases by 0.4 kg a day and 0.6 kg a day in primipara cow and multipara cow, respectively, for every increase of twice as much as SCC of 50,000 cells/mL or less. The fat content of the raw milk is also reported to decrease at a rate of 0.2 g/kg for every increase of twice as much as SCC (Am. J. Vet. Res., vol. 29, 497, 1968). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Treatment of Staphylococcus infections Inventor(s): Bramley, A. John; (Williston, VT), Kerr, David; (Charlotte, VT), Plaut, Karen I.; (Westford, VT) Correspondence: Choate, Hall & Stewart; Exchange Place; 53 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020194629 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved approach for the treatment of microbial infections in mammals. Specifically, the invention provides methods and reagents for expressing in mammalian cells, proteins having anti-microbial activity. The invention provides both genes, which have been modified to allow expression and preferably secretion of active protein in desired mammalian cells or tissues, and methods of introducing such modified genes into desired mammalian cells and/or tissues. Most specifically, genes encoding anti-staphylococcal proteins are delivered to mammalian cells and/or tissues by methods of gene delivery, including gene therapy and the production of transgenic animals, for the treatment of mastitis in ruminant animals. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/337,079 filed Jun. 21, 1999, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Bovine staphylococcal mastitis is a frequent problem for the dairy industry, and leads to estimated annual economic losses of $184 per cow per year. This corresponds to a U.S. total of $1.7 billion per year for milk producers and milk processors. These losses arise from reduced milk yield, reduced compositional quality, lower product quality, and increased veterinary costs. Mastitis is transmitted from cow to cow at milking time. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major pathogen that infects both humans and animals which accounts for 15 to 30% of intramammary infection cows. Staphylococcus infections are characterized by their persistence and their deleterious effects on milk production and quality. Current therapies and preventative treatments for staphylococcal mastitis rely heavily on sterilization techniques, selective culling of animals with chronic recurring mastitis, and the use of.beta.-lactam antibiotics such as cepharin and penicillin derivatives (Bramley and Dodd, J. Dairy Res., Craven and Anderson, J. Dairy Res., 51:513-523, 1984). Also, numerous attempts have been made to develop vaccines, but none have stood the test of time (Derbyshire and Smith, Res. Vet. Sci. 109:559, 1969; Nelson L. et al., Flem. Vet. J., 62 Suppl., 1:111; Rainard et al., Flem. Vet. J. 62 Suppl., 1:141; Watson et al., Proc. Int. Symp. Bovine Mastitis Indianapolis, 73). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of combinations of active agents consisting of antimicrobially active substances and plant extracts containing terpene in veterinary medicine Inventor(s): Salamon, Ernst; (Ingelheim am Rhein, DE), Schleicher, Werner; (Bingen am Rhein, DE) Correspondence: Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation; 900 Ridgebury Road; P. O. Box 368; Ridgefield; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20030113385 Date filed: August 15, 2002
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Abstract: Certain extracts of plants from the genera Leptospernum and Melaleuca can be used in the treatment of both mastitis and metritis to effectively reduce the amount of antibiotic employed, which extracts contain terpene. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel uses of combinations of active agents consisting of antimicrobially active substances and plant extracts containing terpene in veterinary medicine for the treatment of microbially caused diseases, especially mastitis and metritis in agricultural animals and small animals. The aim of the present invention is to minimise the use of bactericidal or bacteriostatic agents required for treating bacterially caused diseases, since drugs of this kind involve or may be associated with undesirable side effects. For example, hypersensitivity reactions have been found when antibiotics are used in human medicine. In the veterinary medical field, in particular, the administration of large quantities of antibiotics to animals which are intended for consumption, or the products of which are intended for consumption, may lead to long waiting times, for example, to ensure that the drugs are not unintentionally taken by humans and thus promote the build-up of resistance to the pathogens, for example. Surprisingly, it has now been found that the combination of antimicrobially active substances, preferably antibiotics, and most preferably ampicillin, cephalothin, penicillin G and spiramycin, which are typical examples of the amino penicillins (ampicillin), the cephalosporins (cephalothin), the benzyl penicillins (penicillin G) and the macrolide antibiotics (spiramycin) [M. Alexander, C. -J. Estler, F. Legler, Antibiotika und Chemotherapeutika, wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart 1995; Adam-Thoma, Antibiotika, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mBH Stuttgart, 1994], with plant extracts containing terpene, preferably with extracts of plants of the genera Leptospermum and Melaleuca from the Myrtaceae family and most preferably with tea tree oil (extract of Melaleuca alternifolia) or with the oil of the cajuput tree (Melaleuca leucadendra) leads to a surprisingly high potentiation of the antimicrobial properties which significantly exceeds an additive effect and thus makes it possible to reduce the content of bactericidally or bacteriostatically active drug. In this way, on the other hand, the disadvantages mentioned above connected with the administration of antibiotics are avoided. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Vaccine for the prevention of bacterial infection of the bovine mammary gland Inventor(s): Guidry, Albert; (Nellysford, VA), O'Brien, Celia; (Ellicott City, MD) Correspondence: Usda, Ars, Ott; 5601 Sunnyside Ave; RM 4-1159; Beltsville; MD; 207055131; US Patent Application Number: 20040028688 Date filed: July 5, 2002 Abstract: A novel vaccine for immunizing animals against Staphylococcus aureus induced mastitis is disclosed. The vaccine is comprised of whole killed cells of S. aureus in a dosage effective to immunize an animal against the organism, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel vaccine specific for Staphylococcus aureus, the major bacterium responsible for bovine mastitis. The strains of the invention are used in vaccine development, to protect individuals from S. aureus infection and to treat and control S. aureus-induced mastitis. S. aureus mastitis affects 90% of US. Dairy herds. Annual loss due to mastitis in the United States is two billion dollars (Nickerson
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et al. 1984. J. Dairy Res. 51: 209-217). Antibiotic treatment of S. aureus infections has met with limited success due to the development of antibiotic resistant strains and their ability to survive within polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and macrophages where very few antibiotics achieve effective intracellular concentrations (Craven and Anderson. 1984. J. Dairy Res. 51:513-523). S. aureus mastitis is rarely acute, but causes subclinical, chronic infections (Bramley and Dodd. 1984. J. Dairy Res. 51:481-512). Cows are most susceptible to S. aureus infections during the transition from lactation to involution and from involution to colostrogenesis (Oliver and Sordillo. 1988. J. Dairy Sci. 71: 2584-2606). The bovine udder has numerous defense mechanisms to protect against invading pathogens. The first line of defense against bacterial invasion of the udder is the smooth muscle sphincter surrounding the teat end (Frost, A. J. 1990. In: Proc. Int. Symp. Bovine Mastitis, Page 1) and keratin, a waxy material found in the teat canal (Murphy, J. M. 1959. Cornell Vet. 49: 411-421). However, bacteria can breach the teat canal and enter the gland cistern by multiplication or reverse flow during milking machine pulsation (Nickerson, S. C. 1986. In: Dairy Research Report, Louisiana Agric. Experiment Station, Page 211; Schalm et al. 1971. In: Bovine Mastitis, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa., Page 209). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with mastitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “mastitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on mastitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning mastitis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MASTITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to mastitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on mastitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “mastitis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “mastitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “mastitis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Mastitis Handbook for the Dairy Practitioner by W.B. Faull, et al; ISBN: 0853232377; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853232377/icongroupinterna
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Bovine mastitis by O. W. Schalm; ISBN: 0812103327; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812103327/icongroupinterna
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Control de La Mastitis En Granja de Vacuno de Lech by Roger Blowey, Peter Edmondson; ISBN: 842000863X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/842000863X/icongroupinterna
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Development and Validation of a Localized Murine Candidiasis Model: The Pathogenesis, Chemotherapy and Defense Mechanisms to Candida Mastitis in the Lactating Mouse by Faisal Abdi Guhad; ISBN: 9155444288; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155444288/icongroupinterna
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Laboratory and Field Handbook on Bovine Mastitis; ISBN: 0932147038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932147038/icongroupinterna
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Mastitis Control in Diary Herds by Roger Blowey, Peter Edmondson; ISBN: 0852363141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852363141/icongroupinterna
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Mastitis Notes for the Dairy Practitioner by W.B. Faull, J.W. Hughes; ISBN: 0853233055; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853233055/icongroupinterna
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Practical Mastitis Control in Dairy Herds by W.H. Giesecke, et al; ISBN: 0409109231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0409109231/icongroupinterna
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Proceedings of the IDF Seminar on Mastitis Control 1975, Reading University, April 7-11; ISBN: 0902219049; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902219049/icongroupinterna
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Recombinant bovine growth hormone FDA approval should be withheld until the mastitis issue is resolved : report to congressional requesters (SuDoc GA 1.13:PEMD92-26) by U.S. General Accounting Office; ISBN: B00010E8NE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010E8NE/icongroupinterna
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Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone: Fda Approval Should Be Withheld Until the Mastitis Issue Is Resolved; ISBN: 1568063946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568063946/icongroupinterna
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Resistant factors and genetic aspects of mastitis control : proceedings of international conference held in Jablonna, 2-5 October 1980; ISBN: 8304010879; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8304010879/icongroupinterna
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Summer Mastitis (Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science) by G. Thomas, et al; ISBN: 0898389828; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898389828/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Mastitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to mastitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and mastitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “mastitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MASTITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover mastitis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on mastitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “mastitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to mastitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “mastitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for mastitis: •
HIV load in breast milk and mastitis may increase vertical transmission risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 21, 1999
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “mastitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “mastitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to mastitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “mastitis” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Mastitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to mastitis. In addition to these
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sources, you can search for articles covering mastitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “mastitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 7706 82 499 5 19 8311
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “mastitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on mastitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to mastitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to mastitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “mastitis”:
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Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Breast Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastdiseases.html Breast Reconstruction http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastreconstruction.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to mastitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to mastitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with mastitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about mastitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “mastitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “mastitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “mastitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “mastitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on mastitis: •
Basic Guidelines for Mastitis Breast infection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001490.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Mastitis Breast enlargement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003153.htm Breast lump Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003155.htm Breast pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003152.htm Enlarged lymph nodes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003097.htm
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Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Nipple discharge Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003154.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Mastitis Breast biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003920.htm Mammography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003380.htm
•
Background Topics for Mastitis Breastfeeding - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002162.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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MASTITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among
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simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of
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molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibodies, Anticardiolipin: Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic), antiphospholipid syndrome, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin. [NIH] Antibodies, Antiphospholipid: Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign
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substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (antibodies, antiphospholipid). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (antibodies, anticardiolipin). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (lupus coagulation inhibitor). [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects
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(orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH]
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Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzaldehyde: A colorless oily liquid used as a flavoring agent and to make dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. Benzaldehyde is chemically related to benzene. [NIH] Benzoin: A white crystalline compound prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde in potassium cyanide and used in organic syntheses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic
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engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Implants: Implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female breast. They have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either saline or silicone gel. The outer shell may be either smooth or textured. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge
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of electricity. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiolipins: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal syphilis serodiagnosis. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual
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patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cattle Diseases: Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH]
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Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]
Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of oxacillin. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU]
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Coccidiosis: Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of Coccidia. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]
Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and
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theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Core biopsy: The removal of a tissue sample with a needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that
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has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatomycosis: A superficial infection of the skin or its appendages by fungi. The term includes dermatophytosis and the various clinical forms of tinea, as well as deep fungous
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infections. Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Dermatophytosis: Any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended
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effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae
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infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endotoxemia: A condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. If endotoxemia is the result of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, shock may occur. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enterobactin: An iron-binding cyclic trimer of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine. It is produced by E. coli and other enteric bacteria. [NIH] Enterococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus Streptococcus, it is now recognized as a separate genus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity;
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the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermomycosis: An infection caused by dermatophytes. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH]
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Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or
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asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH]
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Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Germicide: An agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-
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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Cocci: Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematuria: Blood in the urine. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histoplasma: A mitosporic Onygenales fungal species causing histoplasmosis in humans and animals. Histoplasma capsulatum and its teleomorph Ajellomyces capsulatus are the offending species. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform
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quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypereosinophilic Syndrome: A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs. It is often referred to as idiopathic. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH]
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Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local
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infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory breast cancer: A type of breast cancer in which the breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The skin of the breast may also show the pitted appearance called peau d'orange (like the skin of an orange). The redness and warmth occur because the cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin. [NIH] Infrared Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants. [NIH]
Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of
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digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iodophors: Disinfectant. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can
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also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Klebsiella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH]
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Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH]
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Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysostaphin: A 25 kD peptidase produced by Staphylococcus simulans which cleaves a glycine-glcyine bond unique to an inter-peptide cross-bridge of the Staphylococcus aureus cell wall. EC 3.4.24.75. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammaplasty: Surgical reconstruction of the breast including both augmentation and reduction. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH]
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Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metritis: Generalized inflammation of the uterus. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH]
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Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatorum: Patchy or generalized progressive hardening of the subcutaneous fat, often with fatal outcome, occurring in infants predisposed by reason of prematurity, marasmus, hypothermia, gastro-intestinal or respiratory infection, or gross malformations. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and
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stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nipple discharge: Fluid coming from the nipple. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to flucloxacillin used in resistant staphylococci infections. [NIH]
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents. [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH]
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Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Peau d'orange: A dimpled condition of the skin of the breast, resembling the skin of an orange, sometimes found in inflammatory breast cancer. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH]
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Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH]
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Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Cyanide: Potassium cyanide (K(CN)). A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Povidone: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. [NIH] Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an
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antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU]
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Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Prototheca: An achlorophyllous mutant of the green alga Chlorella. It is found in decayed matter, water, sewage and soil and produces cutaneous and disseminated infections in various vertebrates including man. It infects the skin, lymph nodes, eye, myocardium, kidney, muscle, and bovine mammary gland. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulsation: A throb or rhythmical beat, as of the heart. [EU] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts.
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[NIH]
Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]
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Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]
Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH]
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Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]
Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saprophyte: A saprophytic (= whose nutrition involves uptake of dissolved organic material from decaying plant or animal matter) organism. [EU] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system,
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gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sparganum: The larval form of the diphyllobothriid tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium and spirometra. Fish-eating mammals and man are the final hosts. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU]
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Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spiramycin: A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. The drug is effective against gram-positive aerobic pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae, and staphylococci. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staphylococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Sternum: Breast bone. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH]
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Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptococcus agalactiae: A bacterium which causes mastitis in cattle and occasionally in man. [NIH] Streptokinase: Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (streptodornase and streptokinase). EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
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Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombopenia: Reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. [NIH] Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and
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multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of
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ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH]
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Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whole cell vaccine: Vaccine made from whole tumor cells that have been changed in the laboratory. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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179
INDEX A Abdominal, 131, 141, 149, 161 Abortion, 131, 134 Abscess, 5, 13, 24, 25, 45, 131 Acetone, 98, 131, 156 Acetylcholine, 131, 147, 160 Acne, 66, 131 Acremonium, 131, 139 Acyl, 79, 131 Adenosine, 131, 138, 162 Adipose Tissue, 65, 131 Adrenal Cortex, 131, 143, 164 Adverse Effect, 131, 140, 170 Aerobic, 131, 171 Aerosol, 131, 164 Aetiology, 41, 131 Affinity, 131, 132, 140, 170 Agonist, 132, 137, 144 Alertness, 132, 138 Algorithms, 132, 137 Alkaline, 74, 91, 132, 138 Alkaloid, 132, 137 Aloe, 64, 132 Alpha Particles, 132, 167 Alpha-helix, 132, 155 Alternative medicine, 108, 132 Ameliorating, 65, 132 Amenorrhea, 132, 137 Amino acid, 4, 79, 89, 91, 132, 133, 135, 149, 150, 152, 161, 162, 165, 166, 169, 172, 174, 175 Amino Acid Sequence, 91, 132, 133, 149 Ammonia, 132, 173, 175 Amniotic Fluid, 132, 150 Ampicillin, 102, 132 Anaerobic, 132, 147, 156, 160, 169, 171 Anaesthesia, 133, 153 Analgesic, 65, 133 Anaphylatoxins, 133, 141 Anaplasia, 133, 160 Androgenic, 133, 143 Androgens, 131, 133, 143 Anhydrous, 83, 133 Anions, 133, 155 Annealing, 133, 163 Anomalies, 133, 173 Anorexia, 133, 149 Antagonism, 133, 138, 140
Antibacterial, 83, 88, 89, 133, 144, 171, 175 Antibiotic, 7, 52, 63, 68, 75, 81, 86, 93, 96, 98, 102, 103, 132, 133, 137, 139, 140, 161, 162, 169, 171 Antibodies, 54, 89, 98, 133, 134, 151, 157, 163, 167 Antibodies, Anticardiolipin, 133, 134 Antibodies, Antiphospholipid, 133, 134 Antibody, 29, 46, 132, 133, 134, 141, 146, 152, 153, 155, 158, 159, 167, 171, 176 Anticoagulant, 134, 166 Antifungal, 83, 134 Antigen, 8, 59, 93, 96, 97, 98, 131, 133, 134, 138, 141, 147, 152, 153, 158 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 134, 141 Anti-infective, 134, 140, 155 Anti-inflammatory, 26, 60, 65, 134, 143, 150 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 134, 143 Antimicrobial, 9, 11, 36, 62, 63, 67, 70, 84, 85, 88, 102, 134, 173 Antineoplastic, 134, 143 Antioxidant, 134, 135 Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 31, 133, 134 Antipsychotic, 134, 140, 160 Antiseptic, 84, 131, 135, 164 Antiviral, 135, 147, 154 Anus, 135, 162 Apoptosis, 73, 135 Applicability, 94, 135 Aqueous, 62, 63, 70, 80, 81, 83, 84, 91, 135, 136, 143, 145, 156 Arachidonic Acid, 135, 165 Arginine, 79, 133, 135 Aromatic, 67, 135 Arterial, 134, 135, 150, 166 Arteries, 78, 135, 137, 142, 159 Arterioles, 135, 137, 138 Ascorbic Acid, 18, 135, 152 Aspiration, 17, 20, 27, 135 Assay, 93, 95, 135, 153, 169 Asymptomatic, 62, 85, 135 Atrophy, 135, 147 Atypical, 12, 135, 140 Autoimmune disease, 87, 133, 135 B Bacillus, 54, 135 Bacteremia, 5, 26, 98, 136, 156, 169
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Bacterial Infections, 75, 92, 136 Bactericidal, 52, 102, 136 Bacteriophage, 136, 163, 169, 176 Bacteriostatic, 102, 136 Bacterium, 71, 82, 99, 102, 136, 151, 172 Base, 63, 85, 86, 136, 147, 149, 155 Basement Membrane, 136, 148 Basophils, 136, 156 Bed Rest, 87, 136 Benign, 65, 90, 136, 143, 151, 160, 167 Benzaldehyde, 136 Benzoin, 69, 136 Bilateral, 13, 136, 147 Bile, 136, 157, 171 Biological response modifier, 136, 154 Biopsy, 20, 23, 130, 136 Biotechnology, 6, 10, 108, 115, 136 Bismuth, 63, 85, 137 Bivalent, 96, 137 Bladder, 137, 143, 175 Blood Coagulation, 137, 138, 169, 173 Blood Glucose, 137, 154 Blood pressure, 137, 150, 159, 170 Blood vessel, 137, 146, 151, 157, 170, 173, 175 Blood Volume, 137, 164 Body Fluids, 137, 145, 170 Body Regions, 137, 141 Bone Marrow, 137, 149, 157, 159, 172 Brachytherapy, 137, 154, 155, 167, 176 Branch, 127, 137, 157, 162, 170 Breakdown, 65, 87, 137, 149 Breast Implants, 31, 137 Breeding, 78, 81, 82, 93, 99, 100, 137 Broad-spectrum, 132, 137, 139 Bromocriptine, 47, 137 Burns, 79, 137 Burns, Electric, 137 C Cadmium, 18, 138 Cadmium Poisoning, 138 Caffeine, 65, 138 Calcium, 5, 73, 138, 141 Cannula, 81, 86, 138 Capillary, 65, 66, 138, 175 Capsular, 5, 9, 138 Carbohydrate, 97, 138, 143, 150, 164 Carboxymethylcellulose, 81, 138 Carcinogenic, 138, 154, 161, 171 Carcinoma, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 38, 41, 44, 138 Cardiac, 138, 146, 160, 171
Cardiolipins, 134, 138 Carotene, 55, 138 Case report, 15, 16, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 41, 48, 138, 148 Catheters, 98, 139, 153, 154 Cathode, 139 Cations, 73, 139, 155 Cattle Diseases, 96, 139 Causal, 62, 85, 139, 151, 168 Cell Count, 33, 52, 53, 60, 79, 89, 94, 96, 97, 100, 139 Cell Death, 135, 139 Cell Division, 136, 139, 158, 159, 163, 165, 169 Cell proliferation, 93, 139 Cellobiose, 139 Cellulose, 81, 139, 149, 163 Central Nervous System, 131, 138, 139, 140, 150, 151, 152, 169 Cephalosporins, 102, 139 Cephalothin, 102, 139 Cervical, 90, 139 Cervix, 131, 139 Chemokines, 5, 34, 89, 139 Chemotactic Factors, 139, 141 Chemotherapy, 11, 78, 105, 140 Chlorhexidine, 69, 82, 140 Chlorides, 140 Chlorine, 63, 84, 140 Chlorophyll, 140, 146, 149 Cholesterol, 65, 136, 140, 157, 171 Chromatin, 135, 140, 147, 160 Chromosomal, 140, 163 Chromosome, 140, 151, 157, 169 Chronic, 5, 15, 16, 29, 46, 47, 49, 62, 69, 72, 85, 96, 101, 103, 140, 144, 154, 172, 173, 176 Citrus, 135, 140 Clear cell carcinoma, 140, 144 Clinical trial, 4, 115, 140, 166, 167 Cloning, 10, 92, 137, 140 Clot Retraction, 140, 163 Cloxacillin, 40, 140 Clozapine, 41, 140 Coagulation, 134, 137, 140 Coccidiosis, 66, 141 Coenzyme, 135, 141, 156 Cofactor, 141, 166, 173 Colic, 19, 141 Collagen, 7, 65, 132, 136, 141, 142, 165 Collapse, 137, 141 Colostrum, 76, 141
Index 181
Combination Therapy, 89, 141 Complement, 4, 89, 133, 141, 150 Computational Biology, 115, 141 Concomitant, 88, 142 Congestion, 135, 142, 147 Congestive heart failure, 13, 142 Connective Tissue, 134, 135, 137, 141, 142, 148, 150, 157, 168, 172, 173 Connective Tissue Diseases, 134, 142 Consciousness, 133, 142 Constrict, 67, 142 Constriction, 67, 142 Consultation, 78, 142 Consumption, 68, 76, 82, 102, 142, 144, 149, 168 Contamination, 18, 70, 77, 97, 100, 142 Continuum, 14, 142 Contraindications, ii, 142 Contrast medium, 142, 158 Conventional therapy, 142 Conventional treatment, 78, 142 Coordination, 74, 142 Core biopsy, 25, 142 Coronary, 142, 159 Coronary Thrombosis, 142, 159 Corpus, 142, 157, 164 Corpus Luteum, 142, 157, 164 Cortex, 143, 161 Corticosteroid, 23, 143 Cutaneous, 65, 143, 157, 166 Cyclic, 65, 138, 143, 146, 165 Cystitis, 90, 143 Cytokine, 87, 143 Cytoplasm, 135, 136, 143, 147, 159, 160 Cytotoxic, 7, 17, 143, 167 D Dairy Products, 70, 100, 143 Danazol, 46, 143 Deamination, 143, 175 Defense Mechanisms, 72, 75, 103, 105, 143 Dehydration, 4, 143 Deletion, 135, 143 Delusions, 143, 166 Denaturation, 143, 163 Dermal, 79, 91, 143 Dermatitis, 66, 79, 143, 145 Dermatomycosis, 66, 143 Dermatophytosis, 143, 144 DES, 53, 133, 144 Deuterium, 144, 152 Developed Countries, 88, 144 Developing Countries, 6, 144
Diabetes Mellitus, 144 Diagnostic procedure, 61, 108, 144 Diarrhea, 144, 147 Diarrhoea, 144, 149 Dihydroxy, 144, 146 Dilatation, 131, 144, 164 Diploid, 144, 163 Direct, iii, 73, 77, 80, 94, 99, 144, 168 Disease Progression, 144, 176 Disinfectant, 81, 99, 140, 144, 155 Disinfection, 26, 52, 66, 144 Diuresis, 138, 144 Dopamine, 134, 137, 140, 144, 160 Drug Tolerance, 144, 174 Duct, 12, 14, 26, 29, 32, 34, 40, 41, 138, 145 Dyes, 136, 145, 161 E Eczema, 79, 145 Edema, 79, 145 Effector, 131, 141, 145 Efficacy, 19, 52, 84, 145 Effusion, 145, 173 Elastic, 69, 70, 145, 172 Elasticity, 65, 145 Elastin, 65, 141, 142, 145 Elective, 44, 145 Electrolysis, 133, 139, 145 Electrolyte, 143, 145, 159, 164, 170 Embryo, 131, 145, 153 Emodin, 132, 145 Emollient, 62, 65, 84, 145, 150 Empyema, 20, 145 Emulsions, 65, 145 Enamel, 145, 155 Encapsulated, 4, 145 Encephalitis, 5, 145, 146 Encephalitis, Viral, 145 Encephalomyelitis, 5, 146 Endocarditis, 98, 146 Endocardium, 146 Endogenous, 53, 144, 145, 146 Endometriosis, 143, 146 Endothelium, 65, 146, 163 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 146 Endothelium, Vascular, 146 Endotoxemia, 96, 146 Endotoxin, 60, 146, 174 Enteric bacteria, 146 Enterobactin, 55, 146 Enterococcus, 7, 15, 37, 146 Environmental Health, 114, 116, 146 Enzymatic, 132, 138, 141, 146, 163
182
Mastitis
Enzyme, 9, 141, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 163, 165, 166, 172, 173, 176 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 9, 146 Eosinophilia, 147, 152 Eosinophilic, 16, 42, 46, 147, 152 Eosinophils, 147, 152, 156 Epidemiological, 8, 38, 147, 148 Epidermis, 147, 155 Epidermomycosis, 144, 147 Epithelial, 55, 60, 73, 80, 147 Epithelial Cells, 55, 60, 73, 80, 147 Epithelium, 69, 136, 146, 147 Ergot, 137, 147 Erythema, 25, 147, 172 Erythema Nodosum, 25, 147 Escherichia, 13, 29, 39, 53, 54, 55, 82, 96, 99, 147, 149, 151 Escherichia coli, 13, 29, 39, 53, 54, 55, 82, 96, 99, 147, 149, 151 Estrogen, 147, 165 Ethidium, 94, 147 Excipients, 89, 147 Exogenous, 54, 95, 96, 145, 146, 148 Expander, 148, 164 External-beam radiation, 148, 155, 167, 176 Extracellular, 65, 73, 142, 148, 170 Extracellular Matrix, 65, 142, 148 Extracellular Space, 148 F Family Planning, 115, 148 Fat, 74, 78, 98, 100, 131, 135, 137, 138, 141, 143, 148, 150, 155, 157, 160, 168, 172, 174 Fatal Outcome, 148, 160 Fatty acids, 65, 77, 148, 165 Feces, 63, 85, 148 Fermentation, 148, 169 Fibrin, 137, 140, 148, 163, 173 Fibrinogen, 5, 148, 163, 173 Fibrosis, 32, 148 Fine-needle aspiration, 23, 148, 160 Flaccid, 87, 148 Fluorescence, 147, 148 Follicles, 148 Fungi, 134, 143, 148, 149, 159, 173, 176 Fungus, 92, 93, 139, 147, 149 G Gamma Rays, 149, 167 Gas, 132, 140, 149, 152, 161 Gastrin, 149, 152 Gastroenteritis, 29, 37, 149, 169
Gastrointestinal, 66, 138, 149, 152, 170, 172 Gastrointestinal tract, 149, 152, 170 Gels, 66, 149 Gene, 4, 10, 40, 68, 73, 74, 92, 101, 137, 149, 150, 169 Gene Expression, 149 Gene Therapy, 101, 149 Generator, 78, 149 Genetic Code, 149, 161 Genetic Engineering, 137, 140, 150 Genetic testing, 150, 163 Genetics, 4, 60, 150 Genital, 140, 150, 155 Germicide, 69, 80, 150 Gestation, 150, 162, 163 Gestational, 4, 150 Gestational Age, 4, 150 Ginseng, 52, 64, 150 Glucocorticoids, 131, 143, 150 Glucose, 3, 135, 137, 139, 144, 150, 154, 169, 170 Glucuronic Acid, 150, 151 Glutathione Peroxidase, 150, 169 Glycerol, 66, 83, 138, 150, 162 Glycine, 132, 150, 158, 160, 169 Glycoprotein, 148, 150, 173, 174 Goats, 5, 8, 29, 78, 79, 94, 100, 143, 150 Gonadal, 150, 171 Governing Board, 150, 164 Graft, 151, 152 Gram-negative, 28, 89, 96, 146, 147, 151, 156, 160, 169 Gram-positive, 89, 96, 146, 151, 171, 172 Gram-Positive Cocci, 89, 151 Growth, 9, 78, 106, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 144, 151, 154, 158, 160, 163, 174, 176 H Haematuria, 28, 151 Hair follicles, 90, 151, 171, 176 Haploid, 151, 163 Headache, 138, 151 Health Status, 78, 151 Heart failure, 151 Hemoglobinopathies, 149, 151 Hemolysis, 146, 151 Hemolytic, 151, 172 Hemorrhoids, 79, 151 Heparin, 99, 151 Heredity, 149, 150, 151 Histoplasma, 22, 151 Homogeneous, 81, 142, 151 Homologous, 67, 137, 149, 152, 169
Index 183
Hormonal, 3, 135, 143, 152 Hormone, 65, 98, 106, 143, 144, 149, 152, 154, 155, 161, 164, 165, 168, 174 Hormone therapy, 65, 152 Horseradish Peroxidase, 146, 152 Host, 5, 41, 62, 85, 136, 152, 175, 176 Hybrid, 152 Hybridization, 74, 152 Hydrochloric Acid, 140, 152 Hydrogen, 65, 136, 138, 143, 144, 150, 152, 159, 160, 161, 166 Hydrolysis, 139, 152, 162, 166 Hydrophilic, 65, 70, 152 Hydrophobic, 65, 74, 75, 152, 157 Hydroxylysine, 141, 152 Hydroxyproline, 132, 141, 152 Hypereosinophilic Syndrome, 46, 152 Hypersensitivity, 102, 152, 168 Hypoglycemia, 3, 152 Hypothermia, 153, 160 I Id, 56, 120, 126, 128, 153 Idiopathic, 27, 33, 39, 152, 153 Immune response, 87, 90, 134, 135, 143, 153, 172, 175, 176 Immune system, 46, 62, 71, 85, 153, 157, 175, 176 Immunity, 11, 17, 28, 44, 90, 153 Immunoassay, 133, 146, 153 Immunodeficiency, 5, 26, 34, 35, 153 Immunogenic, 82, 153 Immunoglobulin, 72, 78, 133, 153, 159 Immunologic, 6, 139, 150, 153, 167 Impairment, 153, 158, 166 Implant radiation, 153, 154, 155, 167, 176 In situ, 73, 153 In vitro, 40, 65, 149, 153, 163, 169 In vivo, 4, 40, 149, 151, 153 Incision, 153, 155 Incubation, 153, 156 Incubation period, 153, 156 Indicative, 98, 105, 153, 162, 175 Induction, 7, 20, 133, 134, 153, 165 Infarction, 142, 153, 159 Infertility, 137, 154 Infiltration, 152, 154 Inflammatory breast cancer, 18, 154, 162 Infrared Rays, 94, 154 Infusion, 75, 86, 154 Ingestion, 78, 138, 154, 163 Initiation, 5, 154 Inner ear, 154, 175
Insulin, 3, 32, 154, 155 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 3, 154 Interferon, 68, 154 Interferon-alpha, 154 Internal radiation, 154, 155, 167, 176 Interstitial, 137, 148, 154, 155, 176 Intestinal, 138, 146, 154, 156, 160 Intestine, 147, 154, 170, 172 Intracellular, 5, 103, 138, 153, 155, 164, 165, 169 Intravenous, 154, 155 Invasive, 19, 98, 153, 155 Involution, 65, 73, 103, 155 Iodine, 53, 57, 80, 83, 84, 85, 100, 155, 164 Iodophors, 99, 155 Ionizing, 132, 155, 167 Ions, 79, 136, 145, 152, 155 Irradiation, 28, 155, 176 Isozymes, 18, 155 J Joint, 155, 173 K Kb, 114, 155 Keratin, 73, 74, 103, 155 Keratolytic, 88, 155 Ketoacidosis, 131, 155, 156 Ketone Bodies, 131, 155, 156 Ketosis, 98, 155, 156 Klebsiella, 70, 96, 156 L Labile, 141, 156 Lactate Dehydrogenase, 98, 156 Latent, 6, 156 Laxative, 138, 145, 156, 170 Least-Squares Analysis, 156, 168 Lens, 138, 156 Lentivirus, 5, 156 Lethal, 136, 156 Leukemia, 149, 152, 156 Leukocytes, 72, 87, 136, 137, 139, 147, 154, 156, 159, 160, 174 Library Services, 126, 156 Lice, 66, 156 Likelihood Functions, 156, 168 Linear Models, 156, 168 Linkages, 157, 172, 173 Lipid, 53, 145, 150, 154, 157, 174 Lipopolysaccharide, 53, 151, 157 Lipoprotein, 151, 157 Liver, 131, 135, 136, 148, 150, 151, 157, 175
184
Mastitis
Localized, 5, 31, 41, 105, 131, 145, 153, 157, 161, 163 Locomotion, 60, 157, 163 Logistic Models, 157, 168 Lubricants, 84, 157 Lumen, 138, 146, 157 Lupus, 31, 32, 133, 134, 157, 173 Lutein Cells, 157, 165 Lymph, 129, 139, 146, 154, 157, 166 Lymph node, 129, 139, 157, 166 Lymphatic, 66, 146, 154, 157, 171, 173 Lymphatic system, 66, 157, 171, 173 Lymphocyte, 9, 44, 134, 157, 158 Lymphocyte Subsets, 9, 44, 157 Lymphocytic, 10, 19, 32, 157 Lymphoid, 133, 157, 158 Lymphoma, 13, 158 Lysostaphin, 75, 158 Lytic, 158, 176 M Malignancy, 48, 158 Malignant, 90, 134, 158, 160, 167 Mammaplasty, 38, 158 Manic, 134, 158, 166 Manic-depressive psychosis, 158, 166 Mannans, 149, 158 Meat, 66, 93, 158 Mediator, 87, 158, 170 Medicament, 77, 158 MEDLINE, 115, 158 Meglumine, 52, 53, 54, 158 Meiosis, 137, 158 Membrane, 141, 146, 151, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164, 173 Memory, 72, 133, 158 Menstrual Cycle, 158, 165 Mental, iv, 4, 114, 116, 158, 166 Mental Disorders, 158, 166 Metaphase, 137, 159 Metastasis, 159, 160 Metritis, 102, 159 MI, 86, 88, 95, 130, 159 Microbiological, 71, 159 Microbiology, 13, 15, 26, 29, 31, 38, 41, 42, 45, 53, 135, 159 Microorganism, 63, 66, 85, 88, 141, 159, 162, 176 Micro-organism, 62, 72, 85, 95, 159, 163 Microscopy, 94, 136, 152, 159 Milliliter, 72, 159 Mineralocorticoids, 131, 143, 159 Mitosis, 135, 159
Modification, 132, 150, 159 Molecular, 5, 8, 32, 37, 38, 89, 91, 115, 117, 132, 136, 142, 148, 151, 159, 163, 164, 165, 174 Molecule, 9, 44, 68, 134, 136, 138, 141, 145, 151, 152, 159, 161, 163, 167 Monitor, 99, 159 Monoclonal, 155, 159, 167, 176 Monocytes, 34, 87, 156, 159 Mononuclear, 159, 174 Morphological, 145, 149, 160 Mucosa, 157, 160, 165, 172 Mutagenic, 66, 160 Mycoplasma, 13, 29, 42, 47, 160 Myocardium, 159, 160, 166 N Nausea, 134, 149, 156, 160 Need, 3, 44, 74, 96, 106, 121, 131, 160, 174 Needle biopsy, 23, 148, 160 Neonatal, 26, 38, 39, 160 Neonatorum, 36, 160 Neoplasms, 14, 134, 160, 167 Neoplastic, 133, 158, 160 Nephropathy, 19, 28, 160 Nerve, 158, 160, 174 Nervous System, 139, 158, 160, 172 Neuroleptic, 134, 140, 160 Neurotransmitter, 131, 132, 144, 150, 160, 172 Neutrons, 132, 155, 160, 167 Neutrophils, 8, 54, 103, 156, 160 Nipple discharge, 12, 130, 161 Nitrogen, 74, 98, 132, 133, 161, 174 Nuclei, 95, 132, 149, 150, 159, 160, 161, 166 Nucleic acid, 87, 89, 147, 149, 152, 161 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 152, 161 Nucleus, 135, 136, 140, 143, 144, 147, 149, 158, 159, 160, 161, 165, 166, 171 O Odour, 135, 161 Oncogenic, 156, 161 On-line, 79, 80, 129, 161 Open Reading Frames, 156, 161 Ophthalmic, 161, 164 Organelles, 143, 159, 161 Osteomyelitis, 98, 161 Ovary, 142, 161, 172 Ovum, 143, 150, 161, 164, 165 Oxacillin, 140, 161 Oxazolidinones, 95, 161 Oxytocin, 52, 161
Index 185
P Pancreas, 131, 154, 161 Paralysis, 87, 161 Parasite, 161, 162 Parasitic, 66, 156, 162 Parturition, 59, 162, 165 Pathogen, 4, 5, 63, 65, 68, 70, 85, 92, 95, 99, 101, 153, 156, 162 Pathogenesis, 4, 5, 54, 60, 82, 105, 162 Pathologic, 32, 135, 136, 142, 152, 162 Pathologic Processes, 135, 162 Peau d'orange, 154, 162 Penicillin, 40, 75, 96, 101, 102, 132, 133, 162 Peptide, 67, 79, 98, 132, 155, 158, 162, 165, 166 Peptide Fragments, 67, 162 Pericardium, 162, 173 Perinatal, 5, 162 Perineum, 90, 162, 171 Perspiration, 66, 162 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 139, 162, 165 Pharmacologic, 162, 174 Pheromone, 90, 162 Phospholipids, 133, 134, 138, 148, 157, 162 Phosphorus, 138, 162 Physical Examination, 150, 162 Physiologic, 73, 132, 158, 162, 165, 167 Physiology, 35, 54, 162 Pigments, 138, 163 Pilot study, 14, 163 Pituitary Gland, 143, 163 Placenta, 163, 164 Plants, 66, 102, 132, 137, 140, 145, 150, 163, 169, 174 Plaque, 140, 163 Plasma, 3, 6, 22, 41, 133, 137, 138, 146, 148, 159, 160, 163, 176 Plasma cells, 133, 163 Plasmid, 90, 163 Plasmin, 91, 92, 163 Plasminogen, 67, 68, 82, 163, 172 Plasminogen Activators, 163 Pleated, 155, 163 Pneumonia, 142, 156, 163 Poisoning, 138, 147, 149, 160, 163, 169 Polymerase, 73, 163 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 73, 163 Polymorphic, 53, 164 Polysaccharide, 5, 9, 91, 97, 99, 134, 139, 164 Polyvalent, 68, 164
Polyvinyl Alcohol, 81, 164 Port, 97, 164 Port-a-cath, 164 Posterior, 161, 164 Potassium, 136, 159, 164 Potassium Cyanide, 136, 164 Potentiation, 102, 164 Povidone, 83, 164 Povidone-Iodine, 83, 164 Practice Guidelines, 116, 164 Pregnancy Tests, 150, 164 Prevalence, 4, 6, 60, 65, 69, 71, 164 Probe, 79, 97, 164 Progeny, 93, 164 Progesterone, 98, 164, 165, 171 Progression, 5, 72, 165 Progressive, 5, 144, 151, 155, 160, 165 Projection, 143, 165 Prolactin, 3, 137, 165 Proline, 141, 152, 165 Prone, 82, 91, 165 Prophase, 137, 165 Prophylaxis, 77, 165, 175 Proportional, 147, 165 Propylene Glycol, 83, 165 Prostaglandin, 53, 165 Prostaglandins A, 165 Protease, 141, 165 Protein C, 91, 132, 136, 155, 157, 166, 175 Protein Conformation, 132, 155, 166 Protein S, 74, 137, 149, 166 Proteolytic, 141, 148, 163, 166 Protocol, 4, 166 Protons, 132, 152, 155, 166, 167 Prototheca, 53, 54, 166 Protozoa, 159, 166 Pruritic, 145, 166 Psychosis, 41, 134, 150, 166 Public Policy, 115, 166 Pulmonary, 137, 140, 142, 147, 166, 172 Pulmonary Edema, 140, 166 Pulsation, 103, 166 Pulse, 159, 166 Purulent, 167, 175 Pyoderma, 79, 167 Pyogenic, 147, 161, 167 R Radiation, 40, 148, 149, 154, 155, 167, 175, 176 Radiation therapy, 148, 154, 155, 167, 176 Radioactive, 152, 153, 154, 155, 161, 167, 173, 175, 176
186
Mastitis
Radiography, 150, 167 Radioimmunotherapy, 167 Radiolabeled, 155, 164, 167, 176 Radiological, 22, 167 Radiology, 11, 16, 25, 27, 33, 47, 167 Radiopharmaceutical, 149, 167 Radiotherapy, 46, 137, 155, 167, 176 Randomized, 145, 167 Reagent, 97, 140, 152, 167 Reality Testing, 166, 167 Receptor, 5, 55, 86, 87, 134, 140, 144, 167, 170 Recombinant, 91, 92, 96, 106, 168 Recombination, 149, 168 Refer, 1, 141, 149, 157, 160, 166, 167, 168, 174 Refraction, 168, 171 Regimen, 145, 168 Regression Analysis, 94, 168 Respiration, 159, 168 Restoration, 168, 169, 176 Retrograde, 155, 168 Retrospective, 65, 168 Retrospective Studies, 65, 168 Retroviral vector, 149, 168 Rheology, 62, 84, 168 Rheumatism, 168 Rheumatoid, 5, 168 Rheumatoid arthritis, 5, 168 Rigidity, 163, 168 Risk factor, 33, 43, 45, 157, 168 Ristocetin, 169, 175 Rod, 135, 136, 146, 147, 156, 169 Ruminants, 64, 73, 95, 150, 169 S Salmonella, 29, 43, 149, 169 Sanitary, 68, 169 Saponins, 169, 171 Saprophyte, 66, 169 Scleroproteins, 155, 169 Screening, 28, 74, 90, 95, 140, 169 Sebaceous, 169, 176 Secretion, 82, 101, 137, 143, 150, 154, 156, 159, 162, 169 Secretory, 82, 169 Segregation, 71, 168, 169 Selenium, 55, 169 Semisynthetic, 137, 169 Septicemia, 98, 169 Sequencing, 6, 163, 169 Serine, 146, 169 Serotonin, 134, 140, 160, 169, 174
Serous, 141, 146, 170 Serum, 55, 59, 60, 133, 141, 159, 170, 174 Shock, 35, 146, 170, 174 Side effect, 102, 131, 134, 170, 174 Skeleton, 155, 165, 170 Small intestine, 152, 155, 170 Smooth muscle, 65, 103, 133, 138, 170, 172 Sodium, 79, 91, 159, 170, 173 Solvent, 69, 70, 99, 131, 150, 165, 170 Soma, 170 Somatic, 33, 53, 60, 68, 74, 79, 80, 89, 94, 96, 97, 100, 158, 159, 170 Somatic cells, 68, 74, 80, 94, 97, 100, 158, 159, 170 Sorbitol, 158, 170 Sparganum, 23, 170 Specialist, 121, 170 Species, 7, 17, 62, 65, 68, 75, 82, 85, 92, 135, 147, 149, 151, 152, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176 Specificity, 8, 93, 132, 171 Spectroscopic, 21, 171 Spectrum, 4, 33, 154, 171 Sphincter, 103, 171 Spinal cord, 139, 140, 146, 160, 171 Spiramycin, 102, 171 Spleen, 157, 171 Stabilizer, 138, 171 Staphylococcal Infections, 75, 171 Stasis, 17, 171 Sterile, 66, 69, 171 Sterilization, 101, 171 Sternum, 87, 171 Steroid, 98, 143, 169, 171 Stimulant, 138, 171 Stomach, 131, 149, 152, 156, 160, 169, 170, 171 Strand, 163, 171 Streptococcal, 9, 19, 25, 26, 44, 92, 172 Streptococcal Infections, 92, 172 Streptococci, 7, 9, 11, 20, 62, 85, 92, 99, 172 Streptococcus, 7, 8, 9, 20, 41, 45, 53, 54, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70, 82, 85, 91, 92, 96, 99, 146, 172 Streptococcus agalactiae, 7, 8, 20, 53, 54, 62, 85, 92, 96, 99, 172 Streptokinase, 82, 172 Stress, 100, 130, 149, 160, 168, 172 Stromal, 19, 146, 172 Stromal Cells, 19, 172 Subacute, 154, 172
Index 187
Subclinical, 8, 15, 18, 19, 29, 37, 45, 52, 54, 60, 69, 71, 93, 100, 103, 153, 172 Subcutaneous, 52, 65, 145, 160, 172 Subspecies, 170, 172 Substance P, 169, 172 Substrate, 146, 172 Sunburn, 79, 172, 175 Supplementation, 45, 172 Support group, 130, 172 Suppression, 6, 143, 172 Surfactant, 75, 80, 84, 88, 172 Sweat, 162, 173 Synergistic, 66, 75, 165, 173 Synovial, 173 Synovial Membrane, 173 Synovitis, 5, 173 Systemic, 5, 31, 46, 133, 134, 137, 154, 155, 167, 169, 173, 176 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 31, 133, 134, 173 T Tachycardia, 136, 173 Tachypnea, 136, 173 Tea Tree Oil, 102, 173 Technetium, 49, 173 Teichoic Acids, 151, 173 Telangiectasia, 65, 173 Teratogenic, 66, 173 Thermal, 62, 84, 160, 163, 173 Thrombin, 148, 166, 173 Thrombolytic, 163, 172, 173 Thrombolytic Therapy, 172, 173 Thrombomodulin, 166, 173 Thrombopenia, 134, 173 Thromboses, 134, 173 Thrombosis, 166, 173 Thrush, 21, 173 Thymus, 66, 157, 173 Thyroid, 3, 155, 174 Thyroid Gland, 174 Thyroid Hormones, 3, 174 Tolerance, 40, 174 Topical, 52, 65, 66, 140, 164, 173, 174 Toxic, iv, 35, 52, 55, 66, 146, 153, 169, 174, 175 Toxicology, 18, 116, 174 Toxin, 9, 29, 146, 174 Trace element, 53, 174 Trachea, 174 Transfection, 137, 149, 174 Translation, 132, 174 Transmitter, 131, 144, 158, 174
Trauma, 62, 84, 88, 151, 174, 176 Triglyceride, 65, 174 Tryptophan, 141, 169, 174 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 19, 86, 87, 174 U Ultrasonography, 150, 174 Ultraviolet radiation, 172, 175 Unconscious, 143, 153, 175 Uranium, 173, 175 Urea, 98, 173, 175 Urethra, 175 Urinary, 43, 143, 156, 175 Urinary tract, 156, 175 Urine, 76, 94, 137, 144, 151, 155, 175 Uterine Contraction, 131, 161, 175 Uterus, 131, 139, 142, 159, 164, 175 V Vaccination, 55, 71, 82, 175 Vaccine, 46, 68, 71, 82, 90, 92, 93, 96, 102, 166, 175, 176 Vagina, 139, 144, 175 Vaginitis, 79, 175 Vancomycin, 7, 15, 175 Vascular, 146, 153, 154, 163, 174, 175 Veins, 78, 137, 175 Venous, 134, 151, 166, 175 Venules, 137, 138, 146, 175 Veterinary Medicine, 53, 55, 75, 83, 101, 102, 106, 115, 176 Viral, 5, 6, 15, 145, 161, 176 Viral Load, 15, 176 Virulence, 5, 10, 176 Virulent, 82, 176 Virus, 5, 26, 34, 35, 136, 150, 154, 163, 168, 176 Viscosity, 80, 81, 168, 176 Vitro, 8, 151, 176 Vivo, 4, 176 Vulgaris, 66, 176 W Weight Gain, 4, 176 White blood cell, 133, 141, 156, 157, 163, 176 Whole cell vaccine, 97, 98, 176 Windpipe, 174, 176 Wound Healing, 99, 176 Wound Infection, 98, 176 X X-ray, 13, 14, 139, 142, 148, 149, 155, 167, 171, 176 X-ray therapy, 13, 155, 176
188
Mastitis
Y Yeasts, 54, 148, 149, 176
Z Zymogen, 166, 176
