Hibiscus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HIBISCUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hibiscus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83924-7 1. Hibiscus-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hibiscus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIBISCUS ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Hibiscus ........................................................................................ 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIBISCUS ........................................................................................... 7 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 7 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hibiscus ......................................................................................... 7 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 15 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIBISCUS ................................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 24 General References ....................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON HIBISCUS ..................................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Dissertations on Hibiscus ............................................................................................................ 27 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON HIBISCUS ................................................................................................ 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Patents on Hibiscus ..................................................................................................................... 29 Patent Applications on Hibiscus.................................................................................................. 35 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON HIBISCUS ................................................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 41 Chapters on Hibiscus ................................................................................................................... 42 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 45 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 47 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 51 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 55 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 55 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 61 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 61 HIBISCUS DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................. 63 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 87

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hibiscus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hibiscus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hibiscus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hibiscus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hibiscus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hibiscus. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIBISCUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hibiscus.

Federally Funded Research on Hibiscus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hibiscus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hibiscus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hibiscus.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hibiscus” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for hibiscus in the PubMed Central database: •

A Six-Nucleotide Segment within the 3[prime prime or minute] Untranslated Region of Hibiscus Chlorotic Ringspot Virus Plays an Essential Role in Translational Enhancement. by Koh DC, Liu DX, Wong SM.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135814

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Complete Nucleotide Sequence and Genome Organization of Hibiscus Chlorotic Ringspot Virus, a New Member of the Genus Carmovirus: Evidence for the Presence and Expression of Two Novel Open Reading Frames. by Huang M, Koh DC, Weng LJ, Chang ML, Yap YK, Zhang L, Wong SM.; 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111815

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Covariation in the Capsid Protein of Hibiscus Chlorotic Ringspot Virus Induced by Serial Passaging in a Host That Restricts Movement Leads to Avirulence in Its Systemic Host. by Liang XZ, Lee BT, Wong SM.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136860

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The Biochemical Response of Electrical Signaling in the Reproductive System of Hibiscus Plants. by Fromm J, Hajirezaei M, Wilke I.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157600

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The p23 Protein of Hibiscus Chlorotic Ringspot Virus Is Indispensable for HostSpecific Replication. by Liang XZ, Lucy AP, Ding SW, Wong SM.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136886

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hibiscus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hibiscus” (or synonyms) 4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hibiscus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

Anticomplementary and hypoglycemic activity of okra and hibiscus mucilages. Author(s): Tomoda M, Shimizu N, Gonda R, Kanari M, Yamada H, Hikino H. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 1989 July 15; 190(2): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2805010&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in urinary chemical composition in healthy volunteers after consuming roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) juice. Author(s): Kirdpon S, Nakorn SN, Kirdpon W. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1994 June; 77(6): 314-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7869018&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) addition on the technological properties of a wheat flour. Author(s): Acquistucci R, Francisci R. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2002 September; 53(5): 3759. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396462&dopt=Abstract

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Hibiscus acid as an inhibitor of starch digestion in the Caco-2 cell model system. Author(s): Hansawasdi C, Kawabata J, Kasai T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2001 September; 65(9): 2087-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676026&dopt=Abstract

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Hibiscus protocatechuic acid or esculetin can inhibit oxidative LDL induced by either copper ion or nitric oxide donor. Author(s): Lee MJ, Chou FP, Tseng TH, Hsieh MH, Lin MC, Wang CJ. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 March 27; 50(7): 2130-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902968&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate-type allergy related to okra (Hibiscus esculentus Linn) picking and packing. Author(s): Ueda A, Manda F, Aoyama K, Ueda T, Obama K, Li Q, Tochigi T. Source: Environmental Research. 1993 August; 62(2): 189-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8344229&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of apoptosis by hibiscus protocatechuic acid in human leukemia cells via reduction of retinoblastoma (RB) phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression. Author(s): Tseng TH, Kao TW, Chu CY, Chou FP, Lin WL, Wang CJ. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2000 August 1; 60(3): 307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856425&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational dermatoses in farmers growing okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.). Author(s): Matsushita T, Aoyama K, Manda F, Ueda A, Yoshida M, Okamura J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1989 November; 21(5): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2533535&dopt=Abstract

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Skin lesions due to okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.): proteolytic activity and allergenicity of okra. Author(s): Manda F, Tadera K, Aoyama K. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 February; 26(2): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1378780&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension. Author(s): Haji Faraji M, Haji Tarkhani A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999 June; 65(3): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404421&dopt=Abstract

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Three naphthalenes from root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. Author(s): Yoo ID, Yun BS, Lee IK, Ryoo IJ, Choung DH, Han KH. Source: Phytochemistry. 1998 March; 47(5): 799-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542172&dopt=Abstract

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Two bioactive pentacyclic triterpene esters from the root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. Author(s): Yun BS, Ryoo IJ, Lee IK, Park KH, Choung DH, Han KH, Yoo ID. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1999 May; 62(5): 764-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10346965&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIBISCUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hibiscus.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hibiscus The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hibiscus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hibiscus” (or a synonym): •

Changes in some reserve components during seed sprouting stage of two Hibiscus species. Author(s): Zagazig Univ., Moshtohor (Egypt). Faculty of Agriculture Source: Abdel Hamid, M.F. Abdel Hadi, N.I.M. El Nabarawi, A.A.A. Abdel Azim, W.M. Annals-of-Agricultural-Science,-Moshtohor (Egypt). (September 1997). volume 39(3) page 1351-1368. Received 1999.

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Herbicidal properties of the antibiotic monensin. Author(s): USDA, ARS, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, PO Box 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 (USA) Source: Hoagland, R.E. Journal-of-the-Science-of-Food-and-Agriculture (United Kingdom). (1996). volume 70(3) page 373-379.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A preliminary investigation of the possible hypoglycemic activity of Hibiscus rosasinensis. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India. Source: Sachdewa, A Khemani, L D Biomed-Environ-Sci. 1999 September; 12(3): 222-6 0895-3988

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Alpha-amylase inhibitors from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) tea. Author(s): Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Source: Hansawasdi, C Kawabata, J Kasai, T Biosci-Biotechnol-Biochem. 2000 May; 64(5): 1041-3 0916-8451

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An antioxidant lignan and other constituents from the root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. Source: Lee, S.J. Yun, Y.S. Lee, I.K. Ryoo, I.J. Yun, B.S. Yoo, I.D. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. October 1999. volume 65 (7) page 658-660. 0032-0943

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Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Lawsonia inermis extracts. Source: Shihata, I.M. Hassan, A.B. El Mayah, G.Y. Bull-Anim-Health-Prod-Afr. Nairobi : Scientific Publications Division of Eleza Services. December 1983. volume 31 (4) page 331-335.

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Anticonvulsive activity of Albizzia lebbeck, Hibiscus rosa sinesis and Butea monosperma in experimental animals. Author(s): N.D.M.V.P. Samaj's College of Pharmacy, 422002, Nasik, India. Source: Kasture, V S Chopde, C T Deshmukh, V K J-Ethnopharmacol. 2000 July; 71(1-2): 65-75 0378-8741

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Antihypertensive effect of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx infusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats and a comparison of its toxicity with that in Wistar rats. Author(s): Food Science and Technology Programme, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Source: Onyenekwe, P C Ajani, E O Ameh, D A Gamaniel, K S Cell-Biochem-Funct. 1999 September; 17(3): 199-206 0263-6484

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Antioxidative properties of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in linoleic acid model system. Source: Tee, P.L. Yusof, S. Mohamed, S. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Jan/February 2002. volume 32 (1) page 17-20. 00346659

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Antispermatogenic and androgenic activities of various extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinesis in albino mice. Author(s): Department of Studies in Zoology, Gulbarag University, India. Source: Reddy, C M Murthy, D R Patil, S B Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1997 November; 35(11): 1170-4 0019-5189

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Biochemical dynamics and hypocholesterolemic action of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Karkade). Author(s): Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt. Source: el Saadany, S S Sitohy, M Z Labib, S M el Massry, R A Nahrung. 1991; 35(6): 56776 0027-769X

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Cathartic activity of Soborodo: the aqueous extract of calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Source: Haruna, A.K. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. June 1997. volume 11 (4) page 307-308. 0951-418X

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Changes in urinary chemical composition in healthy volunteers after consuming roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) juice. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Source: Kirdpon, S Nakorn, S N Kirdpon, W J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 1994 June; 77(6): 314-21 0125-2208

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Chemical composition of the light petroleum extract of Hibiscus cannabinus bark and core. Source: Seca, A.M.L. Silva, A.M.S. Silvestre, A.J.D. Cavaleiro, J.A.S. Domingues, F.M.J. Neto, C.P. Phytochem-anal. Chichester, Sussex, UK : Wiley, c1990-. Nov/December 2000. volume 11 (6) page 345-350. 0958-0344

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Chemical structure and biological activity of polysaccharides from Hibiscus sabdariffa. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Muller, B M Franz, G Planta-Med. 1992 February; 58(1): 60-7 0032-0943

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Comparative studies of genetic diversity in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) varieties based on analysis of agronomic and RAPD data. Author(s): Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China. Source: Cheng, Z Lu, B R Baldwin, B S Sameshima, K Chen, J K Hereditas. 2002; 136(3): 231-9 0018-0661

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Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted isolation procedures of cellulose from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus rodustrus Sm.). Author(s): Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece. Source: Pappas, C Tarantilis, P A Daliani, I Mavromoustakos, T Polissiou, M UltrasonSonochem. 2002 January; 9(1): 19-23 1350-4177

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Concentrations of Na+ and K+ in serum and uterine flushings of ovariectomized, pregnant and cyclic rats when treated with extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flowers. Author(s): School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India. Source: Prakash, A O Mathur, A Mehta, H Mathur, R J-Ethnopharmacol. 1990 March; 28(3): 337-47 0378-8741

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Coumarins with monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity and antioxidative coumarinolignans from Hibiscus syriacus. Source: Yun, B.S. Lee, I.K. Ryoo, I.J. Yoo, I.D. J-nat-prod. Washington, D.C. : American Society of Pharmacognosy. Sept 2001. volume 64 (9) page 1238-1240. 0163-3864

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Covariation in the capsid protein of hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus induced by serial passaging in a host that restricts movement leads to avirulence in its systemic host. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore. Source: Liang, X Z Lee, B T Wong, S M J-Virol. 2002 December; 76(23): 12320-4 0022538X

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Determination of total aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel and their fractions leached to the infusions of black tea, green tea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Ilex paraguariensis (mate) by ETA-AAS. Author(s): Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico. Source: Wrobel, K Wrobel, K Urbina, E M Biol-Trace-Elem-Res. 2000 Winter; 78(1-3): 271-80 0163-4984

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Ecology and phenology of the boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on an unusual wild host, Hibiscus pernambucensis, in southeastern Mexico. Author(s): El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antigua a Aeropuerto, Chiapas, Mexico. Source: Arzaluz, I O Jones, R W J-Econ-Entomol. 2001 December; 94(6): 1405-12 00220493

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Effect of Aegle marmelos and Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract on glucose tolerance in glucose induced hyperglycemic rats (Charles foster). Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra-282 005, India. Source: Sachdewa, A Raina, D Srivastava, A K Khemani, L D J-Environ-Biol. 2001 January; 22(1): 53-7 0254-8704

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Effect of benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on the estrous cycle and ovarian activity in albino mice. Author(s): Department of Studies in Zoology, Gulbarga University, India. Source: Murthy, D R Reddy, C M Patil, S B Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1997 July; 20(7): 756-8 09186158

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Effect of calcium addition and acidification on the quality characteristics of canned okra (Hibiscus esculentus L). Author(s): Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of S. Paulo, SP, Brazil. Source: Nogueira, J N Cantarelli, P R Gallo, C R Moreno, I A Matsuura, F C Tiba, M A Arch-Latinoam-Nutr. 1997 March; 47(1): 62-5 0004-0622

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Effect of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) addition on the technological properties of a wheat flour. Author(s): National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy.

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Source: Acquistucci, R Francisci, R Int-J-Food-Sci-Nutr. 2002 September; 53(5): 375-9 0963-7486 •

Effects of an aqueous extract of Aloe buettneri, Justicia insularis, Hibiscus macranthus, Dicliptera verticillata on some physiological and biochemical parameters of reproduction in immature female rats. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon. Source: Telefo, P B Moundipa, P F Tchana, A N Tchouanguep Dzickotze, C Mbiapo, F T J-Ethnopharmacol. 1998 December; 63(3): 193-200 0378-8741

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Effects of aqueous extracts of Hibiscus macranthus and Basella alba in mature rat testis function. Author(s): Laboratory of Nutrition and Biochemical Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde, Cameroon. Source: Moundipa, F P Kamtchouing, P Koueta, N Tantchou, J Foyang, N P Mbiapo, F T J-Ethnopharmacol. 1999 May; 65(2): 133-9 0378-8741

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Effects of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.), a Thai medicinal plant, on the mutagenicity of various known mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and on formation of aberrant crypt foci induced by the colon carcinogens azoxymethane and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in F344 rats. Author(s): Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Japan. Source: Chewonarin, T Kinouchi, T Kataoka, K Arimochi, H Kuwahara, T Vinitketkumnuen, U Ohnishi, Y Food-Chem-Toxicol. 1999 June; 37(6): 591-601 0278-6915

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Flow properties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract. Source: Hassan, B.H. Hobani, A.I. J-food-eng. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. March 1998. volume 35 (4) page 459-470. 0260-8774

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Hibiscus acid as an inhibitor of starch digestion in the Caco-2 cell model system. Author(s): Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Source: Hansawasdi, C Kawabata, J Kasai, T Biosci-Biotechnol-Biochem. 2001 September; 65(9): 2087-9 0916-8451

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Hibiscus protocatechuic acid or esculetin can inhibit oxidative LDL induced by either copper ion or nitric oxide donor. Author(s): Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuao N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan. Source: Lee, Miao Jane Chou, Fen Pi Tseng, Tsui Hwa Hsieh, Ming Hsun Lin, Ming Cheng Wang, Chau Jong J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 March 27; 50(7): 2130-6 0021-8561

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Hibiscus virus S is a new subgroup II tobamovirus: evidence from its unique coat protein and movement protein sequences. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543. Source: Srinivasan, K G NarendrakuMarch, R Wong, S M Arch-Virol. 2002 August; 147(8): 1585-98 0304-8608

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Hibispeptin A, a novel cyclic peptide from Hibiscus syriacus. Source: Yun, B.S. Lee, I.K. Yoo, I.D. Tetrahedron-lett. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. February 26, 1998. volume 39 (9) page 993-996. 0040-4039

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Hypoglycemic effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. leaf extract in glucose and streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India. Source: Sachdewa, A Nigam, R Khemani, L D Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 March; 39(3): 2846 0019-5189

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Identification and synthesis of trinorcadalene phytoalexins formed by Hibiscus cannabinus. Source: Bell, A.A. Stipanovic, R.D. Zhang, J. Mace, M.E. Reibenspies, J.H. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 1998. volume 49 (2) page 431-440. 0031-9422

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Influence of cold temperatures on leaf lipids of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Source: Nordby, H.E. Yelenosky, G. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1987. volume 26 (12) page 3151-3157. 0031-9422

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Inhibition of intestinal motility by methanol extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) in rats. Author(s): National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University 38677, USA. Source: Salah, A M Gathumbi, J Vierling, W Phytother-Res. 2002 May; 16(3): 283-5 0951418X

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Inhibitory effect of Hibiscus protocatechuic acid on tumor promotion in mouse skin. Author(s): Institute of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan. Source: Tseng, T H Hsu, J D Lo, M H Chu, C Y Chou, F P Huang, C L Wang, C J CancerLett. 1998 April 24; 126(2): 199-207 0304-3835

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Investigation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Acacia nilotica and Hibiscus sabdariffa. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Source: Dafallah, A A al Mustafa, Z Am-J-Chin-Med. 1996; 24(3-4): 263-9 0192-415X

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Lignanamides and other phenolic constituents from the bark of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). Author(s): Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal Source: Seca, A M Silva, A M Silvestre, A J Cavaleiro, J A Domingues, F M Pascoal Neto, C Phytochemistry. 2001 December; 58(8): 1219-23 0031-9422

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Mechanism of relaxant effect mediated by an aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa petals in isolated rat aorta. Source: Owolabi, O.A. Adegunloye, B.J. Ajagbona, O.P. Sofola, O.A. Obiefuna, P.C.M. Int-j-pharmacogn. Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., 1991-. Sept 1995. volume 33 (3) page 210-214. 0925-1618

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Mechanisms of the blood pressure lowering effect of the calyx extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa in rats. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Source: Adegunloye, B J Omoniyi, J O Owolabi, O A Ajagbonna, O P Sofola, O A Coker, H A Afr-J-Med-Med-Sci. 1996 September; 25(3): 235-8 0309-3913

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Nutrient composition and biological evaluation of mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seeds. Author(s): National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania P.O. Hyderabad 500 007, India. Source: Rao, P U Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1996 January; 49(1): 27-34 0921-9668

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Nutritive value of Roselle seed (Hibiscus subdariffa) meal for broiler chicks. Source: Mohammed, T.A. Idris, A.A. World-Rev-Anim-Prod. Rome : International Publishing Enterprises. Apr/June 1992. volume 26 (2) page 59-62. 0043-8979

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Oestrogenicity and effect on hepatic metabolism of the aqueous extract of the leaf mixture of Aloe buettneri, Dicliptera verticillata, Hibiscus macranthus and Justicia insularis. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. [email protected] Source: Telefo, P B Moundipa, P F Tchouanguep, F M Fitoterapia. 2002 October; 73(6): 472-8 0367-326X

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Phenolic constituents from the core of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). Author(s): Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal. Source: Seca, A M Silva, A M Silvestre, A J Cavaleiro, J A Domingues, F M Pascoal Neto, C Phytochemistry. 2001 April; 56(7): 759-67 0031-9422

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Photosynthesis and kinetic characteristics of rubisco in Hibiscus cannabinus L. Author(s): School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry 605014, India. Source: Reddy, A R Das, V S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2000 August; 38(8): 841-4 0019-5189

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Phylogeny of Hibiscus and the tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) using chloroplast DNA sequences of ndhF and the rpl16 intron. Source: Pfeil, B.E. Brubaker, C.L. Craven, L.A. Crisp, M.D. Syst-botany. Laramie, WY : American Society of Plant Taxonomists. Apr/June 2002. volume 27 (2) page 333-350. 0363-6445

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Plant mucilages. XL. A representative mucilage, “Hibiscus-mucilage SF,” from the flower buds of Hibiscus syriacus. Source: Tomoda, M Ichikawa, M Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1987 June; 35(6): 2360-5 0009-2363

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Plant mucilages. XLIII. A representative mucilage with biological activity from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Author(s): Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Shimizu, N Tomoda, M Suzuki, I Takada, K Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1993 August; 16(8): 735-9 0918-6158

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Protective effect of Hibiscus anthocyanins against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Author(s): Institute of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, No. 110, Sec. 1, Chien Kuo N. Rd, Taichung, Taiwan. Source: Wang, C J Wang, J M Lin, W L Chu, C Y Chou, F P Tseng, T H Food-ChemToxicol. 2000 May; 38(5): 411-6 0278-6915

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Protective effects of dried flower extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. against oxidative stress in rat primary hepatocytes. Author(s): Institute of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taiwan, ROC. Source: Tseng, T H Kao, E S Chu, C Y Chou, F P Lin Wu, H W Wang, C J Food-ChemToxicol. 1997 December; 35(12): 1159-64 0278-6915

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Results of field trials to control common insect pests of okra, Hibiscus esculentus L., in Togo by application of crude methanolic extracts of leaves and seed kernels of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Source: Adhikary, S. Z-Angew-Entomol-J-Appl-Entomol. Hamburg, W. Ger. : Paul Parey. November 1984. volume 98 (4) page 327-331. 0044-2240

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Seed coat components of Hibiscus abelmoschus. Source: Nee, T.Y. Cartt, S. Pollard, M.R. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1986. volume 25 (9) page 2157-2161. 0031-9422

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Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipid fatty acids of rats in response to okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed oil. Source: Srinivasa Rao, P. Udayasekhara Rao, P. Sesikeran, B. J-Am-Oil-Chem-Soc. Champaign, Ill. : The Society. June 1992. volume 68 (6) page 433-435. 0003-021X

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Some physical properties of alkali-treated bhindi fiber (Hibiscus esculentus linn.). Source: Sen, K.K. Saha, S.C. Mojumder, P. Ray, P.K. J-Appl-Polym-Sci. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons. Sept 20, 1988. volume 36 (7) page 1601-1605. ill. 0021-8995

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Structures and synthesis of seed-germination inhibitors from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Source: Nakatani, M. Yamachika, T. Tanoue, T. Hase, T. Phytochemistry. Oxford, Eng. : Pergamon Press. 1985. volume 24 (1) page 39-42. ill. 0031-9422

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The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension. Author(s): Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, EveenTehran, Iran. Source: Haji Faraji, M Haji Tarkhani, A J-Ethnopharmacol. 1999 June; 65(3): 231-6 03788741

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The p23 protein of hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus is indispensable for host-specific replication. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences. Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, The National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore. Source: Liang, X Z Lucy, A P Ding, S W Wong, S M J-Virol. 2002 December; 76(23): 12312-9 0022-538X

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The petal extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa produces relaxation of isolated rat aorta. Source: Obiefuna, P.C.M. Owolabi, O.A. Adegunloye, B.J. Obiefuna, I.P. Sofola, O.A. Intj-pharmacogn. Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., 1991-. January 1994. volume 32 (1) page 69-74. 0925-1618

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The structure of a “xylan” from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). Source: Duckart, L. Byers, E. Thompson, N.S. Cellul-Chem-Technol. Bucuresti : Academia Republicii Socialiste Romania. Jan/February 1988. volume 22 (1) page 29-37. 0576-9787

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Three naphthalenes from root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. Author(s): Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, KIST, Yusong, Taejon, Korea. Source: Yoo, I D Yun, B S Lee, I K Ryoo, I J Choung, D H Han, K H Phytochemistry. 1998 March; 47(5): 799-802 0031-9422

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Two bioactive pentacyclic triterpene esters from the root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. Author(s): Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 115, Yusong, Taejon 305-600, Korea. Source: Yun, B S Ryoo, I J Lee, I K Park, K H Choung, D H Han, K H Yoo, I D J-NatProd. 1999 May; 62(5): 764-6 0163-3864

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to hibiscus; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIBISCUS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hibiscus. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hibiscus and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hibiscus” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hibiscus: •

An antioxidant lignan and other constituents from the root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. Author(s): Lee SJ, Yun YS, Lee IK, Ryoo IJ, Yun BS, Yoo ID. Source: Planta Medica. 1999 October; 65(7): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617409&dopt=Abstract

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Anticonvulsive activity of Albizzia lebbeck, Hibiscus rosa sinesis and Butea monosperma in experimental animals. Author(s): Kasture VS, Chopde CT, Deshmukh VK. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 July; 71(1-2): 65-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10904147&dopt=Abstract

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Antiestrogenic activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. flowers. Author(s): Kholkute SD, Udupa KN.

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Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1976 March; 14(2): 175-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=992737&dopt=Abstract •

Anti-fertility activity of a benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers on female albino rats. Author(s): Singh MP, Singh RH, Udupa KN. Source: Planta Medica. 1982 March; 44(3): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7089096&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive effect of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx infusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats and a comparison of its toxicity with that in Wistar rats. Author(s): Onyenekwe PC, Ajani EO, Ameh DA, Gamaniel KS. Source: Cell Biochemistry and Function. 1999 September; 17(3): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451541&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical dynamics and hypocholesterolemic action of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Karkade). Author(s): el-Saadany SS, Sitohy MZ, Labib SM, el-Massry RA. Source: Die Nahrung. 1991; 35(6): 567-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1787844&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in urinary chemical composition in healthy volunteers after consuming roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) juice. Author(s): Kirdpon S, Nakorn SN, Kirdpon W. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1994 June; 77(6): 314-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7869018&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical structure and biological activity of polysaccharides from Hibiscus sabdariffa. Author(s): Muller BM, Franz G. Source: Planta Medica. 1992 February; 58(1): 60-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1620746&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic administration of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa attenuates hypertension and reverses cardiac hypertrophy in 2K-1C hypertensive rats. Author(s): Odigie IP, Ettarh RR, Adigun SA. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 June; 86(2-3): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738084&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted isolation procedures of cellulose from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus rodustrus Sm.). Author(s): Pappas C, Tarantilis PA, Daliani I, Mavromoustakos T, Polissiou M.

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Source: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2002 January; 9(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11602991&dopt=Abstract •

Concentrations of Na+ and K+ in serum and uterine flushings of ovariectomized, pregnant and cyclic rats when treated with extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flowers. Author(s): Prakash AO, Mathur A, Mehta H, Mathur R. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990 March; 28(3): 337-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2335962&dopt=Abstract

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Coumarins with monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity and antioxidative coumarinolignans from Hibiscus syriacus. Author(s): Yun BS, Lee IK, Ryoo IJ, Yoo ID. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2001 September; 64(9): 1238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575966&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of total aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel and their fractions leached to the infusions of black tea, green tea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Ilex paraguariensis (mate) by ETA-AAS. Author(s): Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Urbina EM. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2000 Winter; 78(1-3): 271-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314985&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Aegle marmelos and Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract on glucose tolerance in glucose induced hyperglycemic rats (Charles foster). Author(s): Sachdewa A, Raina D, Srivastava AK, Khemani LD. Source: J Environ Biol. 2001 January; 22(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480352&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on the estrous cycle and ovarian activity in albino mice. Author(s): Murthy DR, Reddy CM, Patil SB. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1997 July; 20(7): 756-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255415&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. ethanol flower extract on blood glucose and lipid profile in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Author(s): Sachdewa A, Khemani LD. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 November; 89(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522433&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on spermatogenesis and accessory reproductive organs in rats. Author(s): Kholkute SD.

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Source: Planta Medica. 1977 February; 31(2): 127-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=854540&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of an aqueous extract of Aloe buettneri, Justicia insularis, Hibiscus macranthus, Dicliptera verticillata on some physiological and biochemical parameters of reproduction in immature female rats. Author(s): Telefo PB, Moundipa PF, Tchana AN, Tchouanguep Dzickotze C, Mbiapo FT. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1998 December; 63(3): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030723&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of aqueous extracts of Hibiscus macranthus and Basella alba in mature rat testis function. Author(s): Moundipa FP, Kamtchouing P, Koueta N, Tantchou J, Foyang NP, Mbiapo FT. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999 May; 65(2): 133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10465653&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on pregnancy of rats. Author(s): Kholkute SD, Udupa KN. Source: Planta Medica. 1976 June; 29(4): 321-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=959372&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.), a Thai medicinal plant, on the mutagenicity of various known mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and on formation of aberrant crypt foci induced by the colon carcinogens azoxymethane and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in F344 rats. Author(s): Chewonarin T, Kinouchi T, Kataoka K, Arimochi H, Kuwahara T, Vinitketkumnuen U, Ohnishi Y. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1999 June; 37(6): 591-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10478827&dopt=Abstract

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Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a potential source of contragestative agent. III: Interceptive effect of benzene extract in mouse. Author(s): Pakrashi A, Bhattacharya K, Kabir SN, Pal AK. Source: Contraception. 1986 November; 34(5): 523-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3816235&dopt=Abstract

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Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a potential source of contragestative agent: II. Possible mode of action with reference to anti-implantation effect of the benzene extract. Author(s): Pal AK, Bhattacharya K, Kabir SN, Pakrashi A.

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Source: Contraception. 1985 November; 32(5): 517-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4085250&dopt=Abstract •

Hibiscus extract inhibits the lipid droplet accumulation and adipogenic transcription factors expression of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Author(s): Kim MS, Kim JK, Kim HJ, Moon SR, Shin BC, Park KW, Yang HO, Kim SM, Park R. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2003 August; 9(4): 499-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14499025&dopt=Abstract

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Hibiscus protocatechuic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced rat hepatic damage. Author(s): Lin WL, Hsieh YJ, Chou FP, Wang CJ, Cheng MT, Tseng TH. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 2003 January; 77(1): 42-7. Epub 2002 November 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12491040&dopt=Abstract

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Hibiscus protocatechuic acid protects against oxidative damage induced by tertbutylhydroperoxide in rat primary hepatocytes. Author(s): Tseng TH, Wang CJ, Kao ES, Chu HY. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1996 August 14; 101(2): 137-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8760395&dopt=Abstract

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Hibiscus sabdariffa extract inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in cholesterolfed rabbits. Author(s): Chen CC, Hsu JD, Wang SF, Chiang HC, Yang MY, Kao ES, Ho YC, Wang CJ. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 August 27; 51(18): 5472-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926900&dopt=Abstract

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Hypoglycemic effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. leaf extract in glucose and streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats. Author(s): Sachdewa A, Nigam R, Khemani LD. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 March; 39(3): 284-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495291&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo and in vitro evaluation of hair growth potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Author(s): Adhirajan N, Ravi Kumar T, Shanmugasundaram N, Babu M. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 October; 88(2-3): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963149&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of intestinal motility by methanol extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) in rats. Author(s): Salah AM, Gathumbi J, Vierling W.

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Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 May; 16(3): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164279&dopt=Abstract •

Investigation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Acacia nilotica and Hibiscus sabdariffa. Author(s): Dafallah AA, al-Mustafa Z. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1996; 24(3-4): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8982438&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation of the antispasmodic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces. Author(s): Ali MB, Salih WM, Mohamed AH, Homeida AM. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1991 February; 31(2): 249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2023432&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms of the blood pressure lowering effect of the calyx extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa in rats. Author(s): Adegunloye BJ, Omoniyi JO, Owolabi OA, Ajagbonna OP, Sofola OA, Coker HA. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1996 September; 25(3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10457797&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrient composition and biological evaluation of mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seeds. Author(s): Rao PU. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1996 January; 49(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9139301&dopt=Abstract

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Oestrogenicity and effect on hepatic metabolism of the aqueous extract of the leaf mixture of Aloe buettneri, Dicliptera verticillata, Hibiscus macranthus and Justicia insularis. Author(s): Telefo PB, Moundipa PF, Tchouanguep FM. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 October; 73(6): 472-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385869&dopt=Abstract

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Phospholipids from the seeds of Hibiscus abelmoschus. Author(s): Srivastava KC, Rastogi SC. Source: Planta Medica. 1969 May; 17(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5792480&dopt=Abstract

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Plant mucilages. XL. A representative mucilage, “Hibiscus-mucilage SF,” from the flower buds of Hibiscus syriacus. Author(s): Tomoda M, Ichikawa M.

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Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1987 June; 35(6): 2360-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3664832&dopt=Abstract •

Plant mucilages. XLIII. A representative mucilage with biological activity from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Author(s): Shimizu N, Tomoda M, Suzuki I, Takada K. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1993 August; 16(8): 735-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8220317&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effects of dried flower extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. against oxidative stress in rat primary hepatocytes. Author(s): Tseng TH, Kao ES, Chu CY, Chou FP, Lin Wu HW, Wang CJ. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1997 December; 35(12): 1159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9449221&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. II. Preliminary pharmacological investigations. Author(s): Agarwal SL, Shinde S. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1967 September; 55(9): 1007-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5590544&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the antifertility potentiality of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Parts of medicinal value; selection of species and seasonal variations. Author(s): Kholkute SD, Mudgal V, Udupa KN. Source: Planta Medica. 1977 February; 31(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=840927&dopt=Abstract

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The antifertility effect of ocimum sanctum and hibiscus rosa sinensis. Author(s): Batta SK, Santhakumari G. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1971 May; 59(5): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5097076&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a water extract and anthocyanins of hibiscus sabdariffa L on paracetamol-induced hepatoxicity in rats. Author(s): Ali BH, Mousa HM, El-Mougy S. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 January; 17(1): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557248&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of main nutrient elements on the growth and yield of roselle plant; Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Author(s): Mahran GH, El-Hossary GA, El-Labban HM.

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Source: Acta Pharm Hung. 1979 January; 49(1): 2-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=425839&dopt=Abstract •

The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension. Author(s): Haji Faraji M, Haji Tarkhani A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999 June; 65(3): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404421&dopt=Abstract

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Three naphthalenes from root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. Author(s): Yoo ID, Yun BS, Lee IK, Ryoo IJ, Choung DH, Han KH. Source: Phytochemistry. 1998 March; 47(5): 799-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542172&dopt=Abstract

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Toxicological investigation of aqueous-methanolic extract of the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Author(s): Akindahunsi AA, Olaleye MT. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 November; 89(1): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522449&dopt=Abstract

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Two bioactive pentacyclic triterpene esters from the root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. Author(s): Yun BS, Ryoo IJ, Lee IK, Park KH, Choung DH, Han KH, Yoo ID. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1999 May; 62(5): 764-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10346965&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to hibiscus; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Herbs and Supplements Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON HIBISCUS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to hibiscus. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “hibiscus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hibiscus, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Hibiscus ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to hibiscus. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Systems Approach to Commercialization of Kenaf (Newsprint, Pulp, New Crop, Hibiscus cannabinus) by Taylor, Charles Smiley, PhD from University of Missouri Columbia, 1984, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8425658

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Screening and Breeding for Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) Resistance in Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) by Cossar, Robert David; MS from Mississippi State University, 2003, 63 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412979

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON HIBISCUS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hibiscus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hibiscus, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Hibiscus By performing a patent search focusing on hibiscus, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hibiscus: •

Convenient method for large-scale isolation of hibiscus acid Inventor(s): Ibnusaud; Ibrahim (Kottayam, IN), Philip; Teena (Kottayam, IN), Rajasekharan; Rani (Kottayam, IN), Thomas; Salini (Kottayam, IN) Assignee(s): Department of Science and Technology, Goverment of India (IN) Patent Number: 6,127,553 Date filed: July 30, 1999 Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the isolation of Hibiscus acid or (+)hydroxycitric acid lactone (2S,3R-dihydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid lactone) from the leaves of Hibiscus furcatus, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Hibiscus cannabinus. Garcinia acid, one of the optical isomers of hydroxycitric acid is a potentially interesting molecule and found extensive application in the pharmacological as well as synthetic fronts. 7. JCS Chem. Comm. pp. 711, 1973). However only very little information is available on Hibiscus acid (Ia), another optical isomer of hydroxy citric acid. The potential of the molecule is not yet explored due to the non-availability of the compound in the market. There is no economically viable large-scale isolation procedure available for this compound. Though Y. S. Lewis & S. Neelakantan (Phytochemistry. vol 4, pp 619-624, 1965) describes the presence of hibiscus acid in the leaves of Hibiscus furcatus and Hibiscus cannabinus, no method is reported on the isolation of the acid in large scale. Hence the present invention assumes importance. a. The method reported by Per. M. Boll, Else Sorensen and Erik Balieu (Acta Chem. Scand 23 pp. 286-293, 1969) for the isolation of Hibiscus acid is from the calyx of the fruits of Hibiscus sabdariffa. In this method dried, ground calyxes of Hibiscus sabdariffa fruits are extracted at room temperature for 68 hours several times with methanol containing 1.5% hydrogen chloride. To the pooled methanol extracts, ether is added and the coloring matter is deposited as a dark red syrupy mass. Ether layer is collected and syrup is dissolved in methanolic hydrogen chloride (1%) and again precipitated by the addition of ether. The pooled ether extracts are evaporated and is dissolved in methanol. Upon cooling colorless crystals are obtained and the same is recrystallised from propanol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06127553__

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Herbal cellulite treatments Inventor(s): Kong; William C. (Whitestone, NY), Yeung; Raymond (Stamford, CT) Assignee(s): Plantech International, Inc. (College Point, NY) Patent Number: 5,705,170 Date filed: October 24, 1995 Abstract: The invention provides a herbal cellulite treatment employing, in preferred embodiments, topical treatments, both method and cosmetic composition, wherein a refined lipophilic extract, and preferably also a refined aqueous extract of a Malvaceae plant, preferably whole Hibiscus Abelmoschus, are applied to the skin overlying cellulite-afflicted tissues. The treatments are intended to last at least four, and preferably eight or more weeks. Clinical tests show suprisingly superior results to those obtainable with aminophylline compositions. Inventive treatments can reduce thigh diameters and

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fatty layer thickness, as well as skin condition. In vitro tests show remarkable lipolytic properties, apparently attributable to.beta.-receptor stimulation, and valuable lipogenesis inhibition properties apparently attributable to.alpha.sub.2 -blocking. Preferred extracts show low toxicity. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to herbal cellulite treatments. Cellulite is a medical and cosmetic condition in which disorders of the skin and underlying tissues and vasculature lead to unsightly accumulations of adipose tissue. The treatments described herein employ non-toxic herbal extracts from a common plant source to obtain, valuable and in some cases surprising, reductions of the cellulite condition, especially as determined by measurements of tissue thickness. More particularly, the invention relates to herbal methods of treating cellulite are suitable for unsupervised consumer use, and to novel topically applied consumer use, cosmetic compositions for cellulite treatment, which compositions contain active herbal ingredients. Cellulite afflictions are a stubborn problem causing emotional and psychological distress to many women. Cellulite primarily afflicts the thighs and buttocks but may also be present on the stomach and upper arms. Frequently, cellulite presents an unsightly, lumpy orange-peel appearance. Clinically, cellulite manifests a range of symptoms including thinning of the epidermis, reduction and breakdown of the microvasculature leading to subdermal accumulations of fluids, and subdermal agglomerations of fatty tissue. Current scientific thinking postulates that fat particles stored within the cells in women's hips and thighs are more difficult to reduce because of an abundance of external cellular receptors whose activation inhibits lipolysis, the breaking down of fat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05705170__ •

Herbal dry cleaning powder composition Inventor(s): Neelakantan; Kameswaran (Chennai, IN) Assignee(s): Gem Energy Industry Limited (Chennai, IN) Patent Number: 5,840,669 Date filed: December 3, 1997 Abstract: A herbal dry cleansing powder composition comprising about 6-12% by weight of Cocoa nucifera, about 6-12% by weight of Hibiscus Rosa sinesis, about 6-12% by weight of Sapindus trifoliatus, about 6-12% by weight of Trigonella foenum graeceum, about 4-9% by weight of Melia azadirachta and about 43-72% by weight of a preservative. To prepare the composition the constituents are cleaned, dried and crushed to a mesh size of 150-350 sieve size. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a herbal dry cleaning powder composition and a process for preparing the composition. Dry cleaning synthetic powders are known in the art and have been found to be particularly popular largely because of the claimed cleansing capabilities. Many available cleansing powders are synthetic and they have been found to be injurious to the skin or hand of the user despite that it is stated that these cleaning powders do not contain harmful/toxic constituents. The existing cleansing powders that are available in the market are mainly made out of inorganic chemicals, and even some of the so called herbal cleansing powders contain inorganic chemicals to maintain their shelf life. The inorganic chemicals in the cleansing powders are injurious to the hands and skin of the user. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05840669__

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Herbal extract composition and method with immune-boosting capability Inventor(s): Shehadeh; Ahmad Abdallah (6841 Woodchase Dr., Granite Bay, CA 95746) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,030,622 Date filed: June 23, 1998 Abstract: An herbal extract composition comprising extract of ARUM, extract of POMEGRANATE, extract of TEA and extract of HIBISCUS. The herbal extract composition of the invention demonstrates in vitro stimulation of lymphocyte transformation and cytokine production, and in vitro inhibition of gp120 binding, and provides a potential candidate for therapies and treatments for immune disorders and HIV infection. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains generally to herbal extracts, methods and treatments, and more particularly to a plant-derived or herbal extract composition and method having therapeutic immunity boosting and antiviral effects for boosting or stimulating the natural immune response in humans. The history of herbology is inextricably intertwined with modern medicine. Many familiar modern medications have been developed from ancient healing traditions associated with specific plants. The medicinal properties of many plants have been identified with specific chemical compounds which have been isolated, purified and, in many cases, synthetically reproduced. Many well known drugs were originally derived from plants. Salicylic acid, the precursor for aspirin, was originally isolated from white willow bark and the meadowsweet plant. Quinine, which is used to treat malaria, was derived from Cinchona bark. Vincristine, which is used in cancer treatment, comes from periwinkle. The cancer drug Taxol was originally isolated from the bark and needles of the Pacific Yew Tree. Perhaps most famous are morphine and codeine, which are derived from the opium poppy. Morphine is still the standard against which new synthetic pain relief drugs are measured. The use of plants for medicinal purposes predates recorded history. Marshmallow root, hyacinth and yarrow have been found carefully placed around the bones of a stone age man in Iraq. Marshmallow root is a demulcent herb with anti-inflammatory properties, and is used to treat inflamed or irritated mucous membranes. Hyacinth is used as a diuretic to encourage tissues to give up excess water. Yarrow is a time honored cold and fever remedy which may once have been used as widely as aspirin is today. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06030622__

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Mowing machine for harvesting long stem textile fiber plants Inventor(s): Gardella; Adriano A. (9/3 via della Sirena, Genoa, IT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,151,700 Date filed: April 13, 1977 Abstract: A mowing machine adapted for use in harvesting long stem textile fiber plants such as kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), comprises a lower cutting unit provided with counter-rotating cutting discs, mounted on a wheeled frame in front of the inlet of a sheaves-forming magazine, and insertion members which are operatively associated with the cutting unit effecting the mowing of the stems, for guiding and conveying into the said magazine the cut stems standing in a substantially upright position; the said

Patents 33

magazine having one elastically yielding wall; sheaves-expeller means associated to said magazine, and adapted for intermittent operation upon a control from a sensor or feeler member, which continuously senses the size of a sheaf being formed in the magazine, and automatically controls the operation of said expeller means, whenever the sheaf being formed has reached a predetermined size, so as to expel or discharge the said sheaf. Excerpt(s): In the initial processing of vegetable textile fibers of the kind comprising kenaf, jute, roselle, hemp and like fibers, it was found convenient to combine the mowing and the decortication or scutching operations directly on the field of the plantation. The main advantage as afforded by this combination is, as known, that the operation of decorticating green plants on the field, i.e., the stripping of the plant stem fibrous rind off its wooden core, permits the retting of the rind only. Therefore, mowing and decorticating machine combinations have already been developed in order to directly proceed to the decortication of the stems, as the stems are being cut by the cutting members of the mowing machine. Now, there are mowing machines which, as such, operate in a manner which is satisfactory per se. Decorticating machines are also known, which afford very good features as to quality and efficiency. However, when a mowing machine is associated to a decorticating machine, to effect a decortication on the field, or decortication in line, of the just mowed green stems, problems arise in the operative interlocking between the two thus associated machines. The mowing machine actually yields an output of cut stems which is continuous but quite fortuitous as to order and intensity, while for a good operation of the decorticating machine it is required that the mowed stems be fed to it in a discontinuous manner, and in the form of small sheaves which are preferably supplied endwise to the passageway or throat leading into the decorticating cylinders, i.e., with the stem tips directed forwards. The present invention solves the problem of such an operative interlocking by the provision of a mowing machine which is particularly adapted for the picking of textile fiber plants having elongated stems, such as kenaf and the like, and in which, according to one of its main characteristic features, there is provided insertion means operatively correlated with cutting means to, guide and push the stems as they are cut while maintaining them in a substantially erect position, into a sheaves-forming magazine having at least one yielding wall, and preferably one elastically yielding wall; and sheaves-expeller means are associated to said magazine and are dependent for their operation upon a sensor which senses the size of the sheaf in the sheaves-forming magazine and automatically promotes their action for ejecting a sheaf, every time a sheaf has reached a predetermined size, so as to expel or discharge this sheaf and to possibly feed it directly to a decorticating machine associated to the mowing machine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04151700__ •

Process for manufacturing food grade colors from flowers, typically hibiscus Inventor(s): Putatunda; Dipten (Jadhavji Bhavan, 296 Bhimanji Str, Matunga, Bombay, 40019, IN) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,704,950 Date filed: September 12, 1996 Abstract: A process for the manufacture of food colors from hibiscus flowers comprising the steps of removing the calyx and the androceum of half bloom flowers; washing the flowers; and storing the flowers in a pre-cleaned stainless vessel; heating

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the flowers with water in a decoction chamber to at least 65 degrees to 70 degrees celsius; preparing a 5 percent w/v solution of an alkaline amino acid in demineralized water; adding the alkaline amino acid solution to the decoction chamber containing the flowers until the pH in the aqueous phase is 7.5 to 8; heating the mixture in the decoction chamber till the temperature of the aqueous phase exceeds boiling point and steam is generated with pressure of at least 1.2 kg/cm; continuing the heating process for 1 to 2 hours; cooling the solution in the decoction chamber to 20 degrees celsius and releasing the pressure; transferring the solution which is a colored solution so obtained from the decoction chamber to a closed stainless steel vessel; adding an acidic amino acid to make the solution mildly acidic; maintaining the acidic colored solution under nitrogen blanketting for 5 to 6 hours for maturation at 20 degrees celsius; filtering the matured extract; dissolving 15 percent w/v in a polysaccharide such as, lactose and/or maltodextrin in the filtrate; spray drying the filtered mature extract in a spray drier; and sieving the dried powder so obtained from the spray drier to obtain a food color. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process of manufacturing food colours from flowers, apparatus therefor and food colours made using the apparatus and following the method. Currently, food colours are manufactured from organic/inorganic synthetic sources and are considered to be potential harmful. Hitherto, the applicant is not aware of any process for the manufacture of extracting food colours from flowers. This invention discloses a process for the manufacture of food grade colours from flowers, typically hibiscus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05704950__ •

Removal of soil contaminates Inventor(s): Bost; Georgia A. (1209 Pine Chase Dr., Houston, TX 77055) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,720,130 Date filed: March 20, 1996 Abstract: The invention provides a method for reducing soil contamination that comprises: establishing growing plants in the contaminated soil, the plants being selected from the group consisting of Hibiscus species in sections Meunchhusia or Striati or hybrids obtained by a cross with one or more species within sections Meunchhusia or Striati; severing and removing hibiscus plant material from the site. In preferred embodiments, the selected plants are hybrids. Especially preferred plants are selected from the group consisting of H. coccineus, H. cubensis, H. dasycalyx, H. laevis, and H. moscheutos. Contaminates may include metals, metal salts, nonmetals and organic wastes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the removal of contamination from soft. Specifically bioremediation to remove contamination by the cultivation of selected perennial plants which tolerate the contaminate, take it up from the soil, and upon removal of the plant material form the site with the contaminate, reducing soil contamination. 4. Organic waste solids (for example, "primaries" from an oily waste spill cleanup using biodegradable absorbents, or from treatment tank solids) or organic waste contaminated soils (e.g., from a burst tank), with or without metals. Most purely metals contamination problems have been addressed either by leaching (groundwater) or in combination with disposal of the contaminated source soil in hazardous waste landfills. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05720130__

Patents 35

•

Use of at least one protein fraction extracted from Hibiscus esculentus seeds and cosmetic composition containing such a fraction Inventor(s): Gilles; Pauly (Nancy, FR) Assignee(s): Laboratories Serobiologiques (Societe Anonyme) (Pulnoy, FR) Patent Number: 6,379,719 Date filed: November 16, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to a use of at least one protein fraction extracted from Hibiscus esculentus seeds and to a cosmetic composition containing such a fraction. Use of at least one soluble protein fraction extracted from Hibiscus esculentus seeds or okra as a substitute for casein in a cosmetic composition or product, the composition containing between 0.01% and 50.00% of the fraction. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns the field of cosmetology, in particular cutaneous and capillary applications, and relates to the use of at least one protein fraction extracted from Hibiscus esculentus and to a composition containing at least one such extract. The Hibiscus esculentus (Abelmoshus esculentus or Okra from the Malvaceae family) is a plant of African origin introduced into the United States and East Indies under the Spanish name of gumbo. It is one of the botanical species which has been cultivated for its pods for more than 2,000 years. Okra grows in numerous regions of the world such as India, Malaysia, the Philippines, America (Mid-West), Mediterranean regions, Africa and, more generally, in tropical regions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379719__

Patent Applications on Hibiscus As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hibiscus: •

Cosmetic containing plant extracts Inventor(s): Fleury, Marie; (Paris, FR), Pauly, Gilles; (Nancy, FR) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030072820 Date filed: May 14, 2002 Abstract: A cosmetic composition containing plant extracts is disclosed. The composition has anti-free radical action, anti-aging and stimulates reduced glutathione auto-synthesis. The plant extracts are solvent extracts from Spondias mombin, Maprounea guianesis, Waltheria indica, Gouania blanchetiana, Cordia schmoburgkii, Randia armata and Hibiscus furcellatus.

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

36

Hibiscus

Excerpt(s): The invention concerns the cosmetics, more particularly the dermo-cosmetics field, and its subject is the use of plant extracts, found especially in Haut-Maroni (French Guiana), in the preparation of cosmetics for the skin, mucous membrane and/or exoskeleton (hair, nails,. ). The Aluku women (Haut-Maroni, French Guiana) traditionally carry out their ritual intimate ablutions every morning and evening with a plant decoction. specific to each stage of woman's life, using a large number of local plants. The plants are prepared by decoction then used in a hip bath according to the stage in the menstrual cycle and the required effect. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Herbal tonic composition that improves respiration, aids in the elimination of toxins and improves overall vitality Inventor(s): Rigby, Alvin Foster; (Providenciales, TC) Correspondence: Mark Woodring; P O Box 43; Providenciales; Bwi; TC Patent Application Number: 20030012796 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: An herbal composition comprised of extracts from the following herbs: Garlic (Allium Sativum), Onion (Allium Cepa), Cat Claw (Macfadyena Unguis-cati), Rat Root (Chicocca Alba), Pear Leaf (Persea Americana), Billyweb Bark (Sweetia Panamensis), Strongback (Desmodium Abscendens), Aloe (Aloe Barbadensis), Life Leaf (Bryophyllum Pinnatum), Sarsaparilla (Smilax Officinalis), Bamboo (Aralia Mubicaulis), Geritout (Pluchea Symphytofolia), Hibiscus (Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis), Balsam (Myroxylon Balsamum). The composition acts as a tonic to improve respiration, aid in the elimination of toxins and improves overall vitality. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to ingestible herbal compositions for the improvement of respiration, to aid in the elimination of toxins and improvement of overall vitality. The use of herbs and plants to treat ailments and generally improve overall health has become commonplace. The use of the singular herbs comprising this invention has been documented. A summary of each herb's individual use is described hereafter. Garlic--(Allium Sativum)Commonly used as an antiseptic, anti-cough and promote circulation, as described in many herbal texts. Garlic cloves are obtained at the local supermarket and/or from local gardens. The plant is commonly available throughout North America and the Caribbean. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

HIBISCUS PLANT NAMED 'EVANGELINE' Inventor(s): Dupont, Robert J. SR.; (Plaquemine, LA) Correspondence: Catherine Anne Whealy; Proprietary Rights International; 1513 Melody Lane; Roanoke; TX; 76262; US Patent Application Number: 20020095700 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: A new and distinct cultivar of Hibiscus plant named `Evangeline`, characterized by its glossy dark green leaves; upright, compact and freely branching

Patents 37

plant habit; freely flowering habit; and large pink and yellow-colored flowers with dark red centers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Hibiscus, botanically known as Hibiscus rose-sinensis and hereinafter referred to by the cultivar name Evangeline. The new Hibiscus is a product of a planned breeding program conducted by the Inventor in Plaquemine, La. The objective of the breeding program is to create new large-flowered Hibiscus cultivars with unique and desirable flower colors. The new Hibiscus originated from a cross made by the Inventor in Plaquemine, La., of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivar Topaz Glory, not patented, as the female, or seed, parent with the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivar Gina Marie, not patented, as the male, or pollen, parent. The cultivar Evangeline was discovered and selected by the Inventor as a flowering plant within the progeny of the stated cross in a controlled environment in Plaquemine, La. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

HIBISCUS PLANT NAMED 'FIREBALL' Inventor(s): Fleming, David W.; (Lincoln, NE), Zwetzig, Gretchen A.; (Lincoln, NE) Correspondence: David Fleming And Gretchen Zwetzig; Fleming's Flower Fields INC.; 8101 S. 14th ST.; Lincoln; NE; 68512; US Patent Application Number: 20030051282 Date filed: September 10, 2001 Abstract: A new and distinct cultivar of winter hardy hibiscus plant named `Fireball` is the result of a unique hybridization. This new and distinct cultivar is characterized primarily as to novelty by its extreme cold hardiness to Zone 4, its large, rich red flowers of an extremely overlapping nature, its very deeply lobed, palmate leaves wit a purple cast, its vigorous and uniform growth habit, its floriferous nature from midsummer until frost, and its overall improvements over `Lord Baltimore` in refinements. Excerpt(s): (e) The plant being so hardy that it can consistently withstand winter temperatures of at least -30 degrees Fahrenheit. "Fireball` was the result of a 40-year breeding program. Its ancestry includes Hibiscus coccineus, Hibiscus militaris and Hibiscus moscheutos. More specifically, the plant resulted from crossing two Fleming `seedlings` and a pink-flowered `Avalon` seedling (H.militaris.times.H. coccineus) with a H. moscheutos seedling named `12 A`. Neither seedling is patented. The seedling which most nearly met all of the above named standards was selected. This new plant first bloomed in the summer if 1985 and was selected by David Fleming and Gretchen Zwetzig on David Fleming's property in Lincoln, Nebr. Asexual propagation of the plant by cuttings and root division has shown that the unique and distinguishing features of the plant are faithfully transmitted from generation to generation and appear to be fixed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Method to counter oxidation of LDL, decrease triglyceride or cholesterol and inhibit atherosclerosis using hibiscus sabdariffa extract Inventor(s): Wang, Chau-Jong; (Taichung, TW) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030096021 Date filed: November 21, 2001 Abstract: A method for countering oxidization of low density lipoproteins, reducing cholesterol or triglyceride in plasma or inhibiting atherosclerosis comprising administering an effective amount of a Hibiscus sabdariffa extract. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the novel applications of the Hibiscus sabdariffa extract in countering oxidization of low density lipoproteins, reducing cholesterol or triglyceride in plasma or inhibiting atherosclerosis. Conventionally, Hibiscus sabdariffa is a local soft drink material and medical herb demonstrating analgesic and antipyretic effects and can be used to cure liver-complaint. The past studies showed that Hibiscus sabdariffa possesses analgesic activity as well as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory action American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4, pp. 263-269, antispasmodic potential Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 31 (1991) 249-257 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd., antimutagenic and chemopreventive activity Food and Chemical Toxicology 37 (1999) 591-601, antioxidant activity Food and Chemical Toxicology 35 (1997) 1159-1164 and is able to quench the free radicals of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl Food and Chemical Toxicology 38 (2000) 411-416 and lower high blood pressure Journal of Ethnopharmacology v.65(3) JUNE 1999 P. 231-236. The vessel-related diseases such as apoplexy and heart attack have been the major causes of death in many countries. Though vessel-related diseases are caused by interactions of many factors, atherosclerosis has been the major factor contributing to vessel-related diseases according to the previously published literature. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Novel acyclic chiral derivatives of hibiscus acid and the process of preparing the same Inventor(s): Nair, Rani Rajasekharan; (Thirnvalla, IN), Saud, Ibrahim Ibnu; (Kerala, IN) Correspondence: Richard Wilder; Powell, Goldstein, Frazer & Murphy Llp; P.O. Box 97223; Washington; DC; 20090-7223; US Patent Application Number: 20020045769 Date filed: September 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel acyclic chiral derivatives of Hibiscus acid of formula I, 1wherein:R.sub.1.dbd.R.sub.5.dbd.lower aryl or alkyl ester or substituted aryl or alkyl alcohol R.sub.3.dbd.substituted aryl or alkyl ester or substituted aryl alcohol R.sub.2.dbd.R4.dbd.hydroxyl or 2and a process for preparing the same. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel acyclic chiral derivatives of hibiscus acid and the process of preparing the same. Hibiscus acid, [(+)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone or (2S, 3R)-Tetrahydro-3-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3-furandicarboxylic acid], can be isolated from the leaves /fruit calyxes of Hibiscus sabdariffa or from the leaves of Hibiscus furcatus, and Hibiscus cannabinus. However the non-availability of Hibiscus acid in the market, in the optically pure form, has resulted in the limited use of Hibiscus acid or its

Patents 39

derivatives in the broad area of organic synthesis and pharmaceutical front. In U.S. patent application No. 09/365,300, the large scale manufacture of Hibiscus acid in the optically pure crystalline form has been described. During the past two decades there has been a great deal of interest in finding cheap and potential chiral derivatives from chiral pool to accomplish synthetic pathways with a high degree of asymmetric induction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hibiscus, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hibiscus” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hibiscus. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hibiscus. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

41

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON HIBISCUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hibiscus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hibiscus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hibiscus” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hibiscus” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hibiscus” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Growing Hibiscus (Growing Series) by Les Beers, Jim Howie; ISBN: 086417506X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086417506X/icongroupinterna

•

Hibiscus by Jacqueline Walker, Gil Hanly (Photographer); ISBN: 1552095339; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1552095339/icongroupinterna

•

Hibiscus; ISBN: 7215988082; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/7215988082/icongroupinterna

•

Hibiscus : roman by Hua Ku; ISBN: 2221051807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2221051807/icongroupinterna

•

Hibiscus: A Gardener's Guide by Jacqueline Walker (2000); ISBN: 0850919614; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0850919614/icongroupinterna

•

Look out for the pink hibiscus mealybug (SuDoc A 1.68:1606) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B00010UM8Y; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010UM8Y/icongroupinterna

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•

Palmer's Hibiscus in Color by Stanley J Palmer (Photographer); ISBN: 0646290479; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0646290479/icongroupinterna

•

Pink hibiscus mealybug (SuDoc A 1.68:1605) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B00010UMNE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010UMNE/icongroupinterna

•

Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie; ISBN: 1565123875; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565123875/icongroupinterna

•

The jungle & leaf of hibiscus by Kentaro Igusa; ISBN: 0969320507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969320507/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Hibiscus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hibiscus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hibiscus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hibiscus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

43

APPENDICES

45

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

46

Hibiscus

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

47

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hibiscus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 172 3 0 1 0 176

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “hibiscus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

49

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

51

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hibiscus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hibiscus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hibiscus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hibiscus”:

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•

Other guides Women's Health Issues http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/womenshealthissues.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hibiscus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hibiscus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hibiscus.

Patient Resources

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hibiscus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hibiscus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hibiscus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hibiscus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hibiscus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

55

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

57

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

59

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

61

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

63

HIBISCUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and

64

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tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anthocyanins: Glycosidic pigments in blue, red, and purple flowers and also found as metabolic byproducts in blood and urine. [NIH] Anthraquinones: An anthracene ring which contains two ketone moieties in any position. Can be substituted in any position except on the ketone groups. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH]

Dictionary 65

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU]

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Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and

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is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Cacao: A tree of the family Sterculiaceae (or Byttneriaceae), usually Theobroma cacao, or its seeds, which after fermentation and roasting, yield cocoa and chocolate. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]

Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cassia: Leguminous plants Cassia senna L. (or C. acutifolia) and C. angustifolia that contain anthraquinones which are used as laxatives. [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH]

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Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain

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environmental conditions. [NIH] Coal Tar: A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH]

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Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical. [NIH] Cyanides: Inorganic salts of hydrogen cyanide containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from nitriles, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decortication: Removal of part or all of the external surface of an organ. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Demulcent: Soothing; bland; allaying the irritation of inflamed or abraded surfaces. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dicotyledon: A division of the Angiospermae in which the seedling normally has two seedleaves. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH]

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Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]

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Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH]

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Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various

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endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized,

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subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inorganic Chemicals: A broad class of substances encompassing all those that do not include carbon and its derivatives as their principal elements. However, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, and carbon disulfide are included in this class. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation.

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[NIH]

Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Transformation: Morphologic alteration of small lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by interleukins, mitogens such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific antigens. It may also occur in vivo, as in graft rejection and chronic myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malvaceae: The mallow family of flowering plants, belonging to the dicotyledon order Malvales. Members of the Malvaceae include cotton, okra, and cacao. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal

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tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naphthalenes: Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics. [NIH]

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Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH]

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Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Phytohemagglutinins: Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms

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and in cell culture. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that

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promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH]

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Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally

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conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tobacco Mosaic Virus: The type species of tobamovirus which causes mosaic disease of tobacco. Transmission occurs by mechanical inoculation. [NIH] Tobamovirus: A genus of plant viruses in which the virion is a rigid filament. Transmission is by mechanical inoculation or seed. The type species is tobacco mosaic virus. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH]

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Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH]

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Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

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INDEX A Aberrant, 11, 20, 63 Acceptor, 63, 76, 79 Acetylcholine, 63, 78 Adipose Tissue, 31, 63 Adverse Effect, 63, 82 Affinity, 63, 66, 76, 82 Algorithms, 63, 66 Alkaline, 34, 63, 64, 67 Alkaloid, 63, 77, 79, 83 Allylamine, 63, 64 Alternative medicine, 63 Aluminum, 10, 19, 63 Amine, 63 Amino Acids, 64, 79, 80 Aminophylline, 30, 64 Ammonia, 63, 64 Amylase, 8, 64 Anaesthesia, 64, 74 Anal, 9, 64 Analgesic, 38, 64, 69, 77, 78 Analogous, 64, 80, 84 Anaphylatoxins, 64, 69 Androgenic, 9, 64 Anemia, 64, 76 Anthocyanins, 13, 23, 64 Anthraquinones, 64, 67 Antibiotic, 8, 64 Antibodies, 64, 76 Antibody, 63, 64, 65, 69, 74 Antifungal, 8, 65 Antigen, 63, 64, 65, 69, 74 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 65, 69 Anti-inflammatory, 12, 22, 32, 38, 65 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 65 Antioxidant, 8, 17, 38, 65, 79 Antipyretic, 38, 65 Antiseptic, 36, 65 Antispasmodic, 22, 38, 65, 78 Antitussive, 65, 78 Antiviral, 32, 65 Anus, 64, 65, 75 Aorta, 12, 14, 65 Apoptosis, 5, 65 Aqueous, 9, 11, 12, 13, 18, 20, 22, 24, 30, 34, 65, 66, 70 Arginine, 64, 65, 78 Arterial, 63, 65, 74, 80, 83

Arteries, 65, 66, 70, 77 Arterioles, 65, 66, 67 Aspirin, 32, 65 Assay, 65, 84 Astringents, 66, 72 Astrocytes, 66, 77 Azoxymethane, 11, 20, 66 B Bacteria, 64, 65, 66, 77, 80, 84 Bactericidal, 66, 72 Base, 66, 70, 72, 75, 84 Benzene, 10, 18, 19, 20, 66 Bile, 66, 76 Biochemical, 4, 5, 9, 11, 18, 20, 66, 77, 81 Biotechnology, 3, 4, 5, 14, 47, 66 Blood Coagulation, 66, 67 Blood Glucose, 19, 66, 74 Blood pressure, 12, 22, 38, 66, 74, 82 Blood vessel, 66, 71, 72, 82, 83, 84 Bone Marrow, 66, 68, 76 Bowel, 64, 67 Bradykinin, 67, 78 Branch, 59, 67, 79, 82 Breakdown, 31, 67, 70, 72 Breeding, 27, 37, 67 Bronchial, 64, 67, 83 Bronchitis, 67, 72 C Cacao, 67, 76 Calcium, 10, 67, 68, 69, 79 Capillary, 35, 67, 84 Capsid, 4, 10, 67, 84 Carbohydrate, 5, 67, 73, 80 Carbon Dioxide, 67, 81 Carcinogen, 66, 67 Carcinogenesis, 67, 68 Carcinogenic, 66, 67, 69, 75 Cardiac, 18, 63, 67, 77 Cassia, 67, 81 Catecholamines, 67, 71, 77 Cell, 5, 8, 11, 18, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85 Cell Death, 65, 68, 78 Cell Division, 66, 68, 77, 80 Cell Respiration, 68, 81 Cellobiose, 68 Cellulose, 9, 18, 68, 80

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Central Nervous System, 63, 66, 68, 77, 81, 83 Chemopreventive, 38, 68 Chemotactic Factors, 68, 69 Cholesterol, 14, 21, 38, 66, 68 Chromatin, 65, 68, 82 Chromium, 10, 19, 68 Chronic, 18, 68, 75, 76, 82 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 68, 76 Citric Acid, 30, 68 Citrus, 68 Clinical Medicine, 68, 80 Clinical trial, 3, 47, 68 Cloning, 66, 68 Coal, 66, 68, 69, 77 Coal Tar, 69, 77 Codeine, 32, 69, 78 Cofactor, 69, 78, 80 Collapse, 67, 69 Complement, 64, 69 Complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 25, 69 Complementary medicine, 17, 69 Computational Biology, 47, 69 Consciousness, 64, 70 Contamination, 34, 70 Contraindications, ii, 70 Corneum, 70, 71 Coronary, 70, 77 Coronary Thrombosis, 70, 77 Cutaneous, 35, 70 Cyanates, 70, 75 Cyanides, 70, 75 Cyclic, 10, 11, 19, 70, 73, 78, 83 Cytokine, 32, 70 Cytoplasm, 65, 70, 71 D Databases, Bibliographic, 47, 70 Deamination, 70, 77 Decortication, 33, 70 Deletion, 65, 70 Demulcent, 32, 70 Density, 38, 70, 78 Deuterium, 70, 74 Diagnostic procedure, 29, 70 Diarrhea, 70, 72 Diastolic, 70, 74 Dicotyledon, 70, 76 Digestion, 5, 11, 66, 67, 70, 76, 82 Dihydroxy, 30, 70 Diploid, 70, 80 Direct, iii, 68, 71, 79, 81, 83

Disinfectant, 71, 72 Diuretic, 32, 71 Dopamine, 71, 77 Duodenum, 66, 71, 82 E Effector, 63, 69, 71 Electrons, 65, 66, 71, 75, 79 Embryo, 71, 74, 80 Endemic, 71, 76, 82 Endometrium, 71, 76 Endothelial cell, 71, 83 Endothelium, 71, 78 Endothelium-derived, 71, 78 Endotoxins, 69, 71 Environmental Health, 46, 48, 71 Enzymatic, 67, 69, 71 Enzyme, 64, 71, 73, 77, 78, 80, 85 Epidermis, 31, 70, 71, 74 Epithelial, 71, 73, 77 Epithelial Cells, 71, 73, 77 Esophagus, 72, 82 Ethanol, 19, 72 Ether, 30, 72 Eucalyptus, 9, 18, 72 Exhaustion, 72, 76 Expiration, 72, 81 Exudate, 72, 78 F Family Planning, 47, 72 Fat, 31, 63, 66, 72, 76, 84 Fatty acids, 14, 72 Flavoring Agents, 72 Forearm, 66, 72 Frameshift, 72, 84 Frameshift Mutation, 72, 84 Fungi, 65, 72, 77, 84 G Gas, 64, 67, 72, 74, 77, 78 Gasoline, 66, 72 Gastrointestinal, 67, 72, 76, 81 Gastrointestinal tract, 72, 81 Gene, 66, 72 Germ Cells, 72, 78, 82, 83 Glucose, 10, 12, 19, 21, 66, 68, 73, 75 Glucose tolerance, 10, 19, 73 Glucose Tolerance Test, 73 Glycoprotein, 73 Governing Board, 73, 80 Gp120, 32, 73 Grade, 33, 34, 73 Graft, 73, 74, 76 Graft Rejection, 73, 76

Index 89

Grafting, 73, 74 Growth, 21, 23, 37, 65, 68, 73, 75, 78, 80 Guanylate Cyclase, 73, 78 H Haploid, 73, 80 Hazardous Waste, 34, 73 Heart attack, 38, 73 Hepatic, 13, 21, 22, 73, 77 Hepatocytes, 13, 21, 23, 73 Herbicide, 73 Hereditary, 73, 81 Hormones, 73, 78, 83 Horny layer, 71, 74 Host, 4, 10, 14, 74, 84 Hybrid, 74 Hybridization, 37, 74 Hydrogen, 30, 63, 66, 67, 70, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81 Hydrolysis, 68, 74, 76, 80, 81 Hypertension, 6, 14, 18, 24, 25, 74 Hypertrophy, 18, 74 Hypoglycemic, 5, 8, 12, 21, 74 I Id, 15, 24, 52, 58, 60, 74 Immune response, 32, 65, 73, 74, 84 Immune system, 74, 76, 85 Immunity, 32, 74, 77 Implantation, 20, 74 In vitro, 21, 31, 32, 74 In vivo, 21, 74, 76 Indicative, 41, 74, 79, 84 Induction, 5, 39, 74 Infarction, 70, 74, 77 Infection, 32, 68, 74, 76, 82, 85 Inflammation, 65, 67, 72, 75 Infusion, 8, 18, 75 Ingestion, 73, 75, 77 Inhalation, 73, 75 Initiation, 75, 84 Inorganic, 31, 34, 70, 75 Inorganic Chemicals, 31, 75 Insulin, 73, 75 Interleukins, 75, 76 Intermittent, 33, 75 Intestinal, 12, 21, 73, 75, 77 Intestines, 72, 75 Intracellular, 74, 75, 78 Intravenous, 75 Invasive, 74, 75 Ions, 66, 74, 75 K Kb, 46, 75

Kinetic, 13, 75 L Labile, 69, 75 Leukemia, 5, 68, 75 Library Services, 58, 75 Lipid, 14, 19, 21, 75, 76, 79, 84 Lipid Peroxidation, 76, 79 Lipolysis, 31, 76 Lipophilic, 30, 76 Lipopolysaccharide, 21, 76 Liver, 38, 66, 73, 76, 77 Localized, 74, 76, 77, 80 Locomotion, 76, 80 Lubricants, 76, 77, 79 Lymphatic, 71, 75, 76 Lymphocyte, 32, 65, 76 Lymphocyte Transformation, 32, 76 M Malaria, 32, 76 Malaria, Falciparum, 76 Malaria, Vivax, 76 Malvaceae, 12, 13, 21, 30, 35, 76 MEDLINE, 47, 76 Membrane, 36, 66, 69, 73, 76, 79 Menstrual Cycle, 36, 76 Menstruation, 76 Methanol, 12, 21, 30, 77 MI, 61, 77 Microbe, 77, 83 Microorganism, 69, 77, 85 Mitosis, 65, 77 Molecular, 14, 47, 49, 66, 69, 77 Molecule, 30, 65, 66, 69, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81 Monensin, 8, 77 Monoamine, 10, 19, 77, 84 Monoamine Oxidase, 10, 19, 77, 84 Morphine, 32, 69, 77, 78 Motility, 12, 21, 77, 81 Mutagen, 77 Mutagenicity, 11, 20, 77 Myocardium, 77 N Naphthalenes, 6, 14, 24, 77 Narcotic, 77, 78 Necrosis, 65, 74, 77, 78 Need, 42, 53, 78, 83 Neoplasms, 78 Nerve, 77, 78, 84 Nervous System, 68, 78, 84 Neural, 77, 78 Neurotoxic, 66, 78

90

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Nickel, 10, 19, 78 Nitric Oxide, 5, 11, 78 Nitrogen, 34, 63, 78 Nucleic acid, 67, 74, 78 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 74, 78 Nucleus, 65, 68, 70, 78, 81 O Opacity, 70, 78 Opium, 32, 77, 78, 79 Ovary, 78, 80 Oxidation, 38, 63, 65, 76, 79 Oxidative Stress, 13, 23, 79, 83 Oxygen Consumption, 79, 81 P Papaverine, 78, 79 Pathologic, 65, 70, 79 Pathologic Processes, 65, 79 Peptide, 11, 79, 80, 81 Perennial, 34, 79, 84 Petroleum, 9, 72, 79 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 68, 72, 79 Pharmacologic, 64, 79, 83 Phospholipids, 22, 72, 79 Phosphorus, 67, 79 Phosphorylation, 5, 79 Physiologic, 76, 79, 81 Phytohemagglutinins, 76, 79 Pigments, 64, 80 Plant Viruses, 80, 83 Plants, 4, 32, 33, 34, 36, 63, 67, 68, 73, 76, 80, 83, 84 Plasma, 38, 64, 73, 80 Platelet Aggregation, 64, 78, 80 Platelets, 78, 80, 81 Pollen, 37, 80 Polypeptide, 74, 80 Polysaccharide, 34, 65, 68, 80 Posterior, 64, 80 Practice Guidelines, 48, 80 Precancerous, 68, 80 Precursor, 32, 71, 80 Progeny, 37, 80 Progressive, 73, 78, 80 Protein S, 11, 66, 80 Proteins, 64, 65, 68, 69, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84 Proteolytic, 6, 69, 80 Protons, 74, 81 Public Policy, 47, 81 Publishing, 4, 13, 81 Pulmonary, 66, 81 Pulmonary Artery, 66, 81

R Radioactive, 74, 81 Receptor, 31, 65, 71, 73, 81 Refer, 1, 69, 72, 76, 81 Relaxant, 12, 79, 81 Respiration, 36, 67, 81 Retinoblastoma, 5, 81 Reversion, 81, 84 Rigidity, 80, 81 S Screening, 27, 68, 81 Sedative, 69, 81 Senna, 67, 81 Sensor, 33, 81 Serotonin, 77, 81 Serum, 10, 14, 19, 64, 69, 81 Side effect, 63, 82, 83 Smooth muscle, 63, 64, 77, 79, 82 Sodium, 77, 82 Solvent, 35, 66, 72, 77, 82 Spasm, 65, 82 Specialist, 53, 82 Species, 8, 23, 34, 35, 74, 76, 77, 82, 83, 84 Sperm, 80, 82 Spermatogenesis, 19, 82 Spermatozoa, 82 Spinal cord, 66, 68, 78, 82 Spinous, 71, 82 Sporadic, 81, 82 Steel, 34, 82 Stomach, 31, 72, 73, 75, 82 Stress, 79, 82, 83 Subacute, 75, 82 Subclinical, 75, 82 Subspecies, 82 Systemic, 4, 10, 65, 66, 75, 83 Systolic, 74, 83 T Tert-Butylhydroperoxide, 21, 83 Testis, 11, 20, 83 Theophylline, 64, 83 Thigh, 30, 83 Threshold, 74, 83 Thrombosis, 80, 83 Tissue, 31, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84 Tobacco Mosaic Virus, 83 Tobamovirus, 11, 83 Tolerance, 73, 83 Tonic, 36, 83 Topical, 30, 66, 69, 72, 77, 83 Toxic, iv, 31, 66, 74, 77, 83

Index 91

Toxicity, 8, 13, 18, 31, 83 Toxicology, 11, 20, 21, 23, 38, 48, 83 Toxins, 36, 65, 71, 74, 83 Trace element, 68, 78, 83 Transcription Factors, 21, 84 Transduction, 83, 84 Transfection, 66, 84 Trees, 72, 84 Triglyceride, 38, 84 Typhimurium, 11, 20, 84 Tyramine, 77, 84 U Unconscious, 74, 84 Urinary, 5, 9, 18, 84 Urine, 64, 71, 84

V Vaccines, 84 Vascular, 63, 71, 74, 75, 78, 83, 84 Vasodilators, 78, 84 Venous, 80, 84 Venules, 66, 67, 84 Veterinary Medicine, 47, 84 Viral, 67, 84 Virion, 83, 84 Virulence, 83, 84 Virus, 4, 10, 11, 14, 67, 73, 84 Vitro, 32, 85 Vivo, 85 W White blood cell, 64, 68, 76, 85

92

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