Handbook of
U.S. Labor Statistics Employment, Earnings, Prices, Productivity, and Other Labor Data
Fifth Edition, 2001
Handbook of
U.S. Labor Statistics Employment, Earnings, Prices, Productivity, and Other Labor Data
Fifth Edition, 2001 EDITOR
Eva E. Jacobs ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Sohair M. Abu-Aish
© 2001 Bernan Press, a division of the Kraus Organization Limited. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Bernan does not claim copyright in U.S. government information. ISBN: 0-89059-567-4 ISSN: 1526-2553 Printed by Automated Graphic Systems, Inc., White Plains, MD, on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standards Institute Z39-48 standard. 2002 2001
Bernan Press 4611-F Assembly Drive Lanham, MD 20706 email:
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4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ABOUT THE EDITORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv THE NATIONAL COMPENSATION SURVEY: STATISTICS COMPENSATION FOR THE 21ST CENTURY . . . . . . . . xvii PART 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Tables Population, Labor Force, and Employment Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Labor Force and Employment Characteristics of Selected Family Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Labor Force and Employment Characteristics by Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Tables Contingent and Alternative Work Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Tables Employer-Provided Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 PART 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Employment by Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hours and Earnings by Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment, Hours, and Earnings by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
155 157 158
PART 3: PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
203 205 206 208
PART 4: PRODUCTIVITY AND RELATED COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
223 225 226 229
161 173 188
PART 5: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Tables Employment Cost Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Tables Employee Benefits Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Tables Occupational Employment and Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 v
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PART 6: PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Producer Price Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Consumer Price Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Export and Import Price Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
301 303 304
PART 7: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
341 343 344 346
PART 8: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
367 369 370 371
PART 9: LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
377 379 380 381
PART 10: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
389 391 392 393
306 312 314 325 326
LIST OF TABLES PART 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 POPULATION, LABOR FORCE,
AND
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-1. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Table 1-2. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, 1965–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1981–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Marital Status, Sex, and Race, 1982–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table 1-5. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Region, Division, and State, 1999–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . . 42 Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers by Age, Sex, and Race, 1994–2000 . . . . . . . . . 51 Table 1-10. Persons Not in the Labor Force by Desire and Availability for Work, Age, and Sex, 1995–2000 . . . . . . . . 54 EMPLOYMENT Table 1-11. Employed Civilians by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Table 1-12. Civilian Employment to Population Ratios by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . 64 Table 1-13. Employed Civilians by Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1983–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Table 1-14. Employed Civilians by Industry and Occupation, 1989–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Table 1-15. Employed Civilians in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Industries by Class of Worker and Sex, 1978–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Table 1-16. Number of Employed Persons 25 Years and Over by Educational Attainment, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex, 1992–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Table 1-17. Multiple Jobholders and Multiple Jobholding Rates by Selected Characteristics, May of Selected Years, 1970–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Table 1-18. Multiple Jobholders by Sex, Age, Marital Status, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Job Status, 1997–2000 . . . . 77 Table 1-19. Multiple Jobholders by Industry of Principal Secondary Job, and Sex, 1999–2000, Annual Averages . . . 78 Table 1-20. Employment and Unemployment in Families by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1995–2000, Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Table 1-21. Families by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, 1995–2000, Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Table 1-22. Unemployment in Families by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, 1995–2000, Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Table 1-23. Employment Status of the Population by Sex, Marital Status, and Presence and Age of Own Children Under 18, 1995–2000, Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Table 1-24. Employment Status of Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years Old by Single Year of Age of Youngest Child, and Marital Status, 1996–2000, Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 UNEMPLOYMENT Table 1-25. Major Unemployment Indicators, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . 95 Table 1-28. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates by Occupation, 1986–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Table 1-29. Unemployed Persons by Industry and Class of Worker, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Table 1-30. Unemployment Rates by Industry and Class of Worker, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Table 1-31. Unemployed Persons by Duration of Unemployment, 1948–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Table 1-32. Long-Term Unemployment by Industry and Occupation, 1986–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Table 1-33. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates by Sex, Age, and Reason for Unemployment, 1968–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
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WORK EXPERIENCE Table 1-34. Percent of the Population with Work Experience During the Year by Sex and Age, 1987–1999 . . . . . . . 111 Table 1-35. Persons with Work Experience During the Year by Industry and Class of Worker of Job Held the Longest, 1987–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Table 1-36. Number of Persons with Work Experience During the Year by Sex and Extent of Employment, 1987–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Table 1-37. Percent Distribution of the Population with Work Experience During the Year by Sex and Extent of Employment, 1987–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Table 1-38. Extent of Unemployment During the Year by Sex, 1987–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Table 1-39. Percent Distribution of Persons with Unemployment During the Year by Sex and Extent of Unemployment, 1987–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Table 1-40. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Age, Sex, and Race, 1987–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Table 1-41. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 1987–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Table 1-42. Wage and Salary Workers Paid Hourly Rates with Earnings at or below the Prevailing Federal Minimum Wage by Selected Characteristics, 1999–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Table 1-43. Absences from Work of Employed Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Age and Sex, 1999–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Table 1-44. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers by Age and Sex, Selected Years, 1983–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Table 1-45. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers by Industry, Selected Years, 1983–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 LABOR FORCE
AND
EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS
OF
SELECTED FAMILY TYPES
Table 1-46. Employment Status of the Population by Marital Status and Sex, March 1989–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Table 1-47. Employment Status of All Women and Single Women by Presence and Age of Children, March 1988–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Table 1-48. Employment Status of Ever-Married Women and Married Women, Spouse Present, by Presence and Age of Children, March 1988–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Table 1-49. Employment Status of Women Who Maintain Families by Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children, March 1988–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Table 1-50. Number and Age of Children in Families by Type of Family and Labor Force Status of Mother, March 1988–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Table 1-51. Number of Families and Median Family Income by Type of Family and Earner Status of Members, 1987–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Table 1-52. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Citizenship Status and Sex, March 1996–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Table 1-53. Employed Civilians by Occupation, Citizenship Status, and Sex, March 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Table 1-54. Total Money Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Workers by Citizenship Status and Sex, March 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 LABOR FORCE
AND
EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS
BY
EDUCATION
Table 1-55. Percent Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force 25 to 64 Years of Age by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1988–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Table 1-56. Labor Force Participation Rates of Persons 25 to 64 Years of Age by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1988–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Table 1-57. Unemployment Rates of Persons 25 to 64 Years of Age by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1988–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Table 1-58. Workers Age 25 to 64 by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Held Job, and Sex, 1999 . . . 138 Table 1-59. Percent Distribution of Workers Age 25 to 64 by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Held Job, and Sex, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Table 1-60. Median Annual Earnings by Educational Attainment and Sex, Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, Age 25 to 64, 1996–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
LIST OF TABLES CONTINGENT
AND
ix
ALTERNATIVE WORK ARRANGEMENTS
Table 1-61. Employed Workers with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements by Selected Characteristics, February 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Table 1-62. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers by Occupation and Industry, February 1999 . . . . . . 144 Table 1-63. Employed Contingent Workers by Their Preference for Contingent or Noncontingent Work Arrangements, February 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Table 1-64. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements by Health Insurance Coverage and Eligibility for Employer-Provided Pension Plans, February 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Table 1-65. Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Workers with Contingent and Alternative Work Arrangements by Selected Characteristics, February 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 EMPLOYER-PROVIDED TRAINING Table 1-66. Number of Hours of Formal Training per Employee by Type of Formal Training and Industry, May–October 1995, Employer Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Table 1-67. Selected 1994 Training Expenditures per Employee by Industry, May–October 1995, Employer Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Table 1-68. Percent of Employees Who Received Training by Type of Training, May–October 1995, Employee Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Table 1-69. Percent of Employees Who Received Training by Selected Demographic Characteristics, May–October 1995, Employee Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Table 1-70. Total Wage and Salary Costs of Training by Industry and Size Class, May–October 1995, Employee Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 PART 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 EMPLOYMENT
BY INDUSTRY
Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry and Selected Component Groups, 1945–2000 . . . . 161 Table 2-2. Women Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry, 1959–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Table 2-3. Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Table 2-4. Production Workers on Durable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, Selected Years, 1939–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Table 2-5. Production Workers on Nondurable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, Selected Years, 1939–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 HOURS
AND
EARNINGS
BY INDUSTRY
Table 2-6. Average Weekly Hours of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Table 2-7. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 . . . . 174 Table 2-8. Average Weekly Overtime Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1956–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Table 2-9. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Table 2-10. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Table 2-11. Average Hourly Earnings of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Table 2-12. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Table 2-13. Average Weekly Earnings of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry in Current and Constant Dollars, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Table 2-14. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
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EMPLOYMENT, HOURS,
AND
EARNINGS
BY
STATE
Table 2-15. Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls by State, 1962–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Table 2-16. Employees on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1962–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Table 2-17. Employees on Government Payrolls by State, 1962–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Table 2-18. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1972–2000 . . . . . . . 197 Table 2-19. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1972–2000 . . . . 199 Table 2-20. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1972–2000 . . . . 201 PART 3: PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION . . . . . . . . . 203 Table 3-1. Civilian Labor Force by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1978, 1988, 1998, and Projected 2008 . . . 208 Table 3-2. Employment and Output by Industry, 1988, 1998, and Projected 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Table 3-3. Employment by Occupation, 1998 and Projected 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 PART 4: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Table 4-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Table 4-2. Average Annual Percent Change in Output per Hour and Related Series: Manufacturing Industries, 1990–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Table 4-3. Average Annual Percent Change in Output per Hour and Related Series: Mining and Service Producing Industries, 1990–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Table 4-4. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Selected Years, 1950–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Table 4-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1985–1999 . . . . . 238 PART 5: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Table 5-2. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Table 5-3. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Occupation, Industry, and Bargaining Status, 1987–2000 . . . . . . 267 Table 5-4. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region and Area Size, 1987–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Table 5-5. Employer Compensation Costs per Hour Worked and Percent of Total Compensation, Private Industry, by Major Industry Group, March 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Table 5-6. Employer Compensation Costs per Hour Worked and Percent of Total Compensation, State and Local Government, by Selected Characteristics, March 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SURVEY Table 5-7. Percent of Full-Time Employees Participating in Employer-Provided Benefit Programs, Medium and Large Private Establishments, Selected Years, 1980–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Table 5-8. Percent of Full-Time Employees Participating in Selected Employee Benefit Programs by Class of Employee, Medium and Large Private Establishments, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Table 5-9. Percent of Full-Time Employees Participating in Employer-Provided Benefit Programs, Small Private Establishments and State and Local Government, Selected Years, 1987–1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Table 5-10. Percent of Full-Time Employees Participating in Employer-Provided Benefit Programs by Class of Employee, Small Private Establishments, 1996, and State and Local Government, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT
AND
WAGES
Table 5-11. Employment and Wages by Major Occupational Group, New Series, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Table 5-12. Distribution of Occupations and Employment by Occupational Division, Old Series, 1997–1998 . . . . . . 286 Table 5-13. Distribution of Employment by Wage Range and Occupational Group, New Series, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Table 5-14. Distribution of Mean Wage of Occupations by Occupational Division, Old Series, 1997–1998 . . . . . . . . 288 Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
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xi
PART 6: PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 PRODUCER PRICE INDEX Table 6-1. Producer Price Indexes by Stage of Processing, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Table 6-2. Producer Price Indexes by Commodity Groups, 1913–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Table 6-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1987–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Table 6-4. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1967–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Table 6-5. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Commodity, Service, and Special Groups, 1967–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Table 6-6. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Selected Groups, and Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar, 1913–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Table 6-7. Consumer Price Indexes, Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1913–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Table 6-8. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, by Expenditure Category, 1986–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Table 6-9. Relative Importance of Components in the Consumer Price Index, U.S. City Average, New Series, December 1997– December 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Table 6-10. Relative Importance of Components in the Consumer Price Index, U.S. City Average, Old Series, December 1997 and Dates of Major Weight Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Table 6-11. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers, All Items, Selected Areas, Selected Years, 1955–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 EXPORT
AND IMPORT
PRICE INDEXES
Table 6-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Table 6-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Table 6-14. U.S Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1991–2000 . . . . . . . . 336 Table 6-15. U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes and Percent Changes for Selected Categories of Services, December 1999–December 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 PART 7: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Table 7-1. Table 7-2. Table 7-3. Table 7-4. Table 7-5. Table 7-6. Table 7-7.
Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Income Before Taxes, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Quintiles of Income Before Taxes, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Age of Reference Person, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Size of Consumer Unit, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Composition of Consumer Unit, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Number of Earners, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Housing Tenure, Type of Area, Race and Hispanic Origin of Reference Person, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Table 7-8. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Region of Residence, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Table 7-9. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Occupation of Reference Person, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Table 7-10. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Under Age 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Table 7-11. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Age 25–34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Table 7-12. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Age 35–44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Table 7-13. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Age 45–54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Table 7-14. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Age 55–64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
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Table 7-15. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Age 65 and Over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Table 7-16. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Men by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Table 7-17. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Women by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Table 7-18. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1998–1999: Northeast Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Table 7-19. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1998–1999: South Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Table 7-20. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1998–1999: Midwest Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Table 7-21. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1998–1999: West Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 PART 8: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Table 8-1. Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Incidence Rates by Industry and Case Types, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Table 8-2. Number of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work by Selected Worker Characteristics and Industry Division, Private Industry, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Table 8-3. Number and Percent Distribution of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work by Selected Occupation and Number of Days Away from Work, Private Industry, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Table 8-4. Fatal Occupational Injuries and Employment by Selected Worker Characteristics, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Table 8-5. Fatal Occupational Injuries by Occupation and Major Event or Exposure, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 PART 9: LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Table 9-1. Table 9-2. Table 9-3. Table 9-4.
Work Stoppages Involving 1,000 Workers or More, 1947–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers by Selected Characteristics, 1995–2000 . . . . . 382 Union Affiliation of Wage and Salary Workers by Occupation and Industry, 1998–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Union Affiliation, Occupation, and Industry, 1995–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Table 9-5. Wage and Salary Employees Who Were Union or Employee Association Members, 1977–2000 . . . . . . . 387 Table 9-6. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers by State, 1999–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 PART 10: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Table 10-1. Employment Status of the Working-Age Population, Approximating U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries, 1965–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Table 10-2. Indexes of Manufacturing Productivity and Related Measures, 12 Countries, 1970 and 1985–1999 . . . . 395 Table 10-3. Hourly Compensation Costs in U.S. Dollars for Production Workers in Manufacturing, 29 Countries and Selected Areas, Selected Years, 1975–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Table 10-4. Consumer Price Indexes, 16 Countries, 1950 and 1955–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Table 10-5. Consumer Price Indexes, 16 Countries, Percent Change from Previous Year, 1956–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Eva E. Jacobs, editor of Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics since the first edition, served as Chief of the Division of Consumer Expenditure Surveys at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for over 20 years. As manager of this division, Ms. Jacobs was responsible for the BLS Family Budget Program, and held positions in the Productivity Division and the Economic Growth Division. More recently, she acted as advisor on cost-of-living projects for both government and private consultants. Currently, Ms. Jacobs serves as chair of a panel advising the Safe Harbor Working Group on issues related to cost-of-living adjustments for federal employees in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Ms. Jacobs was the 1998 recipient of the Julius Shiskin Award, given by the National Association of Business Economists and the Washington Statistical Society for distinguished contributions to Economic Statistics.
Sohair M. Abu-Aish, a Bernan Data Analyst, worked for the U.S. Bureau of the Census and taught economics at Zagazig University and Cairo University, Egypt, for over 10 years. Ms. Abu-Aish, an associate editor of the fourth edition of Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics, and a co-editor of the latest edition of Foreign Trade of the United States, holds an M.S. in Economics from Zagazig University and a Diploma in Computer Programming from Strayer University.
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PREFACE What industries are expected to show the greatest growth in the next decade? Which occupations are expected to grow with these industries? How is the work environment changing? How do the changing demographics of the population affect the labor force?
NEW IN THIS EDITION
Our changing society and our dynamic economy raise different questions over time. The answers are crucial to making public and private decisions. Recent areas of public policy debate involve health care costs, energy costs and education quality. An important factor in both the health care policy and energy debates has been the rate of increase in the price of prescription drugs and medical services and fuel. An important question for education policy is whether we are preparing young people for the occupations required by our increasing technological society. Among other questions requiring policy attention by both government and private business result from the increasing number of women with children in the labor force, the changing face of the future labor force, and the changing structure of benefits provided to workers.
• Employment status of the population by region and state.
In addition to updating the series published in earlier editions, new tables are introduced as they become available. New tables in this edition are:
• Occupational employment and wages according to the new SOC. • State and local Government employee compensation costs and benefits. • New data on employee characteristics with nonfatal injuries and illnesses. • Union affiliation by state. • Labor force status and earnings by citizenship status. SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BLS data for the most part are derived from surveys conducted by the federal government or through federalstate cooperative arrangements. The comparability of data over time can be affected by the changes in the surveys that are needed to keep pace with the current structure of economic institutions or to take advantage of improved survey techniques. In addition, revisions of current data are made periodically as a result of the availability of new information. The introductory notes to each chapter summarize the specific factors that may affect the data in that chapter. In the tables, the ellipsis character (“…”) has been used to indicate data that are not available, not applicable or equal to zero.
Answering questions such as these for the future requires information about the present and the past. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) provides a treasure trove of historical information about the labor market, prices and productivity. Bernan Associates is pleased to present this fifth edition of it’s award-winning Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics containing a compilation of such BLS data. The current publication maintains and updates the content of the previous edition and adds additional data and new features. FEATURES OF THE PUBLICATION • Over 160 tables presenting authoritative data on workers, industries and prices.
More extensive methodological information, including sampling and estimation procedures for all BLS programs, is contained in The BLS Handbook of Methods (BLS Bulletin 2490, April 1997). Other sources of current data and analytical articles are the Monthly Labor Review and The Report on the American Workforce, a biennial publication of BLS, and a daily internet publication, TED, from The Editor’s Desk. The Internet address for the BLS home page is
.
• An introductory article which calls attention to new surveys or major restructuring of existing surveys. The current edition describes the new National Compensation Survey which combines three previous separate surveys. Earlier articles have included a description of the new Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and the latest revision of the Consumer Price Index. • An introduction to each part highlighting some salient data in the following numerous tables. Also included is a chart showing a particularly noteworthy trend.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Preparation of this book was very much a team activity. The Associate Editor, Sohair M. Abu-Aish, made important contributions to the highlights in addition to ably preparing the tables. Dr. Cornelia Strawser reviewed the tables and the text and made many useful suggestions on the content. Deirdre Gaquin prepared the special tabulations of data from the Current Population Survey. Lorrent Smith prepared all graphics and layout. Copy editing was done by Jacalyn Houston. Special thanks go
• Each major section is preceded by a concise description of the data sources, definitions and methodology from which the tables are derived. • The introductory notes also contain references to more comprehensive reports.
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to Tamera L.Wells-Lee and Dan Parham for directing all editorial and production aspects. Profound appreciations are due to each of these individuals for skills, professionalism and cooperative effort which made this publication possible. Particular thanks go to the BLS staff members too numerous to mention by name who patiently answered questions and provided material. BERNAN’S U.S. DATABOOK SERIES The Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics is one of a number of Bernan publications providing the public with statistical information from official government sources. Other titles in the Bernan U.S. Databook series include
Business Statistics of the United States, Education Statistics of the United States, Health and Healthcare in the United States, Housing Statistics of the United States, and Foreign Trade of the United States. In each of these publications, intense efforts have been made to provide a useful, accurate, and up-to-date selection of information. We welcome you to the world of government statistics and urge you to provide us with your suggestions on how we may make future editions even more useful. Please contact us by email at [email protected] or write us at Bernan Press, 4611-F Assembly Dr., Lanham, MD 20706. Visit our Web site at . Eva E. Jacobs, Editor
THE NATIONAL COMPENSATION SURVEY: STATISTICS COMPENSATION FOR THE 21ST CENTURY The following article, adapted from the winter 2000 issue of the Bureau of Labor Statistics publication, Compensation and Working Conditions, describes the background of the National Compensation Survey. This survey is designed to integrate the wage levels, benefit costs and detailed benefit provisions data that are currently available in Part 5 of this volume.1
This article describes new compensation data produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)—the National Compensation Survey (NCS). The NCS will combine three BLS programs and take them in new directions: the Employment Cost Index, the Employee Benefits Survey and the Occupational Compensation Survey. The NCS provides statistically valid, comprehensive, and interrelated data on wages and employee benefits for all American workers. Compensation data are used by a variety of individuals and groups—academics, government policymakers, labor unions, employers, researchers,
and individuals. Data are needed to answer questions as diverse as how much to pay registered nurses in Dallas or what is a competitive dental care plan for clerical workers. The box below provides examples of the types of questions that compensation professionals and others might be asking, along with the answers that NCS data can provide now, or will provide in the future. The remainder of this article discusses the origins and structure of the NCS program.
Compensation question? Ask NCS Below are some examples of the types of information that the NCS is designed to provide: Q. A manufacturer estimated that its benefit costs increased 3 percent during 1999. Is that comparable to the experience of other employers in the manufacturing industry? A. Employer-paid benefit costs in manufacturing rose 3.4 percent for the 12 months ending December 1999. These data are from the Employment Cost Index, one of the products of the NCS. Q. Our employees are asking for dental coverage as part of our health benefits. Is that a common benefit among large employers in the northeast? A. NCS benefits data indicate that 58 percent of full-time employees in larger private establishments (those with 100 workers or more) in the northeast received dental care benefits in 1997. Q. We are negotiating with the union cost-of-living increases in our defined benefit pension plans. How widespread are such features in private sector pension plans and how do they typically work? A. The NCS benefits survey of larger private establishments indicates that 50 percent of full-time workers have a defined benefit pension plan, and of those participants, only 3 percent have a cost-of-living increase. Such increases are found more often among state and local government plans. Where cost-of-living adjustments do exist, they typically are tied to an inflation indicator, such as the BLS Consumer Price Index (CPI). Such plans may provide an annual pension increase equal to the percent increase in the CPI, but often capped at a specified amount, such as 3 percent per year.
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A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Since it was established in the late 19th century, BLS has been conducting compensation surveys. Among the earliest BLS surveys were those designed to gather wage information for a specific purpose, such as to determine the effect of the 1890 tariff on wages in certain industries. Surveys of employee benefits date to the early 20th century, and typically took the form of case studies of new practices undertaken by small numbers of employers. Compensation studies up through the first half of the last century were designed to meet short-term needs; there was little relationship between one study and the next, and there were little or no trend data. In the 1950s, BLS began the first Occupational Wage Surveys, a program that is a direct ancestor of the National Compensation Survey. These surveys typically were conducted in metropolitan areas throughout the country. Wage data were collected and published for selected jobs (such as secretary or truck driver) and for work levels within those jobs (used to differentiate duties and responsibilities). Over time, this program was expanded to cover specialty jobs in selected industries and white-collar jobs nationwide. A benefit component, the Employee Benefits Survey, was added to the national pay survey in the late 1970s. This program provided the Bureau’s first-ever comprehensive set of statistics on the availability and details of employer-provided benefits. Previous benefit studies typically were case studies of plans or their features. Interest in measures of change in employer costs for wages and benefits in the 1970s led to the development of the Employment Cost Index (ECI), a quarterly measure of compensation cost changes. Previous studies had examined the levels of employer wage and benefit costs. The ECI, introduced in 1975, was the Bureau’s first attempt to provide a single measure of change in employer compensation costs. Since 1986, these data on employer cost trends also have been used to produce annual levels of employer compensation costs and estimates of the proportion of those costs attributable to various types of compensation. There are some seemingly similar data in these various compensation series, but there is a lack of coordination among these products that can limit their usefulness for certain types of analysis. The NCS is designed to coordinate these compensation statistics. The design of the National Compensation Survey focuses on three basic components: A selection of geographic areas; a selection of establishments within those areas; and a selection of occupations within those establishments. Data for the NCS are captured from a fixed set of geographic areas, rather than from all areas of the coun-
try. Within each area, a scientific sample of establishments is chosen to represent all establishments in the area. Within each sampled establishment, a probability sample of occupations is selected. Occupations are classified based on duties and responsibilities. A factor evaluation also is conducted to determine the level of work within the occupation. Compensation is collected only for these sampled occupations. For each occupation, data will be available on wage rates, employer benefit costs, benefit availability, and detailed benefit provisions. These data will be used to produce new tabulations that relate these variables to each other. For example, wage data and benefit provisions can be related to provide insight as to the richness of benefit plans for those earning differing wage levels. Are higherpaid employees also given more generous benefit plans? Employer benefit cost data also will be linked to benefit provisions to permit comparisons of costs for different plan types. For example, what is the trend in employer costs for fee-for-service plans versus health maintenance organizations? Finally, all of these data will be combined into a database to allow more sophisticated analyses of compensation trends, including regressions of benefit plan provisions against employer cost. For instance, do second surgical opinion features really reduce employer health care premiums? All NCS compensation data will be available by various useful categories, such as industry, occupation, union status, location, size of establishment, full-time/part-time status, and profit versus nonprofit organizations. NCS data will be available through a variety of media, including traditional news releases and bulletins as well as electronic access via the BLS Internet site. More detailed analyses of NCS data are published in two BLS periodicals—the Monthly Labor Review and Compensation and Working Conditions. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has provided data on wages since it was established in the late 19th century, and has provided data on benefits since the early 20th century. Series that provide a consistent look at wages by occupation date from the 1950s and detailed benefits data date from the 1970s. Now for the first time, BLS has combined many of its compensation measures into a single, integrated, comprehensive program detailing the wages, benefits, and establishment practices available to American workers. Interrelated data on wage levels, benefit costs, rates of change in employer costs for compensation, benefit availability, and benefit plan details will now be available from a single source—the National Compensation Survey.
1 The original article was by William J. Wiatrowski, an economist in the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
PART ONE POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS HIGHLIGHTS This part presents detailed historical information on the employment status of the population collected in a survey of households, the Current Population Survey (CPS). Basic data on labor force, employment and unemployment are shown for various characteristics of the population such as age, sex, race, and marital status.
Labor Force Participation Rate, 20 Years and Over, 1965–2000 (Labor Force as a Percent of Civilian Noninstitutional Population) 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
Total men
1990
1995
2000
Total women
The dramatic increase in women’s labor force participation has slowed in recent years and the rate for men has stabilized, decreasing the difference in the trend between the two. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: •
• •
• •
• •
Job creation was an outstanding feature of the U.S. economy in the last decade with employment increasing about 14 percent during the period. Since 1993, employment has increased about 2 million per year. The corresponding unemployment rate declined to its lowest level since the late 1960s at 4.0 percent in 2000. (Table 1-1) Average duration of unemployment declined from 18.8 weeks in 1994 to 12.5 weeks in 2000. (Table 1-30) During the period 1990–2000, the average labor force participation rate for Hispanic men (80 percent) was the highest of all men (75 percent), while that of Hispanic women (54 percent) was the lowest of all women (59 percent). In contrast, the average labor force participation rate of Black men (69 percent) was the lowest of all men, while that of Black women (60 percent) was the highest of all women. (Table 1-7) The unemployment rate for Black men age 20–24 continues to be substantially higher than that of young White men, 16.2 percent compared to 6.5 percent in the year 2000. (Table 1-27) The labor force participation rate for mothers with children under 6 was 65 percent in the year 2000. The participation rate for married mothers with spouse present and children under one year of age shows some recent decline. (Tables 1-23, 1-24) Among states, Virginia reported the lowest annual average unemployment rate for 2000 at 2.2 percent, while Alaska recorded the highest rate at 6.6 percent. (Table 1-5) Women increased their share of managerial occupations from 43 to 45 percent from 1995 to 2000, while Blacks only experienced a 0.4 percent gain, increasing from 7.2 to 7.6 percent of total managers. (Table 1-13)
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NOTES AND DEFINITIONS CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY OF HOUSEHOLDS Collection and Coverage Statistics on the employment status of the population and related data are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). This monthly survey of households is conducted for BLS by the Bureau of the Census using a scientifically selected sample of the civilian noninstitutional population. Respondents are interviewed to obtain information about the employment status of each member of the household 16 years of age and over. The inquiry relates to activity or status during the calendar week, Sunday through Saturday, which includes the 12th day of the month. This is known as the “reference week.” Actual field interviewing is conducted in the following week, referred to as the “survey week.” Part of the sample is changed each month. The rotation plan provides for three-fourths of the sample to be common from one month to the next, and one-half to be common with the same month a year earlier. Concepts and Definitions The concepts and definitions underlying labor force data have been modified, but not substantially altered, since the inception of the survey in 1940. Current definitions of some of the major concepts used in the CPS are given below. The civilian noninstitutional population includes persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions (such as penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged), and who are not on active duty in the armed forces. Employed persons are all persons who, during the reference week, (a) did any work at all (at least one hour) as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family, and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, child-care problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-management disputes, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.
Each employed person is counted only once, even if he or she holds more than one job. For purposes of occupation and industry classification, multiple jobholders are counted in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week. Included in the total are employed citizens of foreign countries who are temporarily in the United States but not living on the premises of an embassy. Excluded are persons whose only activity consisted of work around their own house (painting, repairing, or own home housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and other organizations. Unemployed persons are all persons who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment some time during the fourweek period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Duration of unemployment represents the length of time (through the current reference week) that persons classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment. Reason for unemployment is determined by the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into five major groups: (1) Job losers, comprised of (a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within six months (persons on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), and (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work; (2) Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work; (3) Persons who completed temporary jobs and immediately began looking for work; (4) Reentrants, persons who previously worked but were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search; and (5) New entrants, persons who have never worked. Each of these categories of the unemployed can be expressed as a proportion of the entire civilian labor
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
force; the sum of the rates thus equals the unemployment rate for all civilian workers. The civilian labor force comprises all civilians classified as employed or unemployed. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The participation rate represents the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment to population ratio represents the proportion of the population that is employed. Persons not in the labor force are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. Information is collected on their desire for and availability to take a job at the time of the CPS interview, job search activity in the prior year, and reason for not looking in the four-week period prior to the survey week. This group includes discouraged workers. Discouraged workers are defined as persons not in the labor force who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but are not currently looking, because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. Usual full- or part-time status refers to hours usually worked per week. Full-time workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more. This group includes some individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons. Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. These concepts are used to differentiate a person’s normal schedule from their specific activity during the reference week. Unemployed persons who are looking for full-time work or are on layoff from full-time jobs are counted as part of the full-time labor force; unemployed persons who are seeking or who are on layoff from part-time jobs are counted as part of the part-time labor force. Unemployment rates for full- and part-time workers are calculated using the concepts of the full- and part-time labor force.
5
Occupation, industry, and class of worker for the employed is determined by the job held in the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours. The unemployed are classified according to their last job. The occupational and industrial classification of CPS data is based on the coding systems used in the 1990 Census. The class-of-worker breakdown assigns workers to the following categories: private and government wage and salary workers; self-employed workers; and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a government unit. Self-employed persons are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Only the unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category in the class-of-worker typology. Self-employed persons who respond that their businesses are incorporated are included among wage and salary workers, because technically, they are paid employees of a corporation. Unpaid family workers are persons working without pay for 15 hours a week or more on a farm or in a business operated by a member of the household to whom they are related by birth or marriage. Multiple jobholders are employed persons who, during the reference week, had two or more jobs as a wage and salary worker, were self-employed and also held a wage and salary job, or worked as an unpaid family worker and also held a wage and salary job. A person employed only in private households (cleaner, gardener, babysitter, etc.) who worked for two or more employers during the reference week is not counted as a multiple jobholder, since working for several employers is considered an inherent characteristic of private household work. Also excluded are self-employed persons with multiple businesses and persons with multiple jobs as unpaid family workers. At work part-time for economic reasons, sometimes referred to as involuntary part-time, refers to individuals who gave an economic reason for working one to 34 hours during the reference week. Economic reasons include slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, and seasonal declines in demand. Those who usually work part-time must also indicate that they want and are available to work fulltime to be classified as on part-time for economic reasons. At work part-time for noneconomic reasons refers to persons who usually work part-time and were at work one to 34 hours during the reference week for a noneconomic reason. Noneconomic reasons include, for example: ill-
6
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
ness or other medical limitations; childcare problems or other family or personal obligations; school or training; retirement or Social Security limits on earnings; and being in a job where full-time work is less than 35 hours. The group also includes those who gave an economic reason for usually working one to 34 hours but said they do not want to work full-time or were unavailable for such work. White, Black, and Other are terms used to describe the race of persons. Included in the “Other” group are Native Americans, Alaskan Natives, and Asians and Pacific Islanders. Because of the relatively small sample size, data for “Other” races are not published. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.
adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. A family maintained by a woman or a man is one in which the householder is single; widowed; divorced; or married, spouse absent. The annual CPS data on the employment characteristics of families and family members begin with data for 1995. These data are not strictly comparable with family data derived from the March CPS. The annual data are derived by averaging the data for each month of the year, whereas the March data refer to that month. The annual average data provide a larger sample size, while the March family data provide a longer historical series. Additional Concepts and Definitions: CPS Supplements
Hispanic origin refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; thus some are included in the White, some in the Black, and possibly some in the Other population groups. Single, never married; married, spouse present; and other marital status are the terms used to define the marital status of individuals at the time of interview. Married, spouse present, applies to husband and wife if both were living in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, etc. Other marital status applies to persons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced. Married, spouse absent relates to persons who are separated due to marital problems, as well as husbands and wives who are living apart because one or the other was employed elsewhere, on duty with the armed forces, or any other reasons. A household consists of all persons—related family members and all unrelated persons—who occupy a housing unit and have no other usual address. A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit when occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. A householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The term is not applied to either husbands or wives in married-couple families but only to persons in families maintained by either men or women without a spouse. Family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or
In addition to the above concepts and definitions, the definitions below apply to the special labor force data collected annually in the March supplement to the monthly CPS, and the data on tenure usually collected in a February supplement. Persons with work experience are civilians who worked at any time during the preceding calendar year at full- or part-time jobs for pay or profit (including paid vacations and sick leave) or worked without pay on a farm or in a business that was family operated. From 1989 forward, these supplementary tables also include members of the armed forces within the United States. Tenure refers to length of time a worker has been continuously employed by the current employer. The data were collected through a supplement to the CPS. The question asked of all employed persons was how long the person has been working continuously for their present employer and, if one or two years, the exact number of months. The follow-up question was asked for the first time in the 1998 February supplement. Prior to 1983 the question was asked differently; data prior to 1983 are not strictly comparable to data for subsequent years. Year-round full-time workers are workers who worked primarily at full-time jobs for 50 weeks or more during the preceding calendar year. Part-year workers worked either full or part-time for one to 49 weeks. Spell of unemployment is a continuous period of unemployment of at least one week’s duration. A spell is terminated by employment or withdrawal from the labor force.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
7
Extent of unemployment refers to the number and proportion of the labor force that were unemployed at some time during the year. The number of weeks unemployed is the total number of weeks accumulated during the entire year.
a) The introduction of a redesigned and automated questionnaire. The CPS questionnaire was totally redesigned in order to obtain more accurate, comprehensive, and relevant information, and to take advantage of state-of-theart computer interviewing techniques.
Children refers to “own” children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family, including sons and daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children, such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children.
b) The addition of two, more objective, criteria to the definition of discouraged workers. Beginning in 1994, persons classified as discouraged must also have looked for a job within the past year (or since their last job, if they worked during the year), and must have been available for work during the reference week (a direct question on availability was added in 1994). These changes were made because the NCEUS and others felt that the previous definition of discouraged workers was too subjective, relying mainly on an individual’s stated desire for a job and not on prior testing of the labor market.
Earnings are all money income of $1 or more from wages and salaries and net money income of $1 or more from farm and nonfarm self-employment. Educational attainment refers to years of school completed in regular schools, which include graded public, private, and parochial elementary and high schools, whether day or night school; also college, university, or professional school. Minimum wages. The prevailing federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour in 1999. Data are for wage and salary workers who are paid hourly rates. They refer to a person’s earnings on their sole or principal job.
c) Similarly, the identification of persons employed parttime for economic reasons (working less than 35 hours in the reference week because of poor business conditions or because of an inability to find full-time work) was tightened by adding two new criteria for persons who usually work part-time: They must want and be available for full-time work. (Persons who usually work full-time but worked part-time for an economic reason during the reference week are assumed to meet these criteria.)
Absences are defined as instances when persons who usually work 35 or more hours a week worked less than that during the reference period for reasons of illness or family obligations. Excluded are situations in which work was missed for vacation, holidays or other reasons. The estimates are based on one-fourth of the sample only.
d) Specific questions were added about the expectation of recall for persons who indicate that they are on layoff. To be classified as “on temporary layoff,” persons must expect to be recalled to their jobs.
Historical Comparability
e) Persons volunteering that they were waiting to start a new job within 30 days must have looked for work in the four weeks prior to the survey in order to be classified as unemployed.
While current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those introduced at the inception of the survey in 1940, a number of changes have been made over the years to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data. Only the latest changes are described here. In 1994, major changes to the CPS were introduced, which included a complete redesign of the questionnaire and the use of computer-assisted interviewing for the entire survey. In addition, there were revisions to some of the labor force concepts and definitions, including the implementation of some changes recommended in 1979 by the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics (NCEUS, also known as the Levitan Commission). Some of the major changes to the survey were:
Comparability of Labor Force Levels In addition to the refinements in concepts, definitions, and methods made over the years, other changes—made to improve the accuracy of the estimates—have also affected the comparability of the labor force data. The most important of these is the adjustment of the population totals as a result of new information from the decennial censuses and to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. Those affecting the most recent decade are described below. Beginning in January 1994, 1990 census-based population controls were introduced, adjusted for the undercount as measured by the Census Bureau’s Post-Enumeration
8
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Survey. In February 1996, these population controls were introduced into the estimates for 1990–1993 as well. This change increased the civilian non-institutional population for 1990 by about 1.1 million, employment by about 880,000, and unemployment by about 175,000. The overall unemployment rate rose by about 0.1 percentage point. In the case of data from the March supplement to the CPS, the 1990 controls were introduced in 1994 and have not been carried back to 1990. Beginning in January 1997, updated information on the demographic characteristics of immigrants and emigrants was introduced. This raised the overall population by about 470,000, labor force by 320,000, and employment by 290,000, with similar upward adjustments for Hispanics. Unemployment and other percentage rates were not affected. Beginning in January 1998, new estimating procedures were introduced, which reduced labor force by about 229,000 and employment by 256,000 but raised unemployment by 27,000. New information about immigration and emigration was also incorporated which increased the Hispanic population by about 57,000. Unemployment rates were not significantly affected. Beginning in January 1999, new information on immigration raised the population by about 310,000, with differing impacts on different demographic groups. The population of men was lowered by about 185,000, but of women was raised by 490,000. The Hispanic population was lowered by about 165,000 while the rest of the population was raised by about 470,000. Hispanic labor force and employment estimates were each reduced by over 200,000. The impact on unemployment rates and other percentages was small. Beginning in January 2000, the population controls used in the survey were revised to reflect newly updated information on immigration and an upward revision in the number of deaths. As a result, the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over was lowered by about 215,000. The labor force and employment levels were decreased by about 125,000 and 120,000, respectively. Overall and subgroup unemployment rates and other percentages of labor market participation were not significantly affected.
Changes in the Occupational and Industrial Classification System Beginning in January 1983, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 1980 Census were introduced into the CPS. The 1980 Census occupational classification system was so radically different in concepts and nomenclature from the 1970 system that comparisons of historical data are not possible without major adjustments. The industrial classification system used in the 1980 Census was based on the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, as modified in 1977. The adoption of the new industrial system had much less of an adverse effect on historical comparability than did the new occupational system. Beginning in January 1992, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 1990 Census were introduced into the CPS. There were a few breaks in comparability between the 1980 and 1990 census-based systems, particularly within the “technical, sales, and administrative support” categories. The most notable changes in industry classification were the shift of several industries from “business services” to “professional services” and the splitting of some industries into smaller, more detailed categories. Future Plans Expansion of CPS: The CPS sample has been increased to 60,000 households from 50,000. The new sample was introduced beginning September 2, 2000. However, the estimates of the national labor force from the additional sample were not introduced at that time in order to evaluate the impact of the change. The estimates from the two samples were virtually the same, BLS plans to incorporate the additional sample into the July 2001 official national estimates. Industries: The new North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), published by the Office of Management and Budget in July 1998, will be introduced over the next several years to supplant the current SIC system. The NAICS classifications incorporate major changes. A number of new major sectors are created and a new 6-digit industry numbering system is used.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Occupations: A new system for classifying occupations will be introduced into the CPS in 2003. (The new system is already in use in the Occupational Wage Survey, see Part 5 of this book.) The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) reflects the many changes in recent decades to the types of jobs workers perform, especially the shift towards more service-oriented and high technology jobs.
9
Source of Additional Information Descriptions of sampling and estimation procedures and further information on the impact of the historical changes in the survey can be found in the Monthly Labor Review, September, 1993; Employment and Earnings, February 1994, March 1996, and subsequent February issues of that publication; and the BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2490, April 1997. Technical Paper 63, Design and Methodology of the Current Population Survey.
10
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-1. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, 1947–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Employed Total
Participation rate
Total
Percent of population
Unemployed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Number
Not in labor force
Unemployment rate
1947 .......................................... 1948 .......................................... 1949 ..........................................
101 827 103 068 103 994
59 350 60 621 61 286
58.3 58.8 58.9
57 038 58 343 57 651
56.0 56.6 55.4
7 890 7 629 7 658
49 148 50 714 49 993
2 311 2 276 3 637
3.9 3.8 5.9
42 477 42 447 42 708
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
.......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..........................................
104 995 104 621 105 231 107 056 108 321
62 208 62 017 62 138 63 015 63 643
59.2 59.2 59.0 58.9 58.8
58 918 59 961 60 250 61 179 60 109
56.1 57.3 57.3 57.1 55.5
7 160 6 726 6 500 6 260 6 205
51 758 53 235 53 749 54 919 53 904
3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532
5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5
42 787 42 604 43 093 44 041 44 678
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
.......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..........................................
109 683 110 954 112 265 113 727 115 329
65 023 66 552 66 929 67 639 68 369
59.3 60.0 59.6 59.5 59.3
62 170 63 799 64 071 63 036 64 630
56.7 57.5 57.1 55.4 56.0
6 450 6 283 5 947 5 586 5 565
55 722 57 514 58 123 57 450 59 065
2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740
4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5
44 660 44 402 45 336 46 088 46 960
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..........................................
117 245 118 771 120 153 122 416 124 485
69 628 70 459 70 614 71 833 73 091
59.4 59.3 58.8 58.7 58.7
65 778 65 746 66 702 67 762 69 305
56.1 55.4 55.5 55.4 55.7
5 458 5 200 4 944 4 687 4 523
60 318 60 546 61 759 63 076 64 782
3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786
5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2
47 617 48 312 49 539 50 583 51 394
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..........................................
126 513 128 058 129 874 132 028 134 335
74 455 75 770 77 347 78 737 80 734
58.9 59.2 59.6 59.6 60.1
71 088 72 895 74 372 75 920 77 902
56.2 56.9 57.3 57.5 58.0
4 361 3 979 3 844 3 817 3 606
66 726 68 915 70 527 72 103 74 296
3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832
4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5
52 058 52 288 52 527 53 291 53 602
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..........................................
137 085 140 216 144 126 147 096 150 120
82 771 84 382 87 034 89 429 91 949
60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3
78 678 79 367 82 153 85 064 86 794
57.4 56.6 57.0 57.8 57.8
3 463 3 394 3 484 3 470 3 515
75 215 75 972 78 669 81 594 83 279
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6
54 315 55 834 57 091 57 667 58 171
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..........................................
153 153 156 150 159 033 161 910 164 863
93 775 96 158 99 009 102 251 104 962
61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7
85 846 88 752 92 017 96 048 98 824
56.1 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9
3 408 3 331 3 283 3 387 3 347
82 438 85 421 88 734 92 661 95 477
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8
59 377 59 991 60 025 59 659 59 900
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..........................................
167 745 170 130 172 271 174 215 176 383
106 940 108 670 110 204 111 550 113 544
63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4
99 303 100 397 99 526 100 834 105 005
59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5
3 364 3 368 3 401 3 383 3 321
95 938 97 030 96 125 97 450 101 685
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5
60 806 61 460 62 067 62 665 62 839
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..........................................
178 206 180 587 182 753 184 613 186 393
115 461 117 834 119 865 121 669 123 869
64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5
107 150 109 597 112 440 114 968 117 342
60.1 60.7 61.5 62.3 63.0
3 179 3 163 3 208 3 169 3 199
103 971 106 434 109 232 111 800 114 142
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528
7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3
62 744 62 752 62 888 62 944 62 523
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..........................................
189 164 190 925 192 805 194 838 196 814
125 840 126 346 128 105 129 200 131 056
66.5 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6
118 793 117 718 118 492 120 259 123 060
62.8 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5
3 223 3 269 3 247 3 115 3 409
115 570 114 449 115 245 117 144 119 651
7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996
5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1
63 324 64 578 64 700 65 638 65 758
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..........................................
198 584 200 591 203 133 205 220 207 753
132 304 133 943 136 297 137 673 139 368
66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1
124 900 126 708 129 558 131 463 133 488
62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3
3 440 3 443 3 399 3 378 3 281
121 460 123 264 126 159 128 085 130 207
7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2
66 280 66 647 66 837 67 547 68 385
2000 ..........................................
209 699
140 863
67.2
135 208
64.5
3 305
131 903
5 655
4.0
68 836
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
11
Table 1-2. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, 1965–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Civilian labor force Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Employed Total
Participation rate
Total
Percent of population
Unemployed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Number
Not in labor force
Unemployment rate
MEN 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
59 782 60 262 60 905 61 847 62 898
48 255 48 471 48 987 49 533 50 221
80.7 80.4 80.4 80.1 79.8
46 340 46 919 47 479 48 114 48 818
77.5 77.9 78.0 77.8 77.6
3 547 3 243 3 164 3 157 2 963
42 792 43 675 44 315 44 957 45 855
1 914 1 551 1 508 1 419 1 403
4.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8
11 527 11 792 11 919 12 315 12 677
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
64 304 65 942 67 835 69 292 70 808
51 228 52 180 53 555 54 624 55 739
79.7 79.1 78.9 78.8 78.7
48 990 49 390 50 896 52 349 53 024
76.2 74.9 75.0 75.5 74.9
2 862 2 795 2 849 2 847 2 919
46 128 46 595 48 047 49 502 50 105
2 238 2 789 2 659 2 275 2 714
4.4 5.3 5.0 4.2 4.9
13 076 13 762 14 280 14 667 15 069
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
72 291 73 759 75 193 76 576 78 020
56 299 57 174 58 396 59 620 60 726
77.9 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.8
51 857 53 138 54 728 56 479 57 607
71.7 72.0 72.8 73.8 73.8
2 824 2 744 2 671 2 718 2 686
49 032 50 394 52 057 53 761 54 921
4 442 4 036 3 667 3 142 3 120
7.9 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.1
15 993 16 585 16 797 16 956 17 293
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
79 398 80 511 81 523 82 531 83 605
61 453 61 974 62 450 63 047 63 835
77.4 77.0 76.6 76.4 76.4
57 186 57 397 56 271 56 787 59 091
72.0 71.3 69.0 68.8 70.7
2 709 2 700 2 736 2 704 2 668
54 477 54 697 53 534 54 083 56 423
4 267 4 577 6 179 6 260 4 744
6.9 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4
17 945 18 537 19 073 19 484 19 771
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
84 469 85 798 86 899 87 857 88 762
64 411 65 422 66 207 66 927 67 840
76.3 76.3 76.2 76.2 76.4
59 891 60 892 62 107 63 273 64 315
70.9 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.5
2 535 2 511 2 543 2 493 2 513
57 356 58 381 59 564 60 780 61 802
4 521 4 530 4 101 3 655 3 525
7.0 6.9 6.2 5.5 5.2
20 058 20 376 20 692 20 930 20 923
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
90 377 91 278 92 270 93 332 94 355
69 011 69 168 69 964 70 404 70 817
76.4 75.8 75.8 75.4 75.1
65 104 64 223 64 440 65 349 66 450
72.0 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4
2 546 2 589 2 575 2 478 2 554
62 559 61 634 61 866 62 871 63 896
3 906 4 946 5 523 5 055 4 367
5.7 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.2
21 367 22 110 22 306 22 927 23 538
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
95 178 96 206 97 715 98 758 99 722
71 360 72 087 73 261 73 959 74 512
75.0 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.7
67 377 68 207 69 685 70 693 71 446
70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 71.6
2 559 2 573 2 552 2 553 2 432
64 818 65 634 67 133 68 140 69 014
3 983 3 880 3 577 3 266 3 066
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.4 4.1
23 818 24 119 24 454 24 799 25 210
2000 ...........................................
100 731
75 247
74.7
72 293
71.8
2 434
69 859
2 954
3.9
25 484
WOMEN 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
66 731 67 795 68 968 70 179 71 436
26 200 27 299 28 360 29 204 30 513
39.3 40.3 41.1 41.6 42.7
24 748 25 976 26 893 27 807 29 084
37.1 38.3 39.0 39.6 40.7
814 736 680 660 643
23 934 25 240 26 212 27 147 28 441
1 452 1 324 1 468 1 397 1 429
5.5 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.7
40 531 40 496 40 608 40 976 40 924
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
72 782 74 274 76 290 77 804 79 312
31 543 32 202 33 479 34 804 36 211
43.3 43.4 43.9 44.7 45.7
29 688 29 976 31 257 32 715 33 769
40.8 40.4 41.0 42.0 42.6
601 599 635 622 596
29 087 29 377 30 622 32 093 33 173
1 855 2 227 2 222 2 089 2 441
5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7
41 239 42 072 42 811 43 000 43 101
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
80 860 82 390 83 840 85 334 86 843
37 475 38 983 40 613 42 631 44 235
46.3 47.3 48.4 50.0 50.9
33 989 35 615 37 289 39 569 41 217
42.0 43.2 44.5 46.4 47.5
584 588 612 669 661
33 404 35 027 36 677 38 900 40 556
3 486 3 369 3 324 3 061 3 018
9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8
43 386 43 406 43 227 42 703 42 608
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
88 348 89 618 90 748 91 684 92 778
45 487 46 696 47 755 48 503 49 709
51.5 52.1 52.6 52.9 53.6
42 117 43 000 43 256 44 047 45 915
47.7 48.0 47.7 48.0 49.5
656 667 665 680 653
41 461 42 333 42 591 43 367 45 262
3 370 3 696 4 499 4 457 3 794
7.4 7.9 9.4 9.2 7.6
42 861 42 922 42 993 43 181 43 068
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
93 736 94 789 95 853 96 756 97 630
51 050 52 413 53 658 54 742 56 030
54.5 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.4
47 259 48 706 50 334 51 696 53 027
50.4 51.4 52.5 53.4 54.3
644 652 666 676 687
46 615 48 054 49 668 51 020 52 341
3 791 3 707 3 324 3 046 3 003
7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.4
42 686 42 376 42 195 42 014 41 601
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
98 787 99 646 100 535 101 506 102 460
56 829 57 178 58 141 58 795 60 239
57.5 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.8
53 689 53 496 54 052 54 910 56 610
54.3 53.7 53.8 54.1 55.3
678 680 672 637 855
53 011 52 815 53 380 54 273 55 755
3 140 3 683 4 090 3 885 3 629
5.5 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.0
41 957 42 468 42 394 42 711 42 221
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
103 406 104 385 105 418 106 462 108 031
60 944 61 857 63 036 63 714 64 855
58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0
57 523 58 501 59 873 60 771 62 042
55.6 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.4
881 871 847 825 849
56 642 57 630 59 026 59 945 61 193
3 421 3 356 3 162 2 944 2 814
5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.3
42 462 42 528 42 382 42 748 43 175
2000 ...........................................
108 968
65 616
60.2
62 915
57.7
871
62 044
2 701
4.1
43 352
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
12
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1981–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Employment status, sex, and age
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
170 130 108 670 100 397 3 368 97 030 8 273 61 460
172 271 110 204 99 526 3 401 96 125 10 678 62 067
174 215 111 550 100 834 3 383 97 450 10 717 62 665
176 383 113 544 105 005 3 321 101 685 8 539 62 839
178 206 115 461 107 150 3 179 103 971 8 312 62 744
180 587 117 834 109 597 3 163 106 434 8 237 62 752
182 753 119 865 112 440 3 208 109 232 7 425 62 888
184 613 121 669 114 968 3 169 111 800 6 701 62 944
186 393 123 869 117 342 3 199 114 142 6 528 62 523
189 164 125 840 118 793 3 223 115 570 7 047 63 324
80 511 61 974 57 397 2 700 54 697 4 577 18 537
81 523 62 450 56 271 2 736 53 534 6 179 19 073
82 531 63 047 56 787 2 704 54 083 6 260 19 484
83 605 63 835 59 091 2 668 56 423 4 744 19 771
84 469 64 411 59 891 2 535 57 356 4 521 20 058
85 798 65 422 60 892 2 511 58 381 4 530 20 376
86 899 66 207 62 107 2 543 59 564 4 101 20 692
87 857 66 927 63 273 2 493 60 780 3 655 20 930
88 762 67 840 64 315 2 513 61 802 3 525 20 923
90 377 69 011 65 104 2 546 62 559 3 906 21 367
72 419 57 197 53 582 2 384 51 199 3 615 15 222
73 644 57 980 52 891 2 422 50 469 5 089 15 664
74 872 58 744 53 487 2 429 51 058 5 257 16 129
76 219 59 701 55 769 2 418 53 351 3 932 16 518
77 195 60 277 56 562 2 278 54 284 3 715 16 918
78 523 61 320 57 569 2 292 55 277 3 751 17 203
79 565 62 095 58 726 2 329 56 397 3 369 17 470
80 553 62 768 59 781 2 271 57 510 2 987 17 785
81 619 63 704 60 837 2 307 58 530 2 867 17 915
83 030 64 916 61 678 2 329 59 349 3 239 18 114
89 618 46 696 43 000 667 42 333 3 696 42 922
90 748 47 755 43 256 665 42 591 4 499 42 993
91 684 48 503 44 047 680 43 367 4 457 43 181
92 778 49 709 45 915 653 45 262 3 794 43 068
93 736 51 050 47 259 644 46 615 3 791 42 686
94 789 52 413 48 706 652 48 054 3 707 42 376
95 853 53 658 50 334 666 49 668 3 324 42 195
96 756 54 742 51 696 676 51 020 3 046 42 014
97 630 56 030 53 027 687 52 341 3 003 41 601
98 787 56 829 53 689 678 53 011 3 140 41 957
81 497 42 485 39 590 604 38 986 2 895 39 012
82 864 43 699 40 086 601 39 485 3 613 39 165
84 069 44 636 41 004 620 40 384 3 632 39 433
85 429 45 900 42 793 595 42 198 3 107 39 529
86 506 47 283 44 154 596 43 558 3 129 39 222
87 567 48 589 45 556 614 44 943 3 032 38 979
88 583 49 783 47 074 622 46 453 2 709 38 800
89 532 50 870 48 383 625 47 757 2 487 38 662
90 550 52 212 49 745 642 49 103 2 467 38 339
91 614 53 131 50 535 631 49 904 2 596 38 483
16 214 8 988 7 225 380 6 845 1 763 7 226
15 763 8 526 6 549 378 6 171 1 977 7 238
15 274 8 171 6 342 334 6 008 1 829 7 104
14 735 7 943 6 444 309 6 135 1 499 6 791
14 506 7 901 6 434 305 6 129 1 468 6 604
14 496 7 926 6 472 258 6 215 1 454 6 570
14 606 7 988 6 640 258 6 382 1 347 6 618
14 527 8 031 6 805 273 6 532 1 226 6 497
14 223 7 954 6 759 250 6 510 1 194 6 270
14 520 7 792 6 581 264 6 317 1 212 6 727
TOTAL CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONAL POPULATION Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... BOTH SEXES, 16-19 YEARS Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
See Note at end of table.
13
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1981–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Employment status, sex, and age
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
190 925 126 346 117 718 3 269 114 449 8 628 64 578
192 805 128 105 118 492 3 247 115 245 9 613 64 700
194 838 129 200 120 259 3 115 117 144 8 940 65 638
196 814 131 056 123 060 3 409 119 651 7 996 65 758
198 584 132 304 124 900 3 440 121 460 7 404 66 280
200 591 133 943 126 708 3 443 123 264 7 236 66 647
203 133 136 297 129 558 3 399 126 159 6 739 66 837
205 220 137 673 131 463 3 378 128 085 6 210 67 547
207 753 139 368 133 488 3 281 130 207 5 880 68 385
209 699 140 863 135 208 3 305 131 903 5 655 68 836
91 278 69 168 64 223 2 589 61 634 4 946 22 110
92 270 69 964 64 440 2 575 61 866 5 523 22 306
93 332 70 404 65 349 2 478 62 871 5 055 22 927
94 355 70 817 66 450 2 554 63 896 4 367 23 538
95 178 71 360 67 377 2 559 64 818 3 983 23 818
96 206 72 087 68 207 2 573 65 634 3 880 24 119
97 715 73 261 69 685 2 552 67 133 3 577 24 454
98 758 73 959 70 693 2 553 68 140 3 266 24 799
99 722 74 512 71 446 2 432 69 014 3 066 25 210
100 731 75 247 72 293 2 434 69 859 2 954 25 484
84 144 65 374 61 178 2 383 58 795 4 195 18 770
85 247 66 213 61 496 2 385 59 111 4 717 19 034
86 256 66 642 62 355 2 293 60 063 4 287 19 613
87 151 66 921 63 294 2 351 60 943 3 627 20 230
87 811 67 324 64 085 2 335 61 750 3 239 20 487
88 606 68 044 64 897 2 356 62 541 3 146 20 563
89 879 69 166 66 284 2 356 63 927 2 882 20 713
90 790 69 715 67 135 2 350 64 785 2 580 21 075
91 555 70 194 67 761 2 244 65 517 2 433 21 362
92 580 70 930 68 580 2 252 66 328 2 350 21 650
99 646 57 178 53 496 680 52 815 3 683 42 468
100 535 58 141 54 052 672 53 380 4 090 42 394
101 506 58 795 54 910 637 54 273 3 885 42 711
102 460 60 239 56 610 855 55 755 3 629 42 221
103 406 60 944 57 523 881 56 642 3 421 42 462
104 385 61 857 58 501 871 57 630 3 356 42 528
105 418 63 036 59 873 847 59 026 3 162 42 382
106 462 63 714 60 771 825 59 945 2 944 42 748
108 031 64 855 62 042 849 61 193 2 814 43 175
108 968 65 616 62 915 871 62 044 2 701 43 352
92 708 53 708 50 634 639 49 995 3 074 39 000
93 718 54 796 51 328 625 50 702 3 469 38 922
94 647 55 388 52 099 598 51 501 3 288 39 260
95 467 56 655 53 606 809 52 796 3 049 38 813
96 262 57 215 54 396 830 53 566 2 819 39 047
97 050 58 094 55 311 827 54 484 2 783 38 956
97 889 59 198 56 613 798 55 815 2 585 38 691
98 786 59 702 57 278 768 56 510 2 424 39 084
100 158 60 840 58 555 803 57 752 2 285 39 318
101 078 61 565 59 352 818 58 535 2 212 39 513
14 073 7 265 5 906 247 5 659 1 359 6 808
13 840 7 096 5 669 237 5 432 1 427 6 745
13 935 7 170 5 805 224 5 580 1 365 6 765
14 196 7 481 6 161 249 5 912 1 320 6 715
14 511 7 765 6 419 275 6 144 1 346 6 746
14 934 7 806 6 500 261 6 239 1 306 7 128
15 365 7 932 6 661 244 6 417 1 271 7 433
15 644 8 256 7 051 261 6 790 1 205 7 388
16 040 8 333 7 172 234 6 938 1 162 7 706
16 042 8 369 7 276 235 7 041 1 093 7 673
TOTAL CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONAL POPULATION Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... BOTH SEXES, 16-19 YEARS Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
See Note at end of table.
14
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1981–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Employment status, sex, and age
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
147 908 95 052 88 709 3 109 85 600 6 343 52 856
149 441 96 143 87 903 3 142 84 761 8 241 53 298
150 805 97 021 88 893 3 119 85 774 8 128 53 784
152 347 98 492 92 120 3 057 89 063 6 372 53 855
153 679 99 926 93 736 2 936 90 799 6 191 53 753
155 432 101 801 95 660 2 958 92 703 6 140 53 631
156 958 103 290 97 789 2 986 94 803 5 501 53 669
158 194 104 756 99 812 2 965 96 846 4 944 53 439
159 338 106 355 101 584 2 996 98 588 4 770 52 983
160 625 107 447 102 261 2 998 99 263 5 186 53 178
70 480 54 895 51 315 2 481 48 833 3 580 15 585
71 211 55 133 50 287 2 518 47 770 4 846 16 078
71 922 55 480 50 621 2 484 48 138 4 859 16 441
72 723 56 062 52 462 2 437 50 025 3 600 16 661
73 373 56 472 53 046 2 325 50 720 3 426 16 901
74 390 57 217 53 785 2 340 51 444 3 433 17 173
75 189 57 779 54 647 2 354 52 293 3 132 17 410
75 855 58 317 55 550 2 318 53 232 2 766 17 538
76 468 58 988 56 352 2 345 54 007 2 636 17 480
77 369 59 638 56 703 2 353 54 350 2 935 17 731
63 715 50 671 47 846 2 183 45 663 2 825 13 044
64 655 51 200 47 209 2 218 44 990 3 991 13 455
65 581 51 716 47 618 2 225 45 393 4 098 13 865
66 610 52 453 49 461 2 201 47 260 2 992 14 157
67 386 52 895 50 061 2 085 47 976 2 834 14 490
68 413 53 675 50 818 2 131 48 687 2 857 14 738
69 175 54 232 51 649 2 150 49 499 2 584 14 942
69 887 54 734 52 466 2 104 50 362 2 268 15 153
70 654 55 441 53 292 2 149 51 143 2 149 15 213
71 457 56 116 53 685 2 148 51 537 2 431 15 340
77 428 40 157 37 394 628 36 767 2 762 37 272
78 230 41 010 37 615 624 36 991 3 395 37 220
78 884 41 541 38 272 635 37 636 3 270 37 342
79 624 42 431 39 659 620 39 038 2 772 37 193
80 306 43 455 40 690 611 40 079 2 765 36 852
81 042 44 584 41 876 617 41 259 2 708 36 458
81 769 45 510 43 142 632 42 509 2 369 36 258
82 340 46 439 44 262 648 43 614 2 177 35 901
82 871 47 367 45 232 651 44 581 2 135 35 504
83 256 47 809 45 558 645 44 913 2 251 35 447
70 677 36 418 34 275 567 33 708 2 143 34 258
71 711 37 425 34 710 565 34 144 2 715 34 286
72 601 38 119 35 476 580 34 896 2 643 34 482
73 590 39 087 36 823 564 36 259 2 264 34 503
74 394 40 190 37 907 566 37 341 2 283 34 204
75 140 41 264 39 050 580 38 471 2 213 33 876
75 845 42 164 40 242 590 39 652 1 922 33 681
76 470 43 081 41 316 599 40 717 1 766 33 389
77 154 44 105 42 346 608 41 738 1 758 33 050
77 539 44 648 42 796 598 42 198 1 852 32 891
13 516 7 962 6 588 359 6 229 1 374 5 554
13 076 7 518 5 984 358 5 626 1 534 5 557
12 623 7 186 5 799 314 5 485 1 387 5 436
12 147 6 952 5 836 292 5 544 1 116 5 195
11 900 6 841 5 768 285 5 483 1 074 5 058
11 879 6 862 5 792 247 5 545 1 070 5 017
11 939 6 893 5 898 246 5 652 995 5 045
11 838 6 940 6 030 263 5 767 910 4 897
11 530 6 809 5 946 239 5 707 863 4 721
11 630 6 683 5 779 252 5 528 903 4 947
TOTAL, WHITE Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WHITE MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WHITE MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WHITE WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WHITE WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WHITE BOTH SEXES, 16-19 YEARS Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
See Note at end of table.
15
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1981–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Employment status, sex, and age
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
161 759 107 743 101 182 3 026 98 157 6 560 54 016
162 972 108 837 101 669 3 018 98 650 7 169 54 135
164 289 109 700 103 045 2 895 100 150 6 655 54 589
165 555 111 082 105 190 3 162 102 027 5 892 54 473
166 914 111 950 106 490 3 194 103 296 5 459 54 965
168 317 113 108 107 808 3 276 104 532 5 300 55 209
169 993 114 693 109 856 3 208 106 648 4 836 55 301
171 478 115 415 110 931 3 160 107 770 4 484 56 064
173 085 116 509 112 235 3 083 109 152 4 273 56 577
174 428 117 574 113 475 3 099 110 376 4 099 56 854
77 977 59 656 55 797 2 384 53 413 3 859 18 321
78 651 60 168 55 959 2 378 53 580 4 209 18 484
79 371 60 484 56 656 2 286 54 370 3 828 18 887
80 059 60 727 57 452 2 347 55 104 3 275 19 332
80 733 61 146 58 146 2 347 55 800 2 999 19 587
81 489 61 783 58 888 2 436 56 452 2 896 19 706
82 577 62 639 59 998 2 389 57 608 2 641 19 938
83 352 63 034 60 604 2 376 58 228 2 431 20 317
83 930 63 413 61 139 2 273 58 866 2 274 20 517
84 647 63 861 61 696 2 266 59 429 2 165 20 786
72 274 56 387 53 103 2 192 50 912 3 284 15 887
73 040 56 976 53 357 2 197 51 160 3 620 16 064
73 721 57 284 54 021 2 114 51 907 3 263 16 436
74 311 57 411 54 676 2 151 52 525 2 735 16 900
74 879 57 719 55 254 2 132 53 122 2 465 17 161
75 454 58 340 55 977 2 224 53 753 2 363 17 114
76 320 59 126 56 986 2 201 54 785 2 140 17 194
76 966 59 421 57 500 2 182 55 319 1 920 17 545
77 432 59 747 57 934 2 094 55 839 1 813 17 685
78 151 60 182 58 469 2 092 56 377 1 713 17 969
83 781 48 087 45 385 641 44 744 2 701 35 695
84 321 48 669 45 710 640 45 070 2 959 35 651
84 918 49 216 46 390 609 45 780 2 827 35 702
85 496 50 356 47 738 815 46 923 2 617 35 141
86 181 50 804 48 344 847 47 497 2 460 35 377
86 828 51 325 48 920 840 48 080 2 404 35 503
87 417 52 054 49 859 819 49 040 2 195 35 363
88 126 52 380 50 327 784 49 543 2 053 35 746
89 156 53 096 51 096 810 50 286 1 999 36 060
89 781 53 714 51 780 833 50 947 1 934 36 068
78 285 45 111 42 862 601 42 261 2 248 33 174
78 928 45 839 43 327 594 42 733 2 512 33 089
79 490 46 311 43 910 572 43 339 2 400 33 179
79 980 47 314 45 116 772 44 344 2 197 32 666
80 567 47 686 45 643 799 44 844 2 042 32 881
81 041 48 162 46 164 798 45 366 1 998 32 879
81 492 48 847 47 063 771 46 292 1 784 32 645
82 073 49 029 47 342 729 46 612 1 688 33 044
82 953 49 714 48 098 765 47 333 1 616 33 239
83 570 50 318 48 736 784 47 953 1 581 33 253
11 200 6 245 5 216 233 4 984 1 029 4 955
11 004 6 022 4 985 228 4 757 1 037 4 982
11 078 6 105 5 113 209 4 904 992 4 973
11 264 6 357 5 398 239 5 158 960 4 907
11 468 6 545 5 593 262 5 331 952 4 923
11 822 6 607 5 667 254 5 413 939 5 215
12 181 6 720 5 807 236 5 571 912 5 462
12 439 6 965 6 089 250 5 839 876 5 475
12 700 7 048 6 204 224 5 980 844 5 652
12 707 7 075 6 270 224 6 046 805 5 632
TOTAL, WHITE Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WHITE MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WHITE MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WHITE WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WHITE WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... WHITE BOTH SEXES, 16-19 YEARS Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
See Note at end of table.
16
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1981–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Employment status, sex, and age
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
TOTAL, BLACK Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
18 219 11 086 9 355 184 9 171 1 731 7 134
18 584 11 331 9 189 188 9 001 2 142 7 254
18 925 11 647 9 375 193 9 182 2 272 7 278
19 348 12 033 10 119 196 9 923 1 914 7 315
19 664 12 364 10 501 189 10 312 1 864 7 299
19 989 12 654 10 814 155 10 659 1 840 7 335
20 352 12 993 11 309 164 11 145 1 684 7 359
20 692 13 205 11 658 153 11 505 1 547 7 487
21 021 13 497 11 953 150 11 803 1 544 7 524
21 477 13 740 12 175 142 12 034 1 565 7 737
8 117 5 685 4 794 162 4 632 891 2 433
8 283 5 804 4 637 163 4 474 1 167 2 481
8 447 5 966 4 753 165 4 587 1 213 2 482
8 654 6 126 5 124 174 4 950 1 003 2 528
8 790 6 220 5 270 167 5 103 951 2 570
8 956 6 373 5 428 133 5 295 946 2 583
9 128 6 486 5 661 142 5 519 826 2 642
9 289 6 596 5 824 133 5 691 771 2 694
9 439 6 701 5 928 127 5 802 773 2 738
9 573 6 802 5 995 124 5 872 806 2 772
7 007 5 223 4 520 148 4 372 703 1 785
7 186 5 368 4 414 150 4 264 954 1 819
7 360 5 533 4 531 152 4 379 1 002 1 828
7 599 5 686 4 871 161 4 710 815 1 913
7 731 5 749 4 992 154 4 837 757 1 982
7 907 5 915 5 150 125 5 025 765 1 991
8 063 6 023 5 357 135 5 222 666 2 040
8 215 6 127 5 509 129 5 381 617 2 089
8 364 6 221 5 602 119 5 483 619 2 143
8 479 6 357 5 692 117 5 576 664 2 122
10 102 5 401 4 561 22 4 539 840 4 701
10 300 5 527 4 552 25 4 527 975 4 773
10 477 5 681 4 622 28 4 595 1 059 4 796
10 694 5 907 4 995 22 4 973 911 4 787
10 873 6 144 5 231 22 5 209 913 4 729
11 033 6 281 5 386 22 5 364 894 4 752
11 224 6 507 5 648 22 5 626 858 4 717
11 402 6 609 5 834 20 5 814 776 4 793
11 582 6 796 6 025 24 6 001 772 4 786
11 904 6 938 6 180 18 6 162 758 4 965
8 924 5 001 4 329 19 4 310 671 3 923
9 146 5 140 4 347 21 4 326 793 4 006
9 340 5 306 4 428 25 4 403 878 4 034
9 588 5 520 4 773 21 4 752 747 4 069
9 773 5 727 4 977 19 4 959 750 4 046
9 945 5 855 5 128 22 5 106 728 4 090
10 126 6 071 5 365 20 5 345 706 4 054
10 298 6 190 5 548 18 5 530 642 4 108
10 482 6 352 5 727 23 5 703 625 4 130
10 760 6 517 5 884 18 5 867 633 4 243
2 288 862 505 17 489 357 1 426
2 252 824 428 16 412 396 1 429
2 225 809 416 16 400 392 1 416
2 161 827 474 13 460 353 1 334
2 160 889 532 16 516 357 1 271
2 137 883 536 8 529 347 1 254
2 163 899 587 9 578 312 1 264
2 179 889 601 7 594 288 1 291
2 176 925 625 8 617 300 1 251
2 238 866 598 7 591 268 1 372
BLACK MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... BLACK MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... BLACK WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... BLACK WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... BLACK, BOTH SEXES, 16-19 YEARS Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
See Note at end of table.
17
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1981–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Employment status, sex, and age
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTAL, BLACK Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
21 799 13 797 12 074 160 11 914 1 723 8 002
22 147 14 162 12 151 153 11 997 2 011 7 985
22 521 14 225 12 382 143 12 239 1 844 8 296
22 879 14 502 12 835 136 12 699 1 666 8 377
23 246 14 817 13 279 101 13 178 1 538 8 429
23 604 15 134 13 542 98 13 444 1 592 8 470
24 003 15 529 13 969 117 13 852 1 560 8 474
24 373 15 982 14 556 138 14 417 1 426 8 391
24 855 16 365 15 056 117 14 939 1 309 8 490
25 218 16 603 15 334 138 15 196 1 269 8 615
9 725 6 851 5 961 139 5 822 890 2 874
9 896 6 997 5 930 138 5 791 1 067 2 899
10 083 7 019 6 047 128 5 919 971 3 064
10 258 7 089 6 241 118 6 122 848 3 169
10 411 7 183 6 422 93 6 329 762 3 228
10 575 7 264 6 456 86 6 371 808 3 311
10 763 7 354 6 607 103 6 504 747 3 409
10 927 7 542 6 871 118 6 752 671 3 386
11 143 7 652 7 027 99 6 928 626 3 491
11 320 7 816 7 180 116 7 064 636 3 504
8 652 6 451 5 706 131 5 575 745 2 202
8 840 6 568 5 681 131 5 550 886 2 272
9 008 6 594 5 793 120 5 673 801 2 413
9 171 6 646 5 964 115 5 849 682 2 525
9 280 6 730 6 137 89 6 048 593 2 550
9 414 6 806 6 167 83 6 084 639 2 608
9 575 6 910 6 325 101 6 224 585 2 665
9 727 7 053 6 530 112 6 418 524 2 673
9 926 7 182 6 702 96 6 606 480 2 743
10 107 7 343 6 832 111 6 720 511 2 765
12 074 6 946 6 113 21 6 092 833 5 129
12 251 7 166 6 221 15 6 206 944 5 086
12 438 7 206 6 334 15 6 320 872 5 231
12 621 7 413 6 595 18 6 577 818 5 208
12 835 7 634 6 857 8 6 849 777 5 201
13 029 7 869 7 086 13 7 073 784 5 159
13 241 8 175 7 362 14 7 348 813 5 066
13 446 8 441 7 685 20 7 665 756 5 005
13 711 8 713 8 029 18 8 011 684 4 999
13 898 8 787 8 154 21 8 133 633 5 111
10 959 6 572 5 874 20 5 853 698 4 388
11 152 6 778 5 978 15 5 963 800 4 374
11 332 6 824 6 095 14 6 081 729 4 508
11 496 7 004 6 320 17 6 303 685 4 492
11 682 7 175 6 556 7 6 548 620 4 507
11 833 7 405 6 762 12 6 749 643 4 428
12 016 7 686 7 013 13 7 000 673 4 330
12 203 7 912 7 290 19 7 272 622 4 291
12 451 8 224 7 663 17 7 646 561 4 226
12 643 8 293 7 774 20 7 754 519 4 350
2 187 774 494 8 486 280 1 413
2 155 816 492 7 485 324 1 339
2 181 807 494 9 485 313 1 374
2 211 852 552 1 547 300 1 360
2 284 911 586 5 581 325 1 372
2 356 923 613 3 611 310 1 434
2 412 933 631 3 628 302 1 479
2 443 1 017 736 8 728 281 1 427
2 479 959 691 4 687 268 1 520
2 468 967 729 7 722 239 1 500
BLACK MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... BLACK MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... BLACK WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... BLACK WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... BLACK, BOTH SEXES, 16-19 YEARS Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
See Note at end of table.
18
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1981–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Employment status, sex, and age
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
TOTAL, HISPANIC Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
10 120 6 492 5 813 273 5 540 678 3 628
10 580 6 734 5 805 285 5 521 929 3 846
11 029 7 033 6 072 316 5 756 961 3 997
11 478 7 451 6 651 341 6 310 800 4 027
11 915 7 698 6 888 302 6 586 811 4 217
12 344 8 076 7 219 329 6 890 857 4 268
12 867 8 541 7 790 398 7 391 751 4 327
13 325 8 982 8 250 407 7 843 732 4 342
13 791 9 323 8 573 440 8 133 750 4 468
15 904 10 720 9 845 517 9 328 876 5 184
4 968 4 005 3 597 229 3 369 408 963
5 203 4 148 3 583 243 3 340 565 1 055
5 432 4 362 3 771 271 3 499 591 1 070
5 661 4 563 4 083 296 3 787 480 1 098
5 885 4 729 4 245 264 3 981 483 1 157
6 106 4 948 4 428 287 4 140 520 1 158
6 371 5 163 4 713 351 4 361 451 1 208
6 604 5 409 4 972 356 4 616 437 1 195
6 825 5 595 5 172 393 4 779 423 1 230
8 041 6 546 6 021 449 5 572 524 1 495
4 306 3 647 3 325 205 3 120 321 659
4 539 3 815 3 354 222 3 132 461 724
4 771 4 014 3 523 246 3 276 491 758
5 005 4 218 3 825 271 3 554 393 787
5 232 4 395 3 994 239 3 754 401 837
5 451 4 612 4 174 263 3 911 438 839
5 700 4 818 4 444 327 4 118 374 882
5 921 5 031 4 680 327 4 353 351 890
6 114 5 195 4 853 366 4 487 342 919
7 126 6 034 5 609 415 5 195 425 1 092
5 151 2 486 2 216 44 2 172 269 2 665
5 377 2 586 2 222 42 2 180 364 2 792
5 597 2 671 2 301 44 2 257 369 2 927
5 816 2 888 2 568 46 2 522 320 2 929
6 029 2 970 2 642 38 2 604 327 3 059
6 238 3 128 2 791 42 2 749 337 3 110
6 496 3 377 3 077 47 3 030 300 3 119
6 721 3 573 3 278 51 3 227 296 3 147
6 965 3 728 3 401 48 3 353 327 3 237
7 863 4 174 3 823 68 3 755 351 3 689
4 513 2 242 2 029 37 1 992 212 2 271
4 734 2 333 2 040 35 2 006 293 2 401
4 954 2 429 2 127 40 2 086 302 2 525
5 173 2 615 2 357 37 2 320 258 2 558
5 385 2 725 2 456 31 2 424 269 2 660
5 591 2 893 2 615 39 2 576 278 2 698
5 835 3 112 2 872 45 2 827 241 2 723
6 050 3 281 3 047 49 2 998 234 2 769
6 278 3 448 3 172 44 3 128 276 2 830
7 041 3 857 3 567 62 3 505 289 3 184
1 301 603 459 31 428 144 697
1 307 585 410 28 382 175 722
1 304 590 423 29 394 167 714
1 300 618 468 34 435 149 682
1 298 579 438 31 407 141 719
1 302 571 430 27 403 141 730
1 332 610 474 27 447 136 722
1 354 671 523 32 492 148 683
1 399 680 548 31 517 132 719
1 737 829 668 40 628 161 907
HISPANIC MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... HISPANIC MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... HISPANIC WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... HISPANIC WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... HISPANIC, BOTH SEXES, 16-19 YEARS Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
See Note at end of table.
19
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1981–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Employment status, sex, and age
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTAL, HISPANIC Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
16 425 10 920 9 828 512 9 315 1 092 5 506
16 961 11 338 10 027 524 9 503 1 311 5 623
17 532 11 610 10 361 523 9 838 1 248 5 922
18 117 11 975 10 788 560 10 227 1 187 6 142
18 629 12 267 11 127 604 10 524 1 140 6 362
19 213 12 774 11 642 609 11 033 1 132 6 439
20 321 13 796 12 726 660 12 067 1 069 6 526
21 070 14 317 13 291 742 12 549 1 026 6 753
21 650 14 665 13 720 734 12 986 945 6 985
22 393 15 368 14 492 745 13 747 876 7 025
8 296 6 664 5 979 453 5 526 685 1 632
8 553 6 900 6 093 468 5 625 807 1 654
8 824 7 076 6 328 469 5 860 747 1 749
9 104 7 210 6 530 494 6 036 680 1 894
9 329 7 376 6 725 527 6 198 651 1 952
9 604 7 646 7 039 537 6 502 607 1 957
10 368 8 309 7 728 571 7 157 582 2 059
10 734 8 571 8 018 651 7 367 552 2 164
10 713 8 546 8 067 642 7 425 480 2 167
11 064 8 919 8 478 639 7 839 441 2 145
7 392 6 198 5 623 419 5 204 575 1 194
7 655 6 432 5 757 437 5 320 675 1 223
7 930 6 621 5 992 441 5 551 629 1 309
8 178 6 747 6 189 466 5 722 558 1 431
8 375 6 898 6 367 501 5 866 530 1 477
8 611 7 150 6 655 510 6 145 495 1 461
9 250 7 779 7 307 544 6 763 471 1 471
9 573 8 005 7 570 621 6 949 436 1 568
9 523 7 950 7 576 602 6 974 374 1 573
9 859 8 306 7 961 601 7 360 345 1 554
8 130 4 256 3 848 59 3 789 407 3 874
8 408 4 439 3 934 57 3 877 504 3 969
8 708 4 534 4 033 55 3 978 501 4 174
9 014 4 765 4 258 66 4 191 508 4 248
9 300 4 891 4 403 76 4 326 488 4 409
9 610 5 128 4 602 72 4 531 525 4 482
9 953 5 486 4 999 89 4 910 488 4 466
10 335 5 746 5 273 91 5 182 473 4 589
10 937 6 119 5 653 92 5 561 466 4 819
11 329 6 449 6 014 106 5 908 435 4 880
7 301 3 941 3 603 53 3 549 339 3 360
7 569 4 110 3 693 51 3 642 418 3 459
7 846 4 218 3 800 49 3 751 418 3 628
8 122 4 421 3 989 61 3 928 431 3 701
8 382 4 520 4 116 72 4 044 404 3 863
8 654 4 779 4 341 69 4 272 438 3 875
8 950 5 106 4 705 83 4 622 401 3 845
9 292 5 304 4 928 85 4 843 376 3 988
9 821 5 666 5 290 88 5 202 376 4 155
10 193 5 979 5 629 100 5 529 350 4 214
1 732 781 602 41 562 179 951
1 737 796 577 36 541 219 941
1 756 771 570 33 537 201 985
1 818 807 609 32 577 198 1 010
1 872 850 645 31 614 205 1 022
1 948 845 646 29 617 199 1 103
2 121 911 714 33 682 197 1 210
2 204 1 007 793 36 757 214 1 197
2 307 1 049 854 45 809 196 1 257
2 341 1 083 902 44 858 181 1 258
HISPANIC MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... HISPANIC MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... HISPANIC WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... HISPANIC WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force ......................................................... HISPANIC, BOTH SEXES, 16-19 YEARS Population ................................................................... Civilian labor force ...................................................... Employed .................................................................... Agriculture ............................................................... Nonagriculture ......................................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Not in labor force .........................................................
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
20
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Marital Status, Sex, and Race, 1982–2000 (Thousands of persons.) TOTAL: SINGLE Men Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women Civilian labor force
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
1982 ...................... 1983 ...................... 1984 ......................
22 410 22 965 23 233
16 157 16 657 16 997
13 304 13 783 14 699
2 853 2 874 2 298
19 135 19 479 19 628
12 460 12 659 12 867
10 765 10 996 11 444
1 694 1 663 1 423
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
23 328 23 662 23 947 24 572 24 831
17 208 17 553 17 772 18 345 18 738
15 022 15 407 15 794 16 521 16 936
2 186 2 146 1 978 1 824 1 801
19 768 20 113 20 596 20 961 21 141
13 163 13 512 13 885 14 194 14 377
11 758 12 071 12 561 12 979 13 175
1 404 1 442 1 323 1 215 1 202
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
25 870 26 197 26 436 26 570 26 786
19 357 19 411 19 709 19 706 19 786
17 405 17 011 17 098 17 261 17 604
1 952 2 400 2 611 2 445 2 181
21 901 22 173 22 475 22 713 23 000
14 612 14 681 14 872 15 031 15 333
13 336 13 198 13 263 13 484 13 847
1 276 1 482 1 609 1 547 1 486
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
26 918 27 387 28 311 28 693 29 104
19 841 20 071 20 689 21 037 21 351
17 833 18 055 18 783 19 240 19 686
2 007 2 016 1 906 1 798 1 665
23 151 23 623 24 285 24 941 25 576
15 467 15 842 16 492 17 087 17 575
14 053 14 403 15 037 15 755 16 267
1 413 1 439 1 455 1 332 1 308
2000 ......................
30 232
21 641
19 823
1 818
25 863
17 750
16 446
1 303
TOTAL: MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT Men Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women Civilian labor force
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
1982 ...................... 1983 ...................... 1984 ......................
50 891 51 118 51 732
40 706 40 601 40 952
38 074 37 967 39 056
2 632 2 634 1 896
50 783 51 084 51 557
25 971 26 468 27 199
24 053 24 603 25 636
1 918 1 865 1 562
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
52 128 52 769 53 223 53 246 53 530
41 014 41 477 41 889 41 832 42 036
39 248 39 658 40 265 40 472 40 760
1 767 1 819 1 625 1 360 1 276
51 832 52 158 52 532 52 775 52 885
27 894 28 623 29 381 29 921 30 548
26 336 27 144 28 107 28 756 29 404
1 558 1 479 1 273 1 166 1 145
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
53 793 54 158 54 509 55 178 55 560
42 275 42 303 42 491 42 834 43 005
40 829 40 429 40 341 40 935 41 414
1 446 1 875 2 150 1 899 1 592
52 917 53 169 53 501 53 838 54 155
30 901 31 112 31 700 31 980 32 888
29 714 29 698 30 100 30 499 31 536
1 188 1 415 1 600 1 482 1 352
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
56 100 56 363 56 396 56 670 57 089
43 472 43 739 43 808 43 957 44 244
42 048 42 417 42 642 42 923 43 254
1 424 1 322 1 167 1 034 990
54 716 54 970 54 915 55 331 56 178
33 359 33 618 33 802 33 857 34 372
32 063 32 406 32 755 32 872 33 450
1 296 1 211 1 047 985 921
2000 ......................
55 897
43 254
42 261
993
56 432
34 960
33 998
961
TOTAL: DIVORCED, WIDOWED, OR SEPARATED Men Year
1982 ...................... 1983 ...................... 1984 ......................
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women Civilian labor force
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
8 222 8 448 8 640
5 587 5 788 5 886
4 892 5 036 5 335
695 752 551
20 831 21 121 21 592
9 324 9 376 9 644
8 438 8 447 8 835
886 929 809
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
9 013 9 367 9 729 10 039 10 401
6 190 6 392 6 546 6 751 7 066
5 621 5 827 6 048 6 280 6 618
568 565 498 471 448
22 136 22 518 22 726 23 020 23 604
9 993 10 277 10 393 10 627 11 104
9 165 9 491 9 665 9 962 10 448
828 787 727 665 656
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
10 714 10 924 11 325 11 584 12 008
7 378 7 454 7 763 7 864 8 026
6 871 6 783 7 001 7 153 7 432
508 671 762 711 594
23 968 24 304 24 559 24 955 25 304
11 315 11 385 11 570 11 784 12 018
10 639 10 600 10 689 10 927 11 227
676 786 881 856 791
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
12 160 12 456 13 009 13 394 13 528
8 047 8 277 8 764 8 965 8 918
7 496 7 735 8 260 8 530 8 507
551 541 504 435 411
25 539 25 791 26 218 26 190 26 276
12 118 12 397 12 742 12 771 12 909
11 407 11 691 12 082 12 143 12 324
712 706 660 628 585
2000 ......................
14 290
9 623
9 152
470
26 354
13 227
12 656
571
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
21
Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Marital Status, Sex, and Race, 1982–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) WHITE: SINGLE Men Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women Civilian labor force
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
1982 ...................... 1983 ...................... 1984 ......................
18 521 18 934 19 034
13 723 14 074 14 281
11 609 11 991 12 677
2 114 2 084 1 605
15 189 15 342 15 365
10 334 10 413 10 528
9 201 9 352 9 622
1 134 1 061 906
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
19 100 19 316 19 526 19 966 20 076
14 426 14 672 14 850 15 279 15 511
12 875 13 162 13 449 13 982 14 249
1 550 1 510 1 401 1 297 1 263
15 472 15 686 15 990 16 218 16 289
10 705 10 965 11 196 11 428 11 474
9 828 10 060 10 382 10 674 10 741
877 906 815 754 734
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
20 746 20 899 21 025 20 974 21 071
15 993 15 989 16 129 16 033 16 074
14 617 14 233 14 285 14 303 14 539
1 376 1 756 1 844 1 730 1 535
16 555 16 569 16 684 16 768 16 936
11 522 11 497 11 502 11 613 11 805
10 729 10 557 10 526 10 633 10 885
794 939 976 980 920
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
21 132 21 454 22 236 22 513 22 788
16 080 16 285 16 810 17 007 17 272
14 674 14 891 15 507 15 746 16 116
1 406 1 394 1 303 1 261 1 157
17 046 17 282 17 728 18 247 18 635
11 830 11 977 12 322 12 742 13 029
10 967 11 099 11 443 11 945 12 206
864 878 879 797 823
2000 ......................
23 501
17 353
16 047
1 307
18 701
13 102
12 293
809
WHITE: MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT Men Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women Civilian labor force
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
1982 ...................... 1983 ...................... 1984 ......................
46 019 46 099 46 616
36 809 36 631 36 905
34 600 34 416 35 318
2 209 2 215 1 588
45 982 46 226 46 599
23 140 23 585 24 196
21 532 22 018 22 888
1 609 1 567 1 308
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
46 925 47 399 47 690 47 685 47 883
36 934 37 230 37 486 37 429 37 589
35 472 35 727 36 127 36 304 36 545
1 462 1 503 1 359 1 125 1 044
46 728 46 892 47 180 47 364 47 382
24 777 25 368 26 014 26 499 27 030
23 468 24 141 24 969 25 540 26 083
1 308 1 226 1 045 959 947
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
47 841 48 137 48 416 48 937 49 169
37 515 37 507 37 671 37 953 38 008
36 338 35 923 35 886 36 396 36 719
1 177 1 585 1 785 1 557 1 288
47 240 47 456 47 705 47 944 48 120
27 271 27 479 27 951 28 221 29 017
26 285 26 290 26 623 26 993 27 888
986 1 189 1 329 1 228 1 129
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
49 597 49 800 49 719 49 901 50 091
38 376 38 616 38 593 38 629 38 765
37 211 37 522 37 636 37 793 37 968
1 165 1 094 957 836 797
48 497 48 684 48 542 48 722 49 296
29 360 29 517 29 664 29 534 29 806
28 290 28 496 28 809 28 727 29 056
1 070 1 020 855 808 749
2000 ......................
49 183
38 057
37 231
826
49 534
30 356
29 547
810
WHITE: DIVORCED, WIDOWED, OR SEPARATED Men Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women Civilian labor force
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
1982 ...................... 1983 ...................... 1984 ......................
6 671 6 889 7 073
4 600 4 775 4 875
4 078 4 214 4 467
522 560 407
17 059 17 316 17 660
7 535 7 543 7 706
6 883 6 902 7 148
653 642 558
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
7 348 7 675 7 974 8 204 8 509
5 112 5 315 5 443 5 608 5 887
4 698 4 896 5 070 5 265 5 558
414 420 373 344 329
18 106 18 463 18 599 18 758 19 200
7 973 8 251 8 300 8 512 8 863
7 393 7 675 7 791 8 047 8 409
580 576 509 464 454
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
8 782 8 941 9 210 9 459 9 819
6 131 6 159 6 368 6 498 6 644
5 748 5 641 5 788 5 957 6 193
382 518 580 541 451
19 461 19 757 19 931 20 206 20 439
9 016 9 111 9 216 9 382 9 533
8 544 8 538 8 561 8 764 8 965
471 573 654 618 569
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
10 005 10 234 10 622 10 937 11 050
6 689 6 883 7 236 7 398 7 375
6 261 6 474 6 855 7 064 7 056
428 408 382 334 320
20 638 20 862 21 147 21 157 21 225
9 613 9 831 10 068 10 104 10 261
9 087 9 325 9 607 9 656 9 834
526 506 461 449 427
2000 ......................
11 614
7 880
7 522
358
21 335
10 526
10 113
412
See Note at end of table.
22
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Marital Status, Sex, and Race, 1982–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) BLACK AND OTHER: SINGLE Men Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women Civilian labor force
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
1982 ...................... 1983 ...................... 1984 ......................
3 890 4 031 4 199
2 433 2 583 2 716
1 695 1 793 2 023
738 790 693
3 946 4 138 4 263
2 126 2 246 2 338
1 565 1 644 1 821
561 602 517
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
4 228 4 345 4 421 4 606 4 755
2 782 2 881 2 922 3 066 3 227
2 147 2 245 2 345 2 539 2 687
635 636 577 527 538
4 297 4 427 4 606 4 743 4 852
2 458 2 547 2 688 2 766 2 903
1 930 2 011 2 179 2 304 2 434
528 536 509 461 468
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
5 124 5 298 5 411 5 596 5 715
3 364 3 422 3 580 3 673 3 712
2 788 2 778 2 813 2 958 3 065
576 644 767 715 646
5 346 5 604 5 791 5 945 6 064
3 090 3 184 3 370 3 418 3 528
2 607 2 641 2 737 2 851 2 962
482 543 633 567 566
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
5 786 5 933 6 075 6 180 6 316
3 761 3 786 3 879 4 030 4 079
3 159 3 164 3 276 3 494 3 570
601 622 603 537 508
6 105 6 341 6 557 6 694 6 941
3 637 3 865 4 170 4 345 4 546
3 086 3 304 3 594 3 810 4 061
549 561 576 535 485
2000 ......................
8 880
6 095
5 390
705
8 764
5 635
5 013
622
BLACK AND OTHER: MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT Men Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women Civilian labor force
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
1982 ...................... 1983 ...................... 1984 ......................
4 872 5 019 5 116
3 897 3 970 4 046
3 474 3 551 3 739
422 419 308
4 800 4 858 4 958
2 830 2 883 3 002
2 521 2 585 2 748
309 298 254
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
5 203 5 370 5 534 5 560 5 647
4 080 4 247 4 403 4 403 4 447
3 775 3 931 4 137 4 168 4 215
305 316 266 234 232
5 104 5 266 5 352 5 411 5 503
3 118 3 255 3 367 3 422 3 518
2 868 3 003 3 138 3 215 3 321
250 253 228 207 198
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
5 952 6 021 6 093 6 241 6 391
4 760 4 796 4 820 4 881 4 997
4 491 4 506 4 455 4 539 4 695
269 290 365 342 304
5 677 5 713 5 796 5 894 6 035
3 630 3 633 3 749 3 759 3 871
3 429 3 408 3 477 3 506 3 648
202 226 271 254 223
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
6 503 6 563 6 677 6 769 6 998
5 096 5 123 5 215 5 328 5 479
4 837 4 895 5 006 5 130 5 286
259 228 210 198 193
6 219 6 286 6 373 6 609 6 882
3 999 4 101 4 138 4 323 4 566
3 773 3 910 3 946 4 145 4 394
226 191 192 177 172
2000 ......................
9 708
7 862
7 589
273
9 744
6 020
5 742
278
BLACK AND OTHER: DIVORCED, WIDOWED, OR SEPARATED Men Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women Civilian labor force
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
1982 ...................... 1983 ...................... 1984 ......................
1 551 1 559 1 568
987 1 014 1 011
814 822 868
173 192 143
3 772 3 805 3 932
1 788 1 833 1 938
1 555 1 546 1 687
234 287 251
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
1 665 1 692 1 755 1 836 1 892
1 078 1 076 1 103 1 142 1 179
923 931 977 1 015 1 060
155 146 125 127 119
4 030 4 055 4 127 4 262 4 404
2 020 2 026 2 093 2 115 2 241
1 772 1 816 1 875 1 914 2 039
248 210 218 201 202
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
1 932 1 983 2 115 2 125 2 189
1 247 1 295 1 395 1 366 1 382
1 123 1 142 1 213 1 196 1 239
126 153 182 170 143
4 507 4 547 4 628 4 749 4 865
2 299 2 274 2 354 2 402 2 485
2 095 2 062 2 128 2 163 2 262
205 213 227 238 222
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
2 155 2 222 2 387 2 457 2 478
1 358 1 394 1 528 1 567 1 543
1 235 1 261 1 405 1 466 1 451
123 133 122 101 91
4 901 4 929 5 071 5 033 5 051
2 505 2 566 2 674 2 667 2 648
2 320 2 366 2 475 2 487 2 490
186 200 199 179 158
2000 ......................
3 645
2 535
2 347
187
6 533
3 539
3 295
243
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
23
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-5. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Region, Division, and State, 1999–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) 1999 Region, division, and state
UNITED STATES 1 .................
Civilian noninstitutional population
2000
Civilian labor force Total
207 753 139 368
Participation Employed Unemployed rate
Unemployment rate
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
209 699 140 863
Participation Employed Unemployed rate
Unemployment rate
64.3
133 488
5 880
4.2
64.5
135 208
5 655
4.0
Northeast ............................... New England .......................... Connecticut ......................... Maine .................................. Massachusetts .................... New Hampshire .................. Rhode Island ...................... Vermont .............................. Middle Atlantic ........................ New Jersey ......................... New York ............................ Pennsylvania ......................
40 105 10 439 2 530 987 4 781 924 751 466 29 666 6 264 14 120 9 282
26 234 7 171 1 708 670 3 284 668 504 336 19 063 4 205 8 882 5 976
62.5 66.4 65.4 65.1 66.5 70.3 64.4 69.9 61.2 64.1 59.7 61.6
25 083 6 935 1 654 642 3 179 650 484 326 18 148 4 012 8 423 5 713
1 151 236 54 27 105 18 21 10 915 193 459 263
4.4 3.3 3.2 4.1 3.2 2.7 4.1 3.0 4.8 4.6 5.2 4.4
40 247 10 502 2 537 998 4 804 939 753 471 29 745 6 292 14 163 9 290
26 295 7 194 1 746 689 3 237 686 505 332 19 101 4 188 8 941 5 972
62.8 66.6 67.3 66.6 65.6 71.0 64.3 68.3 61.5 64.1 60.3 61.6
25 281 6 995 1 707 665 3 151 666 484 322 18 286 4 030 8 533 5 722
1 014 199 39 24 86 19 21 10 815 157 408 250
3.9 2.8 2.3 3.5 2.6 2.8 4.1 2.9 4.3 3.8 4.6 4.2
Midwest ................................. East North Central .................. Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................ Michigan ............................. Ohio .................................... Wisconsin ........................... West North Central ................. Iowa .................................... Kansas ................................ Minnesota ........................... Missouri .............................. Nebraska ............................ North Dakota ...................... South Dakota ......................
47 946 33 764 9 155 4 504 7 505 8 605 3 995 14 182 2 187 1 988 3 600 4 135 1 248 478 546
33 442 23 242 6 378 3 076 5 144 5 754 2 890 10 200 1 573 1 434 2 703 2 841 912 337 400
67.3 66.2 66.7 66.2 66.0 64.0 70.1 69.8 70.1 70.0 73.0 66.4 71.0 68.1 71.1
32 244 22 348 6 105 2 983 4 950 5 508 2 802 9 896 1 533 1 392 2 627 2 745 886 325 388
1 198 894 273 93 194 246 88 303 40 43 76 96 26 11 12
3.6 3.8 4.3 3.0 3.8 4.3 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.8 3.4 2.9 3.4 2.9
48 222 33 931 9 199 4 529 7 548 8 624 4 031 14 291 2 193 2 001 3 648 4 166 1 254 477 552
33 729 23 422 6 419 3 084 5 201 5 783 2 935 10 307 1 563 1 411 2 739 2 930 924 339 401
67.4 66.4 66.7 65.9 66.5 64.3 70.2 69.8 69.4 67.9 72.6 67.9 71.5 68.9 71.0
32 493 22 517 6 140 2 984 5 016 5 546 2 831 9 976 1 522 1 359 2 649 2 828 897 329 392
1 236 905 279 100 185 237 104 331 41 52 90 101 28 10 9
3.7 3.9 4.4 3.2 3.6 4.1 3.5 3.2 2.6 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.3
South ..................................... South Atlantic ......................... Delaware ............................ District Of Columbia ............ Florida ................................. Georgia ............................... Maryland ............................. North Carolina .................... South Carolina .................... Virginia ................................ West Virginia ...................... East South Central ................. Alabama ............................. Kentucky ............................. Mississippi .......................... Tennessee .......................... West South Central ................ Arkansas ............................. Louisiana ............................ Oklahoma ........................... Texas ..................................
73 427 38 033 581 415 11 783 5 859 3 975 5 755 2 992 5 226 1 447 12 763 3 384 3 057 2 073 4 249 22 631 1 957 3 278 2 540 14 856
48 406 25 060 390 281 7 361 4 078 2 775 3 868 1 963 3 528 816 8 190 2 141 1 967 1 268 2 816 15 155 1 229 2 052 1 655 10 219
63.2 63.4 64.7 63.4 60.1 66.8 67.3 65.1 62.7 65.6 52.7 61.3 60.3 61.5 58.0 63.6 63.9 60.0 59.4 62.9 65.6
46 412 24 123 376 263 7 077 3 916 2 676 3 746 1 875 3 430 763 7 823 2 039 1 879 1 203 2 702 14 466 1 174 1 948 1 598 9 747
1 994 937 14 18 284 162 98 122 88 98 54 368 102 88 65 113 688 55 104 57 472
4.1 3.7 3.5 6.3 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.2 4.5 2.8 6.6 4.5 4.8 4.5 5.1 4.0 4.5 4.5 5.1 3.4 4.6
74 337 38 528 588 413 11 960 5 967 4 015 5 809 3 032 5 299 1 445 12 853 3 401 3 082 2 086 4 284 22 956 1 977 3 289 2 558 15 132
49 035 25 534 409 279 7 490 4 173 2 805 3 958 1 985 3 610 825 8 261 2 154 1 982 1 326 2 798 15 240 1 238 2 030 1 648 10 325
63.4 63.9 66.8 63.6 60.4 67.4 67.2 65.7 63.0 66.6 53.9 61.4 60.4 61.7 60.0 62.7 63.5 59.8 58.3 62.5 65.3
47 104 24 624 393 263 7 221 4 019 2 697 3 814 1 909 3 530 779 7 895 2 055 1 900 1 251 2 688 14 585 1 183 1 917 1 598 9 887
1 931 910 16 16 269 154 108 144 77 80 46 366 99 82 75 110 655 55 112 50 437
3.9 3.6 4.0 5.8 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.9 2.2 5.5 4.4 4.6 4.1 5.7 3.9 4.3 4.4 5.5 3.0 4.2
West ....................................... Mountain ................................. Arizona ............................... Colorado ............................. Idaho ................................... Montana .............................. Nevada ............................... New Mexico ........................ Utah .................................... Wyoming ............................. Pacific ..................................... Alaska ................................. California ............................ Hawaii ................................. Oregon ................................ Washington .........................
46 129 12 802 3 563 3 080 934 685 1 363 1 306 1 503 368 33 327 434 25 044 885 2 583 4 381
31 191 8 847 2 359 2 264 651 474 942 809 1 086 262 22 344 319 16 596 593 1 761 3 075
64.3 66.2 63.3 71.4 66.1 65.6 66.0 58.5 69.6 67.8 63.6 68.8 62.8 63.2 64.3 66.9
29 658 8 478 2 255 2 198 617 449 900 764 1 046 249 21 180 299 15 732 560 1 661 2 929
1 533 369 104 66 34 25 42 45 41 13 1 164 20 865 33 100 145
4.9 4.2 4.4 2.9 5.2 5.2 4.4 5.6 3.7 4.9 5.2 6.4 5.2 5.6 5.7 4.7
46 891 13 033 3 626 3 141 951 691 1 408 1 318 1 527 371 33 858 438 25 489 889 2 608 4 434
31 806 8 949 2 347 2 276 658 479 986 833 1 104 267 22 856 322 17 091 595 1 803 3 045
64.7 66.1 62.2 70.5 65.8 65.9 67.2 60.1 70.0 69.2 64.1 68.6 63.7 64.1 65.8 65.1
30 333 8 614 2 256 2 213 626 456 946 792 1 068 257 21 719 301 16 246 570 1 715 2 888
1 473 336 91 63 32 24 40 40 36 10 1 137 21 845 26 87 158
4.6 3.8 3.9 2.7 4.9 4.9 4.1 4.9 3.2 3.9 5.0 6.6 4.9 4.3 4.9 5.2
Puerto Rico 2 ...........................
2 803
1 302
41.0
1 149
153
11.7
2 834
1 306
41.4
1 174
132
10.1
Note: Region and division data are derived from summing the component states. 1. Because of separate processing and weighing procedures, totals for the United States differ from the results obtained by aggregating data for regions, divisions, or states. 2. The source of these data is the Puerto Rico Department of Labor and Human Resources.
24
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
TOTAL 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
103 068 103 994
8 449 8 215
4 265 4 139
4 185 4 079
94 618 95 778
11 530 11 312
22 610 22 822
20 097 20 401
16 771 17 002
12 885 13 201
10 720 11 035
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
104 995 104 621 105 231 107 056 108 321
8 143 7 865 7 922 8 014 8 224
4 076 4 096 4 234 4 241 4 336
4 068 3 771 3 689 3 773 3 889
96 851 96 755 97 305 99 041 100 095
11 080 10 167 9 389 8 960 8 885
23 013 22 843 23 044 23 266 23 304
20 681 20 863 21 137 21 922 22 135
17 240 17 464 17 716 17 991 18 305
13 469 13 692 13 889 13 830 14 085
11 363 11 724 12 126 13 075 13 375
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
109 683 110 954 112 265 113 727 115 329
8 364 8 434 8 612 8 986 9 618
4 440 4 482 4 587 4 872 5 337
3 925 3 953 4 026 4 114 4 282
101 318 102 518 103 653 104 737 105 711
9 036 9 271 9 486 9 733 9 975
23 249 23 072 22 849 22 563 22 201
22 348 22 567 22 786 23 025 23 207
18 643 19 012 19 424 19 832 20 203
14 309 14 516 14 727 14 923 15 134
13 728 14 075 14 376 14 657 14 985
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
117 245 118 771 120 153 122 416 124 485
10 187 10 513 10 652 11 370 12 111
5 573 5 462 5 503 6 301 6 974
4 615 5 052 5 150 5 070 5 139
107 056 108 255 109 500 111 045 112 372
10 273 10 583 10 852 11 464 12 017
21 998 21 829 21 503 21 400 21 367
23 437 23 585 23 797 23 948 23 940
20 601 20 893 20 916 21 144 21 452
15 409 15 675 15 874 16 138 16 442
15 336 15 685 16 554 16 945 17 150
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
126 513 128 058 129 874 132 028 134 335
12 930 13 592 13 480 13 698 14 095
6 936 6 914 7 003 7 200 7 422
5 995 6 679 6 480 6 499 6 673
113 582 114 463 116 391 118 328 120 238
12 442 12 638 13 421 13 891 14 488
21 417 21 543 22 057 22 912 23 645
23 832 23 579 23 313 23 036 22 709
21 728 21 977 22 256 22 534 22 806
16 727 17 007 17 310 17 614 17 930
17 432 17 715 18 029 18 338 18 657
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
137 085 140 216 144 126 147 096 150 120
14 519 15 022 15 510 15 840 16 180
7 643 7 849 8 076 8 227 8 373
6 876 7 173 7 435 7 613 7 809
122 566 125 193 128 614 131 253 133 938
15 323 16 345 17 143 17 692 17 994
24 435 25 337 26 740 28 172 29 439
22 489 22 274 22 358 22 287 22 461
23 059 23 244 23 338 23 431 23 578
18 250 18 581 19 007 19 281 19 517
19 007 19 406 20 023 20 389 20 945
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
153 153 156 150 159 033 161 910 164 863
16 418 16 614 16 688 16 695 16 657
8 419 8 442 8 482 8 484 8 389
7 999 8 171 8 206 8 211 8 268
136 733 139 536 142 345 145 216 148 205
18 595 19 109 19 582 20 007 20 353
30 710 31 953 33 117 34 091 35 261
22 526 22 796 23 296 24 099 24 861
23 535 23 409 23 197 22 977 22 752
19 844 20 185 20 557 20 875 21 210
21 525 22 083 22 597 23 166 23 767
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
167 745 170 130 172 271 174 215 176 383
16 543 16 214 15 763 15 274 14 735
8 279 8 068 7 714 7 385 7 196
8 264 8 145 8 049 7 889 7 538
151 202 153 916 156 508 158 941 161 648
20 635 20 820 20 845 20 799 20 688
36 558 37 777 38 492 39 147 39 999
25 578 26 291 27 611 28 932 30 251
22 563 22 422 22 264 22 167 22 226
21 520 21 756 21 909 22 003 22 052
24 350 24 850 25 387 25 892 26 433
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
178 206 180 587 182 753 184 613 186 393
14 506 14 496 14 606 14 527 14 223
7 232 7 386 7 501 7 284 6 886
7 274 7 110 7 104 7 243 7 338
163 700 166 091 168 147 170 085 172 169
20 097 19 569 18 970 18 434 18 025
40 670 41 731 42 297 42 611 42 845
31 379 32 550 33 755 34 784 35 977
22 418 22 732 23 183 24 004 24 744
22 140 22 011 21 835 21 641 21 406
26 997 27 497 28 108 28 612 29 173
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
189 164 190 925 192 805 194 838 196 814
14 520 14 073 13 840 13 935 14 196
6 893 6 901 6 907 7 010 7 245
7 626 7 173 6 933 6 925 6 951
174 644 176 852 178 965 180 903 182 619
18 902 18 963 18 846 18 642 18 353
42 976 42 688 42 278 41 771 41 306
37 719 39 116 39 852 40 733 41 534
25 081 25 709 27 206 28 549 29 778
20 719 20 675 20 604 20 574 20 635
29 247 29 700 30 179 30 634 31 012
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
198 584 200 591 203 133 205 220 207 753
14 511 14 934 15 365 15 644 16 040
7 407 7 678 7 861 7 895 8 060
7 104 7 256 7 504 7 749 7 979
184 073 185 656 187 769 189 576 191 714
17 864 17 409 17 442 17 593 17 968
40 798 40 252 39 559 38 778 37 976
42 254 43 086 43 883 44 299 44 635
30 974 32 167 33 391 34 373 35 587
20 735 20 990 21 505 22 296 23 064
31 448 31 751 31 989 32 237 32 484
2000 ............................................
209 699
16 042
8 003
8 038
193 657
18 411
37 417
44 605
36 904
23 615
32 705
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
25
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE 1954 ............................................
97 705
7 180
3 786
3 394
90 524
7 794
20 818
19 915
16 569
12 993
12 438
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
98 880 99 976 101 119 102 392 103 803
7 292 7 346 7 505 7 843 8 430
3 874 3 908 4 007 4 271 4 707
3 419 3 438 3 498 3 573 3 725
91 586 92 629 93 612 94 547 95 370
7 912 8 106 8 293 8 498 8 697
20 742 20 564 20 342 20 063 19 715
20 110 20 314 20 514 20 734 20 893
16 869 17 198 17 562 17 924 18 257
13 169 13 341 13 518 13 681 13 858
12 785 13 105 13 383 13 645 13 951
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
105 282 106 604 107 715 109 705 111 534
8 924 9 211 9 343 9 978 10 616
4 909 4 785 4 818 5 549 6 137
4 016 4 427 4 526 4 430 4 481
96 355 97 390 98 371 99 725 100 916
8 927 9 203 9 484 10 069 10 568
19 470 19 289 18 974 18 867 18 838
21 049 21 169 21 293 21 398 21 375
18 578 18 845 18 872 19 082 19 360
14 070 14 304 14 450 14 681 14 957
14 260 14 581 15 297 15 629 15 816
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
113 284 114 566 116 100 117 948 119 913
11 319 11 862 11 682 11 840 12 179
6 049 5 993 6 051 6 225 6 418
5 271 5 870 5 632 5 616 5 761
101 963 102 702 104 417 106 107 107 733
10 935 11 094 11 797 12 184 12 677
18 882 18 989 19 464 20 245 20 892
21 258 21 005 20 745 20 474 20 156
19 604 19 822 20 067 20 310 20 546
15 215 15 469 15 745 16 018 16 305
16 070 16 322 16 602 16 875 17 156
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
122 174 124 758 127 906 130 097 132 417
12 521 12 937 13 301 13 533 13 784
6 591 6 750 6 910 7 021 7 114
5 931 6 189 6 392 6 512 6 671
109 652 111 821 114 603 116 563 118 632
13 359 14 208 14 897 15 264 15 502
21 546 22 295 23 555 24 685 25 711
19 929 19 694 19 673 19 532 19 628
20 760 20 907 20 950 20 991 21 061
16 591 16 884 17 250 17 484 17 645
17 469 17 833 18 278 18 607 19 085
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
134 790 137 106 139 380 141 612 143 894
13 941 14 055 14 095 14 060 13 994
7 132 7 125 7 150 7 132 7 029
6 808 6 930 6 944 6 928 6 964
120 849 123 050 125 285 127 552 129 900
15 980 16 368 16 728 17 038 17 284
26 746 27 757 28 703 29 453 30 371
19 641 19 827 20 231 20 932 21 579
20 981 20 816 20 575 20 322 20 058
17 918 18 220 18 540 18 799 19 071
19 587 20 064 20 508 21 007 21 538
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
146 122 147 908 149 441 150 805 152 347
13 854 13 516 13 076 12 623 12 147
6 912 6 704 6 383 6 089 5 918
6 943 6 813 6 693 6 534 6 228
132 268 134 392 136 366 138 183 140 200
17 484 17 609 17 579 17 492 17 304
31 407 32 367 32 863 33 286 33 889
22 174 22 778 23 910 25 027 26 124
19 837 19 666 19 478 19 349 19 348
19 316 19 485 19 591 19 625 19 629
22 050 22 487 22 945 23 403 23 906
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
153 679 155 432 156 958 158 194 159 338
11 900 11 879 11 939 11 838 11 530
5 922 6 036 6 110 5 893 5 506
5 978 5 843 5 829 5 945 6 023
141 780 143 553 145 020 146 357 147 809
16 853 16 353 15 808 15 276 14 879
34 450 35 293 35 667 35 876 35 951
27 100 28 062 29 036 29 818 30 774
19 405 19 587 19 965 20 652 21 287
19 620 19 477 19 242 18 996 18 743
24 352 24 780 25 301 25 739 26 175
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
160 625 161 759 162 972 164 289 165 555
11 630 11 200 11 004 11 078 11 264
5 464 5 451 5 478 5 562 5 710
6 166 5 749 5 526 5 516 5 554
148 996 150 558 151 968 153 210 154 291
15 538 15 516 15 354 15 087 14 708
35 661 35 342 34 885 34 365 33 865
31 739 32 854 33 305 33 919 34 582
21 535 22 052 23 364 24 456 25 435
18 204 18 074 17 951 17 892 17 924
26 319 26 721 27 108 27 493 27 776
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
166 914 168 317 169 993 171 478 173 085
11 468 11 822 12 181 12 439 12 700
5 822 6 026 6 213 6 264 6 342
5 646 5 796 5 968 6 176 6 358
155 446 156 495 157 812 159 039 160 385
14 313 13 907 13 983 14 138 14 394
33 355 32 852 32 091 31 286 30 516
35 222 35 810 36 325 36 610 36 755
26 418 27 403 28 388 29 132 30 048
17 986 18 136 18 511 19 231 19 855
28 153 28 387 28 514 28 642 28 818
2000 ............................................
174 428
12 707
6 312
6 395
161 721
14 721
29 951
36 688
31 091
20 324
28 947
See Note at end of table.
26
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
14 526 14 917 15 329
2 018 2 095 2 137
1 061 1 095 1 122
956 1 000 1 014
12 508 12 823 13 192
2 027 2 132 2 137
2 809 2 957 3 103
2 329 2 333 2 382
2 139 2 156 2 202
1 601 1 616 1 679
1 605 1 628 1 689
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
15 751 16 196 16 605 16 970 17 397
2 191 2 264 2 273 2 270 2 276
1 146 1 165 1 175 1 169 1 167
1 046 1 098 1 097 1 101 1 109
13 560 13 932 14 332 14 701 15 121
2 228 2 303 2 400 2 483 2 556
3 258 3 412 3 566 3 717 3 899
2 395 2 435 2 493 2 547 2 615
2 211 2 220 2 225 2 226 2 240
1 717 1 736 1 765 1 794 1 831
1 755 1 826 1 883 1 932 1 980
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
17 824 18 219 18 584 18 925 19 348
2 289 2 288 2 252 2 225 2 161
1 171 1 161 1 119 1 092 1 056
1 119 1 127 1 134 1 133 1 105
15 535 15 931 16 332 16 700 17 187
2 606 2 642 2 697 2 734 2 783
4 095 4 290 4 438 4 607 4 789
2 687 2 758 2 887 2 999 3 167
2 249 2 260 2 263 2 260 2 288
1 870 1 913 1 935 1 964 1 977
2 030 2 069 2 113 2 135 2 183
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
19 664 19 989 20 352 20 692 21 021
2 160 2 137 2 163 2 179 2 176
1 083 1 090 1 123 1 130 1 116
1 077 1 048 1 040 1 049 1 060
17 504 17 852 18 189 18 513 18 846
2 649 2 625 2 578 2 527 2 479
4 873 5 026 5 139 5 234 5 308
3 290 3 410 3 563 3 716 3 900
2 372 2 413 2 460 2 524 2 587
2 060 2 079 2 097 2 110 2 118
2 259 2 298 2 352 2 402 2 454
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
21 477 21 799 22 147 22 521 22 879
2 238 2 187 2 155 2 181 2 211
1 101 1 085 1 086 1 113 1 168
1 138 1 102 1 069 1 069 1 044
19 239 19 612 19 992 20 339 20 668
2 554 2 585 2 615 2 600 2 616
5 407 5 419 5 404 5 409 5 362
4 328 4 538 4 722 4 886 5 038
2 618 2 682 2 809 2 941 3 084
1 970 1 985 1 996 2 016 2 045
2 362 2 403 2 446 2 487 2 524
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
23 246 23 604 24 003 24 373 24 855
2 284 2 356 2 412 2 443 2 479
1 198 1 238 1 255 1 241 1 250
1 086 1 118 1 158 1 202 1 229
20 962 21 248 21 591 21 930 22 376
2 554 2 519 2 515 2 546 2 615
5 337 5 311 5 279 5 221 5 197
5 178 5 290 5 410 5 510 5 609
3 244 3 408 3 571 3 735 3 919
2 079 2 110 2 164 2 224 2 295
2 571 2 609 2 653 2 695 2 741
2000 ............................................
25 218
2 468
1 246
1 222
22 750
2 690
5 145
5 669
4 117
2 351
2 778
1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
6 104 6 564
867 926
... ...
... ...
5 238 5 645
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
6 862 6 910 7 362 7 912 8 207
962 953 1 024 1 076 1 095
... 494 513 561 544
... 480 508 515 551
5 900 6 075 6 376 6 836 7 113
... 1 053 1 163 1 265 1 296
... 1 775 1 869 2 004 2 117
... 1 261 1 283 1 378 1 458
... 936 989 1 033 1 015
... 570 587 627 659
... 479 485 529 566
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
9 598 10 120 10 580 11 029 11 478
1 281 1 301 1 307 1 304 1 300
638 641 639 635 633
643 660 668 670 667
8 317 8 819 9 273 9 725 10 178
1 564 1 650 1 724 1 790 1 839
2 508 2 698 2 871 3 045 3 224
1 575 1 680 1 779 1 883 1 996
1 190 1 231 1 264 1 298 1 336
782 832 880 928 973
698 728 755 781 810
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
11 915 12 344 12 867 13 325 13 791
1 298 1 302 1 332 1 354 1 399
638 658 651 662 672
661 644 681 692 727
10 617 11 042 11 536 11 970 12 392
1 864 1 899 1 910 1 948 1 950
3 401 3 510 3 714 3 807 3 953
2 117 2 239 2 464 2 565 2 658
1 377 1 496 1 492 1 571 1 649
1 015 1 023 1 061 1 159 1 182
843 875 895 920 1 001
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
15 904 16 425 16 961 17 532 18 117
1 737 1 732 1 737 1 756 1 818
821 819 836 855 902
915 913 901 901 916
14 167 14 693 15 224 15 776 16 300
2 428 2 481 2 444 2 487 2 518
4 589 4 674 4 806 4 887 5 000
3 001 3 243 3 458 3 632 3 756
1 817 1 879 1 980 2 094 2 223
1 247 1 283 1 321 1 324 1 401
1 084 1 134 1 216 1 353 1 401
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
18 629 19 213 20 321 21 070 21 650
1 872 1 948 2 121 2 204 2 307
903 962 1 088 1 070 1 113
969 986 1 033 1 135 1 194
16 757 17 265 18 200 18 865 19 344
2 528 2 524 2 623 2 731 2 700
5 050 5 181 5 405 5 447 5 512
3 965 4 227 4 453 4 636 4 833
2 294 2 275 2 581 2 775 2 868
1 483 1 546 1 580 1 615 1 713
1 437 1 512 1 558 1 662 1 718
2000 ............................................
22 393
2 341
1 120
1 221
20 052
2 775
5 627
5 007
3 033
1 819
1 791
HISPANIC
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
27
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
MEN 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
49 996 50 321
4 078 3 946
2 128 2 062
1 951 1 884
45 918 46 378
5 527 5 405
10 767 10 871
9 798 9 926
8 290 8 379
6 441 6 568
5 093 5 226
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
50 725 49 727 49 700 50 750 51 395
3 962 3 725 3 767 3 823 3 953
2 043 2 039 2 121 2 122 2 174
1 920 1 687 1 647 1 701 1 780
46 763 46 001 45 932 46 927 47 441
5 270 4 451 3 788 3 482 3 509
10 963 10 709 10 855 11 020 11 067
10 034 10 049 10 164 10 632 10 718
8 472 8 551 8 655 8 878 9 018
6 664 6 737 6 798 6 798 6 885
5 357 5 503 5 670 6 119 6 241
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
52 109 52 723 53 315 54 033 54 793
4 022 4 020 4 083 4 293 4 652
2 225 2 238 2 284 2 435 2 681
1 798 1 783 1 800 1 858 1 971
48 086 48 704 49 231 49 740 50 140
3 708 3 970 4 166 4 339 4 488
11 068 10 983 10 889 10 787 10 625
10 804 10 889 10 965 11 076 11 149
9 164 9 322 9 499 9 675 9 832
6 960 7 032 7 109 7 179 7 259
6 380 6 505 6 602 6 683 6 785
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
55 662 56 286 56 831 57 921 58 847
4 963 5 112 5 150 5 496 5 866
2 805 2 742 2 764 3 162 3 503
2 159 2 371 2 386 2 334 2 364
50 698 51 173 51 681 52 425 52 981
4 679 4 844 4 925 5 240 5 520
10 514 10 440 10 207 10 165 10 144
11 230 11 286 11 389 11 476 11 466
10 000 10 112 10 162 10 274 10 402
7 373 7 483 7 610 7 740 7 873
6 901 7 006 7 386 7 526 7 574
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
59 782 60 262 60 905 61 847 62 898
6 318 6 658 6 537 6 683 6 928
3 488 3 478 3 528 3 634 3 741
2 831 3 180 3 010 3 049 3 187
53 463 53 603 54 367 55 165 55 969
5 701 5 663 5 977 6 127 6 379
10 182 10 224 10 495 10 944 11 309
11 427 11 294 11 161 11 040 10 890
10 512 10 598 10 705 10 819 10 935
7 990 8 099 8 218 8 336 8 464
7 649 7 723 7 809 7 897 7 990
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
64 304 65 942 67 835 69 292 70 808
7 145 7 430 7 705 7 855 8 012
3 848 3 954 4 081 4 152 4 231
3 299 3 477 3 624 3 703 3 781
57 157 58 511 60 130 61 436 62 796
6 861 7 511 8 061 8 429 8 600
11 750 12 227 12 911 13 641 14 262
10 810 10 721 10 762 10 746 10 834
11 052 11 129 11 167 11 202 11 315
8 590 8 711 8 895 8 990 9 140
8 093 8 208 8 330 8 426 8 641
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
72 291 73 759 75 193 76 576 78 020
8 134 8 244 8 288 8 309 8 310
4 252 4 266 4 290 4 295 4 251
3 882 3 978 4 000 4 014 4 060
64 158 65 515 66 904 68 268 69 709
8 950 9 237 9 477 9 693 9 873
14 899 15 528 16 108 16 598 17 193
10 874 11 010 11 260 11 665 12 046
11 298 11 243 11 144 11 045 10 944
9 286 9 444 9 616 9 758 9 907
8 852 9 053 9 297 9 509 9 746
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
79 398 80 511 81 523 82 531 83 605
8 260 8 092 7 879 7 659 7 386
4 195 4 087 3 911 3 750 3 655
4 064 4 005 3 968 3 908 3 731
71 138 72 419 73 644 74 872 76 219
10 023 10 116 10 136 10 140 10 108
17 833 18 427 18 787 19 143 19 596
12 400 12 758 13 410 14 067 14 719
10 861 10 797 10 726 10 689 10 724
10 042 10 151 10 215 10 261 10 285
9 979 10 170 10 371 10 573 10 788
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
84 469 85 798 86 899 87 857 88 762
7 275 7 275 7 335 7 304 7 143
3 689 3 768 3 824 3 715 3 524
3 586 3 507 3 510 3 588 3 619
77 195 78 523 79 565 80 553 81 619
9 746 9 498 9 195 8 931 8 743
19 864 20 498 20 781 20 937 21 080
15 265 15 858 16 475 17 008 17 590
10 844 10 986 11 215 11 625 11 981
10 392 10 336 10 267 10 193 10 092
11 084 11 347 11 632 11 859 12 134
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
90 377 91 278 92 270 93 332 94 355
7 347 7 134 7 023 7 076 7 203
3 534 3 548 3 542 3 595 3 718
3 813 3 586 3 481 3 481 3 486
83 030 84 144 85 247 86 256 87 151
9 320 9 367 9 326 9 216 9 074
21 117 20 977 20 792 20 569 20 361
18 529 19 213 19 585 20 037 20 443
12 238 12 554 13 271 13 944 14 545
9 778 9 780 9 776 9 773 9 810
12 049 12 254 12 496 12 717 12 918
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
95 178 96 206 97 715 98 758 99 722
7 367 7 600 7 836 7 968 8 167
3 794 3 955 4 053 4 059 4 143
3 573 3 645 3 783 3 909 4 024
87 811 88 606 89 879 90 790 91 555
8 835 8 611 8 706 8 804 8 899
20 079 19 775 19 478 19 094 18 565
20 800 21 222 21 669 21 857 21 969
15 111 15 674 16 276 16 773 17 335
9 856 9 997 10 282 10 649 11 008
13 130 13 327 13 469 13 613 13 779
2000 ............................................
100 731
8 151
4 108
4 043
92 580
9 154
18 289
21 951
18 004
11 257
13 925
See Note at end of table.
28
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WOMEN 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
53 071 53 670
4 371 4 269
2 137 2 077
2 234 2 195
48 700 49 400
6 003 5 907
11 843 11 951
10 299 10 475
8 481 8 623
6 444 6 633
5 627 5 809
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
54 270 54 895 55 529 56 305 56 925
4 181 4 140 4 155 4 191 4 271
2 033 2 057 2 113 2 119 2 162
2 148 2 084 2 042 2 072 2 109
50 088 50 754 51 373 52 114 52 654
5 810 5 716 5 601 5 478 5 376
12 050 12 134 12 189 12 246 12 237
10 647 10 814 10 973 11 290 11 417
8 768 8 913 9 061 9 113 9 287
6 805 6 955 7 091 7 032 7 200
6 006 6 221 6 456 6 956 7 134
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
57 574 58 228 58 951 59 690 60 534
4 342 4 414 4 529 4 693 4 966
2 215 2 244 2 303 2 437 2 656
2 127 2 170 2 226 2 256 2 311
53 232 53 814 54 421 54 997 55 570
5 328 5 301 5 320 5 394 5 487
12 181 12 089 11 960 11 776 11 576
11 544 11 678 11 821 11 949 12 058
9 479 9 690 9 925 10 157 10 371
7 349 7 484 7 618 7 744 7 875
7 348 7 570 7 774 7 974 8 200
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
61 582 62 484 63 321 64 494 65 637
5 224 5 401 5 502 5 874 6 245
2 768 2 720 2 739 3 139 3 471
2 456 2 681 2 764 2 736 2 775
56 358 57 082 57 819 58 620 59 391
5 594 5 739 5 927 6 224 6 497
11 484 11 389 11 296 11 235 11 223
12 207 12 299 12 408 12 472 12 474
10 601 10 781 10 754 10 870 11 050
8 036 8 192 8 264 8 398 8 569
8 435 8 679 9 168 9 419 9 576
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
66 731 67 795 68 968 70 179 71 436
6 612 6 934 6 943 7 015 7 167
3 448 3 436 3 475 3 566 3 681
3 164 3 499 3 470 3 450 3 486
60 119 60 860 62 026 63 164 64 269
6 741 6 975 7 445 7 764 8 109
11 235 11 319 11 562 11 968 12 336
12 405 12 285 12 152 11 996 11 819
11 216 11 379 11 551 11 715 11 871
8 737 8 908 9 092 9 278 9 466
9 783 9 992 10 220 10 441 10 667
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
72 782 74 274 76 290 77 804 79 312
7 373 7 591 7 805 7 985 8 168
3 796 3 895 3 994 4 076 4 142
3 578 3 697 3 811 3 909 4 028
65 408 66 682 68 484 69 819 71 144
8 462 8 834 9 082 9 263 9 393
12 684 13 110 13 829 14 531 15 177
11 679 11 553 11 597 11 541 11 627
12 008 12 115 12 171 12 229 12 263
9 659 9 870 10 113 10 290 10 377
10 914 11 198 11 693 11 963 12 304
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
80 860 82 390 83 840 85 334 86 843
8 285 8 370 8 400 8 386 8 347
4 168 4 176 4 193 4 189 4 139
4 117 4 194 4 206 4 197 4 208
72 576 74 020 75 441 76 948 78 496
9 645 9 872 10 103 10 315 10 480
15 811 16 425 17 008 17 493 18 070
11 652 11 786 12 036 12 435 12 815
12 237 12 166 12 053 11 932 11 808
10 558 10 742 10 940 11 118 11 303
12 673 13 030 13 300 13 658 14 021
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
88 348 89 618 90 748 91 684 92 778
8 283 8 121 7 884 7 616 7 349
4 083 3 981 3 804 3 635 3 542
4 200 4 140 4 081 3 981 3 807
80 065 81 497 82 864 84 069 85 429
10 612 10 705 10 709 10 660 10 580
18 725 19 350 19 705 20 004 20 403
13 177 13 533 14 201 14 865 15 532
11 701 11 625 11 538 11 478 11 501
11 478 11 605 11 694 11 742 11 768
14 372 14 680 15 017 15 319 15 645
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
93 736 94 789 95 853 96 756 97 630
7 231 7 221 7 271 7 224 7 080
3 543 3 618 3 677 3 569 3 361
3 688 3 603 3 594 3 655 3 719
86 506 87 567 88 583 89 532 90 550
10 351 10 072 9 776 9 503 9 282
20 805 21 233 21 516 21 674 21 765
16 114 16 692 17 279 17 776 18 387
11 574 11 746 11 968 12 378 12 763
11 748 11 675 11 567 11 448 11 314
15 913 16 150 16 476 16 753 17 039
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
98 787 99 646 100 535 101 506 102 460
7 173 6 939 6 818 6 859 6 993
3 359 3 353 3 366 3 415 3 528
3 813 3 586 3 452 3 444 3 465
91 614 92 708 93 718 94 647 95 467
9 582 9 597 9 520 9 426 9 279
21 859 21 711 21 486 21 202 20 945
19 190 19 903 20 267 20 696 21 091
12 843 13 155 13 935 14 605 15 233
10 941 10 895 10 828 10 801 10 825
17 198 17 446 17 682 17 917 18 094
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
103 406 104 385 105 418 106 462 108 031
7 144 7 335 7 528 7 676 7 873
3 613 3 723 3 808 3 835 3 917
3 531 3 612 3 721 3 840 3 955
96 262 97 050 97 889 98 786 100 158
9 029 8 798 8 736 8 790 9 069
20 719 20 477 20 081 19 683 19 411
21 454 21 865 22 214 22 442 22 666
15 862 16 493 17 115 17 600 18 251
10 879 10 993 11 224 11 646 12 056
18 318 18 424 18 520 18 625 18 705
2000 ............................................
108 968
7 890
3 895
3 995
101 079
9 257
19 128
22 655
18 901
12 358
18 780
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
29
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE MEN 1954 ............................................
46 462
3 455
1 902
1 553
43 007
3 074
9 948
9 688
8 172
6 341
5 787
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
47 076 47 602 48 119 48 745 49 408
3 507 3 500 3 556 3 747 4 079
1 945 1 955 2 000 2 140 2 370
1 563 1 546 1 557 1 607 1 710
43 569 44 102 44 563 44 998 45 329
3 241 3 464 3 638 3 783 3 903
9 936 9 851 9 758 9 656 9 499
9 768 9 848 9 917 10 018 10 081
8 303 8 446 8 605 8 765 8 909
6 398 6 455 6 518 6 574 6 639
5 923 6 038 6 127 6 203 6 298
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
50 065 50 608 51 054 52 031 52 869
4 349 4 479 4 520 4 827 5 148
2 476 2 407 2 426 2 792 3 090
1 874 2 073 2 094 2 036 2 059
45 716 46 129 46 534 47 204 47 721
4 054 4 204 4 306 4 610 4 862
9 373 9 290 9 080 9 039 9 024
10 131 10 178 10 239 10 309 10 301
9 042 9 148 9 191 9 297 9 417
6 721 6 819 6 917 7 031 7 153
6 395 6 490 6 801 6 919 6 963
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
53 681 54 061 54 608 55 434 56 348
5 541 5 820 5 671 5 787 6 005
3 050 3 023 3 058 3 153 3 246
2 492 2 798 2 613 2 635 2 759
48 140 48 241 48 937 49 647 50 343
5 017 4 974 5 257 5 376 5 589
9 056 9 085 9 339 9 752 10 074
10 262 10 136 10 013 9 902 9 760
9 516 9 592 9 688 9 790 9 895
7 261 7 362 7 474 7 585 7 705
7 028 7 092 7 167 7 242 7 320
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
57 516 58 900 60 473 61 577 62 791
6 179 6 420 6 627 6 737 6 851
3 329 3 412 3 503 3 555 3 604
2 851 3 008 3 125 3 182 3 247
51 336 52 481 53 845 54 842 55 942
5 988 6 546 7 042 7 312 7 476
10 441 10 841 11 495 12 075 12 599
9 678 9 578 9 568 9 514 9 564
9 999 10 066 10 078 10 099 10 165
7 822 7 933 8 089 8 178 8 288
7 409 7 517 7 573 7 664 7 849
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
63 981 65 132 66 301 67 401 68 547
6 929 6 993 7 024 7 022 7 007
3 609 3 609 3 625 3 619 3 568
3 320 3 384 3 399 3 404 3 439
57 052 58 138 59 278 60 378 61 540
7 766 7 987 8 175 8 335 8 470
13 131 13 655 14 139 14 528 15 008
9 578 9 674 9 880 10 236 10 563
10 134 10 063 9 957 9 845 9 730
8 413 8 556 8 708 8 826 8 949
8 031 8 203 8 420 8 608 8 820
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
69 634 70 480 71 211 71 922 72 723
6 941 6 764 6 556 6 340 6 113
3 508 3 401 3 249 3 098 3 019
3 433 3 363 3 307 3 242 3 094
62 694 63 715 64 655 65 581 66 610
8 581 8 644 8 621 8 597 8 522
15 529 16 005 16 260 16 499 16 816
10 863 11 171 11 756 12 314 12 853
9 636 9 560 9 463 9 408 9 434
9 059 9 139 9 188 9 208 9 217
9 027 9 195 9 367 9 556 9 768
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
73 373 74 390 75 189 75 855 76 468
5 987 5 977 6 015 5 968 5 813
3 026 3 084 3 125 3 015 2 817
2 961 2 894 2 890 2 953 2 996
67 386 68 413 69 175 69 887 70 654
8 246 8 002 7 729 7 473 7 279
17 042 17 564 17 754 17 867 17 908
13 337 13 840 14 338 14 743 15 237
9 488 9 578 9 771 10 114 10 434
9 262 9 201 9 101 9 001 8 900
10 010 10 229 10 481 10 688 10 897
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
77 369 77 977 78 651 79 371 80 059
5 913 5 704 5 611 5 650 5 748
2 809 2 805 2 819 2 862 2 938
3 103 2 899 2 792 2 788 2 810
71 457 72 274 73 040 73 721 74 311
7 764 7 748 7 676 7 545 7 357
17 766 17 615 17 403 17 158 16 915
15 770 16 340 16 579 16 900 17 247
10 598 10 856 11 513 12 058 12 545
8 680 8 640 8 602 8 590 8 618
10 879 11 074 11 268 11 470 11 629
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
80 733 81 489 82 577 83 352 83 930
5 854 6 035 6 257 6 386 6 498
2 995 3 099 3 209 3 233 3 266
2 859 2 936 3 048 3 153 3 232
74 879 75 454 76 320 76 966 77 432
7 163 6 971 7 087 7 170 7 244
16 653 16 395 16 043 15 644 15 150
17 567 17 868 18 163 18 310 18 340
13 028 13 518 14 030 14 400 14 834
8 653 8 734 8 929 9 286 9 581
11 815 11 968 12 067 12 155 12 283
2000 ............................................
84 647
6 496
3 250
3 246
78 151
7 420
14 870
18 304
15 356
9 811
12 390
See Note at end of table.
30
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE WOMEN 1954 ............................................
51 242
3 725
1 884
1 841
47 517
4 720
10 870
10 227
8 397
6 652
6 651
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
51 802 52 373 52 998 53 645 54 392
3 785 3 846 3 949 4 096 4 351
1 929 1 953 2 007 2 131 2 337
1 856 1 892 1 941 1 966 2 015
48 017 48 527 49 049 49 549 50 041
4 671 4 642 4 655 4 715 4 794
10 806 10 713 10 584 10 407 10 216
10 342 10 466 10 597 10 716 10 812
8 566 8 752 8 957 9 159 9 348
6 771 6 886 7 000 7 107 7 219
6 862 7 067 7 256 7 442 7 653
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
55 214 55 993 56 660 57 672 58 663
4 575 4 732 4 823 5 151 5 468
2 433 2 378 2 392 2 757 3 047
2 142 2 354 2 432 2 394 2 422
50 639 51 261 51 837 52 521 53 195
4 873 4 999 5 178 5 459 5 706
10 097 9 999 9 894 9 828 9 814
10 918 10 991 11 054 11 089 11 074
9 536 9 697 9 681 9 785 9 943
7 349 7 485 7 533 7 650 7 804
7 865 8 091 8 496 8 710 8 853
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
59 601 60 503 61 491 62 512 63 563
5 778 6 042 6 011 6 053 6 174
2 999 2 970 2 993 3 072 3 172
2 779 3 072 3 019 2 981 3 002
53 823 54 461 55 480 56 460 57 390
5 918 6 120 6 540 6 809 7 089
9 826 9 904 10 125 10 493 10 818
10 996 10 869 10 732 10 572 10 396
10 088 10 230 10 379 10 520 10 651
7 954 8 107 8 271 8 433 8 600
9 042 9 230 9 435 9 633 9 836
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
64 656 65 857 67 431 68 517 69 623
6 342 6 518 6 673 6 796 6 933
3 262 3 338 3 407 3 466 3 510
3 080 3 180 3 267 3 331 3 424
58 315 59 340 60 758 61 721 62 690
7 370 7 662 7 855 7 951 8 026
11 105 11 454 12 060 12 610 13 112
10 251 10 117 10 105 10 018 10 064
10 761 10 841 10 872 10 891 10 896
8 769 8 951 9 161 9 306 9 356
10 060 10 315 10 705 10 943 11 236
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
70 810 71 974 73 077 74 213 75 347
7 011 7 062 7 071 7 038 6 987
3 523 3 516 3 525 3 513 3 460
3 488 3 546 3 545 3 524 3 527
63 798 64 912 66 007 67 174 68 360
8 214 8 381 8 553 8 704 8 815
13 615 14 102 14 564 14 926 15 363
10 063 10 153 10 351 10 696 11 017
10 847 10 752 10 618 10 476 10 327
9 505 9 664 9 832 9 974 10 122
11 556 11 860 12 088 12 399 12 717
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
76 489 77 428 78 230 78 884 79 624
6 914 6 752 6 519 6 282 6 034
3 403 3 303 3 134 2 991 2 899
3 511 3 449 3 385 3 292 3 135
69 575 70 677 71 711 72 601 73 590
8 904 8 965 8 959 8 895 8 782
15 878 16 362 16 603 16 788 17 073
11 313 11 606 12 154 12 714 13 271
10 201 10 106 10 015 9 941 9 914
10 256 10 346 10 402 10 418 10 412
13 022 13 292 13 579 13 847 14 138
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
80 306 81 042 81 769 82 340 82 871
5 912 5 902 5 924 5 869 5 716
2 895 2 953 2 985 2 878 2 690
3 017 2 949 2 939 2 991 3 027
74 394 75 140 75 845 76 470 77 154
8 607 8 351 8 079 7 804 7 600
17 409 17 728 17 913 18 009 18 043
13 762 14 223 14 698 15 074 15 537
9 917 10 009 10 194 10 537 10 853
10 358 10 277 10 141 9 994 9 843
14 342 14 551 14 820 15 052 15 278
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
83 256 83 781 84 321 84 918 85 496
5 717 5 497 5 393 5 428 5 516
2 654 2 646 2 659 2 700 2 772
3 063 2 850 2 734 2 728 2 744
77 539 78 285 78 928 79 490 79 980
7 774 7 768 7 678 7 542 7 351
17 895 17 726 17 482 17 206 16 950
15 969 16 514 16 727 17 019 17 335
10 937 11 196 11 851 12 398 12 890
9 524 9 435 9 350 9 302 9 306
15 440 15 647 15 841 16 023 16 148
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
86 181 86 828 87 417 88 126 89 156
5 614 5 787 5 924 6 053 6 202
2 827 2 927 3 004 3 031 3 076
2 787 2 860 2 920 3 023 3 127
80 567 81 041 81 492 82 073 82 953
7 150 6 936 6 896 6 969 7 150
16 702 16 457 16 047 15 642 15 366
17 654 17 943 18 162 18 300 18 415
13 390 13 884 14 357 14 732 15 214
9 333 9 402 9 582 9 944 10 274
16 337 16 419 16 447 16 486 16 536
2000 ............................................
89 781
6 211
3 062
3 149
83 570
7 300
15 081
18 384
15 736
10 513
16 557
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
31
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK MEN 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
6 538 6 704 6 875
978 1 007 1 027
525 539 555
453 468 472
5 559 5 697 5 848
921 979 956
1 251 1 326 1 380
1 027 1 027 1 055
963 962 996
720 718 753
680 684 708
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
7 060 7 265 7 431 7 577 7 761
1 051 1 099 1 102 1 093 1 100
565 580 585 580 581
486 518 516 513 520
6 009 6 167 6 329 6 484 6 661
1 002 1 037 1 080 1 120 1 151
1 452 1 522 1 588 1 656 1 739
1 061 1 078 1 103 1 128 1 160
998 1 000 997 995 998
769 774 786 795 809
730 756 775 789 804
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
7 944 8 117 8 283 8 447 8 654
1 110 1 110 1 097 1 087 1 055
584 577 556 542 524
526 534 542 545 531
6 834 7 007 7 186 7 360 7 599
1 171 1 189 1 225 1 254 1 292
1 828 1 914 1 983 2 068 2 164
1 191 1 224 1 282 1 333 1 411
999 1 003 1 003 1 000 1 012
825 844 848 857 858
822 835 846 847 861
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
8 790 8 956 9 128 9 289 9 439
1 059 1 049 1 065 1 074 1 075
543 548 566 569 575
517 503 499 505 501
7 731 7 907 8 063 8 215 8 364
1 202 1 195 1 173 1 151 1 128
2 180 2 264 2 320 2 367 2 403
1 462 1 517 1 587 1 656 1 741
1 060 1 072 1 092 1 121 1 146
924 934 944 951 956
902 924 947 970 990
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
9 573 9 725 9 896 10 083 10 258
1 094 1 072 1 056 1 075 1 087
555 546 544 559 586
540 526 512 517 501
8 479 8 652 8 840 9 008 9 171
1 144 1 168 1 194 1 181 1 206
2 412 2 416 2 409 2 426 2 399
1 968 2 060 2 149 2 227 2 300
1 183 1 211 1 267 1 330 1 392
856 864 869 874 889
916 933 951 969 986
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
10 411 10 575 10 763 10 927 11 143
1 131 1 161 1 188 1 201 1 218
601 623 635 623 628
530 538 554 578 589
9 280 9 414 9 575 9 727 9 926
1 162 1 155 1 153 1 166 1 197
2 389 2 373 2 363 2 335 2 321
2 362 2 413 2 471 2 519 2 566
1 462 1 534 1 607 1 682 1 765
901 914 936 956 986
1 006 1 025 1 045 1 069 1 091
2000 ............................................
11 320
1 213
626
587
10 107
1 235
2 300
2 597
1 856
1 015
1 105
1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
7 988 8 214 8 454
1 040 1 088 1 110
536 556 567
503 532 542
6 948 7 126 7 344
1 106 1 153 1 181
1 558 1 631 1 723
1 302 1 306 1 327
1 176 1 194 1 206
881 898 926
925 944 981
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
8 691 8 931 9 174 9 394 9 636
1 141 1 165 1 171 1 177 1 176
581 585 590 589 586
560 580 581 588 589
7 550 7 765 8 003 8 217 8 460
1 226 1 266 1 320 1 363 1 405
1 806 1 890 1 978 2 061 2 160
1 334 1 357 1 390 1 419 1 455
1 213 1 220 1 228 1 231 1 242
948 962 979 999 1 022
1 025 1 070 1 108 1 143 1 176
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
9 880 10 102 10 300 10 477 10 694
1 180 1 178 1 155 1 138 1 106
587 584 563 550 532
593 593 592 588 574
8 700 8 924 9 146 9 340 9 588
1 435 1 453 1 472 1 480 1 491
2 267 2 376 2 455 2 539 2 625
1 496 1 534 1 605 1 666 1 756
1 250 1 257 1 260 1 260 1 276
1 045 1 069 1 087 1 107 1 119
1 208 1 234 1 267 1 288 1 322
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
10 873 11 033 11 224 11 402 11 582
1 101 1 088 1 098 1 105 1 100
540 542 557 561 541
560 545 541 544 559
9 773 9 945 10 126 10 298 10 482
1 447 1 430 1 405 1 376 1 351
2 693 2 762 2 819 2 867 2 905
1 828 1 893 1 976 2 060 2 159
1 312 1 341 1 368 1 403 1 441
1 136 1 145 1 153 1 159 1 162
1 357 1 374 1 405 1 432 1 464
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
11 904 12 074 12 251 12 438 12 621
1 144 1 115 1 099 1 106 1 125
546 539 542 554 582
598 576 557 552 543
10 760 10 959 11 152 11 332 11 496
1 410 1 417 1 421 1 419 1 410
2 995 3 003 2 995 2 983 2 963
2 360 2 478 2 573 2 659 2 738
1 435 1 471 1 542 1 611 1 692
1 114 1 121 1 127 1 142 1 156
1 446 1 470 1 495 1 518 1 538
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
12 835 13 029 13 241 13 446 13 711
1 153 1 195 1 225 1 243 1 261
597 615 620 618 621
556 580 604 624 640
11 682 11 833 12 016 12 203 12 451
1 392 1 364 1 362 1 380 1 418
2 948 2 938 2 916 2 886 2 876
2 816 2 877 2 939 2 991 3 043
1 782 1 874 1 964 2 053 2 153
1 178 1 196 1 228 1 268 1 310
1 565 1 584 1 608 1 626 1 650
2000 ............................................
13 898
1 255
620
634
12 643
1 455
2 844
3 072
2 262
1 336
1 673
BLACK WOMEN
See Note at end of table.
32
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
16 to 17 years
Total
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC MEN 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
2 891 3 130
... ...
... ...
... ...
2 472 2 680
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
3 219 3 241 3 483 3 750 3 917
... 485 495 525 555
... 251 247 287 285
... 234 248 238 271
2 741 2 764 2 982 3 228 3 362
... 494 561 621 623
... 824 884 934 1 001
... 579 601 655 690
... 444 465 484 495
... 260 271 293 299
... 211 216 240 253
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
4 689 4 968 5 203 5 432 5 661
653 663 664 661 656
326 327 324 321 319
327 336 340 340 337
4 036 4 306 4 539 4 771 5 005
792 842 882 918 944
1 245 1 354 1 450 1 548 1 649
760 816 865 916 973
570 591 607 623 641
367 392 414 436 457
301 312 321 330 341
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
5 885 6 106 6 371 6 604 6 825
654 655 671 683 711
322 330 336 319 343
332 325 335 364 368
5 232 5 451 5 700 5 921 6 114
956 1 006 985 1 003 1 005
1 750 1 787 1 925 1 963 2 017
1 036 1 088 1 205 1 268 1 311
660 735 741 775 810
476 466 463 516 538
354 368 383 397 434
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
8 041 8 296 8 553 8 824 9 104
915 904 899 894 926
431 425 436 437 472
484 479 463 457 454
7 126 7 392 7 655 7 930 8 178
1 319 1 358 1 306 1 306 1 346
2 369 2 441 2 547 2 602 2 627
1 512 1 632 1 728 1 812 1 871
890 890 972 1 032 1 076
573 594 603 600 644
463 477 499 579 614
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
9 329 9 604 10 368 10 734 10 713
954 992 1 119 1 161 1 190
481 485 585 586 571
473 507 534 575 619
8 375 8 611 9 250 9 573 9 523
1 337 1 321 1 439 1 462 1 398
2 657 2 692 2 872 2 907 2 805
1 966 2 144 2 275 2 377 2 407
1 127 1 111 1 266 1 342 1 397
668 712 747 771 767
619 630 651 714 749
2000 ............................................
11 064
1 205
575
631
9 859
1 457
2 820
2 506
1 491
826
759
1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
3 213 3 434
... ...
... ...
... ...
2 766 2 959
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
3 644 3 669 3 879 4 159 4 291
... 490 526 551 540
... 244 266 274 259
... 246 259 277 281
3 161 3 263 3 377 3 608 3 751
... 559 602 642 674
... 952 984 1 069 1 117
... 682 682 723 767
... 493 524 548 520
... 310 317 335 361
... 268 269 289 313
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
4 909 5 151 5 377 5 597 5 816
628 638 643 644 644
312 314 314 313 313
316 324 329 330 330
4 281 4 513 4 734 4 954 5 173
771 808 842 872 895
1 263 1 344 1 421 1 497 1 575
815 864 914 967 1 022
619 640 657 675 695
415 441 466 492 516
398 417 434 451 469
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
6 029 6 238 6 496 6 721 6 965
644 647 661 671 687
316 328 316 343 329
328 319 345 328 359
5 385 5 591 5 835 6 050 6 278
908 893 925 945 945
1 652 1 723 1 789 1 844 1 936
1 081 1 151 1 259 1 297 1 347
716 760 751 796 839
539 557 598 643 644
489 507 513 524 567
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
7 863 8 130 8 408 8 708 9 014
822 828 839 862 892
391 394 400 418 430
431 435 439 444 462
7 041 7 301 7 569 7 846 8 122
1 109 1 122 1 138 1 182 1 173
2 220 2 233 2 259 2 285 2 373
1 489 1 611 1 729 1 820 1 885
927 989 1 008 1 062 1 147
675 689 718 724 757
621 657 716 774 787
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
9 300 9 610 9 953 10 335 10 937
918 956 1 003 1 044 1 116
422 477 503 483 542
496 479 500 560 575
8 382 8 654 8 950 9 292 9 821
1 191 1 203 1 184 1 269 1 302
2 393 2 489 2 533 2 539 2 707
1 999 2 082 2 178 2 259 2 425
1 167 1 164 1 315 1 433 1 470
815 834 833 844 947
818 882 907 948 969
2000 ............................................
11 329
1 136
545
590
10 193
1 319
2 806
2 501
1 542
993
1 032
HISPANIC WOMEN
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
33
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
TOTAL 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
60 621 61 286
4 435 4 288
1 780 1 704
2 654 2 583
56 187 57 000
7 392 7 340
14 258 14 415
13 397 13 711
10 914 11 107
7 329 7 426
2 897 3 010
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
62 208 62 017 62 138 63 015 63 643
4 216 4 103 4 064 4 027 3 976
1 659 1 743 1 806 1 727 1 643
2 557 2 360 2 257 2 299 2 300
57 994 57 914 58 075 58 989 59 666
7 307 6 594 5 840 5 481 5 475
14 619 14 668 14 904 14 898 14 983
13 954 14 100 14 383 15 099 15 221
11 444 11 739 11 961 12 249 12 524
7 633 7 796 7 980 8 024 8 269
3 036 3 020 3 005 3 236 3 192
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
65 023 66 552 66 929 67 639 68 369
4 092 4 296 4 275 4 260 4 492
1 711 1 878 1 843 1 818 1 971
2 382 2 418 2 433 2 442 2 522
60 931 62 257 62 653 63 377 63 876
5 666 5 940 6 071 6 272 6 413
15 058 14 961 14 826 14 668 14 435
15 400 15 694 15 847 16 028 16 127
12 992 13 407 13 768 14 179 14 518
8 513 8 830 8 853 9 031 9 227
3 305 3 423 3 290 3 199 3 158
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
69 628 70 459 70 614 71 833 73 091
4 841 4 936 4 916 5 139 5 388
2 095 1 984 1 919 2 171 2 449
2 747 2 951 2 997 2 966 2 940
64 788 65 524 65 699 66 695 67 702
6 702 6 950 7 082 7 473 7 963
14 382 14 319 14 023 14 050 14 056
16 269 16 402 16 589 16 788 16 771
14 852 15 071 15 096 15 338 15 637
9 385 9 636 9 757 10 006 10 182
3 195 3 146 3 154 3 041 3 090
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
74 455 75 770 77 347 78 737 80 734
5 910 6 558 6 521 6 619 6 970
2 486 2 664 2 734 2 817 3 009
3 425 3 893 3 786 3 803 3 959
68 543 69 219 70 825 72 118 73 763
8 259 8 410 9 010 9 305 9 879
14 233 14 458 15 055 15 708 16 336
16 840 16 738 16 703 16 591 16 458
15 756 15 984 16 172 16 397 16 730
10 350 10 575 10 792 10 964 11 135
3 108 3 053 3 097 3 153 3 227
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
82 771 84 382 87 034 89 429 91 949
7 249 7 470 8 054 8 507 8 871
3 135 3 192 3 420 3 665 3 810
4 115 4 278 4 636 4 839 5 059
75 521 76 913 78 980 80 924 83 080
10 597 11 331 12 130 12 846 13 314
17 036 17 714 18 960 20 376 21 654
16 437 16 305 16 398 16 492 16 763
16 949 17 024 16 967 16 983 17 131
11 283 11 390 11 412 11 256 11 284
3 222 3 149 3 114 2 974 2 934
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
93 775 96 158 99 009 102 251 104 962
8 870 9 056 9 351 9 652 9 638
3 740 3 767 3 919 4 127 4 079
5 131 5 288 5 431 5 526 5 559
84 904 87 103 89 658 92 598 95 325
13 750 14 284 14 825 15 370 15 769
22 864 24 203 25 500 26 703 27 938
16 903 17 317 17 943 18 821 19 685
17 084 16 982 16 878 16 891 16 897
11 346 11 422 11 577 11 744 11 931
2 956 2 895 2 934 3 070 3 104
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
106 940 108 670 110 204 111 550 113 544
9 378 8 988 8 526 8 171 7 943
3 883 3 647 3 336 3 073 3 050
5 496 5 340 5 189 5 098 4 894
97 561 99 682 101 679 103 379 105 601
15 922 16 099 16 082 16 052 16 046
29 227 30 392 31 186 31 834 32 723
20 463 21 211 22 431 23 611 24 933
16 910 16 970 16 889 16 851 17 006
11 985 11 969 12 062 11 992 11 961
3 054 3 042 3 030 3 040 2 933
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
115 461 117 834 119 865 121 669 123 869
7 901 7 926 7 988 8 031 7 954
3 154 3 287 3 384 3 286 3 125
4 747 4 639 4 604 4 745 4 828
107 560 109 908 111 878 113 638 115 916
15 718 15 441 14 977 14 505 14 180
33 550 34 591 35 233 35 503 35 896
26 073 27 232 28 460 29 435 30 601
17 322 17 739 18 210 19 104 19 916
11 991 11 894 11 877 11 808 11 877
2 907 3 010 3 119 3 284 3 446
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
125 840 126 346 128 105 129 200 131 056
7 792 7 265 7 096 7 170 7 481
2 937 2 789 2 769 2 831 3 134
4 856 4 476 4 327 4 338 4 347
118 047 119 082 121 009 122 030 123 576
14 700 14 548 14 521 14 354 14 131
35 929 35 507 35 369 34 780 34 353
32 145 33 312 33 899 34 562 35 226
20 248 20 828 22 160 23 296 24 318
11 575 11 473 11 587 11 599 11 713
3 451 3 413 3 473 3 439 3 834
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
132 304 133 943 136 297 137 673 139 368
7 765 7 806 7 932 8 256 8 333
3 225 3 263 3 237 3 335 3 337
4 540 4 543 4 695 4 921 4 996
124 539 126 137 128 365 129 417 131 034
13 688 13 377 13 532 13 638 13 933
34 198 33 833 33 380 32 813 32 143
35 751 36 556 37 326 37 536 37 882
25 223 26 397 27 574 28 368 29 388
11 860 12 146 12 665 13 215 13 682
3 819 3 828 3 887 3 847 4 005
2000 ............................................
140 863
8 369
3 284
5 085
132 495
14 346
31 669
37 838
30 467
13 974
4 200
See Note at end of table.
34
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE 1954 ............................................
56 816
3 501
1 448
2 054
53 315
4 752
13 226
13 540
11 258
7 591
2 946
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
58 085 59 428 59 754 60 293 60 952
3 598 3 771 3 775 3 757 4 000
1 511 1 656 1 637 1 615 1 775
2 087 2 113 2 135 2 144 2 225
54 487 55 657 55 979 56 536 56 952
4 941 5 194 5 283 5 449 5 544
13 267 13 154 13 044 12 884 12 670
13 729 14 000 14 117 14 257 14 355
11 680 12 061 12 382 12 727 13 048
7 810 8 080 8 091 8 254 8 411
3 062 3 166 3 049 2 964 2 925
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
61 915 62 656 62 750 63 830 64 921
4 275 4 362 4 354 4 559 4 784
1 871 1 767 1 709 1 950 2 211
2 405 2 594 2 645 2 608 2 572
57 640 58 294 58 396 59 271 60 137
5 787 6 026 6 164 6 537 6 952
12 594 12 503 12 218 12 229 12 235
14 450 14 557 14 695 14 859 14 852
13 322 13 517 13 551 13 789 14 043
8 522 8 773 8 856 9 067 9 239
2 964 2 917 2 912 2 790 2 817
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
66 137 67 276 68 699 69 976 71 778
5 267 5 827 5 749 5 839 6 168
2 221 2 367 2 432 2 519 2 698
3 044 3 460 3 318 3 320 3 470
60 870 61 449 62 950 64 137 65 611
7 189 7 324 7 886 8 109 8 614
12 391 12 591 13 123 13 740 14 289
14 900 14 785 14 765 14 683 14 564
14 162 14 370 14 545 14 756 15 057
9 392 9 583 9 817 9 968 10 132
2 839 2 793 2 821 2 884 2 954
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
73 556 74 963 77 275 79 151 81 281
6 442 6 681 7 193 7 579 7 899
2 824 2 894 3 096 3 320 3 441
3 617 3 787 4 098 4 260 4 459
67 113 68 282 70 082 71 572 73 381
9 238 9 889 10 605 11 182 11 600
14 896 15 445 16 584 17 764 18 862
14 525 14 374 14 399 14 440 14 644
15 269 15 343 15 283 15 256 15 375
10 255 10 351 10 402 10 240 10 241
2 930 2 880 2 809 2 687 2 656
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
82 831 84 767 87 141 89 634 91 923
7 899 8 088 8 352 8 555 8 548
3 375 3 410 3 562 3 715 3 668
4 525 4 679 4 790 4 839 4 881
74 932 76 678 78 789 81 079 83 375
12 019 12 444 12 892 13 309 13 632
19 897 20 990 22 099 23 067 24 101
14 753 15 088 15 604 16 353 17 123
15 308 15 187 15 053 15 004 14 965
10 287 10 371 10 495 10 602 10 767
2 668 2 599 2 647 2 745 2 787
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
93 600 95 052 96 143 97 021 98 492
8 312 7 962 7 518 7 186 6 952
3 485 3 274 3 001 2 765 2 720
4 827 4 688 4 518 4 421 4 232
85 286 87 089 88 625 89 835 91 540
13 769 13 926 13 866 13 816 13 733
25 181 26 208 26 814 27 237 27 958
17 811 18 445 19 491 20 488 21 588
14 956 14 993 14 879 14 798 14 899
10 812 10 764 10 832 10 732 10 701
2 759 2 753 2 742 2 766 2 660
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
99 926 101 801 103 290 104 756 106 355
6 841 6 862 6 893 6 940 6 809
2 777 2 895 2 963 2 861 2 685
4 065 3 967 3 931 4 079 4 124
93 085 94 939 96 396 97 815 99 546
13 469 13 176 12 764 12 311 11 940
28 640 29 497 29 956 30 167 30 388
22 591 23 571 24 581 25 358 26 312
15 101 15 379 15 792 16 573 17 278
10 679 10 583 10 497 10 462 10 533
2 605 2 732 2 806 2 943 3 094
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
107 447 107 743 108 837 109 700 111 082
6 683 6 245 6 022 6 105 6 357
2 543 2 432 2 388 2 458 2 681
4 140 3 813 3 633 3 647 3 677
100 764 101 498 102 815 103 595 104 725
12 397 12 248 12 187 11 987 11 688
30 174 29 794 29 518 29 027 28 580
27 265 28 213 28 580 29 056 29 626
17 515 18 028 19 200 20 181 21 026
10 290 10 129 10 196 10 215 10 319
3 123 3 086 3 135 3 129 3 486
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
111 950 113 108 114 693 115 415 116 509
6 545 6 607 6 720 6 965 7 048
2 749 2 780 2 779 2 860 2 849
3 796 3 826 3 941 4 105 4 199
105 404 106 502 107 973 108 450 109 461
11 266 11 003 11 127 11 244 11 436
28 325 27 901 27 362 26 707 25 978
30 112 30 683 31 171 31 221 31 391
21 804 22 781 23 709 24 282 25 102
10 432 10 648 11 086 11 548 11 960
3 466 3 485 3 517 3 448 3 595
2000 ............................................
117 574
7 075
2 800
4 275
110 499
11 762
25 482
31 346
25 968
12 192
3 749
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
35
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
8 707 8 976 9 167
788 833 851
293 307 317
496 525 534
7 919 8 143 8 317
1 393 1 489 1 492
2 107 2 242 2 358
1 735 1 741 1 777
1 496 1 513 1 517
909 901 917
281 258 253
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
9 263 9 561 9 932 10 432 10 678
838 837 861 930 912
312 304 304 341 340
524 532 557 589 572
8 426 8 724 9 072 9 501 9 766
1 477 1 544 1 641 1 739 1 793
2 466 2 646 2 798 2 961 3 094
1 775 1 824 1 894 1 975 2 039
1 519 1 518 1 530 1 560 1 584
929 925 943 978 974
258 268 267 289 281
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
10 865 11 086 11 331 11 647 12 033
891 862 824 809 827
326 308 268 248 268
565 554 556 561 558
9 975 10 224 10 507 10 838 11 206
1 802 1 828 1 849 1 871 1 926
3 259 3 365 3 492 3 675 3 800
2 081 2 164 2 303 2 406 2 565
1 596 1 608 1 610 1 630 1 671
978 1 009 1 012 1 032 1 020
257 249 243 224 224
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
12 364 12 654 12 993 13 205 13 497
889 883 899 889 925
311 322 336 344 353
578 562 563 545 572
11 476 11 770 12 094 12 316 12 573
1 854 1 881 1 818 1 782 1 789
3 888 4 028 4 147 4 226 4 295
2 681 2 793 2 942 3 069 3 227
1 742 1 793 1 838 1 894 1 954
1 059 1 051 1 098 1 069 1 023
252 224 251 276 285
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
13 740 13 797 14 162 14 225 14 502
866 774 816 807 852
306 266 285 283 351
560 508 532 524 501
12 874 13 023 13 346 13 418 13 650
1 758 1 750 1 763 1 764 1 800
4 307 4 254 4 309 4 232 4 199
3 566 3 719 3 843 3 960 4 068
2 003 2 042 2 142 2 212 2 308
977 1 001 1 029 1 013 1 007
262 256 259 237 267
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
14 817 15 134 15 529 15 982 16 365
911 923 933 1 017 959
366 366 352 370 352
545 556 580 646 607
13 906 14 211 14 596 14 966 15 406
1 754 1 738 1 783 1 797 1 866
4 267 4 305 4 329 4 332 4 430
4 165 4 287 4 401 4 531 4 653
2 404 2 553 2 724 2 863 2 992
1 046 1 073 1 093 1 163 1 180
271 255 265 278 285
2000 ............................................
16 603
967
366
602
15 635
1 932
4 328
4 665
3 161
1 227
322
1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
3 673 4 012
407 442
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
4 171 4 205 4 536 4 979 5 219
444 447 493 533 551
... 176 184 221 207
... 285 305 312 343
... 3 820 4 059 4 446 4 668
... 729 813 901 960
... 1 248 1 325 1 446 1 532
... 875 916 1 008 1 062
... 625 656 701 704
... 294 293 323 339
... 48 55 67 72
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
6 146 6 492 6 734 7 033 7 451
645 603 585 590 618
241 215 192 189 209
404 388 393 401 409
5 502 5 888 6 148 6 442 6 833
1 136 1 231 1 251 1 282 1 325
1 843 2 015 2 163 2 267 2 436
1 163 1 239 1 313 1 380 1 509
860 886 891 931 954
414 430 444 495 524
85 87 85 86 84
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
7 698 8 076 8 541 8 982 9 323
579 571 610 671 680
199 203 206 234 224
379 368 404 437 456
7 119 7 505 7 931 8 311 8 643
1 358 1 414 1 425 1 486 1 483
2 571 2 685 2 890 2 957 3 118
1 595 1 713 1 904 1 996 2 092
985 1 097 1 086 1 147 1 205
527 511 545 621 625
82 84 81 103 120
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
10 720 10 920 11 338 11 610 11 975
829 781 796 771 807
276 249 263 246 285
554 532 533 525 522
9 891 10 139 10 542 10 839 11 168
1 839 1 835 1 815 1 811 1 863
3 590 3 596 3 740 3 800 3 865
2 386 2 539 2 735 2 865 2 965
1 320 1 376 1 442 1 534 1 626
647 681 687 684 698
110 111 122 145 151
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
12 267 12 774 13 796 14 317 14 665
850 845 911 1 007 1 049
291 284 315 320 333
559 561 596 688 717
11 417 11 929 12 884 13 310 13 616
1 818 1 845 2 004 2 077 2 052
3 943 4 054 4 298 4 372 4 330
3 113 3 361 3 601 3 707 3 929
1 671 1 697 1 945 2 090 2 178
720 806 850 894 927
152 166 186 169 199
2000 ............................................
15 368
1 083
338
745
14 285
2 155
4 485
4 086
2 357
983
218
HISPANIC
See Note at end of table.
36
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
MEN 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
43 286 43 498
2 600 2 477
1 109 1 056
1 490 1 420
40 687 41 022
4 673 4 682
10 327 10 418
9 596 9 722
7 943 8 008
5 764 5 748
2 384 2 454
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
43 819 43 001 42 869 43 633 43 965
2 504 2 347 2 312 2 320 2 295
1 048 1 081 1 101 1 070 1 023
1 456 1 266 1 210 1 249 1 272
41 316 40 655 40 558 41 315 41 669
4 632 3 935 3 338 3 053 3 051
10 527 10 375 10 585 10 736 10 771
9 793 9 799 9 945 10 437 10 513
8 117 8 205 8 326 8 570 8 702
5 794 5 873 5 949 5 975 6 105
2 453 2 469 2 416 2 543 2 526
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
44 475 45 091 45 197 45 521 45 886
2 369 2 433 2 415 2 428 2 596
1 070 1 142 1 127 1 133 1 206
1 299 1 291 1 289 1 295 1 390
42 106 42 658 42 780 43 092 43 289
3 221 3 485 3 629 3 771 3 940
10 806 10 685 10 571 10 475 10 346
10 595 10 663 10 731 10 843 10 899
8 838 9 002 9 153 9 320 9 438
6 122 6 220 6 222 6 304 6 345
2 526 2 602 2 477 2 378 2 322
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
46 388 46 653 46 600 47 129 47 679
2 787 2 794 2 770 2 907 3 074
1 290 1 210 1 178 1 321 1 499
1 496 1 583 1 592 1 586 1 575
43 603 43 860 43 831 44 222 44 604
4 123 4 253 4 279 4 514 4 754
10 251 10 176 9 920 9 876 9 876
10 967 11 012 11 115 11 187 11 156
9 574 9 668 9 715 9 836 9 956
6 399 6 530 6 560 6 675 6 741
2 287 2 220 2 241 2 135 2 124
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
48 255 48 471 48 987 49 533 50 221
3 397 3 685 3 634 3 681 3 870
1 532 1 609 1 658 1 687 1 770
1 866 2 075 1 976 1 995 2 100
44 857 44 788 45 354 45 852 46 351
4 894 4 820 5 043 5 070 5 282
9 903 9 948 10 207 10 610 10 941
11 120 10 983 10 859 10 725 10 556
10 045 10 100 10 189 10 267 10 344
6 763 6 847 6 937 7 025 7 058
2 132 2 089 2 118 2 154 2 170
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
51 228 52 180 53 555 54 624 55 739
4 008 4 172 4 476 4 693 4 861
1 810 1 856 1 955 2 073 2 138
2 199 2 315 2 522 2 618 2 721
47 220 48 009 49 079 49 932 50 879
5 717 6 233 6 766 7 183 7 387
11 327 11 731 12 350 13 056 13 665
10 469 10 347 10 372 10 338 10 401
10 417 10 451 10 412 10 416 10 431
7 126 7 155 7 155 7 028 7 063
2 165 2 090 2 026 1 913 1 932
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
56 299 57 174 58 396 59 620 60 726
4 805 4 886 5 048 5 149 5 111
2 065 2 069 2 155 2 227 2 192
2 740 2 817 2 893 2 923 2 919
51 494 52 288 53 348 54 471 55 615
7 565 7 866 8 109 8 327 8 535
14 192 14 784 15 353 15 814 16 387
10 398 10 500 10 771 11 159 11 531
10 401 10 293 10 158 10 083 10 008
7 023 7 020 7 100 7 151 7 212
1 914 1 826 1 857 1 936 1 943
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
61 453 61 974 62 450 63 047 63 835
4 999 4 777 4 470 4 303 4 134
2 102 1 957 1 776 1 621 1 591
2 897 2 820 2 694 2 682 2 542
56 455 57 197 57 980 58 744 59 701
8 607 8 648 8 604 8 601 8 594
16 971 17 479 17 793 18 038 18 488
11 836 12 166 12 781 13 398 14 037
9 905 9 868 9 784 9 746 9 776
7 242 7 170 7 174 7 119 7 050
1 893 1 866 1 845 1 842 1 755
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
64 411 65 422 66 207 66 927 67 840
4 134 4 102 4 112 4 159 4 136
1 663 1 707 1 745 1 714 1 630
2 471 2 395 2 367 2 445 2 505
60 277 61 320 62 095 62 768 63 704
8 283 8 148 7 837 7 594 7 458
18 808 19 383 19 656 19 742 19 905
14 506 15 029 15 587 16 074 16 622
9 870 9 994 10 176 10 566 10 919
7 060 6 954 6 940 6 831 6 783
1 750 1 811 1 899 1 960 2 017
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
69 011 69 168 69 964 70 404 70 817
4 094 3 795 3 751 3 762 3 896
1 537 1 452 1 453 1 497 1 630
2 557 2 343 2 297 2 265 2 266
64 916 65 374 66 213 66 642 66 921
7 866 7 820 7 770 7 671 7 540
19 872 19 641 19 495 19 214 18 854
17 481 18 077 18 347 18 713 18 966
11 103 11 362 12 040 12 562 12 962
6 627 6 550 6 551 6 502 6 423
1 967 1 924 2 010 1 980 2 176
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
71 360 72 087 73 261 73 959 74 512
4 036 4 043 4 095 4 244 4 318
1 668 1 665 1 676 1 728 1 732
2 368 2 378 2 419 2 516 2 587
67 324 68 044 69 166 69 715 70 194
7 338 7 104 7 184 7 221 7 291
18 670 18 430 18 110 17 796 17 318
19 189 19 602 20 058 20 242 20 382
13 421 13 967 14 564 14 963 15 394
6 504 6 693 6 952 7 253 7 477
2 201 2 247 2 298 2 240 2 333
2000 ............................................
75 247
4 317
1 688
2 629
70 930
7 558
17 073
20 334
15 951
7 574
2 439
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
37
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WOMEN 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
17 335 17 788
1 835 1 811
671 648
1 164 1 163
15 500 15 978
2 719 2 658
3 931 3 997
3 801 3 989
2 971 3 099
1 565 1 678
513 556
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
18 389 19 016 19 269 19 382 19 678
1 712 1 756 1 752 1 707 1 681
611 662 705 657 620
1 101 1 094 1 047 1 050 1 028
16 678 17 259 17 517 17 674 17 997
2 675 2 659 2 502 2 428 2 424
4 092 4 293 4 319 4 162 4 212
4 161 4 301 4 438 4 662 4 708
3 327 3 534 3 635 3 679 3 822
1 839 1 923 2 031 2 049 2 164
583 551 589 693 666
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
20 548 21 461 21 732 22 118 22 483
1 723 1 863 1 860 1 832 1 896
641 736 716 685 765
1 083 1 127 1 144 1 147 1 132
18 825 19 599 19 873 20 285 20 587
2 445 2 455 2 442 2 501 2 473
4 252 4 276 4 255 4 193 4 089
4 805 5 031 5 116 5 185 5 228
4 154 4 405 4 615 4 859 5 080
2 391 2 610 2 631 2 727 2 882
779 821 813 821 836
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
23 240 23 806 24 014 24 704 25 412
2 054 2 142 2 146 2 232 2 314
805 774 741 850 950
1 251 1 368 1 405 1 380 1 365
21 185 21 664 21 868 22 473 23 098
2 579 2 697 2 803 2 959 3 209
4 131 4 143 4 103 4 174 4 180
5 302 5 390 5 474 5 601 5 615
5 278 5 403 5 381 5 502 5 681
2 986 3 106 3 197 3 331 3 441
908 926 913 906 966
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
26 200 27 299 28 360 29 204 30 513
2 513 2 873 2 887 2 938 3 100
954 1 055 1 076 1 130 1 239
1 559 1 818 1 810 1 808 1 859
23 686 24 431 25 475 26 266 27 413
3 365 3 590 3 966 4 235 4 597
4 330 4 510 4 848 5 098 5 395
5 720 5 755 5 844 5 866 5 902
5 711 5 884 5 983 6 130 6 386
3 587 3 728 3 855 3 939 4 077
976 964 979 999 1 057
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
31 543 32 202 33 479 34 804 36 211
3 241 3 298 3 578 3 814 4 010
1 325 1 336 1 464 1 592 1 672
1 916 1 963 2 114 2 221 2 338
28 301 28 904 29 901 30 991 32 201
4 880 5 098 5 364 5 663 5 926
5 708 5 983 6 610 7 320 7 989
5 968 5 957 6 027 6 154 6 362
6 532 6 573 6 555 6 567 6 699
4 157 4 234 4 257 4 228 4 221
1 056 1 059 1 089 1 061 1 002
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
37 475 38 983 40 613 42 631 44 235
4 065 4 170 4 303 4 503 4 527
1 674 1 698 1 765 1 900 1 887
2 391 2 470 2 538 2 603 2 639
33 410 34 814 36 310 38 128 39 708
6 185 6 418 6 717 7 043 7 234
8 673 9 419 10 149 10 888 11 551
6 505 6 817 7 171 7 662 8 154
6 683 6 689 6 720 6 807 6 889
4 323 4 402 4 477 4 593 4 719
1 042 1 069 1 078 1 134 1 161
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
45 487 46 696 47 755 48 503 49 709
4 381 4 211 4 056 3 868 3 810
1 781 1 691 1 561 1 452 1 458
2 599 2 520 2 495 2 416 2 351
41 106 42 485 43 699 44 636 45 900
7 315 7 451 7 477 7 451 7 451
12 257 12 912 13 393 13 796 14 234
8 627 9 045 9 651 10 213 10 896
7 004 7 101 7 105 7 105 7 230
4 742 4 799 4 888 4 873 4 911
1 161 1 176 1 185 1 198 1 177
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
51 050 52 413 53 658 54 742 56 030
3 767 3 824 3 875 3 872 3 818
1 491 1 580 1 638 1 572 1 495
2 276 2 244 2 237 2 300 2 323
47 283 48 589 49 783 50 870 52 212
7 434 7 293 7 140 6 910 6 721
14 742 15 208 15 577 15 761 15 990
11 567 12 204 12 873 13 361 13 980
7 452 7 746 8 034 8 537 8 997
4 932 4 940 4 937 4 977 5 095
1 156 1 199 1 221 1 324 1 429
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
56 829 57 178 58 141 58 795 60 239
3 698 3 470 3 345 3 408 3 585
1 400 1 337 1 316 1 335 1 504
2 298 2 133 2 030 2 073 2 081
53 131 53 708 54 796 55 388 56 655
6 834 6 728 6 750 6 683 6 592
16 058 15 867 15 875 15 566 15 499
14 663 15 235 15 552 15 849 16 259
9 145 9 465 10 120 10 733 11 357
4 948 4 924 5 035 5 097 5 289
1 483 1 489 1 464 1 459 1 658
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
60 944 61 857 63 036 63 714 64 855
3 729 3 763 3 837 4 012 4 015
1 557 1 599 1 561 1 607 1 606
2 172 2 164 2 277 2 405 2 410
57 215 58 094 59 198 59 702 60 840
6 349 6 273 6 348 6 418 6 643
15 528 15 403 15 271 15 017 14 826
16 562 16 954 17 268 17 294 17 501
11 801 12 430 13 010 13 405 13 994
5 356 5 452 5 713 5 962 6 204
1 618 1 581 1 590 1 607 1 673
2000 ............................................
65 616
4 051
1 596
2 456
61 565
6 788
14 596
17 504
14 515
6 400
1 762
See Note at end of table.
38
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE MEN 1954 ............................................
39 759
1 989
896
1 095
37 770
2 654
9 695
9 516
7 913
5 653
2 339
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
40 197 40 734 40 826 41 080 41 397
2 056 2 114 2 108 2 116 2 279
935 1 002 992 1 001 1 077
1 121 1 110 1 114 1 116 1 202
38 141 38 620 38 718 38 964 39 118
2 803 3 036 3 152 3 278 3 409
9 721 9 595 9 483 9 386 9 261
9 597 9 661 9 719 9 822 9 876
8 025 8 175 8 317 8 465 8 581
5 654 5 736 5 735 5 800 5 833
2 343 2 417 2 307 2 213 2 158
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
41 743 41 986 41 931 42 404 42 894
2 433 2 439 2 432 2 563 2 716
1 140 1 067 1 041 1 183 1 345
1 293 1 372 1 391 1 380 1 371
39 310 39 547 39 499 39 841 40 178
3 559 3 681 3 726 3 955 4 166
9 153 9 072 8 846 8 805 8 800
9 919 9 961 10 029 10 079 10 055
8 689 8 776 8 820 8 944 9 053
5 861 5 988 5 995 6 090 6 161
2 129 2 068 2 082 1 967 1 942
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
43 400 43 572 44 041 44 553 45 185
2 999 3 253 3 191 3 236 3 413
1 359 1 423 1 464 1 504 1 583
1 639 1 830 1 727 1 732 1 830
40 401 40 319 40 851 41 318 41 772
4 279 4 200 4 416 4 432 4 615
8 824 8 859 9 102 9 477 9 773
10 023 9 892 9 785 9 662 9 509
9 130 9 189 9 260 9 340 9 413
6 188 6 250 6 348 6 427 6 467
1 959 1 928 1 944 1 981 1 996
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
46 035 46 904 48 118 48 920 49 843
3 551 3 719 3 980 4 174 4 312
1 629 1 681 1 758 1 875 1 922
1 922 2 039 2 223 2 300 2 391
42 483 43 185 44 138 44 747 45 532
4 988 5 448 5 937 6 274 6 470
10 099 10 444 11 039 11 621 12 135
9 414 9 294 9 278 9 212 9 246
9 487 9 528 9 473 9 445 9 455
6 517 6 550 6 562 6 452 6 464
1 978 1 922 1 846 1 740 1 759
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
50 324 51 033 52 033 52 955 53 856
4 290 4 357 4 496 4 565 4 537
1 871 1 869 1 949 2 002 1 974
2 418 2 489 2 548 2 563 2 563
46 034 46 675 47 537 48 390 49 320
6 642 6 890 7 097 7 274 7 421
12 579 13 092 13 575 13 939 14 415
9 231 9 289 9 509 9 858 10 183
9 415 9 310 9 175 9 068 8 968
6 425 6 437 6 492 6 508 6 571
1 742 1 657 1 688 1 744 1 761
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
54 473 54 895 55 133 55 480 56 062
4 424 4 224 3 933 3 764 3 609
1 881 1 751 1 602 1 452 1 420
2 543 2 473 2 331 2 312 2 189
50 049 50 671 51 200 51 716 52 453
7 479 7 521 7 438 7 406 7 370
14 893 15 340 15 549 15 707 16 037
10 455 10 740 11 289 11 817 12 348
8 877 8 836 8 727 8 649 8 683
6 618 6 530 6 520 6 446 6 410
1 727 1 704 1 677 1 691 1 606
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
56 472 57 217 57 779 58 317 58 988
3 576 3 542 3 547 3 583 3 546
1 467 1 502 1 524 1 487 1 401
2 109 2 040 2 023 2 095 2 146
52 895 53 675 54 232 54 734 55 441
7 122 6 986 6 717 6 468 6 316
16 306 16 769 16 963 17 018 17 077
12 767 13 207 13 674 14 068 14 516
8 730 8 791 8 945 9 285 9 615
6 376 6 260 6 200 6 108 6 082
1 595 1 663 1 733 1 787 1 835
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
59 638 59 656 60 168 60 484 60 727
3 522 3 269 3 192 3 200 3 315
1 333 1 266 1 260 1 292 1 403
2 189 2 003 1 932 1 908 1 912
56 116 56 387 56 976 57 284 57 411
6 688 6 619 6 542 6 449 6 294
16 920 16 709 16 512 16 244 15 879
15 026 15 523 15 701 15 971 16 188
9 713 9 926 10 570 11 010 11 327
5 957 5 847 5 821 5 784 5 726
1 811 1 763 1 830 1 825 1 998
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
61 146 61 783 62 639 63 034 63 413
3 427 3 444 3 513 3 614 3 666
1 429 1 421 1 440 1 487 1 478
1 998 2 023 2 073 2 127 2 188
57 719 58 340 59 126 59 421 59 747
6 096 5 922 6 029 6 063 6 151
15 669 15 475 15 120 14 770 14 292
16 414 16 728 17 019 17 157 17 201
11 730 12 217 12 710 13 003 13 368
5 809 5 943 6 154 6 415 6 618
2 000 2 054 2 094 2 013 2 117
2000 ............................................
63 861
3 679
1 439
2 240
60 182
6 308
14 043
17 158
13 783
6 692
2 198
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
39
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE WOMEN 1954 ............................................
17 057
1 512
552
959
15 545
2 098
3 531
4 024
3 345
1 938
607
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
17 888 18 694 18 928 19 213 19 555
1 542 1 657 1 667 1 641 1 721
576 654 645 614 698
966 1 003 1 021 1 028 1 023
16 346 17 037 17 261 17 572 17 834
2 138 2 158 2 131 2 171 2 135
3 546 3 559 3 561 3 498 3 409
4 132 4 339 4 398 4 435 4 479
3 655 3 886 4 065 4 262 4 467
2 156 2 344 2 356 2 454 2 578
719 749 742 751 767
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
20 172 20 670 20 819 21 426 22 027
1 842 1 923 1 922 1 996 2 068
731 700 668 767 866
1 112 1 222 1 254 1 228 1 201
18 330 18 747 18 897 19 430 19 959
2 228 2 345 2 438 2 582 2 786
3 441 3 431 3 372 3 424 3 435
4 531 4 596 4 666 4 780 4 797
4 633 4 741 4 731 4 845 4 990
2 661 2 785 2 861 2 977 3 078
835 849 830 823 875
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
22 737 23 704 24 658 25 423 26 593
2 268 2 574 2 558 2 603 2 755
862 944 968 1 015 1 115
1 405 1 630 1 591 1 588 1 640
20 469 21 130 22 100 22 821 23 839
2 910 3 124 3 471 3 677 3 999
3 567 3 732 4 021 4 263 4 516
4 877 4 893 4 980 5 021 5 055
5 032 5 181 5 285 5 416 5 644
3 204 3 333 3 469 3 541 3 665
880 865 877 903 958
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
27 521 28 060 29 157 30 231 31 437
2 891 2 962 3 213 3 405 3 588
1 195 1 213 1 338 1 445 1 520
1 695 1 748 1 875 1 960 2 068
24 630 25 097 25 945 26 825 27 850
4 250 4 441 4 668 4 908 5 131
4 797 5 001 5 544 6 143 6 727
5 111 5 080 5 121 5 228 5 399
5 781 5 816 5 810 5 811 5 920
3 738 3 801 3 839 3 788 3 777
952 958 963 947 897
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
32 508 33 735 35 108 36 679 38 067
3 610 3 731 3 856 3 990 4 011
1 504 1 541 1 614 1 713 1 694
2 107 2 189 2 243 2 276 2 318
28 898 30 004 31 253 32 689 34 056
5 378 5 554 5 795 6 035 6 211
7 318 7 898 8 523 9 128 9 687
5 522 5 799 6 095 6 495 6 940
5 892 5 877 5 877 5 936 5 997
3 862 3 935 4 003 4 094 4 196
926 940 959 1 001 1 024
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
39 127 40 157 41 010 41 541 42 431
3 888 3 739 3 585 3 422 3 343
1 605 1 523 1 399 1 314 1 300
2 284 2 216 2 186 2 109 2 043
35 239 36 418 37 425 38 119 39 087
6 290 6 406 6 428 6 410 6 363
10 289 10 868 11 264 11 530 11 922
7 356 7 704 8 202 8 670 9 240
6 079 6 157 6 152 6 149 6 217
4 194 4 235 4 313 4 285 4 292
1 032 1 049 1 065 1 074 1 054
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
43 455 44 584 45 510 46 439 47 367
3 265 3 320 3 347 3 358 3 262
1 310 1 393 1 439 1 374 1 284
1 955 1 927 1 908 1 984 1 978
40 190 41 264 42 164 43 081 44 105
6 348 6 191 6 047 5 844 5 625
12 334 12 729 12 993 13 149 13 311
9 824 10 364 10 907 11 291 11 796
6 371 6 588 6 847 7 288 7 663
4 303 4 323 4 297 4 354 4 451
1 010 1 069 1 073 1 156 1 259
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
47 809 48 087 48 669 49 216 50 356
3 161 2 976 2 830 2 905 3 042
1 210 1 166 1 128 1 167 1 278
1 951 1 810 1 702 1 739 1 764
44 648 45 111 45 839 46 311 47 314
5 709 5 629 5 645 5 539 5 394
13 254 13 085 13 006 12 783 12 702
12 239 12 689 12 879 13 085 13 439
7 802 8 101 8 630 9 171 9 699
4 333 4 282 4 375 4 430 4 593
1 312 1 324 1 305 1 304 1 487
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
50 804 51 325 52 054 52 380 53 096
3 118 3 163 3 207 3 351 3 382
1 320 1 360 1 339 1 373 1 371
1 798 1 803 1 867 1 977 2 010
47 686 48 162 48 847 49 029 49 714
5 170 5 081 5 099 5 180 5 285
12 656 12 426 12 242 11 937 11 685
13 697 13 955 14 153 14 064 14 190
10 074 10 563 10 999 11 279 11 734
4 622 4 706 4 932 5 133 5 342
1 466 1 431 1 422 1 435 1 478
2000 ............................................
53 714
3 396
1 360
2 035
50 318
5 455
11 439
14 188
12 186
5 500
1 550
See Note at end of table.
40
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK MEN 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
4 816 4 924 5 020
453 460 480
180 175 189
272 286 291
4 364 4 464 4 540
761 819 798
1 158 1 217 1 279
935 935 953
824 842 838
522 499 519
165 153 152
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
5 016 5 101 5 263 5 435 5 559
447 454 476 491 480
168 168 178 186 179
279 285 299 306 301
4 569 4 648 4 787 4 943 5 079
790 820 856 883 928
1 328 1 383 1 441 1 504 1 577
948 969 1 003 1 022 1 049
833 824 818 829 844
520 504 515 540 524
150 149 154 166 156
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
5 612 5 685 5 804 5 966 6 126
479 462 436 433 440
181 169 137 134 141
298 293 300 300 299
5 134 5 223 5 368 5 533 5 686
935 940 964 997 1 022
1 659 1 702 1 769 1 840 1 924
1 061 1 093 1 152 1 196 1 270
830 829 824 845 847
509 524 525 536 505
138 134 135 119 118
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
6 220 6 373 6 486 6 596 6 701
471 458 463 469 480
162 164 179 186 190
310 294 284 283 291
5 749 5 915 6 023 6 127 6 221
950 957 914 913 904
1 937 2 029 2 074 2 114 2 157
1 313 1 359 1 406 1 459 1 544
879 901 915 936 945
544 552 586 565 530
125 116 130 139 141
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
6 802 6 851 6 997 7 019 7 089
445 400 429 425 443
161 140 149 154 176
284 260 280 270 266
6 357 6 451 6 568 6 594 6 646
879 896 900 875 891
2 142 2 111 2 121 2 118 2 068
1 733 1 806 1 859 1 918 1 975
988 1 010 1 037 1 065 1 102
496 507 521 506 484
119 122 130 112 125
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
7 183 7 264 7 354 7 542 7 652
453 458 444 488 470
184 182 178 181 180
269 276 266 307 291
6 730 6 806 6 910 7 053 7 182
866 848 832 837 835
2 089 2 077 2 052 2 034 2 069
1 987 2 036 2 096 2 142 2 206
1 148 1 204 1 287 1 343 1 387
490 509 508 548 547
150 132 134 150 138
2000 ............................................
7 816
473
187
286
7 343
906
2 019
2 214
1 467
580
157
1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
3 890 4 052 4 148
335 373 371
113 133 128
224 240 243
3 555 3 678 3 777
632 670 694
949 1 026 1 079
800 806 824
672 670 679
387 402 398
116 105 100
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
4 247 4 460 4 670 4 997 5 119
391 384 385 439 432
144 136 127 155 161
245 247 258 283 271
3 857 4 076 4 286 4 558 4 687
687 723 785 856 865
1 138 1 264 1 357 1 456 1 517
827 855 891 953 990
686 694 712 731 740
409 421 429 439 451
108 119 113 124 124
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
5 253 5 401 5 527 5 681 5 907
412 400 387 375 387
144 139 131 114 127
267 261 256 261 260
4 841 5 001 5 140 5 306 5 520
867 888 885 874 904
1 600 1 663 1 723 1 835 1 876
1 020 1 071 1 151 1 210 1 294
767 779 786 785 823
469 485 487 496 515
119 115 108 105 106
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
6 144 6 281 6 507 6 609 6 796
417 425 435 419 445
149 157 157 158 163
268 268 278 262 281
5 727 5 855 6 071 6 190 6 352
904 924 904 869 885
1 951 1 999 2 073 2 112 2 138
1 368 1 434 1 537 1 610 1 683
862 892 924 958 1 009
515 499 512 504 493
127 107 121 137 144
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
6 938 6 946 7 166 7 206 7 413
421 374 387 383 409
145 126 135 129 174
276 248 252 254 235
6 517 6 572 6 778 6 824 7 004
879 854 863 889 909
2 165 2 143 2 188 2 115 2 131
1 833 1 913 1 985 2 042 2 093
1 015 1 032 1 105 1 147 1 206
481 494 508 506 523
143 135 129 125 142
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
7 634 7 869 8 175 8 441 8 713
458 464 489 528 489
182 184 175 189 172
276 280 314 339 316
7 175 7 405 7 686 7 912 8 224
887 890 951 960 1 031
2 177 2 228 2 277 2 298 2 360
2 178 2 251 2 305 2 390 2 447
1 256 1 349 1 437 1 520 1 606
556 565 585 615 633
121 122 131 128 147
2000 ............................................
8 787
494
179
315
8 293
1 026
2 310
2 451
1 694
647
165
BLACK WOMEN
See Note at end of table.
41
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and 16 years and sex over
16 to 17 years
Total
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC MEN 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
2 356 2 556
... ...
... ...
... ...
2 124 2 306
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
2 597 2 580 2 817 3 041 3 184
... 260 285 299 315
... 104 105 129 121
... 155 179 171 194
2 343 2 326 2 530 2 742 2 869
... 433 485 546 562
... 771 828 882 941
... 541 567 620 648
... 398 416 425 445
... 189 197 217 216
... 34 42 52 56
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
3 818 4 005 4 148 4 362 4 563
392 359 333 348 345
147 130 111 109 113
245 229 221 239 232
3 426 3 647 3 815 4 014 4 218
697 747 759 789 822
1 161 1 269 1 361 1 447 1 540
713 756 808 852 910
522 535 539 557 570
270 278 290 311 325
62 61 58 58 51
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
4 729 4 948 5 163 5 409 5 595
334 336 345 378 400
116 114 112 123 129
218 222 233 255 271
4 395 4 612 4 818 5 031 5 195
835 888 865 897 909
1 629 1 669 1 801 1 834 1 899
957 1 015 1 121 1 189 1 221
591 661 652 686 719
331 323 325 355 375
53 56 55 69 71
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
6 546 6 664 6 900 7 076 7 210
512 466 468 455 463
165 141 154 145 163
346 325 314 310 300
6 034 6 198 6 432 6 621 6 747
1 182 1 202 1 141 1 147 1 184
2 230 2 260 2 366 2 417 2 430
1 403 1 487 1 593 1 675 1 713
775 780 844 900 922
380 401 414 394 410
65 67 74 88 89
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
7 376 7 646 8 309 8 571 8 546
479 496 531 565 596
168 156 177 188 181
311 340 354 377 415
6 898 7 150 7 779 8 005 7 950
1 153 1 132 1 267 1 288 1 231
2 469 2 510 2 684 2 733 2 633
1 795 1 966 2 091 2 173 2 219
965 967 1 112 1 164 1 205
417 469 511 541 526
98 105 113 106 136
2000 ............................................
8 919
613
183
431
8 306
1 299
2 652
2 338
1 305
573
138
1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
1 317 1 456
... ...
... ...
... ...
1 142 1 264
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
1 574 1 625 1 720 1 938 2 035
... 201 204 233 235
... 71 80 93 86
... 130 125 142 149
1 384 1 454 1 523 1 704 1 800
... 295 327 354 397
... 479 497 564 590
... 334 349 388 413
... 227 240 275 258
... 105 96 106 124
... 13 13 16 15
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
2 328 2 486 2 586 2 671 2 888
252 244 252 242 273
93 85 81 80 96
159 159 172 162 177
2 076 2 242 2 333 2 429 2 615
439 484 492 493 503
682 745 802 820 896
450 483 504 529 599
337 351 352 374 384
144 152 155 184 199
22 27 28 29 34
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
2 970 3 128 3 377 3 573 3 728
245 236 265 293 280
84 89 94 111 95
161 147 171 182 185
2 725 2 893 3 112 3 281 3 448
524 526 559 589 574
943 1 016 1 090 1 123 1 219
639 698 783 806 871
394 436 434 461 486
196 189 220 267 251
29 28 27 34 49
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
4 174 4 256 4 439 4 534 4 765
318 315 328 316 345
110 107 110 101 122
207 207 219 215 222
3 857 3 941 4 110 4 218 4 421
657 633 674 664 679
1 360 1 336 1 374 1 383 1 435
983 1 052 1 142 1 190 1 252
545 596 599 633 704
268 279 273 290 288
45 44 48 57 62
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
4 891 5 128 5 486 5 746 6 119
371 349 381 442 453
123 128 138 132 151
249 221 242 310 302
4 520 4 779 5 106 5 304 5 666
666 713 737 789 821
1 473 1 544 1 614 1 639 1 698
1 318 1 395 1 510 1 533 1 710
706 729 833 927 973
303 338 338 353 401
54 61 73 62 63
2000 ............................................
6 449
470
155
315
5 979
856
1 833
1 748
1 053
410
80
HISPANIC WOMEN
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
42
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 (Percent.) 20 years and over Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
TOTAL 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
58.8 58.9
52.5 52.2
59.4 59.5
64.1 64.9
63.1 63.2
66.7 67.2
65.1 65.3
56.9 56.2
27.0 27.3
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
59.2 59.2 59.0 58.9 58.8
51.8 52.2 51.3 50.2 48.3
59.9 59.8 59.7 59.6 59.6
65.9 64.8 62.2 61.2 61.6
63.5 64.2 64.7 64.0 64.3
67.5 67.6 68.0 68.9 68.8
66.4 67.2 67.5 68.1 68.4
56.7 56.9 57.5 58.0 58.7
26.7 25.8 24.8 24.8 23.9
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
59.3 60.0 59.6 59.5 59.3
48.9 50.9 49.6 47.4 46.7
60.1 60.7 60.4 60.5 60.4
62.7 64.1 64.0 64.4 64.3
64.8 64.8 64.9 65.0 65.0
68.9 69.5 69.5 69.6 69.5
69.7 70.5 70.9 71.5 71.9
59.5 60.8 60.1 60.5 61.0
24.1 24.3 22.9 21.8 21.1
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
59.4 59.3 58.8 58.7 58.7
47.5 46.9 46.1 45.2 44.5
60.5 60.5 60.0 60.1 60.2
65.2 65.7 65.3 65.1 66.3
65.4 65.6 65.2 65.6 65.8
69.4 69.5 69.7 70.1 70.0
72.2 72.1 72.2 72.5 72.9
60.9 61.5 61.5 62.0 61.9
20.8 20.1 19.1 17.9 18.0
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
58.9 59.2 59.6 59.6 60.1
45.7 48.2 48.4 48.3 49.4
60.3 60.5 60.9 60.9 61.3
66.4 66.5 67.1 67.0 68.2
66.4 67.1 68.2 68.6 69.1
70.7 71.0 71.6 72.0 72.5
72.5 72.7 72.7 72.8 73.4
61.9 62.2 62.3 62.2 62.1
17.8 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.3
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3
49.9 49.7 51.9 53.7 54.8
61.6 61.4 61.4 61.7 62.0
69.2 69.3 70.8 72.6 74.0
69.7 69.9 70.9 72.3 73.6
73.1 73.2 73.3 74.0 74.6
73.5 73.2 72.7 72.5 72.7
61.8 61.3 60.0 58.4 57.8
17.0 16.2 15.6 14.6 14.0
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7
54.0 54.5 56.0 57.8 57.9
62.1 62.4 63.0 63.8 64.3
73.9 74.7 75.7 76.8 77.5
74.4 75.7 77.0 78.3 79.2
75.0 76.0 77.0 78.1 79.2
72.6 72.5 72.8 73.5 74.3
57.2 56.6 56.3 56.3 56.2
13.7 13.1 13.0 13.3 13.1
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4
56.7 55.4 54.1 53.5 53.9
64.5 64.8 65.0 65.0 65.3
77.2 77.3 77.1 77.2 77.6
79.9 80.5 81.0 81.3 81.8
80.0 80.7 81.2 81.6 82.4
74.9 75.7 75.9 76.0 76.5
55.7 55.0 55.1 54.5 54.2
12.5 12.2 11.9 11.7 11.1
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5
54.5 54.7 54.7 55.3 55.9
65.7 66.2 66.5 66.8 67.3
78.2 78.9 78.9 78.7 78.7
82.5 82.9 83.3 83.3 83.8
83.1 83.7 84.3 84.6 85.1
77.3 78.0 78.6 79.6 80.5
54.2 54.0 54.4 54.6 55.5
10.8 10.9 11.1 11.5 11.8
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
66.5 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6
53.7 51.6 51.3 51.5 52.7
67.6 67.3 67.6 67.5 67.7
77.8 76.7 77.0 77.0 77.0
83.6 83.2 83.7 83.3 83.2
85.2 85.2 85.1 84.9 84.8
80.7 81.0 81.5 81.6 81.7
55.9 55.5 56.2 56.4 56.8
11.8 11.5 11.5 11.2 12.4
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1
53.5 52.3 51.6 52.8 52.0
67.7 67.9 68.4 68.3 68.3
76.6 76.8 77.6 77.5 77.5
83.8 84.1 84.4 84.6 84.6
84.6 84.8 85.1 84.7 84.9
81.4 82.1 82.6 82.5 82.6
57.2 57.9 58.9 59.3 59.3
12.1 12.1 12.2 11.9 12.3
2000 ............................................
67.2
52.2
68.4
77.9
84.6
84.8
82.6
59.2
12.8
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
43
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE 1954 ............................................
58.2
48.8
58.9
61.0
63.5
68.0
67.9
58.4
23.7
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
58.7 59.4 59.1 58.9 58.7
49.3 51.3 50.3 47.9 47.4
59.5 60.1 59.8 59.8 59.7
62.4 64.1 63.7 64.1 63.7
64.0 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3
68.3 68.9 68.8 68.8 68.7
69.2 70.1 70.5 71.0 71.5
59.3 60.6 59.9 60.3 60.7
23.9 24.2 22.8 21.7 21.0
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
58.8 58.8 58.3 58.2 58.2
47.9 47.4 46.6 45.7 45.1
59.8 59.9 59.4 59.4 59.6
64.8 65.5 65.0 64.9 65.8
64.7 64.8 64.4 64.8 64.9
68.6 68.8 69.0 69.4 69.5
71.7 71.7 71.8 72.3 72.5
60.6 61.3 61.3 61.8 61.8
20.8 20.0 19.0 17.9 17.8
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
58.4 58.7 59.2 59.3 59.9
46.5 49.1 49.2 49.3 50.6
59.7 59.8 60.3 60.4 60.9
65.7 66.0 66.8 66.6 67.9
65.6 66.3 67.4 67.9 68.4
70.1 70.4 71.2 71.7 72.3
72.2 72.5 72.5 72.7 73.3
61.7 61.9 62.3 62.2 62.1
17.7 17.1 17.0 17.1 17.2
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
60.2 60.1 60.4 60.8 61.4
51.4 51.6 54.1 56.0 57.3
61.2 61.1 61.2 61.4 61.9
69.2 69.6 71.2 73.3 74.8
69.1 69.3 70.4 72.0 73.4
72.9 73.0 73.2 73.9 74.6
73.5 73.4 72.9 72.7 73.0
61.8 61.3 60.3 58.6 58.0
16.8 16.1 15.4 14.4 13.9
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
61.5 61.8 62.5 63.3 63.9
56.7 57.5 59.3 60.8 61.1
62.0 62.3 62.9 63.6 64.2
75.2 76.0 77.1 78.1 78.9
74.4 75.6 77.0 78.3 79.4
75.1 76.1 77.1 78.1 79.3
73.0 73.0 73.2 73.8 74.6
57.4 56.9 56.6 56.4 56.5
13.6 13.0 12.9 13.1 12.9
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
64.1 64.3 64.3 64.3 64.6
60.0 58.9 57.5 56.9 57.2
64.5 64.8 65.0 65.0 65.3
78.7 79.1 78.9 79.0 79.4
80.2 81.0 81.6 81.8 82.5
80.3 81.0 81.5 81.9 82.6
75.4 76.2 76.4 76.5 77.0
56.0 55.2 55.3 54.7 54.5
12.5 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.1
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
65.0 65.5 65.8 66.2 66.7
57.5 57.8 57.7 58.6 59.1
65.7 66.1 66.5 66.8 67.3
79.9 80.6 80.7 80.6 80.2
83.1 83.6 84.0 84.1 84.5
83.4 84.0 84.7 85.0 85.5
77.8 78.5 79.1 80.3 81.2
54.4 54.3 54.6 55.1 56.2
10.7 11.0 11.1 11.4 11.8
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
66.9 66.6 66.8 66.8 67.1
57.5 55.8 54.7 55.1 56.4
67.6 67.4 67.7 67.6 67.9
79.8 78.9 79.4 79.5 79.5
84.6 84.3 84.6 84.5 84.4
85.9 85.9 85.8 85.7 85.7
81.3 81.8 82.2 82.5 82.7
56.5 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.6
11.9 11.6 11.6 11.4 12.5
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
67.1 67.2 67.5 67.3 67.3
57.1 55.9 55.2 56.0 55.5
67.8 68.1 68.4 68.2 68.2
78.7 79.1 79.6 79.5 79.5
84.9 84.9 85.3 85.4 85.1
85.5 85.7 85.8 85.3 85.4
82.5 83.1 83.5 83.4 83.5
58.0 58.7 59.9 60.1 60.2
12.3 12.3 12.3 12.0 12.5
2000 ............................................
67.4
55.7
68.3
79.9
85.1
85.4
83.5
60.0
13.0
See Note at end of table.
44
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
59.9 60.2 59.8
39.0 39.8 39.8
63.3 63.4 63.0
68.7 69.8 69.8
75.0 75.8 76.0
74.5 74.6 74.6
69.9 70.2 68.9
56.8 55.8 54.6
17.5 15.8 15.0
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
58.8 59.0 59.8 61.5 61.4
38.2 37.0 37.9 41.0 40.1
62.0 62.5 63.2 64.5 64.5
66.3 67.0 68.4 70.0 70.1
75.7 77.5 78.5 79.7 79.4
74.1 74.9 76.0 77.5 78.0
68.7 68.4 68.8 70.1 70.7
54.1 53.3 53.4 54.5 53.2
14.7 14.7 14.2 15.0 14.2
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
61.0 60.8 61.0 61.5 62.2
38.9 37.7 36.6 36.4 38.3
64.1 64.2 64.3 64.9 65.2
69.1 69.2 68.6 68.4 69.2
79.6 78.4 78.7 79.8 79.3
77.4 78.5 79.8 80.2 81.0
71.0 71.2 71.1 72.1 73.0
52.3 52.7 52.3 52.5 51.6
12.7 12.0 11.5 10.5 10.3
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
62.9 63.3 63.8 63.8 64.2
41.2 41.3 41.6 40.8 42.5
65.6 65.9 66.5 66.5 66.7
70.0 71.7 70.5 70.5 72.2
79.8 80.1 80.7 80.7 80.9
81.5 81.9 82.6 82.6 82.7
73.4 74.3 74.7 75.0 75.5
51.4 50.6 52.4 50.7 48.3
11.2 9.7 10.7 11.5 11.6
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
64.0 63.3 63.9 63.2 63.4
38.7 35.4 37.9 37.0 38.5
66.9 66.4 66.8 66.0 66.0
68.8 67.7 67.4 67.8 68.8
79.7 78.5 79.7 78.2 78.3
82.4 82.0 81.4 81.0 80.7
76.5 76.1 76.3 75.2 74.8
49.6 50.4 51.6 50.2 49.2
11.1 10.7 10.6 9.5 10.6
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
63.7 64.1 64.7 65.6 65.8
39.9 39.2 38.7 41.6 38.7
66.3 66.9 67.6 68.2 68.9
68.7 69.0 70.9 70.6 71.4
80.0 81.1 82.0 83.0 85.2
80.4 81.0 81.3 82.2 83.0
74.1 74.9 76.3 76.7 76.4
50.3 50.9 50.5 52.3 51.4
10.5 9.8 10.0 10.3 10.4
2000 ............................................
65.8
39.2
68.7
71.8
84.1
82.3
76.8
52.2
11.6
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
64.0 64.2 63.6 63.8 64.9
50.3 46.4 44.8 45.3 47.5
66.2 66.8 66.3 66.2 67.1
72.6 74.6 72.6 71.6 72.1
73.5 74.7 75.3 74.4 75.6
73.8 73.8 73.8 73.3 75.6
72.3 72.0 70.5 71.7 71.4
52.9 51.7 50.5 53.3 53.9
12.2 12.0 11.3 11.0 10.4
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
64.6 65.4 66.4 67.4 67.6
44.6 43.9 45.8 49.6 48.6
67.1 68.0 68.8 69.4 69.7
72.9 74.5 74.6 76.3 76.1
75.6 76.5 77.8 77.7 78.9
75.3 76.5 77.3 77.8 78.7
71.5 73.3 72.8 73.0 73.1
51.9 50.0 51.4 53.6 52.9
9.7 9.6 9.1 11.2 12.0
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
67.4 66.5 66.8 66.2 66.1
47.8 45.1 45.8 43.9 44.4
69.8 69.0 69.2 68.7 68.5
75.7 74.0 74.3 72.8 74.0
78.2 76.9 77.8 77.8 77.3
79.5 78.3 79.1 78.9 78.9
72.6 73.2 72.8 73.3 73.1
51.9 53.1 52.0 51.7 49.8
10.1 9.8 10.0 10.7 10.8
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
65.8 66.5 67.9 67.9 67.7
45.4 43.4 43.0 45.7 45.5
68.1 69.1 70.8 70.6 70.4
71.9 73.1 76.4 76.1 76.0
78.1 78.2 79.5 80.3 78.6
78.5 79.5 80.9 80.0 81.3
72.8 74.6 75.4 75.3 75.9
48.6 52.1 53.8 55.4 54.1
10.6 11.0 11.9 10.2 11.6
2000 ............................................
68.6
46.3
71.2
77.7
79.7
81.6
77.7
54.1
12.2
HISPANIC
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
45
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
MEN 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
86.6 86.4
63.7 62.8
88.6 88.5
84.6 86.6
95.9 95.8
97.9 97.9
95.8 95.6
89.5 87.5
46.8 47.0
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
86.4 86.3 86.3 86.0 85.5
63.2 63.0 61.3 60.7 58.0
88.4 88.2 88.3 88.0 87.8
87.9 88.4 88.1 87.7 86.9
96.0 96.9 97.5 97.4 97.3
97.6 97.5 97.8 98.2 98.1
95.8 95.9 96.2 96.5 96.5
86.9 87.2 87.5 87.9 88.7
45.8 44.9 42.6 41.6 40.5
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
85.4 85.5 84.8 84.2 83.7
58.9 60.5 59.1 56.6 55.8
87.6 87.6 86.9 86.6 86.3
86.9 87.8 87.1 86.9 87.8
97.6 97.3 97.1 97.1 97.4
98.1 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.8
96.4 96.6 96.3 96.3 96.0
87.9 88.5 87.5 87.8 87.4
39.6 40.0 37.5 35.6 34.2
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
83.3 82.9 82.0 81.4 81.0
56.1 54.6 53.8 52.9 52.4
86.0 85.7 84.8 84.4 84.2
88.1 87.8 86.9 86.1 86.1
97.5 97.5 97.2 97.1 97.3
97.7 97.6 97.6 97.5 97.3
95.7 95.6 95.6 95.7 95.7
86.8 87.3 86.2 86.2 85.6
33.1 31.7 30.3 28.4 28.0
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
80.7 80.4 80.4 80.1 79.8
53.8 55.3 55.6 55.1 55.9
83.9 83.6 83.4 83.1 82.8
85.8 85.1 84.4 82.8 82.8
97.2 97.3 97.2 96.9 96.7
97.3 97.2 97.3 97.1 96.9
95.6 95.3 95.2 94.9 94.6
84.6 84.5 84.4 84.3 83.4
27.9 27.1 27.1 27.3 27.2
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
79.7 79.1 78.9 78.8 78.7
56.1 56.1 58.1 59.7 60.7
82.6 82.1 81.6 81.3 81.0
83.3 83.0 83.9 85.2 85.9
96.4 95.9 95.7 95.7 95.8
96.9 96.5 96.4 96.2 96.0
94.3 93.9 93.2 93.0 92.2
83.0 82.1 80.4 78.2 77.3
26.8 25.5 24.3 22.7 22.4
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
77.9 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.8
59.1 59.3 60.9 62.0 61.5
80.3 79.8 79.7 79.8 79.8
84.5 85.2 85.6 85.9 86.4
95.2 95.2 95.3 95.3 95.3
95.6 95.4 95.7 95.7 95.7
92.1 91.6 91.1 91.3 91.4
75.6 74.3 73.8 73.3 72.8
21.6 20.2 20.0 20.4 19.9
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
77.4 77.0 76.6 76.4 76.4
60.5 59.0 56.7 56.2 56.0
79.4 79.0 78.7 78.5 78.3
85.9 85.5 84.9 84.8 85.0
95.2 94.9 94.7 94.2 94.4
95.5 95.4 95.3 95.2 95.4
91.2 91.4 91.2 91.2 91.2
72.1 70.6 70.2 69.4 68.5
19.0 18.4 17.8 17.4 16.3
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
76.3 76.3 76.2 76.2 76.4
56.8 56.4 56.1 56.9 57.9
78.1 78.1 78.0 77.9 78.1
85.0 85.8 85.2 85.0 85.3
94.7 94.6 94.6 94.3 94.4
95.0 94.8 94.6 94.5 94.5
91.0 91.0 90.7 90.9 91.1
67.9 67.3 67.6 67.0 67.2
15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.6
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
76.4 75.8 75.8 75.4 75.1
55.7 53.2 53.4 53.2 54.1
78.2 77.7 77.7 77.3 76.8
84.4 83.5 83.3 83.2 83.1
94.1 93.6 93.8 93.4 92.6
94.3 94.1 93.7 93.4 92.8
90.7 90.5 90.7 90.1 89.1
67.8 67.0 67.0 66.5 65.5
16.3 15.7 16.1 15.6 16.8
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
75.0 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.7
54.8 53.2 52.3 53.3 52.9
76.7 76.8 77.0 76.8 76.7
83.1 82.5 82.5 82.0 81.9
93.0 93.2 93.0 93.2 93.3
92.3 92.4 92.6 92.6 92.8
88.8 89.1 89.5 89.2 88.8
66.0 67.0 67.6 68.1 67.9
16.8 16.9 17.1 16.5 16.9
2000 ............................................
74.7
53.0
76.6
82.6
93.4
92.6
88.6
67.3
17.5
See Note at end of table.
46
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WOMEN 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
32.7 33.1
42.0 42.4
31.8 32.3
45.3 45.0
33.2 33.4
36.9 38.1
35.0 35.9
24.3 25.3
9.1 9.6
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
33.9 34.6 34.7 34.4 34.6
41.0 42.4 42.2 40.7 39.4
33.3 34.0 34.1 33.9 34.2
46.0 46.5 44.7 44.3 45.1
34.0 35.4 35.4 34.0 34.4
39.1 39.8 40.4 41.3 41.2
37.9 39.7 40.1 40.4 41.2
27.0 27.6 28.7 29.1 30.0
9.7 8.9 9.1 10.0 9.3
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
35.7 36.9 36.9 37.1 37.1
39.7 42.2 41.1 39.0 38.2
35.4 36.4 36.5 36.9 37.1
45.9 46.3 45.9 46.3 45.1
34.9 35.4 35.6 35.6 35.3
41.6 43.1 43.3 43.4 43.4
43.8 45.5 46.5 47.8 49.0
32.5 34.9 34.5 35.2 36.6
10.6 10.8 10.5 10.3 10.2
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
37.7 38.1 37.9 38.3 38.7
39.3 39.7 39.0 38.0 37.0
37.6 38.0 37.8 38.3 38.9
46.1 47.0 47.3 47.5 49.4
36.0 36.4 36.3 37.2 37.2
43.4 43.8 44.1 44.9 45.0
49.9 50.1 50.0 50.6 51.4
37.2 37.9 38.7 39.7 40.2
10.8 10.7 10.0 9.6 10.1
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
39.3 40.3 41.1 41.6 42.7
38.0 41.4 41.6 41.9 43.2
39.4 40.1 41.1 41.6 42.7
49.9 51.5 53.3 54.5 56.7
38.5 39.8 41.9 42.6 43.7
46.1 46.8 48.1 48.9 49.9
50.9 51.7 51.8 52.3 53.8
41.1 41.8 42.4 42.4 43.1
10.0 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.9
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
43.3 43.4 43.9 44.7 45.7
44.0 43.4 45.8 47.8 49.1
43.3 43.3 43.7 44.4 45.3
57.7 57.7 59.1 61.1 63.1
45.0 45.6 47.8 50.4 52.6
51.1 51.6 52.0 53.3 54.7
54.4 54.3 53.9 53.7 54.6
43.0 42.9 42.1 41.1 40.7
9.7 9.5 9.3 8.9 8.1
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
46.3 47.3 48.4 50.0 50.9
49.1 49.8 51.2 53.7 54.2
46.0 47.0 48.1 49.6 50.6
64.1 65.0 66.5 68.3 69.0
54.9 57.3 59.7 62.2 63.9
55.8 57.8 59.6 61.6 63.6
54.6 55.0 55.8 57.1 58.3
40.9 41.0 40.9 41.3 41.7
8.2 8.2 8.1 8.3 8.3
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
51.5 52.1 52.6 52.9 53.6
52.9 51.8 51.4 50.8 51.8
51.3 52.1 52.7 53.1 53.7
68.9 69.6 69.8 69.9 70.4
65.5 66.7 68.0 69.0 69.8
65.5 66.8 68.0 68.7 70.1
59.9 61.1 61.6 61.9 62.9
41.3 41.4 41.8 41.5 41.7
8.1 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.5
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
54.5 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.4
52.1 53.0 53.3 53.6 53.9
54.7 55.5 56.2 56.8 57.7
71.8 72.4 73.0 72.7 72.4
70.9 71.6 72.4 72.7 73.5
71.8 73.1 74.5 75.2 76.0
64.4 65.9 67.1 69.0 70.5
42.0 42.3 42.7 43.5 45.0
7.3 7.4 7.4 7.9 8.4
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
57.5 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.8
51.6 50.0 49.1 49.7 51.3
58.0 57.9 58.5 58.5 59.3
71.3 70.1 70.9 70.9 71.0
73.5 73.1 73.9 73.4 74.0
76.4 76.5 76.7 76.6 77.1
71.2 72.0 72.6 73.5 74.6
45.2 45.2 46.5 47.2 48.9
8.6 8.5 8.3 8.1 9.2
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0
52.2 51.3 51.0 52.3 51.0
59.4 59.9 60.5 60.4 60.7
70.3 71.3 72.7 73.0 73.2
74.9 75.2 76.0 76.3 76.4
77.2 77.5 77.7 77.1 77.2
74.4 75.4 76.0 76.2 76.7
49.2 49.6 50.9 51.2 51.5
8.8 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.9
2000 ............................................
60.2
51.3
60.9
73.3
76.3
77.3
76.8
51.8
9.4
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
47
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE MEN 1954 ............................................
85.6
57.6
87.8
86.3
97.5
98.2
96.8
89.1
40.4
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
85.4 85.6 84.8 84.3 83.8
58.6 60.4 59.2 56.5 55.9
87.5 87.6 86.9 86.6 86.3
86.5 87.6 86.6 86.7 87.3
97.8 97.4 97.2 97.2 97.5
98.2 98.1 98.0 98.0 98.0
96.7 96.8 96.7 96.6 96.3
88.4 88.9 88.0 88.2 87.9
39.6 40.0 37.7 35.7 34.3
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
83.4 83.0 82.1 81.5 81.1
55.9 54.5 53.8 53.1 52.7
86.0 85.7 84.9 84.4 84.2
87.8 87.6 86.5 85.8 85.7
97.7 97.7 97.4 97.4 97.5
97.9 97.9 97.9 97.8 97.6
96.1 95.9 96.0 96.2 96.1
87.2 87.8 86.7 86.6 86.1
33.3 31.9 30.6 28.4 27.9
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
80.8 80.6 80.6 80.4 80.2
54.1 55.9 56.3 55.9 56.8
83.9 83.6 83.5 83.2 83.0
85.3 84.4 84.0 82.4 82.6
97.4 97.5 97.5 97.2 97.0
97.7 97.6 97.7 97.6 97.4
95.9 95.8 95.6 95.4 95.1
85.2 84.9 84.9 84.7 83.9
27.9 27.2 27.1 27.4 27.3
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
80.0 79.6 79.6 79.4 79.4
57.5 57.9 60.1 62.0 62.9
82.8 82.3 82.0 81.6 81.4
83.3 83.2 84.3 85.8 86.6
96.7 96.3 96.0 96.2 96.3
97.3 97.0 97.0 96.8 96.7
94.9 94.7 94.0 93.5 93.0
83.3 82.6 81.1 78.9 78.0
26.7 25.6 24.4 22.7 22.4
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
78.7 78.4 78.5 78.6 78.6
61.9 62.3 64.0 65.0 64.8
80.7 80.3 80.2 80.1 80.1
85.5 86.3 86.8 87.3 87.6
95.8 95.9 96.0 95.9 96.0
96.4 96.0 96.2 96.3 96.4
92.9 92.5 92.1 92.1 92.2
76.4 75.2 74.6 73.7 73.4
21.7 20.2 20.0 20.3 20.0
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
78.2 77.9 77.4 77.1 77.1
63.7 62.4 60.0 59.4 59.0
79.8 79.5 79.2 78.9 78.7
87.2 87.0 86.3 86.1 86.5
95.9 95.8 95.6 95.2 95.4
96.2 96.1 96.0 96.0 96.1
92.1 92.4 92.2 91.9 92.0
73.1 71.5 71.0 70.0 69.5
19.1 18.5 17.9 17.7 16.4
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
77.0 76.9 76.8 76.9 77.1
59.7 59.3 59.0 60.0 61.0
78.5 78.5 78.4 78.3 78.5
86.4 87.3 86.9 86.6 86.8
95.7 95.5 95.5 95.2 95.4
95.7 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.3
92.0 91.8 91.6 91.8 92.2
68.8 68.0 68.1 67.9 68.3
15.9 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.8
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
77.1 76.5 76.5 76.2 75.9
59.6 57.3 56.9 56.6 57.7
78.5 78.0 78.0 77.7 77.3
86.2 85.4 85.2 85.5 85.5
95.2 94.9 94.9 94.7 93.9
95.3 95.0 94.7 94.5 93.9
91.7 91.4 91.8 91.3 90.3
68.6 67.7 67.7 67.3 66.4
16.6 15.9 16.2 15.9 17.2
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
75.7 75.8 75.9 75.6 75.6
58.5 57.1 56.1 56.6 56.4
77.1 77.3 77.5 77.2 77.2
85.1 85.0 85.1 84.6 84.9
94.1 94.4 94.2 94.4 94.3
93.4 93.6 93.7 93.7 93.8
90.0 90.4 90.6 90.3 90.1
67.1 68.0 68.9 69.1 69.1
16.9 17.2 17.4 16.6 17.2
2000 ............................................
75.4
56.6
77.0
85.0
94.4
93.7
89.8
68.2
17.7
See Note at end of table.
48
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE WOMEN 1954 ............................................
33.3
40.6
32.7
44.4
32.5
39.3
39.8
29.1
9.1
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
34.5 35.7 35.7 35.8 36.0
40.7 43.1 42.2 40.1 39.6
34.0 35.1 35.2 35.5 35.6
45.8 46.5 45.8 46.0 44.5
32.8 33.2 33.6 33.6 33.4
40.0 41.5 41.5 41.4 41.4
42.7 44.4 45.4 46.5 47.8
31.8 34.0 33.7 34.5 35.7
10.5 10.6 10.2 10.1 10.0
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
36.5 36.9 36.7 37.2 37.5
40.3 40.6 39.8 38.7 37.8
36.2 36.6 36.5 37.0 37.5
45.7 46.9 47.1 47.3 48.8
34.1 34.3 34.1 34.8 35.0
41.5 41.8 42.2 43.1 43.3
48.6 48.9 48.9 49.5 50.2
36.2 37.2 38.0 38.9 39.4
10.6 10.5 9.8 9.4 9.9
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
38.1 39.2 40.1 40.7 41.8
39.2 42.6 42.5 43.0 44.6
38.0 38.8 39.8 40.4 41.5
49.2 51.0 53.1 54.0 56.4
36.3 37.7 39.7 40.6 41.7
44.4 45.0 46.4 47.5 48.6
49.9 50.6 50.9 51.5 53.0
40.3 41.1 41.9 42.0 42.6
9.7 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.7
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
42.6 42.6 43.2 44.1 45.2
45.6 45.4 48.1 50.1 51.7
42.2 42.3 42.7 43.5 44.4
57.7 58.0 59.4 61.7 63.9
43.2 43.7 46.0 48.7 51.3
49.9 50.2 50.7 52.2 53.6
53.7 53.6 53.4 53.4 54.3
42.6 42.5 41.9 40.7 40.4
9.5 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.0
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
45.9 46.9 48.0 49.4 50.5
51.5 52.8 54.5 56.7 57.4
45.3 46.2 47.3 48.7 49.8
65.5 66.3 67.8 69.3 70.5
53.8 56.0 58.5 61.2 63.1
54.9 57.1 58.9 60.7 63.0
54.3 54.7 55.3 56.7 58.1
40.6 40.7 40.7 41.1 41.5
8.0 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.1
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
51.2 51.9 52.4 52.7 53.3
56.2 55.4 55.0 54.5 55.4
50.6 51.5 52.2 52.5 53.1
70.6 71.5 71.8 72.1 72.5
64.8 66.4 67.8 68.7 69.8
65.0 66.4 67.5 68.2 69.6
59.6 60.9 61.4 61.9 62.7
40.9 40.9 41.5 41.1 41.2
7.9 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.5
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
54.1 55.0 55.7 56.4 57.2
55.2 56.3 56.5 57.2 57.1
54.0 54.9 55.6 56.3 57.2
73.8 74.1 74.8 74.9 74.0
70.9 71.8 72.5 73.0 73.8
71.4 72.9 74.2 74.9 75.9
64.2 65.8 67.2 69.2 70.6
41.5 42.1 42.4 43.6 45.2
7.0 7.3 7.2 7.7 8.2
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
57.4 57.4 57.7 58.0 58.9
55.3 54.1 52.5 53.5 55.1
57.6 57.6 58.1 58.3 59.2
73.4 72.5 73.5 73.4 73.4
74.1 73.8 74.4 74.3 74.9
76.6 76.8 77.0 76.9 77.5
71.3 72.4 72.8 74.0 75.2
45.5 45.4 46.8 47.6 49.4
8.5 8.5 8.2 8.1 9.2
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
59.0 59.1 59.5 59.4 59.6
55.5 54.7 54.1 55.4 54.5
59.2 59.4 59.9 59.7 59.9
72.3 73.3 73.9 74.3 73.9
75.8 75.5 76.3 76.3 76.0
77.6 77.8 77.9 76.9 77.1
75.2 76.1 76.6 76.6 77.1
49.5 50.1 51.5 51.6 52.0
9.0 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.9
2000 ............................................
59.8
54.7
60.2
74.7
75.9
77.2
77.4
52.3
9.4
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
49
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK MEN 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
73.7 73.4 73.0
46.3 45.7 46.7
78.5 78.4 77.6
82.6 83.7 83.5
92.6 91.8 92.7
91.0 91.0 90.3
85.6 87.5 84.1
72.5 69.5 68.9
24.3 22.4 21.5
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
71.0 70.2 70.8 71.7 71.6
42.5 41.3 43.2 44.9 43.6
76.0 75.4 75.6 76.2 76.3
78.8 79.1 79.3 78.8 80.6
91.5 90.9 90.7 90.8 90.7
89.3 89.9 90.9 90.6 90.4
83.5 82.4 82.0 83.3 84.6
67.6 65.1 65.5 67.9 64.8
20.5 19.7 19.9 21.0 19.4
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
70.6 70.0 70.1 70.6 70.8
43.2 41.6 39.7 39.8 41.7
75.1 74.5 74.7 75.2 74.8
79.8 79.1 78.7 79.5 79.1
90.8 88.9 89.2 89.0 88.9
89.1 89.3 89.9 89.7 90.0
83.1 82.7 82.2 84.5 83.7
61.7 62.1 61.9 62.5 58.9
16.8 16.0 16.0 14.0 13.7
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
70.8 71.2 71.1 71.0 71.0
44.5 43.7 43.5 43.7 44.7
74.4 74.8 74.7 74.6 74.4
79.0 80.1 77.9 79.3 80.1
88.9 89.6 89.4 89.3 89.8
89.8 89.6 88.6 88.1 88.7
82.9 84.0 83.8 83.5 82.5
58.9 59.1 62.1 59.4 55.4
13.9 12.6 13.7 14.3 14.2
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
71.1 70.4 70.7 69.6 69.1
40.7 37.3 40.6 39.5 40.8
75.0 74.6 74.3 73.2 72.5
76.8 76.7 75.4 74.1 73.9
88.8 87.4 88.0 87.3 86.2
88.1 87.7 86.5 86.1 85.9
83.5 83.4 81.8 80.1 79.2
57.9 58.7 60.0 57.9 54.4
13.0 13.1 13.7 11.6 12.7
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
69.0 68.7 68.3 69.0 68.7
40.1 39.4 37.4 40.6 38.6
72.5 72.3 72.2 72.5 72.4
74.5 73.4 72.2 71.8 69.8
87.4 87.5 86.8 87.1 89.2
84.1 84.4 84.8 85.0 86.0
78.5 78.5 80.1 79.8 78.5
54.4 55.7 54.3 57.3 55.5
14.9 12.9 12.8 14.0 12.7
2000 ............................................
69.0
39.0
72.6
73.4
87.7
85.3
79.1
57.1
14.2
1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
48.7 49.3 49.1
32.2 34.3 33.4
51.2 51.6 51.4
57.1 58.1 58.8
60.9 62.9 62.6
61.4 61.7 62.1
57.1 56.1 56.3
43.9 44.8 43.0
12.5 11.1 10.2
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
48.9 49.9 50.9 53.2 53.1
34.3 33.0 32.9 37.3 36.7
51.1 52.5 53.6 55.5 55.4
56.0 57.1 59.5 62.8 61.6
63.0 66.9 68.6 70.6 70.2
62.0 63.0 64.1 67.2 68.0
56.6 56.9 58.0 59.4 59.6
43.1 43.8 43.8 43.9 44.1
10.5 11.1 10.2 10.8 10.5
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
53.2 53.5 53.7 54.2 55.2
34.9 34.0 33.5 33.0 35.0
55.6 56.0 56.2 56.8 57.6
60.4 61.1 60.1 59.1 60.6
70.6 70.0 70.2 72.3 71.5
68.2 69.8 71.7 72.6 73.7
61.4 62.0 62.4 62.3 64.5
44.9 45.4 44.8 44.8 46.0
9.9 9.3 8.5 8.2 8.0
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
56.5 56.9 58.0 58.0 58.7
37.9 39.1 39.6 37.9 40.5
58.6 58.9 60.0 60.1 60.6
62.5 64.6 64.3 63.2 65.5
72.4 72.4 73.5 73.7 73.6
74.8 75.8 77.8 78.2 78.0
65.7 66.5 67.5 68.3 70.0
45.3 43.6 44.4 43.5 42.4
9.4 7.8 8.6 9.6 9.8
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
58.3 57.5 58.5 57.9 58.7
36.8 33.5 35.2 34.6 36.4
60.6 60.0 60.8 60.2 60.9
62.3 60.3 60.7 62.6 64.5
72.3 71.4 73.1 70.9 71.9
77.7 77.2 77.1 76.8 76.4
70.7 70.2 71.7 71.2 71.3
43.2 44.1 45.1 44.3 45.2
9.9 9.2 8.6 8.2 9.2
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
59.5 60.4 61.7 62.8 63.5
39.7 38.8 39.9 42.5 38.8
61.4 62.6 64.0 64.8 66.1
63.7 65.2 69.8 69.6 72.7
73.8 75.8 78.1 79.6 82.1
77.3 78.2 78.4 79.9 80.4
70.5 72.0 73.2 74.0 74.6
47.2 47.2 47.6 48.5 48.4
7.7 7.7 8.1 7.9 8.9
2000 ............................................
63.2
39.4
65.6
70.5
81.2
79.8
74.9
48.4
9.9
BLACK WOMEN
See Note at end of table.
50
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC MEN 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
81.4 80.6 79.7 80.3 80.6
60.0 54.1 50.2 52.6 52.6
84.9 84.7 84.0 84.1 84.3
88.0 88.7 86.1 85.9 87.1
93.3 93.7 93.9 93.5 93.4
93.8 92.6 93.4 93.0 93.5
91.6 90.5 88.8 89.4 88.9
73.6 70.9 70.0 71.3 71.1
20.6 19.6 18.1 17.6 15.0
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
80.4 81.0 81.0 81.9 82.0
51.1 51.3 51.4 55.3 56.3
84.0 84.6 84.5 85.0 85.0
87.3 88.3 87.8 89.4 90.4
93.1 93.4 93.6 93.4 94.1
92.4 93.3 93.0 93.8 93.1
89.5 89.9 88.0 88.5 88.8
69.5 69.3 70.2 68.8 69.7
15.0 15.2 14.4 17.4 16.4
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
81.4 80.3 80.7 80.2 79.2
56.0 51.5 52.1 50.9 50.0
84.7 83.8 84.0 83.5 82.5
89.6 88.5 87.4 87.8 88.0
94.1 92.6 92.9 92.9 92.5
92.8 91.1 92.2 92.4 91.6
87.1 87.6 86.8 87.2 85.7
66.3 67.5 68.7 65.7 63.7
14.0 14.0 14.8 15.2 14.5
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
79.1 79.6 80.1 79.8 79.8
50.2 50.0 47.5 48.7 50.1
82.4 83.0 84.1 83.6 83.5
86.2 85.7 88.0 88.1 88.1
92.9 93.2 93.5 94.0 93.9
91.3 91.7 91.9 91.4 92.2
85.6 87.0 87.8 86.7 86.2
62.4 65.9 68.4 70.2 68.6
15.8 16.7 17.4 14.8 18.2
2000 ............................................
80.6
50.9
84.2
89.2
94.0
93.3
87.5
69.4
18.2
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
47.4 48.3 48.1 47.7 49.7
40.1 38.2 39.2 37.6 42.4
48.5 49.7 49.3 49.0 50.5
56.9 59.9 58.4 56.5 56.2
54.0 55.4 56.4 54.8 56.9
55.2 55.9 55.1 54.7 58.6
54.4 54.8 53.6 55.4 55.3
34.7 34.5 33.3 37.4 38.6
5.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 7.2
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
49.3 50.1 52.0 53.2 53.5
38.0 36.5 40.1 43.7 40.8
50.6 51.7 53.3 54.2 54.9
57.7 58.9 60.4 62.3 60.7
57.1 59.0 60.9 60.9 63.0
59.1 60.6 62.2 62.1 64.7
55.0 57.4 57.8 57.9 57.9
36.4 33.9 36.8 41.5 39.0
5.9 5.5 5.3 6.5 8.6
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
53.1 52.3 52.8 52.1 52.9
38.7 38.0 39.1 36.7 38.7
54.8 54.0 54.3 53.8 54.4
59.2 56.4 59.2 56.2 57.9
61.3 59.8 60.8 60.5 60.5
66.0 65.3 66.0 65.4 66.4
58.8 60.3 59.4 59.6 61.4
39.7 40.5 38.0 40.1 38.0
7.2 6.7 6.7 7.4 7.9
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
52.6 53.4 55.1 55.6 55.9
40.4 36.5 38.0 42.3 40.6
53.9 55.2 57.0 57.1 57.7
55.9 59.3 62.2 62.2 63.0
61.6 62.0 63.7 64.6 62.7
65.9 67.0 69.3 67.9 70.5
60.5 62.6 63.3 64.7 66.2
37.2 40.5 40.6 41.8 42.4
6.6 6.9 8.0 6.5 6.5
2000 ............................................
56.9
41.4
58.7
64.9
65.3
69.9
68.3
41.3
7.7
HISPANIC WOMEN
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
51
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers by Age, Sex, and Race, 1994–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Employed 1 Part-time workers
At work
At work 2
Year, age, sex, and race Total
Unemployed
Full-time workers
35 hours or more
1 to 34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons
Not at work
Total
Part-time for economic reasons
Part-time for noneconomic reasons
Not at work
Looking for full-time work
Looking for part-time work
TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER 1994 .............................................................
99 772
85 686
9 980
4 106
23 288
3 453
18 321
1 513
6 513
1 483
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
101 679 103 537 106 334 108 202 110 302
87 736 89 020 92 399 91 880 96 276
9 924 10 381 9 922 12 260 10 079
4 020 4 137 4 013 4 062 3 947
23 220 23 170 23 224 23 261 23 186
3 215 3 080 2 826 2 497 2 216
18 443 18 459 18 856 19 239 19 509
1 562 1 631 1 542 1 524 1 461
5 909 5 803 5 395 4 916 4 669
1 495 1 433 1 344 1 293 1 211
2000 .............................................................
112 291
99 136
9 020
4 135
22 917
1 985
19 451
1 481
4 502
1 153
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
TOTAL, 20 YEARS AND OVER 1994 .............................................................
97 890
84 126
9 711
4 052
19 010
3 094
14 580
1 337
5 865
811
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
99 651 101 496 104 168 105 882 107 917
86 043 87 344 90 613 89 966 94 270
9 643 10 070 9 601 11 915 9 754
3 965 4 083 3 954 4 001 3 893
18 830 18 712 18 729 18 530 18 399
2 853 2 733 2 500 2 197 1 939
14 613 14 556 14 872 15 007 15 187
1 365 1 423 1 357 1 326 1 273
5 253 5 157 4 748 4 332 4 094
806 773 719 672 624
2000 .............................................................
109 769
97 019
8 678
4 073
18 163
1 726
15 148
1 290
3 936
626
1994 .............................................................
58 832
51 615
5 144
2 073
7 617
1 524
5 691
403
3 745
622
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
59 936 60 762 62 258 63 189 63 930
52 833 53 425 55 216 55 080 57 034
5 120 5 290 5 040 6 136 4 971
1 984 2 047 2 001 1 973 1 924
7 441 7 445 7 427 7 504 7 516
1 401 1 322 1 187 1 063 946
5 626 5 692 5 821 6 026 6 178
414 431 418 416 392
3 374 3 276 3 012 2 707 2 548
609 604 564 559 518
2000 .............................................................
64 938
58 440
4 495
2 003
7 355
845
6 099
412
2 465
489
1994 .............................................................
57 707
50 678
4 989
2 040
5 587
1 351
3 908
329
3 359
269
1995 1996 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
58 707 5 275 59 543 60 974 61 837 62 514
51 793 4 676 52 411 54 148 53 947 55 827
4 960 490 5 117 4 857 5 950 4 790
1 955 109 2 015 1 969 1 940 1 897
5 377 1 390 5 354 5 310 5 297 5 247
1 228 307 1 155 1 023 925 809
3 828 1 027 3 859 3 944 4 050 4 127
322 56 341 343 322 311
2 988 595 2 899 2 644 2 366 2 222
251 78 248 239 214 211
2000 .............................................................
63 458
57 179
4 307
1 972
5 122
721
4 076
325
2 138
212
1994 .............................................................
40 940
34 071
4 836
2 033
15 670
1 929
12 631
1 111
2 768
861
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
41 743 42 776 44 076 45 014 46 372
34 903 35 594 37 183 36 800 39 242
4 805 5 091 4 882 6 124 5 108
2 036 2 090 2 011 2 090 2 022
15 779 15 725 15 797 15 757 15 670
1 814 1 758 1 638 1 435 1 270
12 817 12 767 13 035 13 214 13 330
1 148 1 200 1 124 1 108 1 069
2 535 2 527 2 383 2 210 2 121
886 829 779 734 693
2000 .............................................................
47 353
40 696
4 526
2 131
15 562
1 140
13 352
1 069
2 037
663
1994 .............................................................
40 183
33 449
4 722
2 012
13 423
1 743
10 672
1 008
2 506
543
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
40 943 41 953 43 194 44 045 45 403
34 250 34 933 36 465 36 019 38 443
4 683 4 953 4 744 5 965 4 964
2 010 2 068 1 985 2 061 1 996
13 453 13 357 13 419 13 233 13 152
1 623 1 579 1 477 1 272 1 131
10 785 10 697 10 927 10 957 11 059
1 043 1 082 1 015 1 004 962
2 265 2 258 2 105 1 966 1 872
554 525 480 458 413
2000 .............................................................
46 312
39 840
4 371
2 101
13 041
1 005
11 072
964
1 798
414
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER
MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER
WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER
WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
52
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers by Age, Sex, and Race, 1994–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Employed 1 Part-time workers
At work
At work 2
Year, age, sex, and race Total
Unemployed
Full-time workers
35 hours or more
1 to 34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons
Not at work
Total
Part-time for economic reasons
Part-time for noneconomic reasons
Not at work
Looking for full-time work
Looking for part-time work
WHITE MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER 1994 .............................................................
50 964
44 750
4 431
1 783
6 487
1 192
4 946
350
2 800
475
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
51 768 52 527 53 640 54 206 54 756
45 634 46 208 47 563 47 239 48 834
4 406 4 547 4 358 5 257 4 274
1 728 1 772 1 719 1 709 1 647
6 378 6 361 6 358 6 398 6 383
1 100 1 046 909 829 730
4 921 4 941 5 084 5 209 5 314
357 374 365 360 339
2 525 2 426 2 202 1 999 1 883
475 470 440 432 391
2000 .............................................................
55 455
49 877
3 859
1 720
6 241
650
5 240
351
1 783
382
1994 .............................................................
49 959
43 912
4 291
1 756
4 717
1 048
3 382
287
2 533
203
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
50 691 51 442 52 498 53 017 53 513
44 726 45 300 46 609 46 240 47 764
4 263 4 397 4 199 5 095 4 124
1 702 1 745 1 691 1 682 1 626
4 563 4 534 4 488 4 483 4 420
958 907 771 716 618
3 330 3 330 3 419 3 487 3 534
275 297 298 280 268
2 260 2 167 1 946 1 756 1 651
204 197 194 164 162
2000 .............................................................
54 146
48 762
3 692
1 691
4 323
550
3 496
277
1 547
165
1994 .............................................................
33 906
28 170
4 031
1 705
13 832
1 517
11 316
1 000
1 935
682
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
34 422 35 057 35 965 36 553 37 417
28 685 29 124 30 286 29 792 31 577
4 039 4 196 4 036 5 039 4 157
1 697 1 737 1 643 1 722 1 684
13 922 13 863 13 894 13 774 13 679
1 431 1 388 1 260 1 089 947
11 448 11 398 11 623 11 695 11 768
1 043 1 077 1 011 990 964
1 755 1 749 1 587 1 481 1 469
705 656 608 572 530
2000 .............................................................
38 126
32 674
3 703
1 750
13 653
865
11 833
955
1 413
521
1994 .............................................................
33 250
27 628
3 936
1 686
11 866
1 359
9 596
912
1 754
443
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
33 728 34 350 35 216 35 738 36 602
28 116 28 553 29 677 29 130 30 905
3 938 4 078 3 919 4 910 4 036
1 674 1 719 1 620 1 698 1 662
11 916 11 814 11 847 11 604 11 496
1 277 1 243 1 136 953 839
9 690 9 598 9 788 9 749 9 789
949 973 923 902 867
1 579 1 570 1 396 1 318 1 297
463 427 388 370 319
2000 .............................................................
37 258
31 960
3 572
1 726
11 479
750
9 865
864
1 245
337
WHITE MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER
WHITE WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER
WHITE WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
53
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers by Age, Sex, and Race, 1994–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Employed 1 Part-time workers
At work
At work 2
Year, age, sex, and race Total
Unemployed
Full-time workers
35 hours or more
1 to 34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons
Not at work
Total
Part-time for economic reasons
Part-time for noneconomic reasons
Looking for full-time work
Not at work
Looking for part-time work
BLACK MEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER 1994 .............................................................
5 452
4 723
520
209
788
247
504
38
738
111
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
5 685 5 723 5 894 6 148 6 263
4 995 4 971 5 193 5 322 5 574
513 547 490 637 494
177 206 211 189 196
737 733 713 723 764
216 199 203 168 163
479 494 474 520 568
43 40 36 34 33
660 705 648 572 528
101 103 98 99 97
2000 .............................................................
6 434
5 780
450
204
746
146
559
41
555
80
1994 .............................................................
5 369
4 655
509
205
595
223
343
29
634
47
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
5 582 5 622 5 790 6 023 6 140
4 906 4 892 5 111 5 218 5 477
502 528 471 620 471
175 201 208 185 192
554 545 535 507 561
193 177 179 147 142
326 338 326 334 392
36 30 30 25 27
558 602 549 487 446
35 37 35 37 35
2000 .............................................................
6 303
5 668
434
201
529
126
369
33
479
32
1994 .............................................................
5 289
4 408
627
253
1 306
319
906
79
678
140
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
5 542 5 776 6 026 6 281 6 641
4 679 4 785 5 085 5 166 5 651
594 710 652 828 734
268 280 289 288 256
1 315 1 310 1 336 1 404 1 388
290 289 305 278 257
952 933 952 1 045 1 059
74 88 79 81 72
637 652 677 624 554
140 132 136 131 130
2000 .............................................................
6 845
5 918
638
289
1 309
214
1 017
78
524
109
1994 .............................................................
5 211
4 346
612
251
1 108
300
740
69
608
76
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
5 469 5 684 5 921 6 159 6 519
4 623 4 714 5 001 5 073 5 549
580 693 634 803 717
266 277 286 283 252
1 087 1 078 1 092 1 131 1 145
263 263 273 256 230
757 737 755 807 850
66 79 64 68 65
553 570 603 555 486
66 73 70 66 75
2000 .............................................................
6 711
5 805
621
285
1 062
199
796
68
462
57
BLACK MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER
BLACK WOMEN, 16 YEARS AND OVER
BLACK WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Employed persons are classified as full- or part-time workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs regardless of the number of hours they are at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work also are classified according to their usual status. 2. Includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part-time.
54
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-10. Persons Not in the Labor Force by Desire and Availability for Work, Age, and Sex, 1995–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Total
Age
Category
16 to 24 years 1995
TOTAL, NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE .....................................
Sex
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Men
Women
1996 1995
1996
1995
1996
1995
1996
1995
1996
1995
1996
66 280
66 647
10 922
11 160
18 854
18 720
36 503
36 768
23 818
24 119
42 462
42 528
........................................................
60 610
61 197
8 807
9 110
16 246
16 205
35 557
35 882
21 536
21 929
39 704
39 267
Want A Job 1 ............................................................................. Did not search for work in the previous year .............................. Searched for work in the previous year 2 ................................... Not available to work now ...................................................... Available to work now ............................................................ Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects 3 ............................ Reasons other than discouragement ............................. Family responsibilities ................................................ In school or training .................................................... Ill health or disability ................................................... Other 4 ........................................................................
5 670 3 286 2 384 791 1 593
5 451 3 161 2 290 732 1 558
2 115 1 153 963 397 556
2 050 1 100 950 365 585
2 608 1 436 1 172 350 822
2 514 1 407 1 108 328 780
947 697 250 45 205
886 654 232 40 192
2 282 1 231 1 050 302 749
2 190 1 185 1 005 277 728
3 388 2 054 1 334 490 844
3 261 1 976 1 285 455 830
410 1 182 185 245 131 621
397 1 160 177 257 121 605
108 458 39 199 19 201
115 471 35 211 22 203
231 591 131 44 84 331
225 555 125 43 73 314
72 133 15 2 28 89
58 135 17 3 27 88
245 504 26 131 60 287
233 495 31 138 49 277
166 679 159 114 71 334
164 666 146 119 72 328
Do Not Want A Job
Now 1
Total
Age
Category
16 to 24 years 1997
TOTAL, NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE .....................................
Sex
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Men
Women
1998 1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
66 837
67 547
11 343
11 343
18 552
18 732
36 942
37 472
24 454
24 799
42 382
42 748
........................................................
61 895
62 735
9 434
9 491
16 311
16 580
36 151
36 664
22 420
22 790
39 475
39 945
Want A Job 1 ............................................................................. Did not search for work in the previous year .............................. Searched for work in the previous year 2 ................................... Not available to work now ...................................................... Available to work now ............................................................ Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects 3 ............................ Reasons other than discouragement ............................. Family responsibilities ................................................ In school or training .................................................... Ill health or disability ................................................... Other 4 ........................................................................
4 941 2 857 2 084 669 1 416
4 812 2 859 1 953 643 1 310
1 909 1 034 875 346 529
1 852 1 011 841 332 509
2 241 1 245 997 289 708
2 152 1 240 912 275 637
791 579 212 34 178
807 608 200 36 164
2 034 1 118 917 257 659
2 008 1 134 875 250 624
2 907 1 739 1 168 412 756
2 803 1 725 1 078 392 686
343 1 073 139 235 116 583
331 979 143 206 104 525
107 423 26 188 17 191
108 401 37 173 14 177
184 524 97 45 71 311
170 467 93 32 69 273
52 126 16 2 28 81
53 111 13 1 21 75
200 460 21 113 52 273
198 427 23 105 52 247
143 613 117 121 64 311
133 552 120 102 52 278
Do Not Want A Job
Now 1
Total
Age
Category
16 to 24 years 1999
TOTAL, NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE .....................................
Sex
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Men
Women
2000 1999
2000
1999
2000
1999
2000
1999
2000
1999
2000
68 385
68 836
11 740
11 738
18 785
18 953
37 861
38 146
25 210
25 484
43 175
43 352
........................................................
63 818
64 459
9 938
10 107
16 814
17 007
37 066
37 345
23 307
23 627
40 511
40 832
Want A Job 1 ............................................................................. Did not search for work in the previous year .............................. Searched for work in the previous year 2 ................................... Not available to work now ...................................................... Available to work now ............................................................ Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects 3 ............................ Reasons other than discouragement ............................. Family responsibilities ................................................ In school or training .................................................... Ill health or disability ................................................... Other 4 ........................................................................
4 568 2 723 1 844 644 1 201
4 377 2 675 1 703 550 1 152
1 802 981 822 345 477
1 631 903 728 280 448
1 971 1 144 827 258 569
1 945 1 143 802 237 565
795 599 196 41 155
801 629 172 33 139
1 903 1 083 820 249 571
1 856 1 068 788 217 572
2 665 1 640 1 024 395 629
2 521 1 607 914 334 581
273 927 132 214 97 485
260 892 118 185 95 493
86 391 29 176 13 173
79 369 26 158 15 171
146 423 92 34 57 239
143 422 83 26 58 255
41 114 11 4 26 73
39 101 10 1 22 68
161 411 29 110 39 234
160 412 23 97 49 243
113 517 103 104 58 251
100 481 96 88 46 250
Do Not Want A Job
Now 1
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Includes some persons who are not asked if they want a job. 2. Persons who had a job in the prior 12 months must have searched since the end of that job. 3. Includes believes no work available, could not find work, lacks necessary schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 4. Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not ascertained.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
55
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
TOTAL 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
58 343 57 651
4 026 3 712
1 600 1 466
2 426 2 246
54 318 53 940
6 937 6 660
13 801 13 639
13 050 13 108
10 624 10 636
7 103 7 042
2 804 2 864
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
58 918 59 961 60 250 61 179 60 109
3 703 3 767 3 719 3 720 3 475
1 433 1 575 1 626 1 577 1 422
2 270 2 192 2 092 2 142 2 053
55 218 56 196 56 536 57 460 56 634
6 746 6 321 5 572 5 225 4 971
13 917 14 233 14 515 14 519 14 190
13 424 13 746 14 058 14 774 14 541
10 966 11 421 11 687 11 969 11 976
7 265 7 558 7 785 7 806 7 895
2 899 2 917 2 919 3 166 3 060
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62 170 63 799 64 071 63 036 64 630
3 642 3 818 3 778 3 582 3 838
1 500 1 647 1 613 1 519 1 670
2 143 2 171 2 167 2 063 2 168
58 528 59 983 60 291 59 454 60 791
5 270 5 545 5 641 5 571 5 870
14 481 14 407 14 253 13 675 13 709
14 879 15 218 15 348 15 157 15 454
12 556 12 978 13 320 13 448 13 915
8 158 8 519 8 553 8 559 8 822
3 185 3 314 3 179 3 045 3 023
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
65 778 65 746 66 702 67 762 69 305
4 129 4 108 4 195 4 255 4 516
1 770 1 621 1 607 1 751 2 013
2 360 2 486 2 588 2 504 2 503
61 648 61 638 62 508 63 508 64 789
6 119 6 227 6 446 6 815 7 303
13 630 13 429 13 311 13 318 13 449
15 598 15 552 15 901 16 114 16 166
14 238 14 320 14 491 14 749 15 094
8 989 9 120 9 346 9 596 9 804
3 073 2 987 3 013 2 915 2 973
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
71 088 72 895 74 372 75 920 77 902
5 036 5 721 5 682 5 781 6 117
2 075 2 269 2 334 2 403 2 573
2 962 3 452 3 348 3 377 3 543
66 052 67 178 68 690 70 141 71 785
7 702 7 964 8 499 8 762 9 319
13 704 14 017 14 575 15 265 15 883
16 294 16 312 16 281 16 220 16 100
15 320 15 615 15 789 16 083 16 410
10 028 10 310 10 536 10 745 10 919
3 005 2 961 3 011 3 065 3 155
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
78 678 79 367 82 153 85 064 86 794
6 144 6 208 6 746 7 271 7 448
2 598 2 596 2 787 3 032 3 111
3 546 3 613 3 959 4 239 4 338
72 534 73 158 75 407 77 793 79 347
9 731 10 201 10 999 11 839 12 101
16 318 16 781 18 082 19 509 20 610
15 922 15 675 15 822 16 041 16 203
16 473 16 451 16 457 16 553 16 633
10 974 11 009 11 044 10 966 10 964
3 118 3 040 3 003 2 886 2 835
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
85 846 88 752 92 017 96 048 98 824
7 104 7 336 7 688 8 070 8 083
2 941 2 972 3 138 3 330 3 340
4 162 4 363 4 550 4 739 4 743
78 744 81 416 84 329 87 979 90 741
11 885 12 570 13 196 13 887 14 327
21 087 22 493 23 850 25 281 26 492
15 953 16 468 17 157 18 128 18 981
16 190 16 224 16 212 16 338 16 357
10 827 10 912 11 126 11 400 11 585
2 801 2 747 2 787 2 946 2 999
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
99 303 100 397 99 526 100 834 105 005
7 710 7 225 6 549 6 342 6 444
3 106 2 866 2 505 2 320 2 404
4 605 4 359 4 044 4 022 4 040
91 593 93 172 92 978 94 491 98 562
14 087 14 122 13 690 13 722 14 207
27 204 28 180 28 149 28 756 30 348
19 523 20 145 20 879 21 960 23 598
16 234 16 255 15 923 15 812 16 178
11 586 11 525 11 414 11 315 11 395
2 960 2 945 2 923 2 927 2 835
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
107 150 109 597 112 440 114 968 117 342
6 434 6 472 6 640 6 805 6 759
2 492 2 622 2 736 2 713 2 588
3 941 3 850 3 905 4 092 4 172
100 716 103 125 105 800 108 164 110 582
13 980 13 790 13 524 13 244 12 962
31 208 32 201 33 105 33 574 34 045
24 732 25 861 27 179 28 269 29 443
16 509 16 949 17 487 18 447 19 279
11 474 11 405 11 465 11 433 11 499
2 813 2 919 3 041 3 197 3 355
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
118 793 117 718 118 492 120 259 123 060
6 581 5 906 5 669 5 805 6 161
2 410 2 202 2 128 2 226 2 510
4 171 3 704 3 540 3 579 3 651
112 213 111 812 112 824 114 455 116 899
13 401 12 975 12 872 12 840 12 758
33 935 33 061 32 667 32 385 32 286
30 817 31 593 31 923 32 666 33 599
19 525 19 882 21 022 22 175 23 348
11 189 11 001 10 998 11 058 11 228
3 346 3 300 3 341 3 331 3 681
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
124 900 126 708 129 558 131 463 133 488
6 419 6 500 6 661 7 051 7 172
2 573 2 646 2 648 2 762 2 793
3 846 3 853 4 012 4 289 4 379
118 481 120 208 122 897 124 413 126 316
12 443 12 138 12 380 12 557 12 891
32 356 32 077 31 809 31 394 30 865
34 202 35 051 35 908 36 278 36 728
24 378 25 514 26 744 27 587 28 635
11 435 11 739 12 296 12 872 13 315
3 666 3 690 3 761 3 725 3 882
2000 ......................................................
135 208
7 276
2 778
4 498
127 933
13 321
30 501
36 697
29 717
13 627
4 070
See Note at end of table.
56
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE 1954 ......................................................
53 957
3 078
1 257
1 822
50 879
4 358
12 616
13 000
10 811
7 262
2 831
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
55 833 57 269 57 465 56 613 58 006
3 225 3 389 3 374 3 216 3 475
1 330 1 465 1 442 1 370 1 520
1 896 1 922 1 931 1 847 1 955
52 608 53 880 54 091 53 397 54 531
4 637 4 897 4 952 4 908 5 138
12 855 12 748 12 619 12 128 12 144
13 327 13 637 13 716 13 571 13 830
11 322 11 706 12 009 12 113 12 552
7 510 7 822 7 829 7 849 8 063
2 957 3 068 2 951 2 828 2 805
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
58 850 58 913 59 698 60 622 61 922
3 700 3 693 3 774 3 851 4 076
1 598 1 472 1 447 1 600 1 846
2 103 2 220 2 327 2 250 2 230
55 150 55 220 55 924 56 771 57 846
5 331 5 460 5 676 6 036 6 444
12 021 11 835 11 703 11 689 11 794
13 930 13 905 14 173 14 341 14 380
12 820 12 906 13 066 13 304 13 596
8 192 8 335 8 511 8 718 8 916
2 855 2 778 2 795 2 683 2 717
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
63 446 65 021 66 361 67 750 69 518
4 562 5 176 5 114 5 195 5 508
1 892 2 052 2 121 2 193 2 347
2 670 3 124 2 993 3 002 3 161
58 884 59 845 61 247 62 555 64 010
6 752 6 986 7 493 7 687 8 182
11 992 12 268 12 763 13 410 13 935
14 473 14 449 14 429 14 386 14 270
13 804 14 072 14 224 14 487 14 788
9 116 9 356 9 596 9 781 9 947
2 748 2 713 2 746 2 804 2 888
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
70 217 70 878 73 370 75 708 77 184
5 571 5 670 6 173 6 623 6 796
2 386 2 404 2 581 2 806 2 881
3 185 3 266 3 592 3 816 3 916
64 645 65 208 67 197 69 086 70 388
8 559 9 000 9 718 10 424 10 676
14 326 14 713 15 904 17 099 18 040
14 092 13 858 13 940 14 083 14 196
14 854 14 843 14 845 14 886 14 948
9 979 10 014 10 077 9 983 9 958
2 835 2 780 2 714 2 610 2 568
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
76 411 78 853 81 700 84 936 87 259
6 487 6 724 7 068 7 367 7 356
2 721 2 762 2 926 3 085 3 079
3 770 3 962 4 142 4 282 4 278
69 924 72 129 74 632 77 569 79 904
10 546 11 119 11 696 12 251 12 594
18 485 19 662 20 844 22 008 23 033
13 979 14 407 14 984 15 809 16 578
14 555 14 549 14 483 14 550 14 522
9 827 9 923 10 107 10 311 10 477
2 533 2 470 2 518 2 642 2 699
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
87 715 88 709 87 903 88 893 92 120
7 021 6 588 5 984 5 799 5 836
2 861 2 645 2 317 2 156 2 209
4 161 3 943 3 667 3 643 3 627
80 694 82 121 81 918 83 094 86 284
12 405 12 477 12 097 12 138 12 451
23 653 24 551 24 531 24 955 26 235
17 071 17 617 18 268 19 194 20 552
14 405 14 414 14 083 13 961 14 239
10 475 10 386 10 283 10 169 10 227
2 684 2 676 2 656 2 678 2 580
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
93 736 95 660 97 789 99 812 101 584
5 768 5 792 5 898 6 030 5 946
2 270 2 386 2 468 2 424 2 278
3 498 3 406 3 431 3 606 3 668
87 968 89 869 91 890 93 782 95 638
12 235 12 027 11 748 11 438 11 084
26 945 27 746 28 429 28 796 29 091
21 552 22 515 23 596 24 468 25 442
14 459 14 750 15 216 16 054 16 775
10 247 10 176 10 164 10 153 10 223
2 530 2 654 2 738 2 874 3 024
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
102 261 101 182 101 669 103 045 105 190
5 779 5 216 4 985 5 113 5 398
2 141 1 971 1 904 1 990 2 210
3 638 3 246 3 081 3 123 3 188
96 481 95 966 96 684 97 932 99 792
11 498 11 116 11 031 10 931 10 736
28 773 27 989 27 552 27 274 27 101
26 282 26 883 27 097 27 645 28 442
16 933 17 269 18 285 19 273 20 247
9 960 9 719 9 701 9 772 9 912
3 035 2 990 3 019 3 037 3 354
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
106 490 107 808 109 856 110 931 112 235
5 593 5 667 5 807 6 089 6 204
2 273 2 325 2 341 2 436 2 435
3 320 3 343 3 466 3 653 3 769
100 897 102 141 104 049 104 842 106 032
10 400 10 149 10 362 10 512 10 716
27 014 26 678 26 294 25 729 25 113
28 951 29 566 30 137 30 320 30 548
21 127 22 071 23 061 23 662 24 507
10 070 10 313 10 785 11 272 11 657
3 335 3 364 3 411 3 347 3 491
2000 ......................................................
113 475
6 270
2 411
3 859
107 205
11 078
24 678
30 522
25 384
11 901
3 643
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
57
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 17 years
Total
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
7 802 8 128 8 203
509 570 554
180 194 190
329 378 364
7 292 7 559 7 649
1 166 1 258 1 231
1 924 2 062 2 157
1 629 1 659 1 682
1 434 1 460 1 452
872 872 884
269 249 243
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 894 8 227 8 540 9 102 9 359
507 508 508 571 579
183 170 169 191 204
325 338 339 380 376
7 386 7 719 8 031 8 531 8 780
1 115 1 193 1 244 1 359 1 424
2 145 2 309 2 443 2 641 2 759
1 617 1 679 1 754 1 848 1 902
1 393 1 416 1 448 1 479 1 502
874 870 892 932 927
241 252 251 273 266
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
9 313 9 355 9 189 9 375 10 119
547 505 428 416 474
192 170 138 123 146
356 335 290 294 328
8 765 8 849 8 761 8 959 9 645
1 376 1 346 1 283 1 280 1 423
2 827 2 872 2 830 2 976 3 223
1 910 1 957 2 025 2 107 2 311
1 487 1 489 1 469 1 456 1 533
925 954 928 937 945
239 231 225 204 209
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10 501 10 814 11 309 11 658 11 953
532 536 587 601 625
175 183 203 223 237
356 353 385 378 388
9 969 10 278 10 722 11 057 11 328
1 399 1 429 1 421 1 433 1 467
3 325 3 464 3 614 3 725 3 801
2 427 2 524 2 695 2 839 2 981
1 598 1 666 1 714 1 783 1 844
985 982 1 036 1 018 970
235 214 241 261 265
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
12 175 12 074 12 151 12 382 12 835
598 494 492 494 552
194 161 157 171 224
404 334 335 323 328
11 577 11 580 11 659 11 888 12 284
1 409 1 373 1 343 1 377 1 449
3 803 3 714 3 699 3 700 3 732
3 287 3 401 3 441 3 584 3 722
1 897 1 892 1 964 2 059 2 178
933 957 965 941 953
248 243 246 226 251
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
13 279 13 542 13 969 14 556 15 056
586 613 631 736 691
223 233 229 246 243
363 380 401 490 448
12 693 12 929 13 339 13 820 14 365
1 443 1 411 1 456 1 496 1 594
3 844 3 851 3 903 3 967 4 091
3 861 3 974 4 094 4 238 4 404
2 288 2 426 2 588 2 739 2 872
1 004 1 025 1 048 1 118 1 134
253 241 249 262 271
2000 ......................................................
15 334
729
266
462
14 606
1 642
4 036
4 404
3 031
1 190
302
1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
3 396 3 687
... ...
... ...
... ...
3 070 3 331
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 663 3 720 4 079 4 527 4 785
... 341 381 423 445
... 124 135 159 152
... 230 245 264 292
3 341 3 436 3 715 4 104 4 340
... 614 715 803 860
... 1 135 1 212 1 330 1 430
... 803 860 942 996
... 573 608 661 666
... 269 269 307 319
... 42 50 62 69
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 527 5 813 5 805 6 072 6 651
500 459 410 423 468
174 155 119 125 148
325 304 291 297 320
5 028 5 354 5 394 5 649 6 182
998 1 060 1 030 1 068 1 160
1 675 1 837 1 896 1 997 2 201
1 074 1 147 1 173 1 224 1 385
811 829 816 837 883
389 399 399 441 474
80 82 80 81 79
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 888 7 219 7 790 8 250 8 573
438 430 474 523 548
144 146 149 171 165
294 284 325 353 383
6 449 6 789 7 316 7 727 8 025
1 187 1 231 1 273 1 341 1 325
2 316 2 427 2 668 2 749 2 900
1 473 1 570 1 775 1 876 1 968
913 1 011 1 010 1 078 1 129
486 474 512 585 589
75 76 76 97 114
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
9 845 9 828 10 027 10 361 10 788
668 602 577 570 609
208 169 169 160 195
460 433 408 410 415
9 177 9 225 9 450 9 792 10 178
1 672 1 622 1 575 1 574 1 643
3 327 3 264 3 350 3 446 3 517
2 229 2 333 2 468 2 605 2 737
1 235 1 266 1 316 1 402 1 495
611 637 628 630 647
103 103 112 135 139
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
11 127 11 642 12 726 13 291 13 720
645 646 714 793 854
194 199 228 230 254
450 447 487 563 600
10 483 10 996 12 012 12 498 12 866
1 609 1 628 1 798 1 883 1 881
3 618 3 758 4 029 4 113 4 097
2 889 3 115 3 371 3 504 3 738
1 565 1 595 1 846 1 994 2 074
666 748 794 846 886
135 152 173 158 190
2000 ......................................................
14 492
902
261
641
13 590
1 994
4 270
3 903
2 278
939
206
HISPANIC
See Note at end of table.
58
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
MEN 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
41 725 40 925
2 344 2 124
996 911
1 348 1 213
39 382 38 803
4 349 4 197
10 038 9 879
9 363 9 308
7 742 7 661
5 587 5 438
2 303 2 329
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
41 578 41 780 41 682 42 430 41 619
2 186 2 156 2 107 2 136 1 985
909 979 985 976 881
1 277 1 177 1 121 1 159 1 104
39 394 39 626 39 578 40 296 39 634
4 255 3 780 3 183 2 901 2 724
10 060 10 134 10 352 10 500 10 254
9 445 9 607 9 753 10 229 10 082
7 790 8 012 8 144 8 374 8 330
5 508 5 711 5 804 5 808 5 830
2 336 2 382 2 343 2 483 2 414
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
42 621 43 379 43 357 42 423 43 466
2 095 2 164 2 115 2 012 2 198
936 1 008 987 948 1 015
1 159 1 156 1 130 1 064 1 183
40 526 41 216 41 239 40 411 41 267
2 973 3 245 3 346 3 293 3 597
10 453 10 337 10 222 9 790 9 862
10 267 10 385 10 427 10 291 10 492
8 553 8 732 8 851 8 828 9 048
5 857 6 004 6 002 5 955 6 058
2 424 2 512 2 394 2 254 2 210
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
43 904 43 656 44 177 44 657 45 474
2 361 2 315 2 362 2 406 2 587
1 090 989 990 1 073 1 242
1 271 1 325 1 372 1 334 1 345
41 543 41 342 41 815 42 251 42 886
3 754 3 795 3 898 4 118 4 370
9 759 9 591 9 475 9 431 9 531
10 552 10 505 10 711 10 801 10 832
9 182 9 195 9 333 9 478 9 637
6 105 6 155 6 260 6 385 6 478
2 191 2 098 2 138 2 038 2 039
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
46 340 46 919 47 479 48 114 48 818
2 918 3 253 3 186 3 255 3 430
1 285 1 389 1 417 1 453 1 526
1 634 1 863 1 769 1 802 1 904
43 422 43 668 44 294 44 859 45 388
4 583 4 599 4 809 4 812 5 012
9 611 9 709 9 988 10 405 10 736
10 837 10 764 10 674 10 554 10 401
9 792 9 904 9 990 10 102 10 187
6 542 6 668 6 774 6 893 6 931
2 057 2 024 2 058 2 093 2 122
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
48 990 49 390 50 896 52 349 53 024
3 409 3 478 3 765 4 039 4 103
1 504 1 510 1 598 1 721 1 744
1 905 1 968 2 167 2 318 2 359
45 581 45 912 47 130 48 310 48 922
5 237 5 593 6 138 6 655 6 739
10 936 11 218 11 884 12 617 13 119
10 216 10 028 10 088 10 126 10 135
10 170 10 139 10 139 10 197 10 181
6 928 6 916 6 929 6 857 6 880
2 094 2 019 1 953 1 856 1 869
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
51 857 53 138 54 728 56 479 57 607
3 839 3 947 4 174 4 336 4 300
1 621 1 626 1 733 1 800 1 799
2 219 2 321 2 441 2 535 2 501
48 018 49 190 50 555 52 143 53 308
6 484 6 915 7 232 7 559 7 791
13 205 13 869 14 483 15 124 15 688
9 891 10 069 10 399 10 845 11 202
9 902 9 881 9 832 9 806 9 735
6 722 6 724 6 848 6 954 7 015
1 811 1 732 1 761 1 855 1 876
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57 186 57 397 56 271 56 787 59 091
4 085 3 815 3 379 3 300 3 322
1 672 1 526 1 307 1 213 1 244
2 412 2 289 2 072 2 087 2 078
53 101 53 582 52 891 53 487 55 769
7 532 7 504 7 197 7 232 7 571
15 832 16 266 16 002 16 216 17 166
11 355 11 613 11 902 12 450 13 309
9 548 9 478 9 234 9 133 9 326
6 999 6 909 6 781 6 686 6 694
1 835 1 812 1 776 1 770 1 703
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
59 891 60 892 62 107 63 273 64 315
3 328 3 323 3 381 3 492 3 477
1 300 1 352 1 393 1 403 1 327
2 029 1 971 1 988 2 089 2 150
56 562 57 569 58 726 59 781 60 837
7 339 7 250 7 058 6 918 6 799
17 564 18 092 18 487 18 702 18 952
13 800 14 266 14 898 15 457 16 002
9 411 9 554 9 750 10 201 10 569
6 753 6 654 6 682 6 591 6 548
1 695 1 753 1 850 1 911 1 968
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
65 104 64 223 64 440 65 349 66 450
3 427 3 044 2 944 2 994 3 156
1 254 1 135 1 096 1 155 1 288
2 173 1 909 1 848 1 839 1 868
61 678 61 178 61 496 62 355 63 294
7 151 6 909 6 819 6 805 6 771
18 779 18 265 17 966 17 877 17 741
16 771 17 086 17 230 17 665 18 111
10 690 10 813 11 365 11 927 12 439
6 378 6 245 6 173 6 166 6 142
1 909 1 860 1 943 1 916 2 089
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
67 377 68 207 69 685 70 693 71 446
3 292 3 310 3 401 3 558 3 685
1 316 1 318 1 355 1 398 1 437
1 977 1 992 2 045 2 161 2 249
64 085 64 897 66 284 67 135 67 761
6 665 6 429 6 548 6 638 6 729
17 709 17 527 17 338 17 097 16 694
18 374 18 816 19 327 19 634 19 811
12 958 13 483 14 107 14 544 14 991
6 272 6 470 6 735 7 052 7 274
2 108 2 172 2 229 2 171 2 263
2000 ......................................................
72 293
3 713
1 405
2 308
68 580
7 009
16 494
19 770
15 561
7 389
2 357
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
59
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WOMEN 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
16 617 16 723
1 682 1 588
604 555
1 078 1 033
14 936 15 137
2 588 2 463
3 763 3 760
3 687 3 800
2 882 2 975
1 516 1 604
501 535
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
17 340 18 181 18 568 18 749 18 490
1 517 1 611 1 612 1 584 1 490
524 596 641 601 541
993 1 015 971 983 949
15 824 16 570 16 958 17 164 17 000
2 491 2 541 2 389 2 324 2 247
3 857 4 099 4 163 4 019 3 936
3 979 4 139 4 305 4 545 4 459
3 176 3 409 3 543 3 595 3 646
1 757 1 847 1 981 1 998 2 065
563 535 576 683 646
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
19 551 20 419 20 714 20 613 21 164
1 547 1 654 1 663 1 570 1 640
564 639 626 571 655
984 1 015 1 037 999 985
18 002 18 767 19 052 19 043 19 524
2 297 2 300 2 295 2 278 2 273
4 028 4 070 4 031 3 885 3 847
4 612 4 833 4 921 4 866 4 962
4 003 4 246 4 469 4 620 4 867
2 301 2 515 2 551 2 604 2 764
761 802 785 791 813
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
21 874 22 090 22 525 23 105 23 831
1 768 1 793 1 833 1 849 1 929
680 632 617 678 771
1 089 1 161 1 216 1 170 1 158
20 105 20 296 20 693 21 257 21 903
2 365 2 432 2 548 2 697 2 933
3 871 3 838 3 836 3 887 3 918
5 046 5 047 5 190 5 313 5 334
5 056 5 125 5 158 5 271 5 457
2 884 2 965 3 086 3 211 3 326
882 889 875 877 934
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
24 748 25 976 26 893 27 807 29 084
2 118 2 468 2 496 2 526 2 687
790 880 917 950 1 047
1 328 1 589 1 579 1 575 1 639
22 630 23 510 24 397 25 281 26 397
3 119 3 365 3 690 3 950 4 307
4 093 4 308 4 587 4 860 5 147
5 457 5 548 5 607 5 666 5 699
5 528 5 711 5 799 5 981 6 223
3 486 3 642 3 762 3 852 3 988
948 937 953 972 1 033
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
29 688 29 976 31 257 32 715 33 769
2 735 2 730 2 980 3 231 3 345
1 094 1 086 1 188 1 310 1 367
1 641 1 645 1 792 1 920 1 978
26 952 27 246 28 276 29 484 30 424
4 494 4 609 4 861 5 184 5 363
5 382 5 563 6 197 6 893 7 492
5 706 5 647 5 734 5 915 6 068
6 303 6 313 6 318 6 356 6 451
4 046 4 093 4 115 4 109 4 084
1 023 1 021 1 051 1 029 966
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
33 989 35 615 37 289 39 569 41 217
3 263 3 389 3 514 3 734 3 783
1 320 1 346 1 403 1 530 1 541
1 943 2 043 2 110 2 204 2 242
30 726 32 226 33 775 35 836 37 434
5 401 5 655 5 965 6 328 6 538
7 882 8 624 9 367 10 157 10 802
6 061 6 400 6 758 7 282 7 779
6 288 6 343 6 380 6 532 6 622
4 105 4 188 4 279 4 446 4 569
989 1 017 1 027 1 091 1 124
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
42 117 43 000 43 256 44 047 45 915
3 625 3 411 3 170 3 043 3 122
1 433 1 340 1 198 1 107 1 161
2 192 2 070 1 972 1 935 1 962
38 492 39 590 40 086 41 004 42 793
6 555 6 618 6 492 6 490 6 636
11 370 11 914 12 147 12 540 13 182
8 168 8 532 8 977 9 510 10 289
6 686 6 777 6 689 6 678 6 852
4 587 4 616 4 634 4 629 4 700
1 125 1 133 1 147 1 157 1 133
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
47 259 48 706 50 334 51 696 53 027
3 105 3 149 3 260 3 313 3 282
1 193 1 270 1 343 1 310 1 261
1 913 1 879 1 917 2 003 2 021
44 154 45 556 47 074 48 383 49 745
6 640 6 540 6 466 6 326 6 163
13 644 14 109 14 617 14 872 15 093
10 933 11 595 12 281 12 811 13 440
7 097 7 395 7 737 8 246 8 711
4 721 4 751 4 783 4 841 4 950
1 118 1 165 1 191 1 286 1 388
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53 689 53 496 54 052 54 910 56 610
3 154 2 862 2 724 2 811 3 005
1 156 1 067 1 032 1 071 1 222
1 998 1 794 1 692 1 740 1 783
50 535 50 634 51 328 52 099 53 606
6 250 6 066 6 053 6 035 5 987
15 155 14 796 14 701 14 508 14 545
14 046 14 507 14 693 15 002 15 488
8 835 9 069 9 657 10 248 10 908
4 811 4 756 4 825 4 892 5 085
1 437 1 440 1 398 1 414 1 592
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57 523 58 501 59 873 60 771 62 042
3 127 3 190 3 260 3 493 3 487
1 258 1 328 1 293 1 364 1 357
1 869 1 862 1 967 2 128 2 130
54 396 55 311 56 613 57 278 58 555
5 779 5 709 5 831 5 919 6 163
14 647 14 549 14 471 14 298 14 171
15 828 16 235 16 581 16 644 16 917
11 421 12 031 12 637 13 043 13 644
5 163 5 269 5 561 5 820 6 041
1 558 1 518 1 532 1 554 1 619
2000 ......................................................
62 915
3 563
1 373
2 190
59 352
6 312
14 006
16 927
14 156
6 238
1 713
See Note at end of table.
60
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE MEN 1954 ......................................................
37 846
1 723
771
953
36 123
2 394
9 287
9 175
7 614
5 412
2 241
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
38 719 39 368 39 349 38 591 39 494
1 824 1 893 1 865 1 783 1 961
821 890 874 852 915
1 004 1 002 990 932 1 046
36 895 37 475 37 484 36 808 37 533
2 607 2 850 2 930 2 896 3 153
9 461 9 330 9 226 8 861 8 911
9 351 9 449 9 480 9 386 9 560
7 792 7 950 8 067 8 061 8 261
5 431 5 559 5 542 5 501 5 588
2 254 2 336 2 234 2 103 2 060
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39 755 39 588 40 016 40 428 41 115
2 092 2 055 2 098 2 156 2 316
973 891 883 972 1 128
1 119 1 164 1 215 1 184 1 188
37 663 37 533 37 918 38 272 38 799
3 264 3 311 3 426 3 646 3 856
8 777 8 630 8 514 8 463 8 538
9 589 9 566 9 718 9 782 9 800
8 372 8 394 8 512 8 650 8 787
5 618 5 670 5 749 5 844 5 945
2 043 1 961 1 998 1 887 1 872
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
41 844 42 331 42 833 43 411 44 048
2 612 2 913 2 849 2 908 3 070
1 159 1 245 1 278 1 319 1 385
1 453 1 668 1 571 1 589 1 685
39 232 39 418 39 985 40 503 40 978
4 025 4 028 4 231 4 226 4 401
8 598 8 674 8 931 9 315 9 608
9 795 9 719 9 632 9 522 9 379
8 924 9 029 9 093 9 198 9 279
5 998 6 096 6 208 6 316 6 359
1 892 1 871 1 892 1 926 1 953
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
44 178 44 595 45 944 47 085 47 674
3 066 3 157 3 416 3 660 3 728
1 374 1 393 1 470 1 590 1 611
1 692 1 764 1 947 2 071 2 117
41 112 41 438 42 528 43 424 43 946
4 601 4 935 5 431 5 863 5 965
9 784 10 026 10 664 11 268 11 701
9 202 9 026 9 047 9 046 9 027
9 271 9 256 9 236 9 257 9 242
6 340 6 339 6 363 6 299 6 304
1 914 1 856 1 786 1 689 1 706
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
46 697 47 775 49 150 50 544 51 452
3 505 3 604 3 824 3 950 3 904
1 502 1 501 1 607 1 664 1 654
2 002 2 103 2 217 2 286 2 250
43 192 44 171 45 326 46 594 47 546
5 770 6 140 6 437 6 717 6 868
11 783 12 362 12 893 13 413 13 888
8 818 8 944 9 212 9 608 9 930
9 005 8 968 8 898 8 840 8 748
6 160 6 176 6 279 6 339 6 406
1 656 1 579 1 605 1 677 1 707
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
51 127 51 315 50 287 50 621 52 462
3 708 3 469 3 079 3 003 3 001
1 534 1 402 1 214 1 124 1 140
2 174 2 066 1 865 1 879 1 861
47 419 47 846 47 209 47 618 49 461
6 652 6 652 6 372 6 386 6 647
14 009 14 398 14 164 14 297 15 045
10 077 10 307 10 593 11 062 11 776
8 586 8 518 8 267 8 152 8 320
6 412 6 309 6 188 6 084 6 108
1 684 1 662 1 624 1 637 1 564
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53 046 53 785 54 647 55 550 56 352
2 985 2 966 2 999 3 084 3 060
1 185 1 225 1 252 1 248 1 171
1 800 1 741 1 747 1 836 1 889
50 061 50 818 51 649 52 466 53 292
6 428 6 340 6 150 5 987 5 839
15 374 15 790 16 084 16 241 16 383
12 214 12 620 13 138 13 590 14 046
8 374 8 442 8 596 8 992 9 335
6 118 6 012 5 991 5 909 5 891
1 552 1 612 1 690 1 748 1 797
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56 703 55 797 55 959 56 656 57 452
3 018 2 694 2 602 2 634 2 776
1 119 1 017 990 1 031 1 144
1 899 1 677 1 612 1 603 1 632
53 685 53 103 53 357 54 021 54 676
6 179 5 942 5 855 5 830 5 738
16 124 15 644 15 357 15 230 15 052
14 496 14 743 14 842 15 178 15 562
9 383 9 488 10 027 10 497 10 910
5 744 5 578 5 503 5 514 5 490
1 760 1 707 1 772 1 772 1 925
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
58 146 58 888 59 998 60 604 61 139
2 892 2 911 3 011 3 103 3 205
1 169 1 161 1 206 1 233 1 254
1 723 1 750 1 806 1 870 1 951
55 254 55 977 56 986 57 500 57 934
5 613 5 444 5 590 5 659 5 753
14 958 14 820 14 567 14 259 13 851
15 793 16 136 16 470 16 715 16 781
11 359 11 834 12 352 12 661 13 046
5 609 5 755 5 972 6 251 6 447
1 921 1 987 2 037 1 955 2 056
2000 ......................................................
61 696
3 227
1 220
2 007
58 469
5 939
13 634
16 749
13 484
6 532
2 130
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
61
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE WOMEN 1954 ......................................................
16 111
1 355
486
869
14 756
1 964
3 329
3 825
3 197
1 850
590
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
17 114 17 901 18 116 18 022 18 512
1 401 1 496 1 509 1 433 1 514
509 575 568 518 605
892 920 941 915 909
15 713 16 405 16 607 16 589 16 998
2 030 2 047 2 022 2 012 1 985
3 394 3 418 3 393 3 267 3 233
3 976 4 188 4 236 4 185 4 270
3 530 3 756 3 942 4 052 4 291
2 079 2 263 2 287 2 348 2 475
703 732 717 725 745
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
19 095 19 325 19 682 20 194 20 807
1 608 1 638 1 676 1 695 1 760
625 581 564 628 718
984 1 056 1 112 1 066 1 042
17 487 17 687 18 006 18 499 19 047
2 067 2 149 2 250 2 390 2 588
3 244 3 205 3 189 3 226 3 256
4 341 4 339 4 455 4 559 4 580
4 448 4 512 4 554 4 654 4 809
2 574 2 665 2 762 2 874 2 971
812 817 797 796 845
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
21 602 22 690 23 528 24 339 25 470
1 950 2 263 2 265 2 287 2 438
733 807 843 874 962
1 217 1 456 1 422 1 413 1 476
19 652 20 427 21 263 22 052 23 032
2 727 2 958 3 262 3 461 3 781
3 394 3 594 3 832 4 095 4 327
4 678 4 730 4 797 4 864 4 891
4 880 5 043 5 131 5 289 5 509
3 118 3 260 3 388 3 465 3 588
856 842 854 878 935
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
26 039 26 283 27 426 28 623 29 511
2 505 2 513 2 755 2 962 3 069
1 012 1 011 1 111 1 217 1 269
1 493 1 502 1 645 1 746 1 799
23 534 23 770 24 669 25 661 26 442
3 959 4 065 4 286 4 562 4 711
4 542 4 687 5 240 5 831 6 340
4 890 4 831 4 893 5 036 5 169
5 582 5 588 5 608 5 628 5 706
3 640 3 675 3 714 3 684 3 654
921 924 928 920 862
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
29 714 31 078 32 550 34 392 35 807
2 983 3 120 3 244 3 416 3 451
1 215 1 260 1 319 1 420 1 423
1 767 1 860 1 923 1 996 2 027
26 731 27 958 29 306 30 975 32 357
4 775 4 978 5 259 5 535 5 726
6 701 7 300 7 950 8 595 9 145
5 161 5 462 5 772 6 201 6 648
5 550 5 580 5 585 5 710 5 773
3 667 3 746 3 829 3 972 4 071
877 891 912 964 993
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
36 587 37 394 37 615 38 272 39 659
3 314 3 119 2 905 2 796 2 835
1 327 1 242 1 103 1 032 1 069
1 986 1 877 1 802 1 764 1 766
33 275 34 275 34 710 35 476 36 823
5 753 5 826 5 724 5 751 5 804
9 644 10 153 10 367 10 659 11 190
6 994 7 311 7 675 8 132 8 776
5 818 5 896 5 816 5 809 5 920
4 064 4 077 4 095 4 084 4 118
1 001 1 013 1 032 1 041 1 015
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
40 690 41 876 43 142 44 262 45 232
2 783 2 825 2 900 2 946 2 886
1 085 1 160 1 216 1 176 1 107
1 698 1 665 1 684 1 770 1 779
37 907 39 050 40 242 41 316 42 346
5 807 5 687 5 598 5 450 5 245
11 571 11 956 12 345 12 555 12 708
9 338 9 895 10 459 10 878 11 395
6 084 6 307 6 620 7 062 7 440
4 128 4 164 4 172 4 244 4 332
978 1 042 1 047 1 126 1 227
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
45 558 45 385 45 710 46 390 47 738
2 762 2 523 2 383 2 479 2 622
1 023 954 915 959 1 066
1 739 1 569 1 468 1 520 1 556
42 796 42 862 43 327 43 910 45 116
5 319 5 174 5 176 5 101 4 997
12 649 12 344 12 195 12 044 12 049
11 785 12 139 12 254 12 467 12 880
7 551 7 781 8 258 8 776 9 338
4 217 4 141 4 198 4 258 4 423
1 275 1 283 1 246 1 265 1 429
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
48 344 48 920 49 859 50 327 51 096
2 701 2 756 2 796 2 986 2 999
1 104 1 164 1 136 1 203 1 181
1 597 1 592 1 660 1 783 1 817
45 643 46 164 47 063 47 342 48 098
4 787 4 705 4 773 4 853 4 963
12 056 11 858 11 727 11 470 11 262
13 157 13 430 13 667 13 604 13 767
9 768 10 237 10 709 11 001 11 461
4 461 4 558 4 813 5 021 5 211
1 415 1 376 1 374 1 392 1 435
2000 ......................................................
51 780
3 043
1 191
1 852
48 736
5 140
11 043
13 772
11 899
5 369
1 512
See Note at end of table.
62
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK MEN 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
4 368 4 527 4 527
309 330 322
114 112 114
195 220 209
4 058 4 197 4 204
648 711 668
1 074 1 142 1 176
890 898 912
793 816 803
499 483 500
156 148 145
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 275 4 404 4 565 4 796 4 923
276 283 291 312 316
98 100 105 106 111
179 184 186 206 205
3 998 4 120 4 273 4 483 4 606
595 635 659 697 754
1 159 1 217 1 271 1 357 1 425
865 897 940 969 983
755 763 777 788 801
487 472 484 516 498
137 137 143 155 147
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 798 4 794 4 637 4 753 5 124
299 273 223 222 252
109 95 65 64 79
191 178 158 158 173
4 498 4 520 4 414 4 531 4 871
713 693 660 684 750
1 438 1 457 1 414 1 483 1 635
975 991 997 1 034 1 138
770 764 750 749 780
478 492 471 477 460
126 123 122 105 108
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 270 5 428 5 661 5 824 5 928
278 278 304 316 327
92 96 109 122 124
186 182 195 193 202
4 992 5 150 5 357 5 509 5 602
726 732 728 736 742
1 669 1 756 1 821 1 881 1 931
1 187 1 211 1 283 1 348 1 415
795 831 853 878 886
501 507 547 536 498
114 112 124 131 131
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 995 5 961 5 930 6 047 6 241
303 255 249 254 276
99 85 78 88 107
204 170 170 166 169
5 692 5 706 5 681 5 793 5 964
702 695 679 674 718
1 895 1 859 1 819 1 858 1 850
1 586 1 634 1 650 1 717 1 795
926 923 930 978 1 030
469 481 478 461 455
114 114 124 106 115
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 422 6 456 6 607 6 871 7 027
285 289 282 341 325
111 109 108 120 120
174 180 174 221 205
6 137 6 167 6 325 6 530 6 702
714 685 668 686 700
1 895 1 867 1 874 1 886 1 926
1 836 1 878 1 955 2 008 2 092
1 085 1 129 1 215 1 284 1 327
468 482 487 524 525
138 126 127 142 131
2000 ......................................................
7 180
348
133
215
6 832
755
1 882
2 087
1 396
564
147
1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
3 433 3 601 3 677
200 239 232
65 81 77
134 158 155
3 233 3 362 3 445
519 546 562
850 920 981
739 761 770
641 644 649
373 389 383
113 101 98
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 618 3 823 3 975 4 307 4 436
231 224 217 260 263
85 70 64 85 92
146 154 153 175 171
3 388 3 599 3 758 4 047 4 174
520 558 585 662 670
985 1 092 1 172 1 283 1 333
752 782 814 879 919
638 653 671 691 702
387 398 408 416 428
104 115 109 118 119
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 515 4 561 4 552 4 622 4 995
248 232 205 194 222
82 75 73 59 67
165 157 132 136 155
4 267 4 329 4 347 4 428 4 773
663 653 623 596 673
1 389 1 415 1 416 1 493 1 588
936 966 1 028 1 073 1 173
717 725 719 707 753
448 462 457 460 485
113 108 103 99 101
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 231 5 386 5 648 5 834 6 025
254 259 283 285 298
83 87 93 101 113
171 171 190 184 185
4 977 5 128 5 365 5 548 5 727
673 696 693 697 725
1 656 1 708 1 793 1 844 1 870
1 240 1 313 1 412 1 491 1 566
804 835 860 905 959
484 475 489 482 472
121 102 117 129 134
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 180 6 113 6 221 6 334 6 595
296 239 243 239 275
96 76 79 82 117
200 164 164 157 158
5 884 5 874 5 978 6 095 6 320
707 677 664 703 731
1 907 1 855 1 880 1 842 1 882
1 701 1 768 1 791 1 867 1 926
971 969 1 034 1 081 1 147
464 476 487 480 497
135 129 123 121 136
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 857 7 086 7 362 7 685 8 029
301 324 349 395 366
112 124 122 126 123
189 200 227 268 243
6 556 6 762 7 013 7 290 7 663
729 726 789 810 893
1 949 1 984 2 029 2 081 2 165
2 025 2 096 2 139 2 230 2 312
1 202 1 297 1 373 1 455 1 545
536 543 561 594 609
114 115 122 120 139
2000 ......................................................
8 154
380
133
247
7 774
887
2 154
2 317
1 635
626
155
BLACK WOMEN
See Note at end of table.
63
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 17 years
Total
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC MEN 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
2 198 2 369
... ...
... ...
... ...
2 010 2 165
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 301 2 303 2 564 2 808 2 962
... 199 225 241 260
... 74 78 93 93
... 125 147 147 168
2 117 2 109 2 335 2 568 2 701
... 364 427 494 511
... 708 763 824 891
... 504 540 590 615
... 369 394 405 427
... 173 184 207 205
... 30 37 47 53
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 448 3 597 3 583 3 771 4 083
306 272 229 248 258
109 90 66 71 78
198 182 162 177 180
3 142 3 325 3 354 3 523 3 825
611 642 621 655 718
1 065 1 157 1 192 1 280 1 398
662 707 729 760 841
491 504 498 499 530
254 259 261 275 292
58 56 53 53 46
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 245 4 428 4 713 4 972 5 172
251 254 268 292 319
82 82 81 87 94
169 172 188 205 225
3 994 4 174 4 444 4 680 4 853
727 773 777 815 821
1 473 1 510 1 664 1 706 1 787
888 929 1 044 1 120 1 152
550 614 606 645 676
308 297 303 331 350
48 51 50 64 67
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 021 5 979 6 093 6 328 6 530
412 356 336 337 341
126 94 97 95 109
286 263 238 242 233
5 609 5 623 5 757 5 992 6 189
1 083 1 063 985 1 003 1 056
2 076 2 050 2 127 2 200 2 227
1 312 1 360 1 437 1 527 1 600
722 719 768 822 847
355 369 372 360 379
61 62 69 80 80
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 725 7 039 7 728 8 018 8 067
358 384 420 449 491
110 107 130 133 139
248 277 290 315 352
6 367 6 655 7 307 7 570 7 576
1 030 1 015 1 142 1 173 1 135
2 284 2 345 2 547 2 592 2 524
1 675 1 842 1 978 2 077 2 135
908 918 1 059 1 115 1 151
384 438 477 512 502
86 97 104 101 130
2000 ......................................................
8 478
517
142
375
7 961
1 214
2 554
2 249
1 264
550
130
1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
1 198 1 319
... ...
... ...
... ...
1 060 1 166
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 362 1 417 1 516 1 719 1 824
... 155 155 182 185
... 50 57 65 60
... 106 98 117 125
1 224 1 288 1 370 1 537 1 638
... 249 288 308 349
... 427 449 506 539
... 300 320 352 381
... 204 214 256 241
... 96 86 99 115
... 12 13 15 15
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 079 2 216 2 222 2 301 2 568
193 187 181 175 211
65 65 52 54 71
128 122 129 120 140
1 886 2 029 2 040 2 127 2 357
387 418 409 413 442
610 680 704 717 804
412 440 444 464 544
320 326 318 338 354
136 139 139 166 181
22 26 26 28 33
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 642 2 791 3 077 3 278 3 401
187 176 206 231 229
62 64 69 84 71
125 112 137 147 158
2 456 2 615 2 872 3 047 3 172
460 458 496 526 504
843 917 1 004 1 042 1 114
585 641 732 756 816
362 397 405 434 453
178 177 209 254 239
27 25 26 33 46
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 823 3 848 3 934 4 033 4 258
256 246 242 233 268
82 76 72 65 86
174 170 170 168 182
3 567 3 603 3 693 3 800 3 989
588 559 591 571 587
1 251 1 214 1 223 1 246 1 290
917 972 1 031 1 077 1 137
513 548 548 581 648
256 268 256 269 268
42 41 43 55 59
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 403 4 602 4 999 5 273 5 653
287 261 294 345 363
85 92 98 97 115
202 169 196 247 248
4 116 4 341 4 705 4 928 5 290
579 612 656 710 746
1 334 1 412 1 482 1 521 1 574
1 213 1 273 1 393 1 428 1 603
657 677 787 879 923
282 310 318 334 384
50 56 69 57 60
2000 ......................................................
6 014
385
120
265
5 629
780
1 716
1 654
1 015
389
152
HISPANIC WOMEN
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
64
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-12. Civilian Employment to Population Ratios by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1948–2000 (Percent.) Total Year, race, and Hispanic origin
16 years and over
Men
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
16 years and over
Women
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
TOTAL 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
56.6 55.4
47.7 45.2
57.4 56.3
83.5 81.3
57.5 53.8
85.8 83.7
31.3 31.2
38.5 37.2
30.7 30.6
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.1 57.3 57.3 57.1 55.5
45.5 47.9 46.9 46.4 42.3
57.0 58.1 58.1 58.0 56.6
82.0 84.0 83.9 83.6 81.0
55.2 57.9 55.9 55.9 50.2
84.2 86.1 86.2 85.9 83.5
32.0 33.1 33.4 33.3 32.5
36.3 38.9 38.8 37.8 34.9
31.6 32.6 33.0 32.9 32.3
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.7 57.5 57.1 55.4 56.0
43.5 45.3 43.9 39.9 39.9
57.8 58.5 58.2 56.8 57.5
81.8 82.3 81.3 78.5 79.3
52.1 53.8 51.8 46.9 47.2
84.3 84.6 83.8 81.2 82.3
34.0 35.1 35.1 34.5 35.0
35.6 37.5 36.7 33.5 33.0
33.8 34.9 35.0 34.6 35.1
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.1 55.4 55.5 55.4 55.7
40.5 39.1 39.4 37.4 37.3
57.6 56.9 57.1 57.2 57.7
78.9 77.6 77.7 77.1 77.3
47.6 45.3 45.9 43.8 44.1
81.9 80.8 80.9 80.6 80.9
35.5 35.4 35.6 35.8 36.3
33.8 33.2 33.3 31.5 30.9
35.7 35.6 35.8 36.3 36.9
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.2 56.9 57.3 57.5 58.0
38.9 42.1 42.2 42.2 43.4
58.2 58.7 59.0 59.3 59.7
77.5 77.9 78.0 77.8 77.6
46.2 48.9 48.7 48.7 49.5
81.2 81.5 81.5 81.3 81.1
37.1 38.3 39.0 39.6 40.7
32.0 35.6 35.9 36.0 37.5
37.6 38.6 39.3 40.0 41.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57.4 56.6 57.0 57.8 57.8
42.3 41.3 43.5 45.9 46.0
59.2 58.4 58.6 59.3 59.2
76.2 74.9 75.0 75.5 74.9
47.7 46.8 48.9 51.4 51.2
79.7 78.5 78.4 78.6 77.9
40.8 40.4 41.0 42.0 42.6
37.1 36.0 38.2 40.5 41.0
41.2 40.9 41.3 42.2 42.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.1 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9
43.3 44.2 46.1 48.3 48.5
57.6 58.3 59.2 60.6 61.2
71.7 72.0 72.8 73.8 73.8
47.2 47.9 50.4 52.2 51.7
74.8 75.1 75.6 76.4 76.5
42.0 43.2 44.5 46.4 47.5
39.4 40.5 41.8 44.5 45.3
42.3 43.5 44.8 46.6 47.7
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5
46.6 44.6 41.5 41.5 43.7
60.6 60.5 59.4 59.5 61.0
72.0 71.3 69.0 68.8 70.7
49.5 47.1 42.9 43.1 45.0
74.6 74.0 71.8 71.4 73.2
47.7 48.0 47.7 48.0 49.5
43.8 42.0 40.2 40.0 42.5
48.1 48.6 48.4 48.8 50.1
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
60.1 60.7 61.5 62.3 63.0
44.4 44.6 45.5 46.8 47.5
61.5 62.1 62.9 63.6 64.2
70.9 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.5
45.7 45.7 46.1 47.8 48.7
73.3 73.3 73.8 74.2 74.5
50.4 51.4 52.5 53.4 54.3
42.9 43.6 44.8 45.9 46.4
51.0 52.0 53.1 54.0 54.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62.8 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5
45.3 42.0 41.0 41.7 43.4
64.3 63.2 63.0 63.3 64.0
72.0 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4
46.6 42.7 41.9 42.3 43.8
74.3 72.7 72.1 72.3 72.6
54.3 53.7 53.8 54.1 55.3
44.0 41.2 40.0 41.0 43.0
55.2 54.6 54.8 55.0 56.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3
44.2 43.5 43.4 45.1 44.7
64.4 64.7 65.5 65.6 65.9
70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 71.6
44.7 43.6 43.4 44.7 45.1
73.0 73.2 73.7 73.9 74.0
55.6 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.4
43.8 43.5 43.3 45.5 44.3
56.5 57.0 57.8 58.0 58.5
2000 ......................................................
64.5
45.4
66.1
71.8
45.6
74.1
57.7
45.2
58.7
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
65
Table 1-12. Civilian Employment to Population Ratios by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent.) Total Year, race, and Hispanic origin
16 years and over
Men
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
16 years and over
Women
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
WHITE 1954 ......................................................
55.2
42.9
56.2
81.5
49.9
84.0
31.4
36.4
31.1
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.5 57.3 56.8 55.3 55.9
44.2 46.1 45.0 41.0 41.2
57.4 58.2 57.8 56.5 57.2
82.2 82.7 81.8 79.2 79.9
52.0 54.1 52.4 47.6 48.1
84.7 85.0 84.1 81.8 82.8
33.0 34.2 34.2 33.6 34.0
37.0 38.9 38.2 35.0 34.8
32.7 33.8 33.9 33.5 34.0
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
55.9 55.3 55.4 55.3 55.5
41.5 40.1 40.4 38.6 38.4
57.2 56.7 56.9 56.9 57.3
79.4 78.2 78.4 77.7 77.8
48.1 45.9 46.4 44.7 45.0
82.4 81.4 81.5 81.1 81.3
34.6 34.5 34.7 35.0 35.5
35.1 34.6 34.8 32.9 32.2
34.5 34.5 34.7 35.2 35.8
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.0 56.8 57.2 57.4 58.0
40.3 43.6 43.8 43.9 45.2
57.8 58.3 58.7 59.0 59.4
77.9 78.3 78.4 78.3 78.2
47.1 50.1 50.2 50.3 51.1
81.5 81.7 81.7 81.6 81.4
36.2 37.5 38.3 38.9 40.1
33.7 37.5 37.7 37.8 39.5
36.5 37.5 38.3 39.1 40.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57.5 56.8 57.4 58.2 58.3
44.5 43.8 46.4 48.9 49.3
59.0 58.3 58.6 59.3 59.3
76.8 75.7 76.0 76.5 75.9
49.6 49.2 51.5 54.3 54.4
80.1 79.0 79.0 79.2 78.6
40.3 39.9 40.7 41.8 42.4
39.5 38.6 41.3 43.6 44.3
40.4 40.1 40.6 41.6 42.2
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.7 57.5 58.6 60.0 60.6
46.5 47.8 50.1 52.4 52.6
57.9 58.6 59.6 60.8 61.5
73.0 73.4 74.1 75.0 75.1
50.6 51.5 54.4 56.3 55.7
75.7 76.0 76.5 77.2 77.3
42.0 43.2 44.5 46.3 47.5
42.5 44.2 45.9 48.5 49.4
41.9 43.1 44.4 46.1 47.3
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
60.0 60.0 58.8 58.9 60.5
50.7 48.7 45.8 45.9 48.0
61.0 61.1 60.1 60.1 61.5
73.4 72.8 70.6 70.4 72.1
53.4 51.3 47.0 47.4 49.1
75.6 75.1 73.0 72.6 74.3
47.8 48.3 48.1 48.5 49.8
47.9 46.2 44.6 44.5 47.0
47.8 48.5 48.4 48.9 50.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
61.0 61.5 62.3 63.1 63.8
48.5 48.8 49.4 50.9 51.6
62.0 62.6 63.4 64.1 64.7
72.3 72.3 72.7 73.2 73.7
49.9 49.6 49.9 51.7 52.6
74.3 74.3 74.7 75.1 75.4
50.7 51.7 52.8 53.8 54.6
47.1 47.9 49.0 50.2 50.5
51.0 52.0 53.1 54.0 54.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
63.7 62.6 62.4 62.7 63.5
49.7 46.6 45.3 46.2 47.9
64.8 63.7 63.6 63.9 64.7
73.3 71.6 71.1 71.4 71.8
51.0 47.2 46.4 46.6 48.3
75.1 73.5 73.1 73.3 73.6
54.7 54.2 54.2 54.6 55.8
48.3 45.9 44.2 45.7 47.5
55.2 54.8 54.9 55.2 56.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
63.8 64.1 64.6 64.7 64.8
48.8 47.9 47.7 48.9 48.8
64.9 65.3 65.9 65.9 66.1
72.0 72.3 72.7 72.7 72.8
49.4 48.2 48.1 48.6 49.3
73.8 74.2 74.7 74.7 74.8
56.1 56.3 57.0 57.1 57.3
48.1 47.6 47.2 49.3 48.3
56.7 57.0 57.8 57.7 58.0
2000 ......................................................
65.1
49.3
66.3
72.9
49.7
74.8
57.7
49.0
58.3
See Note at end of table.
66
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-12. Civilian Employment to Population Ratios by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent.) Total Year, race, and Hispanic origin
16 years and over
Men
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
16 years and over
Women
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
BLACK 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
53.7 54.5 53.5
25.2 27.2 25.9
58.3 58.9 58.0
66.8 67.5 65.8
31.6 32.8 31.4
73.0 73.7 71.9
43.0 43.8 43.5
19.2 22.0 20.9
46.5 47.2 46.9
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
50.1 50.8 51.4 53.6 53.8
23.1 22.4 22.3 25.2 25.4
54.5 55.4 56.0 58.0 58.1
60.6 60.6 61.4 63.3 63.4
26.3 25.8 26.4 28.5 28.7
66.5 66.8 67.5 69.1 69.1
41.6 42.8 43.3 45.8 46.0
20.2 19.2 18.5 22.1 22.4
44.9 46.4 47.0 49.3 49.3
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
52.3 51.3 49.4 49.5 52.3
23.9 22.1 19.0 18.7 21.9
56.4 55.5 53.6 53.6 56.1
60.4 59.1 56.0 56.3 59.2
27.0 24.6 20.3 20.4 23.9
65.8 64.5 61.4 61.6 64.1
45.7 45.1 44.2 44.1 46.7
21.0 19.7 17.7 17.0 20.1
49.1 48.5 47.5 47.4 49.8
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53.4 54.1 55.6 56.3 56.9
24.6 25.1 27.1 27.6 28.7
57.0 57.6 58.9 59.7 60.1
60.0 60.6 62.0 62.7 62.8
26.3 26.5 28.5 29.4 30.4
64.6 65.1 66.4 67.1 67.0
48.1 48.8 50.3 51.2 52.0
23.1 23.8 25.8 25.8 27.1
50.9 51.6 53.0 53.9 54.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.7 55.4 54.9 55.0 56.1
26.7 22.6 22.8 22.6 24.9
60.2 59.0 58.3 58.4 59.4
62.6 61.3 59.9 60.0 60.8
27.7 23.8 23.6 23.6 25.4
67.1 65.9 64.3 64.3 65.0
51.9 50.6 50.8 50.9 52.3
25.8 21.5 22.1 21.6 24.5
54.7 53.6 53.6 53.8 55.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57.1 57.4 58.2 59.7 60.6
25.7 26.0 26.1 30.1 27.9
60.5 60.8 61.8 63.0 64.2
61.7 61.1 61.4 62.9 63.1
25.2 24.9 23.7 28.4 26.7
66.1 65.5 66.1 67.1 67.5
53.4 54.4 55.6 57.2 58.6
26.1 27.1 28.5 31.8 29.0
56.1 57.1 58.4 59.7 61.5
2000 ......................................................
60.8
29.5
64.2
63.4
28.7
67.6
58.7
30.3
61.5
1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
55.6 56.2
... ...
58.6 59.0
76.0 75.7
... ...
81.3 80.8
37.3 38.4
... ...
38.3 39.4
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53.4 53.8 55.4 57.2 58.3
... 35.8 37.2 39.3 40.6
56.6 56.6 58.3 60.0 61.0
71.5 71.1 73.6 74.9 75.6
... 41.0 45.5 45.9 46.8
77.2 76.3 78.3 79.6 80.3
37.4 38.6 39.1 41.3 42.5
... 31.6 29.5 33.0 34.3
38.7 39.5 40.6 42.6 43.7
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57.6 57.4 54.9 55.1 57.9
39.0 35.3 31.4 32.4 36.0
60.5 60.7 58.2 58.1 60.7
73.5 72.4 68.9 69.4 72.1
46.9 41.0 34.5 37.5 39.3
77.8 77.2 73.9 73.8 76.4
42.4 43.0 41.3 41.1 44.2
30.7 29.3 28.1 27.2 32.8
44.1 45.0 43.1 42.9 45.6
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57.8 58.5 60.5 61.9 62.2
33.7 33.0 35.6 38.6 39.2
60.7 61.5 63.4 64.6 64.8
72.1 72.5 74.0 75.3 75.8
38.4 38.8 39.9 42.8 44.9
76.3 76.6 78.0 79.0 79.4
43.8 44.7 47.4 48.8 48.8
29.0 27.2 31.2 34.4 33.3
45.6 46.8 49.2 50.4 50.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
61.9 59.8 59.1 59.1 59.5
38.5 34.8 33.2 32.5 33.5
64.8 62.8 62.1 62.1 62.4
74.9 72.1 71.2 71.7 71.7
45.0 39.4 37.4 37.7 36.8
78.7 76.1 75.2 75.6 75.7
48.6 47.3 46.8 46.3 47.2
31.1 29.7 28.8 27.0 30.0
50.7 49.3 48.8 48.4 49.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
59.7 60.6 62.6 63.1 63.4
34.5 33.2 33.7 36.0 37.0
62.6 63.7 66.0 66.2 66.5
72.1 73.3 74.5 74.7 75.3
37.5 38.7 37.5 38.7 41.2
76.0 77.3 79.0 79.1 79.6
47.3 47.9 50.2 51.0 51.7
31.3 27.0 29.3 33.0 32.5
49.1 50.2 52.6 53.0 53.9
2000 ......................................................
64.7
38.5
67.8
76.6
42.9
80.7
53.1
33.9
56.0
HISPANIC
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
67
Table 1-13. Employed Civilians by Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1983–2000 (Thousands of persons.) 1983
1984
Occupation Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
TOTAL ....................................................................................... 100 834
56 787
44 047
88 893
9 375
6 072
105 005
59 091
45 915
92 120
10 119
6 651
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................ Professional specialty ............................................................ Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ........................................... Sales occupations ................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations .................................................................. Private household .................................................................. Protective service .................................................................. Other services ....................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................... Operation, fabricators, and laborers .......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ........... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................
13 933 7 282 6 651 11 078 1 582 6 201 3 295 5 530 38 1 457 4 035 11 328 11 809 4 484 3 875 3 450 3 108
9 659 3 490 6 169 20 187 1 471 5 617 13 100 8 326 942 215 7 170 1 000 4 282 3 259 326 697 592
21 608 10 016 11 592 28 159 2 689 10 999 14 471 11 123 686 1 419 9 019 11 219 13 444 6 414 3 592 3 438 3 339
1 324 504 820 2 380 251 558 1 571 2 295 272 228 1 795 841 2 256 1 081 547 628 279
716 349 366 1 539 108 499 933 1 073 95 89 889 873 1 521 829 285 408 349
24 858 11 571 13 286 32 476 3 172 12 582 16 722 14 151 993 1 678 11 481 13 057 16 864 7 984 4 467 4 413 3 600
14 529 7 683 6 846 11 556 1 646 6 550 3 361 5 545 38 1 461 4 046 11 945 12 479 4 702 4 098 3 679 3 037
10 329 3 889 6 440 20 920 1 527 6 032 13 361 8 607 955 217 7 435 1 112 4 385 3 282 369 734 562
22 702 10 704 11 998 29 082 2 783 11 673 14 626 11 214 667 1 395 9 152 11 844 14 036 6 600 3 782 3 655 3 242
1 422 582 840 2 592 262 627 1 703 2 478 301 252 1 925 939 2 411 1 132 625 654 277
797 417 379 1 677 142 584 951 1 174 107 85 982 967 1 655 888 304 463 381
23 592 10 772 12 820 31 265 3 053 11 818 16 395 13 857 980 1 672 11 205 12 328 16 091 7 744 4 201 4 147 3 700
1985
1986
Occupation Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
TOTAL ....................................................................................... 107 150
59 891
47 259
93 736
10 501
6 888
109 597
60 892
48 706
95 660
10 814
7 219
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................ Professional specialty ............................................................ Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ........................................... Sales occupations ................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations .................................................................. Private household .................................................................. Protective service .................................................................. Other services ....................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................... Operation, fabricators, and laborers .......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ........... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................
14 802 7 871 6 932 11 725 1 719 6 579 3 427 5 695 38 1 491 4 166 12 213 12 539 4 681 4 160 3 697 2 917
11 049 4 351 6 699 21 507 1 537 6 088 13 882 8 747 968 227 7 552 1 127 4 277 3 159 375 744 552
23 561 11 256 12 305 29 553 2 823 11 669 15 061 11 432 692 1 428 9 312 12 107 13 951 6 483 3 849 3 618 3 132
1 514 649 865 2 785 291 696 1 798 2 522 291 259 1 972 946 2 465 1 120 620 725 269
871 442 429 1 705 134 575 995 1 211 101 103 1 006 1 025 1 737 944 328 466 337
26 554 12 642 13 911 34 354 3 364 13 245 17 745 14 680 981 1 787 11 913 13 405 17 160 7 911 4 564 4 685 3 444
15 029 7 990 7 039 12 130 1 783 6 862 3 485 5 775 39 1 566 4 170 12 256 12 805 4 725 4 158 3 923 2 896
11 525 4 653 6 872 22 223 1 581 6 383 14 260 8 905 942 221 7 742 1 150 4 355 3 187 406 762 548
24 134 11 649 12 485 30 497 2 953 12 168 15 377 11 685 721 1 487 9 478 12 083 14 107 6 462 3 847 3 798 3 154
1 594 658 936 2 923 277 750 1 896 2 480 235 268 1 977 1 009 2 583 1 167 641 776 224
923 466 457 1 812 134 646 1 032 1 298 127 99 1 071 1 031 1 795 956 344 494 360
25 851 12 221 13 630 33 231 3 255 12 667 17 309 14 441 1 006 1 718 11 718 13 340 16 816 7 840 4 535 4 441 3 470
1987
1988
Occupation Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
TOTAL ....................................................................................... 112 440
62 107
50 334
97 789
11 309
7 790
114 968
63 273
51 696
99 812
11 658
8 250
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................ Professional specialty ............................................................ Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ........................................... Sales occupations ................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations .................................................................. Private household .................................................................. Protective service .................................................................. Other services ....................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................... Operation, fabricators, and laborers .......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ........... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................
15 457 8 263 7 194 12 378 1 721 7 015 3 642 5 924 34 1 637 4 253 12 416 12 978 4 699 4 317 3 962 2 954
12 286 5 053 7 232 22 704 1 624 6 465 14 614 9 130 900 271 7 960 1 153 4 508 3 295 395 817 554
25 107 12 200 12 907 30 949 2 914 12 295 15 740 11 916 703 1 558 9 655 12 262 14 340 6 498 3 934 3 909 3 214
1 712 741 972 3 099 283 806 2 010 2 614 211 316 2 087 996 2 659 1 195 699 765 229
1 018 509 509 1 969 130 713 1 126 1 369 120 111 1 139 1 083 1 890 1 001 360 528 461
29 190 14 216 14 974 35 532 3 521 13 747 18 264 15 332 909 1 944 12 479 13 664 17 814 8 117 4 831 4 866 3 437
16 139 8 626 7 513 12 494 1 833 7 025 3 636 6 056 34 1 664 4 358 12 474 13 234 4 806 4 397 4 031 2 875
13 050 5 590 7 460 23 038 1 688 6 722 14 628 9 275 875 279 8 121 1 190 4 580 3 311 434 835 562
26 408 13 022 13 386 31 178 3 019 12 495 15 664 12 105 687 1 584 9 834 12 305 14 665 6 642 4 027 3 997 3 150
1 794 789 1 005 3 239 329 839 2 071 2 698 205 324 2 169 1 029 2 672 1 197 719 755 226
1 086 570 516 2 064 152 730 1 182 1 560 152 122 1 286 1 116 1 975 1 079 343 552 448
See Note at end of table.
27 742 13 316 14 426 35 082 3 346 13 480 18 256 15 054 934 1 907 12 213 13 568 17 486 7 994 4 712 4 779 3 507
68
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-13. Employed Civilians by Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1983–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 1989
1990
Occupation Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
TOTAL ....................................................................................... 117 342
64 315
53 027
101 584
11 953
8 573
118 793
65 104
53 689
102 261
12 175
9 845
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................ Professional specialty ............................................................ Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ........................................... Sales occupations ................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations .................................................................. Private household .................................................................. Protective service .................................................................. Other services ....................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................... Operation, fabricators, and laborers .......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ........... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................
16 652 8 944 7 708 12 687 1 887 7 124 3 676 6 164 36 1 654 4 474 12 627 13 327 4 878 4 436 4 013 2 857
13 746 5 904 7 842 23 440 1 759 6 941 14 741 9 391 836 305 8 250 1 190 4 695 3 370 450 875 565
27 459 13 555 13 903 31 619 3 125 12 741 15 752 12 237 628 1 594 10 016 12 369 14 752 6 721 4 080 3 950 3 149
1 862 840 1 022 3 346 347 906 2 094 2 731 219 329 2 184 1 089 2 714 1 202 712 800 210
1 126 599 527 2 057 157 730 1 169 1 684 138 113 1 433 1 173 2 059 1 121 371 567 474
30 602 14 802 15 800 36 913 3 866 14 285 18 762 16 012 792 2 000 13 220 13 745 18 071 8 200 4 886 4 985 3 450
16 601 8 872 7 729 13 054 1 973 7 247 3 834 6 470 29 1 708 4 732 12 580 13 494 4 931 4 449 4 114 2 907
14 001 5 931 8 071 23 859 1 893 7 038 14 928 9 543 763 293 8 488 1 166 4 577 3 269 436 871 544
27 416 13 432 13 984 32 136 3 298 12 871 15 967 12 565 571 1 618 10 376 12 255 14 732 6 668 4 010 4 054 3 157
1 945 869 1 076 3 465 357 937 2 170 2 757 191 334 2 233 1 083 2 715 1 184 757 775 209
1 208 630 578 2 366 182 848 1 336 1 984 168 131 1 685 1 301 2 436 1 249 466 721 550
30 398 14 848 15 550 36 127 3 645 14 065 18 416 15 556 872 1 960 12 724 13 818 18 022 8 248 4 886 4 888 3 421
1991
1992
Occupation Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
TOTAL ....................................................................................... 117 718
64 223
53 496
101 182
12 074
9 828
118 492
64 440
54 052
101 669
12 151
10 027
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................ Professional specialty ............................................................ Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ........................................... Sales occupations ................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations .................................................................. Private household .................................................................. Protective service .................................................................. Other services ....................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................... Operation, fabricators, and laborers .......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ........... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................
16 623 8 858 7 765 12 852 1 937 7 180 3 735 6 610 33 1 765 4 812 12 112 13 075 4 693 4 476 3 906 2 951
14 311 6 046 8 265 23 466 1 877 6 872 14 717 9 644 766 318 8 560 1 138 4 380 3 127 437 816 556
27 706 13 513 14 193 31 524 3 257 12 590 15 677 12 739 608 1 682 10 449 11 824 14 205 6 284 4 022 3 899 3 184
1 972 875 1 097 3 443 344 955 2 145 2 783 162 351 2 270 1 039 2 613 1 159 774 680 224
1 259 653 606 2 413 196 867 1 349 2 005 179 144 1 682 1 269 2 311 1 142 462 707 570
31 085 14 722 16 363 37 048 4 277 14 014 18 757 16 377 891 2 114 13 373 13 225 17 247 7 658 4 908 4 682 3 510
16 387 8 612 7 775 13 379 2 185 7 286 3 908 6 676 37 1 760 4 879 12 087 12 954 4 623 4 482 3 850 2 957
14 698 6 110 8 588 23 669 2 092 6 728 14 849 9 701 854 354 8 493 1 137 4 294 3 035 426 832 553
27 719 13 327 14 393 32 167 3 620 12 576 15 971 12 778 695 1 669 10 414 11 798 14 018 6 141 4 069 3 808 3 188
2 044 872 1 172 3 423 418 891 2 114 2 843 162 383 2 298 1 016 2 599 1 153 730 716 226
1 322 683 639 2 492 216 882 1 395 2 037 187 168 1 682 1 345 2 243 1 130 460 653 588
30 934 14 904 16 030 36 318 3 814 14 052 18 452 16 254 799 2 083 13 372 13 250 17 456 7 820 4 913 4 723 3 506
1993
1994
Occupation Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
TOTAL ....................................................................................... 120 259
65 349
54 910
103 045
12 382
10 361
123 060
66 450
56 610
105 190
12 835
10 788
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................ Professional specialty ............................................................ Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ........................................... Sales occupations ................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations .................................................................. Private household .................................................................. Protective service .................................................................. Other services ....................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................... Operation, fabricators, and laborers .......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ........... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................
16 811 8 897 7 915 13 417 2 000 7 418 3 999 6 867 45 1 792 5 030 12 279 13 109 4 642 4 570 3 897 2 864
15 419 6 441 8 978 23 641 2 039 6 924 14 679 9 953 883 373 8 697 1 150 4 232 2 911 465 856 515
28 647 13 783 14 863 32 096 3 433 12 824 15 839 13 145 735 1 729 10 681 11 990 14 090 6 066 4 195 3 829 3 078
2 181 977 1 204 3 501 395 974 2 132 2 901 154 380 2 367 1 006 2 580 1 117 706 757 212
1 437 762 675 2 578 223 940 1 415 2 069 214 160 1 695 1 372 2 310 1 140 481 689 596
33 847 16 312 17 536 37 306 3 869 14 817 18 620 16 912 817 2 249 13 847 13 489 17 876 7 754 5 136 4 986 3 629
17 583 9 298 8 285 13 322 1 856 7 543 3 923 6 840 30 1 873 4 938 12 241 13 535 4 800 4 654 4 081 2 928
16 264 7 014 9 250 23 984 2 013 7 273 14 697 10 072 787 376 8 909 1 248 4 341 2 954 483 904 701
30 045 14 605 15 439 32 232 3 301 13 235 15 696 13 207 643 1 778 10 787 11 974 14 416 6 166 4 227 4 023 3 315
2 405 1 103 1 302 3 637 376 1 056 2 205 2 890 136 407 2 346 1 040 2 677 1 167 749 760 187
1 517 807 709 2 639 205 1 010 1 424 2 131 223 167 1 741 1 407 2 474 1 151 511 811 620
See Note at end of table.
32 231 15 338 16 893 37 058 4 039 14 342 18 677 16 821 928 2 165 13 727 13 429 17 341 7 553 5 036 4 753 3 379
69
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-13. Employed Civilians by Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1983–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 1995
1996
Occupation Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
TOTAL ....................................................................................... 124 900
67 377
57 523
106 490
13 279
11 127
126 708
68 207
58 501
107 808
13 542
11 642
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................ Professional specialty ............................................................ Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ........................................... Sales occupations ................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations .................................................................. Private household .................................................................. Protective service .................................................................. Other services ....................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................... Operation, fabricators, and laborers .......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ........... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................
18 378 9 840 8 539 13 310 1 900 7 634 3 776 6 774 37 1 881 4 857 12 323 13 675 4 958 4 682 4 035 2 916
16 940 7 346 9 593 24 107 2 009 7 485 14 613 10 155 784 356 9 015 1 201 4 393 2 949 490 955 726
31 323 15 398 15 924 32 184 3 361 13 366 15 457 13 208 638 1 772 10 799 11 949 14 496 6 221 4 254 4 022 3 330
2 651 1 233 1 418 3 808 378 1 183 2 248 2 880 137 406 2 337 1 073 2 712 1 218 760 734 154
1 548 821 727 2 719 240 1 048 1 431 2 195 204 166 1 825 1 430 2 577 1 250 512 816 658
36 497 17 746 18 752 37 683 3 926 15 404 18 353 17 177 804 2 187 14 186 13 587 18 197 7 874 5 302 5 021 3 566
18 744 9 979 8 764 13 489 1 865 7 782 3 842 6 967 41 1 811 5 115 12 368 13 750 4 902 4 799 4 049 2 889
17 754 7 767 9 987 24 194 2 061 7 622 14 511 10 210 764 375 9 071 1 219 4 447 2 972 504 971 677
32 116 15 807 16 309 32 177 3 334 13 519 15 323 13 447 637 1 748 11 062 12 020 14 697 6 270 4 412 4 016 3 350
2 706 1 218 1 488 3 877 368 1 218 2 291 2 962 139 389 2 435 1 069 2 789 1 193 772 824 139
1 654 854 799 2 849 248 1 085 1 516 2 349 211 175 1 963 1 498 2 607 1 295 548 764 685
35 318 17 186 18 132 37 417 3 909 15 119 18 389 16 930 821 2 237 13 872 13 524 18 068 7 907 5 171 4 990 3 642
1997
1998
Occupation Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
TOTAL ....................................................................................... 129 558
69 685
59 873
109 856
13 969
12 726
131 463
70 693
60 771
110 931
14 556
13 291
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................ Professional specialty ............................................................ Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ........................................... Sales occupations ................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations .................................................................. Private household .................................................................. Protective service .................................................................. Other services ....................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................... Operation, fabricators, and laborers .......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ........... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................
19 249 10 271 8 978 13 760 2 028 7 840 3 892 7 122 37 1 890 5 195 12 868 13 858 4 962 4 872 4 025 2 828
18 437 8 170 10 267 24 549 2 186 7 894 14 469 10 416 758 411 9 247 1 256 4 540 3 000 518 1 023 675
33 089 16 420 16 669 32 624 3 571 13 730 15 323 13 604 642 1 800 11 162 12 472 14 813 6 322 4 435 4 057 3 254
2 764 1 267 1 497 4 032 410 1 271 2 352 3 092 129 430 2 533 1 144 2 781 1 178 819 784 156
1 867 1 001 866 3 026 256 1 198 1 572 2 560 212 202 2 146 1 714 2 839 1 426 592 821 721
38 937 19 054 19 883 38 521 4 261 15 850 18 410 17 836 847 2 417 14 572 14 411 18 256 7 791 5 363 5 102 3 502
19 867 10 585 9 282 13 792 1 976 7 875 3 941 7 222 46 1 986 5 190 13 208 13 769 4 882 4 818 4 069 2 835
19 070 8 469 10 602 24 728 2 285 7 975 14 469 10 614 801 431 9 382 1 203 4 487 2 909 545 1 033 668
34 063 16 903 17 160 32 490 3 557 13 704 15 229 13 807 704 1 892 11 211 12 729 14 609 6 146 4 351 4 112 3 233
2 947 1 368 1 579 4 264 441 1 415 2 408 3 148 116 463 2 569 1 158 2 866 1 200 872 795 172
1 933 1 028 905 3 186 283 1 245 1 657 2 670 262 204 2 204 1 793 2 917 1 340 640 938 792
37 686 18 440 19 245 38 309 4 214 15 734 18 361 17 537 795 2 300 14 442 14 124 18 399 7 962 5 389 5 048 3 503
1999
2000
Occupation Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic
TOTAL ....................................................................................... 133 488
71 446
62 042
112 235
15 056
13 720
135 208
72 293
62 915
113 475
15 334
14 492
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................ Professional specialty ............................................................ Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ........................................... Sales occupations ................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations .................................................................. Private household .................................................................. Protective service .................................................................. Other services ....................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................... Operation, fabricators, and laborers .......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ........... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................
20 446 10 744 9 702 14 079 2 094 8 049 3 936 7 093 40 1 980 5 074 13 286 13 793 4 637 4 968 4 188 2 749
20 021 8 840 11 181 24 842 2 261 8 069 14 512 10 822 791 460 9 570 1 307 4 374 2 749 548 1 077 676
35 125 17 235 17 890 32 779 3 622 13 956 15 201 13 725 670 1 886 11 168 12 908 14 535 5 824 4 488 4 223 3 165
3 233 1 484 1 749 4 356 467 1 405 2 484 3 275 126 484 2 666 1 174 2 847 1 143 879 825 172
2 040 1 097 943 3 286 279 1 267 1 740 2 716 244 200 2 271 1 871 3 014 1 364 659 992 793
40 887 19 774 21 113 39 442 4 385 16 340 18 717 18 278 792 2 399 15 087 14 882 18 319 7 319 5 557 5 443 3 399
20 543 10 814 9 728 14 288 2 118 8 231 3 939 7 245 35 1 944 5 265 13 532 13 988 4 622 5 003 4 363 2 698
20 345 8 960 11 385 25 154 2 267 8 110 14 778 11 034 757 455 9 822 1 351 4 331 2 697 554 1 080 701
35 304 17 372 17 932 33 146 3 611 14 169 15 366 14 066 631 1 860 11 575 13 133 14 680 5 802 4 476 4 402 3 146
3 349 1 512 1 836 4 497 492 1 436 2 570 3 301 118 471 2 712 1 191 2 830 1 080 915 835 166
2 036 1 072 964 3 504 303 1 385 1 816 2 867 251 208 2 408 2 075 3 202 1 416 662 1 125 807
40 467 19 584 20 883 38 921 4 355 16 118 18 448 17 915 831 2 440 14 644 14 593 18 167 7 386 5 516 5 265 3 426
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
70
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-14. Employed Civilians by Industry and Occupation, 1989–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Managerial and professional specialty
Industry
Technical, sales, and administrative support
Executive, Total Techniemployed adminisProfescians and trative, sional related and man- specialty support agerial
Sales
Administrative support, including clerical
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
Service occupations
Handlers, Precision producMachine equipOther Transporment tion, craft, operators, services, tation and Private cleaners, and repair assemmaterial household including blers, and helpers, protective moving and inspectors laborers
Farming, forestry, and fishing
1989 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration ..............................
3 199 719 7 680 21 652 12 805 8 847 8 094 4 611 19 618 7 989 38 227 37 118 24 609 5 553
78 105 1 024 2 576 1 550 1 026 934 510 1 535 2 115 4 748 4 744 2 640 1 222
72 63 145 1 807 1 222 586 477 89 352 205 11 560 11 553 10 215 780
29 31 54 739 519 220 276 40 78 140 2 008 2 003 1 624 250
21 9 66 758 321 437 349 1 844 8 237 1 865 890 889 142 24
114 81 444 2 394 1 322 1 072 2 162 798 1 587 3 121 6 243 6 233 4 490 1 473
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 872 ... ... ...
18 9 35 350 193 157 269 44 4 426 274 7 899 7 813 4 397 1 359
45 232 4 410 4 109 2 830 1 279 1 260 322 1 226 142 1 833 1 820 391 239
11 34 114 6 774 3 729 3 045 122 136 190 20 817 816 226 30
51 123 533 846 445 401 1 748 472 500 16 533 528 295 63
22 30 837 1 208 590 619 483 343 1 463 25 421 400 100 56
2 738 1 17 91 84 7 13 14 23 65 403 319 90 56
3 223 724 7 764 21 346 12 630 8 717 8 168 4 669 19 953 8 051 39 267 38 231 25 351 5 627
95 110 1 034 2 530 1 521 1 010 915 528 1 557 2 087 4 745 4 742 2 642 1 199
85 63 133 1 794 1 225 569 459 88 379 225 11 786 11 773 10 425 788
30 32 64 765 533 232 306 50 89 155 2 125 2 121 1 719 251
23 9 75 779 326 453 340 1 862 8 295 1 904 971 969 162 26
108 72 426 2 363 1 363 1 000 2 166 788 1 633 3 097 6 561 6 552 4 763 1 549
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 792 ... ... ...
17 9 35 374 197 178 293 39 4 584 296 8 194 8 098 4 545 1 380
42 243 4 445 3 964 2 721 1 243 1 259 323 1 181 155 1 898 1 881 400 235
13 26 114 6 696 3 685 3 011 122 138 197 19 831 829 228 43
49 123 524 805 416 389 1 812 464 512 17 521 514 276 60
21 36 890 1 173 552 621 481 380 1 498 25 436 417 101 44
2 740 2 23 102 91 11 14 10 27 71 408 336 91 53
3 269 732 7 140 20 580 12 015 8 565 8 234 4 660 19 758 7 806 39 884 38 868 25 853 5 655
91 112 969 2 499 1 489 1 010 973 537 1 591 2 027 4 873 4 871 2 706 1 231
78 65 137 1 777 1 178 599 474 77 372 216 12 035 12 029 10 629 798
31 37 53 749 512 237 301 37 103 133 2 148 2 144 1 742 223
22 8 71 729 292 437 331 1 868 8 181 1 849 967 966 162 27
102 81 386 2 283 1 260 1 023 2 170 776 1 589 3 022 6 534 6 522 4 788 1 508
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 799 ... ... ...
18 12 29 355 185 170 262 36 4 605 270 8 455 8 375 4 749 1 414
41 244 4 077 3 837 2 630 1 207 1 285 319 1 142 167 1 884 1 870 393 253
12 24 100 6 402 3 459 2 943 125 135 173 18 792 791 211 41
54 115 497 780 404 376 1 833 490 530 14 537 531 295 62
16 34 797 1 076 525 551 465 374 1 450 20 444 422 87 46
2 803 1 24 92 80 13 16 11 23 69 416 346 92 51
3 247 666 7 063 20 124 11 561 8 563 8 284 4 783 19 938 7 780 40 967 39 821 27 713 5 640
91 100 892 2 401 1 405 996 946 556 1 603 1 966 4 937 4 933 3 150 1 231
74 58 147 1 640 1 069 571 461 85 374 224 12 473 12 463 11 168 829
44 31 67 758 525 234 375 46 146 162 2 379 2 373 2 040 268
21 7 73 768 306 462 250 1 883 8 229 1 851 908 906 175 25
118 79 410 2 268 1 251 1 017 2 281 820 1 591 2 991 6 728 6 714 5 032 1 472
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 891 ... ... ...
17 12 34 330 158 172 274 42 4 717 290 9 259 8 368 5 017 1 404
45 214 4 073 3 808 2 569 1 239 1 227 302 1 117 171 2 022 2 007 411 246
10 28 99 6 244 3 344 2 901 114 118 180 19 810 807 208 37
44 106 480 749 374 375 1 874 490 530 13 563 555 314 59
19 31 762 1 074 485 589 464 405 1 428 22 440 421 102 38
2 764 1 28 84 75 8 18 38 25 73 449 372 95 31
1990 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration .............................. 1991 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration .............................. 1992 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration ..............................
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
71
Table 1-14. Employed Civilians by Industry and Occupation, 1989–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Managerial and professional specialty
Industry
Technical, sales, and administrative support
Executive, Total Techniemployed adminisProfescians and trative, sional related and man- specialty support agerial
Sales
Administrative support, including clerical
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
Service occupations
Handlers, Precision producMachine equipOther Transporment tion, craft, operators, services, tation and Private cleaners, and repair assemmaterial household including blers, and helpers, protective moving and inspectors laborers
Farming, forestry, and fishing
1993 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration ..............................
3 115 672 7 276 19 711 11 385 8 326 8 526 4 622 20 521 7 975 42 059 40 924 28 365 5 782
99 102 928 2 432 1 415 1 017 975 533 1 652 2 089 5 234 5 231 3 299 1 294
87 75 137 1 688 1 085 603 500 85 351 244 12 864 12 857 11 476 862
39 24 46 693 463 231 329 49 129 161 2 300 2 298 1 969 270
14 4 74 739 282 457 241 1 819 8 543 1 918 963 961 176 26
114 73 390 2 161 1 181 981 2 318 771 1 571 2 967 6 841 6 830 5 111 1 469
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 928 ... ... ...
15 8 35 312 161 151 266 40 4 873 290 8 579 8 497 5 163 1 475
45 233 4 292 3 744 2 553 1 191 1 271 296 1 095 183 2 047 2 035 419 224
8 25 79 6 124 3 352 2 772 131 115 179 21 831 831 223 39
53 103 517 710 361 349 2 000 492 543 13 551 547 314 54
20 25 753 1 012 446 566 479 378 1 563 19 467 446 108 39
2 621 ... 25 95 87 9 18 44 23 70 453 392 105 31
3 409 669 7 493 20 157 11 792 8 365 8 692 4 713 20 986 8 141 42 986 42 009 29 030 5 814
97 110 1 055 2 588 1 555 1 033 1 065 531 1 704 2 198 5 649 5 645 3 559 1 315
88 76 138 1 814 1 170 644 486 89 402 272 13 319 13 311 11 888 853
38 22 60 611 412 200 329 37 119 160 2 274 2 272 1 968 221
14 10 59 745 310 435 248 1 880 8 772 2 029 1 032 1 031 193 28
145 67 429 2 093 1 146 946 2 337 775 1 555 2 915 6 864 6 855 5 083 1 440
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 817 ... ... ...
18 9 34 290 152 138 246 34 4 948 282 8 654 8 584 5 134 1 579
42 222 4 263 3 803 2 622 1 181 1 270 296 1 145 167 2 071 2 063 470 211
5 21 86 6 298 3 415 2 883 120 150 197 18 825 825 222 32
45 109 529 744 416 328 2 049 464 548 17 567 564 314 64
19 21 818 1 082 514 569 528 398 1 569 18 493 480 94 39
2 897 1 22 89 80 9 15 60 27 66 421 380 105 30
3 440 627 7 668 20 493 12 015 8 478 8 709 4 986 21 086 7 983 43 953 42 982 29 661 5 957
105 100 1 117 2 804 1 683 1 121 1 124 554 1 740 2 258 6 029 6 023 3 721 1 356
92 60 145 1 787 1 160 627 510 108 425 268 13 755 13 746 12 233 981
45 22 43 615 404 211 310 48 141 148 2 307 2 305 1 974 230
15 4 63 756 311 445 259 1 979 8 949 1 985 1 086 1 086 199 24
145 53 431 2 108 1 117 991 2 337 792 1 501 2 757 6 848 6 838 5 114 1 417
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 821 ... ... ...
16 5 33 294 156 138 247 37 4 844 269 8 788 8 719 5 284 1 577
35 228 4 362 3 837 2 660 1 177 1 223 308 1 111 183 2 008 2 002 465 229
17 28 85 6 386 3 498 2 888 121 187 214 14 824 822 178 32
45 101 513 728 390 338 2 079 488 578 14 572 569 312 52
19 25 858 1 067 535 532 487 423 1 548 19 510 497 87 35
2 907 2 18 111 100 11 12 62 34 68 405 374 94 25
3 443 569 7 943 20 518 12 202 8 316 8 817 4 956 21 541 8 076 45 043 44 107 30 085 5 802
108 90 1 221 2 840 1 690 1 150 1 159 563 1 818 2 274 6 347 6 343 3 853 1 325
88 44 165 1 882 1 204 678 529 100 410 271 14 312 14 302 12 592 951
40 21 45 631 425 206 332 52 123 162 2 312 2 310 1 941 208
19 10 65 766 337 429 288 2 005 9 055 2 052 1 120 1 119 204 25
174 47 452 2 033 1 131 903 2 319 749 1 577 2 744 6 905 6 900 5 090 1 353
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 804 ... ... ...
28 7 32 264 144 120 251 48 4 983 298 8 876 8 821 5 340 1 585
41 208 4 442 3 814 2 677 1 137 1 185 320 1 137 165 2 055 2 048 417 221
11 21 96 6 350 3 561 2 789 132 142 204 15 875 875 190 28
34 105 513 767 425 342 2 126 515 614 13 573 572 301 43
13 17 890 1 069 518 551 489 400 1 583 28 496 484 88 37
2 888 1 21 101 90 11 7 62 39 54 367 335 69 25
1994 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration .............................. 1995 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration .............................. 1996 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration ..............................
See Note at end of table.
72
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-14. Employed Civilians by Industry and Occupation, 1989–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Managerial and professional specialty
Industry
Technical, sales, and administrative support
Executive, Total Techniemployed adminisProfescians and trative, sional related and man- specialty support agerial
Sales
Administrative support, including clerical
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
Service occupations
Handlers, Precision producMachine equipOther Transporment tion, craft, operators, services, tation and Private cleaners, and repair assemmaterial household including blers, and helpers, protective moving and inspectors laborers
Farming, forestry, and fishing
1997 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration ..............................
3 399 634 8 302 20 835 12 437 8 399 9 182 4 907 21 869 8 297 46 393 45 472 30 935 5 738
124 92 1 274 2 882 1 699 1 183 1 230 589 1 893 2 428 6 642 6 638 4 057 1 287
83 51 158 1 938 1 261 677 562 110 427 308 14 677 14 671 12 846 932
48 25 45 689 441 249 342 47 155 151 2 490 2 485 2 110 221
19 10 72 785 316 469 283 1 928 9 303 2 092 1 210 1 210 225 32
160 66 425 2 029 1 133 896 2 297 740 1 480 2 749 7 113 7 107 5 177 1 303
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 795 ... ... ...
24 4 35 268 145 123 301 56 5 048 307 9 055 8 988 5 432 1 644
34 236 4 731 3 887 2 753 1 134 1 257 326 1 173 175 2 115 2 109 420 191
10 24 97 6 471 3 685 2 786 133 133 202 12 854 853 207 27
51 101 558 762 406 356 2 230 520 572 11 537 537 279 46
26 24 884 1 027 512 515 531 393 1 580 28 521 514 89 33
2 821 1 22 96 87 9 16 66 36 38 384 359 93 23
3 378 620 8 518 20 733 12 566 8 168 9 307 5 090 22 113 8 605 47 212 46 244 31 392 5 887
110 101 1 380 3 008 1 796 1 212 1 307 622 1 916 2 489 6 793 6 787 4 164 1 329
105 63 144 2 007 1 351 656 561 131 459 356 15 090 15 084 13 122 968
51 19 47 646 430 217 324 43 188 166 2 541 2 540 2 132 234
23 11 56 764 318 446 273 2 054 9 306 2 143 1 197 1 196 213 25
136 53 415 1 982 1 127 856 2 349 756 1 438 2 860 7 118 7 109 5 132 1 302
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 847 ... ... ...
21 8 28 291 150 141 296 57 5 125 323 9 117 9 061 5 485 1 722
39 208 4 889 3 956 2 807 1 150 1 285 346 1 177 177 2 154 2 151 473 182
20 31 94 6 219 3 594 2 625 135 137 230 12 887 887 195 27
42 105 535 765 415 350 2 243 493 575 13 551 548 294 40
19 18 910 1 019 509 510 522 380 1 670 17 516 509 99 30
2 814 1 21 76 71 5 13 71 30 49 399 374 85 27
3 281 565 8 987 20 070 12 283 7 787 9 554 5 189 22 383 8 815 48 687 47 747 32 370 5 958
118 83 1 379 2 955 1 799 1 156 1 340 630 1 967 2 664 7 061 7 056 4 307 1 386
97 69 159 1 981 1 286 694 557 158 461 380 16 031 16 026 13 796 992
53 19 60 645 440 205 359 50 207 200 2 533 2 530 2 074 229
15 7 67 736 351 385 275 2 047 9 489 2 224 1 230 1 230 210 28
149 35 406 1 883 1 067 816 2 386 819 1 495 2 780 7 242 7 234 5 333 1 253
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 831 ... ... ...
15 6 33 242 125 117 304 52 5 122 294 9 275 9 219 5 536 1 741
36 198 5 224 3 883 2 715 1 168 1 335 324 1 108 177 2 119 2 116 463 189
10 24 108 5 896 3 504 2 391 123 118 229 10 847 847 167 22
48 102 543 726 394 332 2 318 523 625 12 575 573 301 42
18 21 984 1 035 520 515 546 406 1 643 23 547 535 91 42
2 722 1 22 88 82 7 14 62 38 50 395 382 90 34
3 305 521 9 433 19 940 12 168 7 772 9 740 5 421 22 411 8 727 49 695 48 801 32 784 6 015
106 79 1 302 3 016 1 834 1 182 1 356 642 1 925 2 571 7 413 7 410 4 450 1 364
105 52 182 1 920 1 282 639 614 165 496 380 16 178 16 172 13 812 1 021
60 15 60 621 438 182 339 66 211 194 2 602 2 600 2 113 219
13 5 94 749 319 430 286 2 184 9 378 2 288 1 313 1 312 230 29
145 41 435 1 917 1 059 858 2 445 800 1 479 2 751 7 367 7 361 5 390 1 336
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 792 ... ... ...
15 7 30 271 148 123 318 63 5 316 298 9 459 9 410 5 658 1 709
54 194 5 555 3 785 2 659 1 126 1 327 354 1 117 157 2 144 2 142 449 196
17 19 120 5 850 3 450 2 399 99 148 205 10 822 822 165 29
55 87 546 681 380 301 2 355 526 613 12 635 633 335 47
18 22 1 093 1 045 525 520 584 415 1 643 20 564 559 93 38
2 718 ... 17 85 74 12 16 58 27 45 406 380 89 27
1998 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration .............................. 1999 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration .............................. 2000 Agriculture .............................................. Mining ..................................................... Construction ........................................... Manufacturing ......................................... Durable goods .................................... Nondurable goods .............................. Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale trade ...................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Services .................................................. Services, except private households .. Professional services ...................... Public administration ..............................
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
73
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-15. Employed Civilians in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Industries by Class of Worker and Sex, 1978–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Agriculture Year and sex
Total employed
Total
Nonagricultural industries
Wage and salary workers
Selfemployed workers
Unpaid family workers
Wage and salary workers Total Total
Government
Private household
Other private
Selfemployed workers
Unpaid family workers
TOTAL 1978 ........................................ 1979 ........................................
96 048 98 824
3 387 3 347
1 452 1 451
1 618 1 593
316 304
92 661 95 477
85 753 88 222
15 525 15 635
1 384 1 264
68 844 71 323
6 429 6 791
479 463
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
99 302 100 398 99 526 100 833 105 006
3 364 3 368 3 401 3 383 3 321
1 425 1 464 1 505 1 579 1 555
1 642 1 638 1 636 1 565 1 553
297 266 261 240 213
95 938 97 030 96 125 97 450 101 685
88 525 89 543 88 462 89 500 93 565
15 912 15 689 15 516 15 537 15 770
1 192 1 208 1 207 1 244 1 238
71 421 72 646 71 739 72 719 76 557
7 000 7 097 7 262 7 575 7 785
413 390 401 376 335
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
107 150 109 597 112 440 114 969 117 341
3 179 3 163 3 208 3 169 3 199
1 535 1 547 1 632 1 621 1 665
1 458 1 447 1 423 1 398 1 403
185 169 153 150 131
103 971 106 434 109 232 111 800 114 142
95 871 98 299 100 771 103 021 105 259
16 031 16 342 16 800 17 114 17 469
1 249 1 235 1 208 1 153 1 101
78 591 80 722 82 763 84 754 86 689
7 811 7 881 8 201 8 519 8 605
289 255 260 260 279
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
118 793 117 718 118 492 120 259 123 060
3 223 3 269 3 247 3 115 3 409
1 740 1 729 1 750 1 689 1 715
1 378 1 423 1 385 1 320 1 645
105 118 112 106 49
115 570 114 449 115 245 117 144 119 651
106 598 105 373 106 437 107 966 110 517
17 769 17 934 18 136 18 579 18 293
1 027 1 010 1 135 1 126 966
87 802 86 429 87 166 88 261 91 258
8 719 8 851 8 575 8 959 9 003
253 226 233 218 131
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
124 900 126 707 129 558 131 463 133 488
3 440 3 443 3 399 3 378 3 281
1 814 1 869 1 890 2 000 1 944
1 580 1 518 1 457 1 341 1 297
45 56 51 38 40
121 460 123 264 126 159 128 085 130 207
112 448 114 171 116 983 119 019 121 323
18 362 18 217 18 131 18 383 18 903
963 928 915 962 933
93 123 95 026 97 937 99 674 101 487
8 902 8 971 9 056 8 962 8 790
110 122 120 103 95
2000 ........................................
135 208
3 305
2 034
1 233
38
131 903
123 128
19 053
890
103 186
8 674
101
1978 ........................................ 1979 ........................................
56 479 57 607
2 718 2 686
1 162 1 160
1 465 1 429
91 98
53 761 54 921
49 103 50 068
7 836 7 790
181 159
41 086 42 119
4 614 4 810
44 43
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
57 186 57 397 56 270 56 787 59 091
2 709 2 700 2 736 2 704 2 668
1 149 1 168 1 208 1 265 1 254
1 458 1 442 1 433 1 355 1 350
101 91 95 84 65
54 477 54 697 53 534 54 083 56 423
49 517 49 745 48 529 48 896 51 151
7 822 7 676 7 598 7 623 7 720
149 192 188 208 178
41 546 41 877 40 743 41 065 43 253
4 904 4 905 4 954 5 136 5 219
56 47 52 51 52
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
59 891 60 892 62 107 63 273 64 315
2 535 2 511 2 543 2 493 2 513
1 230 1 230 1 290 1 268 1 302
1 244 1 227 1 194 1 174 1 167
60 54 58 50 44
57 356 58 381 59 564 60 780 61 802
52 111 53 075 54 102 55 177 56 202
7 757 7 805 8 013 8 074 8 116
170 180 180 157 156
44 184 45 090 45 909 46 946 47 930
5 207 5 271 5 423 5 564 5 562
38 35 39 39 38
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
65 105 64 223 64 441 65 349 66 450
2 546 2 589 2 575 2 478 2 554
1 355 1 359 1 371 1 323 1 330
1 151 1 185 1 164 1 117 1 197
39 45 40 39 27
62 559 61 634 61 866 62 871 63 896
56 913 55 899 56 212 56 926 58 300
8 245 8 300 8 348 8 435 8 327
149 143 156 146 99
48 519 47 456 47 708 48 345 49 874
5 597 5 700 5 613 5 894 5 560
48 35 41 50 37
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
67 377 68 207 69 685 70 693 71 446
2 559 2 573 2 552 2 553 2 432
1 395 1 418 1 439 1 526 1 450
1 138 1 124 1 084 1 005 962
26 31 29 23 20
64 818 65 634 67 133 68 140 69 014
59 332 60 133 61 595 62 630 63 624
8 267 8 110 8 015 8 178 8 278
96 99 81 86 74
50 969 51 924 53 499 54 366 55 272
5 461 5 465 5 506 5 480 5 366
25 36 31 29 25
2000 ........................................
72 293
2 434
1 512
898
24
69 859
64 574
8 215
67
56 292
5 256
29
1978 ........................................ 1979 ........................................
39 569 41 217
669 661
290 290
155 165
225 206
38 900 40 556
36 651 38 154
7 689 7 845
1 204 1 105
27 758 29 204
1 814 1 982
435 419
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
42 117 43 000 43 256 44 047 45 915
656 667 665 680 653
275 296 296 314 301
184 196 203 210 203
197 176 166 156 148
41 461 42 333 42 591 43 367 45 262
39 007 39 798 39 934 40 603 42 413
8 090 8 013 7 918 7 913 8 050
1 044 1 016 1 019 1 036 1 061
29 873 30 769 30 997 31 654 33 302
2 097 2 192 2 309 2 439 2 566
357 343 348 325 283
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
47 259 48 706 50 334 51 696 53 028
644 652 666 676 687
305 317 342 353 363
214 220 229 224 236
125 115 95 99 87
46 615 48 054 49 668 51 020 52 341
43 761 45 225 46 669 47 844 49 057
8 274 8 537 8 788 9 039 9 353
1 078 1 055 1 029 996 945
34 409 35 633 36 852 37 809 38 759
2 603 2 610 2 778 2 955 3 043
251 219 221 220 240
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
53 689 53 495 54 052 54 910 56 610
678 680 672 637 855
385 369 379 367 384
227 237 221 204 448
66 73 73 67 23
53 011 52 815 53 380 54 273 55 755
49 685 49 474 50 225 51 040 52 217
9 524 9 635 9 788 10 144 9 965
879 867 979 980 867
39 282 38 972 39 458 39 916 41 385
3 122 3 150 2 963 3 065 3 443
205 191 192 168 95
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
57 523 58 501 59 873 60 770 62 042
881 871 847 825 849
419 452 451 474 494
442 394 373 336 335
20 25 23 15 20
56 642 57 630 59 026 59 945 61 193
53 115 54 037 55 388 56 389 57 699
10 095 10 107 10 116 10 205 10 625
867 830 834 876 859
42 153 43 100 44 438 45 308 46 215
3 440 3 506 3 550 3 482 3 424
86 87 89 74 70
2000 ........................................
62 915
871
521
336
14
62 044
58 554
10 838
823
46 894
3 417
72
MEN
WOMEN
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparabilty.
74
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-16. Number of Employed Persons 25 Years and Over by Educational Attainment, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex, 1992–2000 (Thousands of persons.)
Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
Less than a high school diploma
Total
High school graduates, no college
College graduates Some college, no degree
Associate degree
Bachelor’s degree only
Total
TOTAL 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
99 947 101 615 104 141
11 843 11 201 11 053
35 305 35 395 35 135
18 007 18 729 19 861
7 519 8 174 8 834
27 273 28 115 29 257
17 662 18 300 19 225
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
106 037 108 070 110 518 111 855 113 425
10 945 11 317 11 546 11 673 11 294
34 999 36 300 36 163 35 976 36 017
20 436 20 590 20 678 20 626 21 129
9 245 9 404 9 643 9 850 10 079
30 412 31 459 32 488 33 730 34 905
19 924 20 742 21 524 22 260 22 973
2000 ......................................................
114 612
11 283
35 886
21 374
10 591
35 478
23 382
1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
85 649 87 001 89 057
9 531 9 109 8 879
30 282 30 242 30 004
15 420 15 987 16 893
6 502 7 052 7 622
23 914 24 613 25 658
15 441 15 962 16 719
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
90 498 91 992 93 687 94 330 95 316
8 690 9 258 9 414 9 510 9 235
29 776 30 042 30 552 30 249 30 211
17 265 17 249 17 302 17 101 17 388
7 970 8 072 8 271 8 426 8 556
26 796 27 371 28 148 29 044 29 925
17 434 17 978 18 801 19 107 19 668
2000 ......................................................
96 127
9 232
30 015
17 615
8 995
30 270
19 943
1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
10 313 10 511 10 834
1 781 1 580 1 543
4 011 4 075 4 016
2 017 2 180 2 340
744 815 902
1 760 1 862 2 034
1 219 1 315 1 483
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
11 249 11 518 11 882 12 324 12 771
1 482 1 534 1 578 1 579 1 488
4 142 4 192 4 409 4 504 4 631
2 517 2 640 2 681 2 776 2 924
960 969 984 1 020 1 108
2 149 2 183 2 230 2 446 2 621
1 538 1 539 1 591 1 741 1 814
2000 ......................................................
12 964
1 490
4 609
2 949
1 176
2 741
1 889
7 875 8 218 8 535
2 964 2 996 3 078
2 349 2 422 2 503
1 153 1 276 1 353
458 514 530
952 1 009 1 071
644 697 740
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8 873 9 368 10 214 10 615 10 985
3 204 3 450 3 738 3 889 3 926
2 624 2 746 2 945 3 018 3 213
1 427 1 453 1 603 1 622 1 696
534 568 611 660 660
1 084 1 151 1 316 1 427 1 491
759 813 926 1 007 1 034
2000 ......................................................
11 596
4 190
3 410
1 706
706
1 585
1 111
1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
54 672 55 550 56 523
7 299 6 977 6 851
18 422 18 575 18 418
9 549 9 878 10 402
3 652 4 012 4 184
15 751 16 109 16 668
9 864 10 170 10 672
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57 420 58 468 59 736 60 497 61 032
6 691 7 058 7 210 7 238 6 921
18 426 18 639 19 124 19 188 19 125
10 653 10 759 10 876 10 684 10 941
4 394 4 416 4 517 4 731 4 838
17 255 17 596 18 010 18 656 19 208
10 983 11 266 11 587 12 028 12 343
2000 ......................................................
61 571
6 889
19 086
11 133
4 960
19 503
12 576
1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
45 275 46 064 47 618
4 544 4 224 4 202
16 883 16 820 16 717
8 458 8 851 9 459
3 868 4 163 4 650
11 522 12 006 12 589
7 798 8 130 8 553
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
48 617 49 602 50 782 51 359 52 392
4 254 4 259 4 336 4 435 4 372
16 573 16 661 17 039 16 788 16 893
9 783 9 831 9 802 9 943 10 189
4 851 4 988 5 126 5 119 5 242
13 157 13 863 14 478 15 074 15 697
8 941 9 475 9 937 10 231 10 630
2000 ......................................................
53 041
4 394
16 799
10 240
5 631
15 975
10 806
WHITE
BLACK
HISPANIC 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
MEN
WOMEN
See Note at end of table.
75
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-16. Number of Employed Persons 25 Years and Over by Educational Attainment, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex, 1992–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.)
Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
Less than a high school diploma
Total
High school graduates, no college
College graduates Some college, no degree
Associate degree
Bachelor’s degree only
Total
WHITE MEN 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
47 497 48 191 48 938
6 030 5 807 5 633
15 962 16 002 15 833
8 303 8 581 8 990
3 200 3 514 3 667
14 002 14 288 14 814
8 778 9 020 9 435
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
49 641 50 533 51 397 51 842 52 180
5 444 5 920 6 049 6 123 5 883
15 760 15 995 16 330 16 308 16 193
9 155 9 197 9 245 9 009 9 182
3 856 3 861 3 941 4 118 4 160
15 426 15 559 15 832 16 284 16 763
9 780 9 965 10 191 10 490 10 806
2000 ......................................................
52 530
5 833
16 145
9 350
4 284
16 919
10 962
1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
38 152 38 810 40 119
3 500 3 301 3 246
14 321 14 240 14 171
7 117 7 406 7 902
3 302 3 538 3 955
9 912 10 325 10 844
6 663 6 941 7 285
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
40 857 41 459 42 290 42 488 43 135
3 246 3 337 3 365 3 387 3 352
14 016 14 046 14 222 13 941 14 018
8 110 8 052 8 058 8 092 8 207
4 115 4 211 4 330 4 308 4 396
11 370 11 812 12 316 12 760 13 162
7 655 8 012 8 410 8 618 8 862
2000 ......................................................
43 597
3 399
13 870
8 265
4 711
13 351
8 981
1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
5 002 5 119 5 246
976 875 844
1 955 2 014 2 001
940 998 1 057
320 353 373
809 879 970
554 617 712
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 423 5 483 5 658 5 844 6 001
778 861 868 811 741
2 101 2 104 2 181 2 248 2 339
1 142 1 177 1 241 1 267 1 313
393 382 385 413 469
1 010 960 983 1 104 1 140
717 666 710 802 789
2000 ......................................................
6 077
749
2 280
1 348
475
1 226
841
1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
5 312 5 392 5 589
805 705 699
2 056 2 060 2 015
1 077 1 182 1 283
424 462 529
951 983 1 064
665 698 771
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 826 6 035 6 225 6 480 6 770
704 673 710 768 746
2 042 2 088 2 229 2 256 2 292
1 375 1 463 1 439 1 509 1 612
566 587 600 607 639
1 139 1 224 1 247 1 341 1 481
822 873 882 939 1 025
2000 ......................................................
6 887
741
2 329
1 601
701
1 515
1 048
1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
4 773 4 989 5 133
1 982 2 019 2 059
1 337 1 365 1 416
660 742 761
245 281 287
549 582 610
364 401 413
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 337 5 640 6 165 6 397 6 441
2 125 2 320 2 502 2 594 2 554
1 501 1 588 1 714 1 764 1 839
818 790 899 913 917
279 271 302 336 334
615 671 747 790 797
408 456 502 547 540
2000 ......................................................
6 747
2 695
1 939
907
364
841
577
1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
3 102 3 229 3 402
982 977 1 019
1 012 1 057 1 087
493 535 592
214 233 242
402 428 461
279 296 327
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 536 3 729 4 049 4 219 4 544
1 079 1 131 1 236 1 295 1 372
1 123 1 159 1 231 1 254 1 373
609 663 704 708 778
255 297 309 325 327
470 480 569 637 694
351 357 425 459 494
2000 ......................................................
4 850
1 495
1 470
798
342
744
534
WHITE WOMEN
BLACK MEN
BLACK WOMEN
HISPANIC MEN
HISPANIC WOMEN
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
76
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-17. Multiple Jobholders and Multiple Jobholding Rates by Selected Characteristics, May of Selected Years, 1970–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent, not seasonally adjusted.) Multiple jobholding rate 1
Multiple jobholders Women Year Total
Men Number
Percent of all multiple jobholders
Total
Men
Women
Black 2
White
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 048 4 035 3 770 4 262 3 889
3 412 3 270 3 035 3 393 3 022
636 765 735 869 867
15.7 19.0 19.5 20.4 22.3
5.2 5.1 4.6 5.1 4.5
7.0 6.7 6.0 6.6 5.8
2.2 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.6
5.3 5.3 4.8 5.1 4.6
4.4 3.8 3.7 4.7 3.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 918 3 948 4 558 4 493 4 724
2 962 3 037 3 317 3 212 3 317
956 911 1 241 1 281 1 407
24.4 23.1 27.2 28.5 29.8
4.7 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.9
5.8 5.8 6.2 5.8 5.9
2.9 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.5
4.8 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.1
3.7 2.8 2.6 3.1 3.0
1980 1985 1989 1991 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 759 5 730 7 225 7 183 7 316
3 210 3 537 4 115 4 054 3 973
1 549 2 192 3 109 3 129 3 343
32.5 38.3 43.0 43.6 45.7
4.9 5.4 6.2 6.2 6.0
5.8 5.9 6.4 6.4 6.0
3.8 4.7 5.9 5.9 5.9
5.1 5.7 6.5 6.4 6.1
3.2 3.2 4.3 4.9 4.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 952 7 846 8 197 8 126 7 895
4 225 4 352 4 398 4 438 4 117
3 727 3 494 3 800 3 688 3 778
46.9 44.5 46.4 45.4 47.9
6.4 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.9
6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 5.8
6.5 6.0 6.4 6.1 6.1
6.6 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.0
5.2 5.1 5.7 5.5 5.5
2000 ......................................................
7 710
4 059
3 650
47.3
5.7
5.6
5.8
5.9
4.9
Note: Comprehensive surveys of multiple jobholders were not conducted in 1981–84, 1986–88, 1990, and 1992–93. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 2. Data for years prior to 1977 refer to the Black-and-Other population group.
77
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-18. Multiple Jobholders by Sex, Age, Marital Status, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Job Status, 1997–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Both sexes Characteristic
Number 1997
Men Rate 1
1998
1997
Number
1998
1997
Women Rate 1
1998
1997
Rate 1
Number
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
AGE Total, 16 years and over 2 .......................................................... 16 to 19 years ........................................................................ 20 to 24 years ........................................................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................ 45 to 54 years ........................................................................ 55 to 64 years ........................................................................ 65 years and over ..................................................................
7 955 331 809 1 935 2 378 1 763 625 115
7 926 335 788 1 939 2 285 1 787 682 109
6.1 5.0 6.5 6.1 6.6 6.6 5.1 3.1
6.0 4.8 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.5 5.3 2.9
4 237 144 385 1 073 1 301 904 356 74
4 178 138 363 1 082 1 238 908 378 71
6.1 4.2 5.9 6.2 6.7 6.4 5.3 3.3
5.9 3.9 5.5 6.3 6.3 6.2 5.4 3.3
3 718 187 424 862 1 078 859 268 40
3 748 198 425 857 1 048 878 303 39
6.2 5.7 7.3 6.0 6.5 6.8 4.8 2.6
6.2 5.7 7.2 6.0 6.3 6.7 5.2 2.5
2 133 4 434 1 388
2 127 4 414 1 385
6.3 5.9 6.8
6.1 5.8 6.7
1 067 2 675 495
1 016 2 664 498
5.7 6.3 6.0
5.3 6.2 5.8
1 067 1 758 893
1 110 1 750 887
7.1 5.4 7.4
7.0 5.3 7.3
6 909 758 494
6 832 802 503
6.3 5.4 3.9
6.2 5.5 3.8
3 693 388 305
3 622 406 299
6.2 5.9 3.9
6.0 5.9 3.7
3 216 370 190
3 210 396 204
6.4 5.0 3.8
6.4 5.2 3.9
4 488 1 689 237 1 509
4 478 1 635 266 1 504
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2 661 521 169 869
2 608 512 188 848
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
1 827 1 168 68 640
1 870 1 124 78 656
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
MARITAL STATUS Single ......................................................................................... Married, spouse present ............................................................ Widowed, divorced or separated ............................................... RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN White .......................................................................................... Black .......................................................................................... Hispanic origin ........................................................................... FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS Primary job full-time, secondary job part-time ............................ Primary and secondary jobs both part-time ............................... Primary and secondary jobs both full-time ................................. Hours vary on primary or secondary job ....................................
Both sexes Characteristic
Number 1999
2000
Men Rate 1
1999
Number
2000
1999
2000
Women Rate 1 1999
Number
2000
1999
2000
Rate 1 1999
2000
AGE Total, 16 years and over 2 .......................................................... 16 to 19 years ........................................................................ 20 to 24 years ........................................................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................ 45 to 54 years ........................................................................ 55 to 64 years ........................................................................ 65 years and over ..................................................................
7 802 343 751 1 843 2 268 1 775 701 122
7 556 346 752 1 715 2 130 1 770 695 148
5.8 4.8 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.2 5.3 3.1
5.6 4.8 5.6 5.6 5.8 6.0 5.1 3.6
4 104 153 341 1 013 1 238 895 387 77
3 968 145 337 929 1 170 912 379 95
5.7 4.1 5.1 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.3 3.4
5.5 3.9 4.8 5.6 5.9 5.9 5.1 4.1
3 698 190 410 830 1 029 880 314 45
3 588 201 415 786 960 858 317 52
6.0 5.5 6.7 5.9 6.1 6.5 5.2 2.7
5.7 5.6 6.6 5.6 5.7 6.1 5.1 3.1
2 137 4 309 1 356
2 101 4 156 1 299
5.9 5.6 6.5
5.7 5.4 6.1
1 048 2 566 490
1 000 2 499 469
5.3 5.9 5.8
5.0 5.8 5.3
1 089 1 744 866
1 102 1 656 830
6.7 5.2 7.0
6.6 4.9 6.6
6 674 831 490
6 462 818 490
5.9 5.5 3.6
5.7 5.3 3.4
3 514 442 280
3 433 396 298
5.7 6.3 3.5
5.6 5.5 3.5
3 159 389 210
3 029 422 192
6.2 4.8 3.7
5.8 5.2 3.2
4 293 1 657 298 1 513
4 173 1 595 317 1 429
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2 497 519 204 861
2 409 518 210 811
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
1 796 1 138 94 652
1 764 1 077 106 618
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
MARITAL STATUS Single ......................................................................................... Married, spouse present ............................................................ Widowed, divorced or separated ............................................... RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN White .......................................................................................... Black .......................................................................................... Hispanic origin ........................................................................... FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS Primary job full-time, secondary job part-time ............................ Primary and secondary jobs both part-time ............................... Primary and secondary jobs both full-time ................................. Hours vary on primary or secondary job ....................................
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 2. Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
78
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-19. Multiple Jobholders by Industry of Principal Secondary Job, and Sex, 1999–2000, Annual Averages (Thousands of persons.) Industry of secondary job
Total
Men
Women
1999 Nonagricultural Wage And Salary Workers ......................................................................................................... Mining ....................................................................................................................................................................... Construction ............................................................................................................................................................. Manufacturing .......................................................................................................................................................... Durable goods ...................................................................................................................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................................................................................................................ Transportation, communications, and other public utilities ...................................................................................... Transportation ...................................................................................................................................................... Communications and other public utilities ............................................................................................................ Wholesale and retail trade ...................................................................................................................................... Wholesale trade ................................................................................................................................................... Retail trade ........................................................................................................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ......................................................................................................................... Services ................................................................................................................................................................... Private household ................................................................................................................................................ Miscellaneous services ........................................................................................................................................ Business, auto, and repair services ................................................................................................................. Personal services, except private households ................................................................................................ Entertainment and recreation services ............................................................................................................. Professional and related services .................................................................................................................... Hospitals ...................................................................................................................................................... Health services, except hospitals ................................................................................................................. Educational services .................................................................................................................................... Social services ............................................................................................................................................. Other professional services .......................................................................................................................... Forestry and fisheries ....................................................................................................................................... Public administration ................................................................................................................................................
5 147 5 128 207 81 125 246 201 45 1 566 103 1 464 208 2 592 93 2 499 362 174 336 1 624 160 368 604 141 351 3 195
2 520 3 97 143 61 82 173 140 33 741 72 669 115 1 107 10 1 097 223 80 175 617 46 88 263 41 178 3 140
2 628 2 32 63 20 43 73 61 12 825 31 794 93 1 484 83 1 401 139 93 161 1 008 114 279 341 100 173 ... 55
5 284 7 134 226 95 131 245 189 56 1 576 106 1 470 240 2 630 92 2 538 392 170 344 1 631 184 344 595 167 341 2 226
2 538 5 98 154 66 88 170 131 39 689 72 618 127 1 138 9 1 130 244 70 186 628 66 75 270 53 164 2 156
2 746 2 36 72 29 43 75 58 17 886 34 853 113 1 491 84 1 408 148 99 158 1 002 118 268 325 114 177 ... 70
2000 Nonagricultural Wage And Salary Workers ......................................................................................................... Mining ....................................................................................................................................................................... Construction ............................................................................................................................................................. Manufacturing .......................................................................................................................................................... Durable goods ...................................................................................................................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................................................................................................................ Transportation, communications, and other public utilities ...................................................................................... Transportation ...................................................................................................................................................... Communications and other public utilities ............................................................................................................ Wholesale and retail trade ...................................................................................................................................... Wholesale trade ................................................................................................................................................... Retail trade ........................................................................................................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ......................................................................................................................... Services ................................................................................................................................................................... Private household ................................................................................................................................................ Miscellaneous services ........................................................................................................................................ Business, auto, and repair services ................................................................................................................. Personal services, except private households ................................................................................................ Entertainment and recreation services ............................................................................................................. Professional and related services .................................................................................................................... Hospitals ...................................................................................................................................................... Health services, except hospitals ................................................................................................................. Educational services .................................................................................................................................... Social services ............................................................................................................................................. Other professional services .......................................................................................................................... Forestry and fisheries ....................................................................................................................................... Public administration ................................................................................................................................................
79
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-20. Employment and Unemployment in Families by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1995–2000, Annual Averages (Thousands of persons, percent.) Characteristic
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTAL Total Families .................................................................................................................. With employed member(s) ................................................................................................ As percent of total families ................................................................................................ Some usually work full time 1 ........................................................................................ With no employed member ............................................................................................... As percent of total families ................................................................................................
68 552 55 633 81.2 51 473 12 919 18.8
69 203 56 342 81.4 52 249 12 860 18.6
69 714 57 289 82.2 53 226 12 425 17.8
70 218 57 986 82.6 53 945 12 232 17.4
71 250 59 185 83.1 55 123 12 065 16.9
71 680 59 626 83.2 55 683 12 054 16.8
With unemployed member(s) ............................................................................................ As percent of total families ................................................................................................ Some member(s) employed .......................................................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ..................................................... Some usually work full time 1 .................................................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) .................................................
5 404 7.9 3 795 70.2 3 334 61.7
5 270 7.6 3 678 69.8 3 265 62.0
4 913 7.0 3 445 70.1 3 070 62.5
4 503 6.4 3 177 70.6 2 830 62.8
4 260 6.0 3 091 72.6 2 771 65.0
4 110 5.7 2 973 72.3 2 675 65.1
Total Families .................................................................................................................. With employed member(s) ................................................................................................ As percent of total families ................................................................................................ Some usually work full time 1 ........................................................................................ With no employed member ............................................................................................... As percent of total families ................................................................................................
57 650 47 216 81.9 43 804 10 433 18.1
58 315 47 882 82.1 44 522 10 434 17.9
58 514 48 378 82.7 45 069 10 135 17.3
58 930 48 850 82.9 45 567 10 080 17.1
59 661 49 632 83.2 46 333 10 029 16.8
59 918 49 877 83.2 46 639 10 042 16.8
With unemployed member(s) ............................................................................................ As percent of total families ................................................................................................ Some member(s) employed .......................................................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ..................................................... Some usually work full time 1 .................................................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) .................................................
4 002 6.9 2 934 73.3 2 579 64.4
3 896 6.7 2 875 73.8 2 557 65.6
3 566 6.1 2 632 73.8 2 353 66.0
3 299 5.6 2 463 74.7 2 204 66.8
3 134 5.3 2 374 75.8 2 132 68.0
3 010 5.0 2 276 75.6 2 052 68.2
Total Families .................................................................................................................. With employed member(s) ................................................................................................ As percent of total families ................................................................................................ Some usually work full time 1 ........................................................................................ With no employed member ............................................................................................... As percent of total families ................................................................................................
8 015 5 991 74.7 5 419 2 024 25.3
8 149 6 137 75.3 5 563 2 012 24.7
8 308 6 409 77.1 5 810 1 899 22.9
8 317 6 554 78.8 5 953 1 763 21.2
8 498 6 847 80.6 6 249 1 652 19.4
8 600 6 964 81.0 6 401 1 636 19.0
With unemployed member(s) ............................................................................................ As percent of total families ................................................................................................ Some member(s) employed .......................................................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ..................................................... Some usually work full time 1 .................................................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) .................................................
1 080 13.5 631 58.4 556 51.5
1 121 13.8 627 55.9 553 49.3
1 104 13.3 631 57.2 553 50.1
984 11.8 555 56.4 485 49.3
905 10.6 551 60.8 486 53.7
881 10.2 535 60.8 476 54.1
Total Families .................................................................................................................. With employed member(s) ................................................................................................ As percent of total families ................................................................................................ Some usually work full time 1 ........................................................................................ With no employed member ............................................................................................... As percent of total families ................................................................................................
6 233 5 086 81.6 4 673 1 147 18.4
6 465 5 312 82.2 4 917 1 153 17.8
6 779 5 701 84.1 5 285 1 078 15.9
7 025 5 947 84.7 5 545 1 078 15.3
7 403 6 405 86.5 6 017 998 13.5
7 581 6 633 87.5 6 255 947 12.5
With unemployed member(s) ............................................................................................ As percent of total families ................................................................................................ Some member(s) employed .......................................................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ..................................................... Some usually work full time 1 .................................................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) .................................................
841 13.5 568 67.5 490 58.3
841 13.0 563 66.9 497 59.1
789 11.6 532 67.4 473 59.9
744 10.6 522 70.2 467 62.8
715 9.7 518 72.5 467 65.3
679 9.0 493 72.7 446 65.8
WHITE
BLACK
HISPANIC
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.
80
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-21. Families by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, 1995–2000, Annual Averages (Thousands of persons, percent.) Number
Percent distribution
Characteristic 1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
52 929 44 194 10 113 2 956 27 617 3 509 8 734
53 214 44 448 10 103 2 846 28 077 3 422 8 766
53 248 44 641 9 959 2 839 28 422 3 421 8 607
53 689 45 061 10 285 2 843 28 531 3 402 8 628
54 468 45 800 10 533 2 980 28 882 3 404 8 668
54 704 45 967 10 500 2 946 29 128 3 394 8 737
100.0 83.5 19.1 5.6 52.2 6.6 16.5
100.0 83.5 19.0 5.3 52.8 6.4 16.5
100.0 83.8 18.7 5.3 53.4 6.4 16.2
100.0 83.9 19.2 5.3 53.1 6.3 16.1
100.0 84.1 19.3 5.5 53.0 6.3 15.9
100.0 84.0 19.2 5.4 53.2 6.2 16.0
12 165 8 546 4 757 2 401 1 388 3 620
12 264 8 788 4 964 2 385 1 438 3 477
12 524 9 263 5 282 2 484 1 497 3 261
12 447 9 417 5 322 2 582 1 513 3 029
12 625 9 797 5 566 2 663 1 568 2 827
12 775 10 026 5 581 2 806 1 639 2 749
100.0 70.3 39.1 19.7 11.4 29.8
100.0 71.7 40.5 19.4 11.7 28.4
100.0 74.0 42.2 19.8 12.0 26.0
100.0 75.7 42.8 20.7 12.2 24.3
100.0 77.6 44.1 21.1 12.4 22.4
100.0 78.5 43.7 22.0 12.8 21.5
3 458 2 893 1 459 1 035 399 566
3 724 3 106 1 614 1 076 416 618
3 942 3 385 1 703 1 228 455 557
4 083 3 509 1 746 1 283 480 574
4 158 3 588 1 718 1 353 517 569
4 200 3 632 1 761 1 358 514 567
100.0 83.7 42.2 29.9 11.5 16.4
100.0 83.4 43.3 28.9 11.2 16.6
100.0 85.9 43.2 31.2 11.5 14.1
100.0 85.9 42.8 31.4 11.8 14.1
100.0 86.3 41.3 32.5 12.4 13.7
100.0 86.5 41.9 32.3 12.2 13.5
MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES Total ........................................................................... Member(s) employed, total ......................................... Husband only .......................................................... Wife only ................................................................. Husband and wife ................................................... Other employment combinations ............................ No member(s) employed ............................................ FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN 1 Total ........................................................................... Member(s) employed, total ......................................... Householder only .................................................... Householder and other member(s) ......................... Other member(s), not householder ......................... No member(s) employed ............................................ FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN 1 Total ........................................................................... Member(s) employed, total ......................................... Householder only .................................................... Householder and other member(s) ......................... Other member(s), not householder ......................... No member(s) employed ............................................
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. No spouse present.
81
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-22. Unemployment in Families by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, 1995–2000, Annual Averages (Thousands of persons, percent.) Number
Percent distribution
Characteristic 1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES With Unemployed Member(s), Total ........................ No member employed ................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................
3 587 670 2 917
3 378 601 2 777
3 056 530 2 526
2 815 471 2 343
2 705 440 2 265
2 584 411 2 174
100.0 18.7 81.3
100.0 17.8 82.2
100.0 17.3 82.7
100.0 16.7 83.2
100.0 16.3 83.7
100.0 15.9 84.1
Husband unemployed ................................................. Wife employed ........................................................ Wife unemployed ........................................................ Husband employed ................................................. Other family member unemployed ..............................
1 292 756 1 110 977 1 186
1 207 746 1 016 891 1 155
1 048 651 906 787 1 102
948 594 844 745 1 023
924 589 790 696 991
836 531 789 694 959
36.0 21.1 30.9 27.2 33.1
35.7 22.1 30.1 26.4 34.2
34.3 21.3 29.6 25.8 36.1
33.7 21.1 30.0 26.5 36.3
34.2 21.8 29.2 25.8 36.6
32.3 20.5 30.5 26.8 37.1
1 437 772 666 633 103 531
1 485 809 676 670 102 569
1 456 782 674 694 122 572
1 301 696 605 612 99 689
1 222 613 609 560 110 662
1 194 587 607 522 102 672
100.0 53.7 46.3 44.1 7.2 37.0
100.0 54.5 45.5 45.1 6.9 38.3
100.0 53.7 46.3 47.7 8.4 39.3
100.0 53.5 46.5 47.0 7.6 53.0
100.0 50.2 49.8 45.8 9.0 54.2
100.0 49.1 50.9 43.7 8.5 56.3
380 168 212 181 57 198
407 182 224 200 67 206
400 156 244 197 77 204
388 158 229 186 69 202
333 115 218 154 71 178
331 139 192 173 67 158
100.0 44.2 55.8 47.6 15.0 52.1
100.0 44.7 55.0 49.1 16.5 50.6
100.0 39.0 61.0 49.2 19.2 51.0
100.0 40.7 59.0 47.9 17.8 52.1
100.0 34.6 65.4 46.4 21.4 53.6
100.0 42.0 58.0 52.2 20.4 47.8
FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN 1 With Unemployed Member(s), Total ........................ No member employed ................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................ Householder unemployed ....................................... Other member(s) employed ................................ Other member(s) unemployed ................................ FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN 1 With Unemployed Member(s), Total ........................ No member employed ................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................ Householder unemployed ....................................... Other member(s) employed ................................ Other member(s) unemployed ................................
Note: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. No spouse present.
82
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-23. Employment Status of the Population by Sex, Marital Status, and Presence and Age of Own Children Under 18, 1995–2000, Annual Averages (Thousands of persons, percent.) 1995
1996
1997
Characteristic Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS, TOTAL Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate .............................................................................
62 037 49 841 80.3 47 390 76.4 40 100 7 290 2 451 4.9
26 882 25 306 94.1 24 372 90.7 23 535 838 934 3.7
35 155 24 535 69.8 23 018 65.5 16 566 6 452 1 517 6.2
62 733 50 866 81.1 48 521 77.3 41 164 7 356 2 345 4.6
27 319 25 803 94.5 24 933 91.3 24 085 848 870 3.4
35 415 25 063 70.8 23 588 66.6 17 080 6 508 1 475 5.9
62 787 51 343 81.8 49 178 78.3 41 934 7 244 2 165 4.2
27 349 25 877 94.6 25 111 91.8 24 306 806 766 3.0
35 438 25 466 71.9 24 067 67.9 17 628 6 439 1 399 5.5
50 685 41 624 82.1 40 026 79.0 33 988 6 037 1 598 3.8
25 097 23 724 94.5 22 913 91.3 22 163 750 810 3.4
25 589 17 900 70.0 17 112 66.9 11 825 5 287 788 4.4
51 128 42 185 82.5 40 743 79.7 34 732 6 011 1 441 3.4
25 349 24 043 94.8 23 305 91.9 22 559 747 738 3.1
25 779 18 141 70.4 17 438 67.6 12 173 5 265 703 3.9
50 995 42 192 82.7 40 918 80.2 35 042 5 877 1 273 3.0
25 292 24 027 95.0 23 383 92.5 22 685 698 644 2.7
25 704 18 165 70.7 17 535 68.2 12 357 5 179 630 3.5
11 352 8 217 72.4 7 364 64.9 6 112 1 253 853 10.4
1 785 1 582 88.6 1 459 81.7 1 372 87 124 7.8
9 566 6 635 69.4 5 905 61.7 4 740 1 165 730 11.0
11 606 8 680 74.8 7 777 67.0 6 432 1 344 903 10.4
1 970 1 759 89.3 1 628 82.6 1 526 101 132 7.5
9 636 6 921 71.8 6 149 63.8 4 907 1 244 772 11.2
11 791 9 151 77.6 8 259 70.0 6 893 1 367 891 9.7
2 057 1 850 89.9 1 728 84.0 1 621 107 123 6.6
9 734 7 301 75.0 6 531 67.1 5 272 1 261 770 10.5
32 678 27 350 83.7 26 182 80.1 22 434 3 748 1 168 4.3
14 207 13 207 93.0 12 756 89.8 12 358 398 451 3.4
18 471 14 143 76.6 13 426 72.7 10 076 3 350 716 5.1
33 411 28 221 84.5 27 123 81.2 23 267 3 857 1 097 3.9
14 601 13 645 93.5 13 229 90.6 12 810 418 416 3.0
18 809 14 576 77.5 13 894 73.9 10 456 3 438 681 4.7
33 997 28 812 84.7 27 752 81.6 23 885 3 868 1 060 3.7
14 822 13 877 93.6 13 480 90.9 13 071 409 397 2.9
19 175 14 935 77.9 14 273 74.4 10 814 3 459 662 4.4
29 359 22 492 76.6 21 208 72.2 17 666 3 542 1 284 5.7
12 675 12 099 95.5 11 617 91.6 11 177 440 482 4.0
16 684 10 392 62.3 9 591 57.5 6 489 3 102 801 7.7
29 323 22 645 77.2 21 398 73.0 17 898 3 500 1 247 5.5
12 718 12 158 95.6 11 704 92.0 11 274 430 454 3.7
16 605 10 487 63.2 9 694 58.4 6 623 3 070 794 7.6
28 789 22 530 78.3 21 426 74.4 18 049 3 376 1 105 4.9
12 526 12 000 95.8 11 632 92.9 11 235 397 368 3.1
16 263 10 531 64.8 9 794 60.2 6 814 2 980 737 7.0
135 902 80 950 60.2 75 984 56.5 60 053 15 930 4 967 6.1
66 283 44 426 67.0 41 405 62.5 34 839 6 566 3 021 6.8
68 251 36 524 53.5 34 578 50.7 25 214 9 364 1 946 5.3
135 902 81 618 60.1 76 717 56.5 60 920 15 797 4 901 6.0
66 931 44 736 66.8 41 748 62.4 35 200 6 548 2 988 6.7
68 970 36 882 53.5 34 969 50.7 25 719 9 250 1 913 5.2
138 365 83 524 60.4 78 917 57.0 62 902 16 016 4 606 5.5
68 385 45 847 67.0 43 045 62.9 36 452 6 592 2 802 6.1
69 980 37 677 53.8 35 873 51.3 26 449 9 424 1 804 4.8
MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. OTHER MARITAL STATUS 3 Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate .............................................................................
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
83
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-23. Employment Status of the Population by Sex, Marital Status, and Presence and Age of Own Children Under 18, 1995–2000, Annual Averages—Continued (Thousands of persons, percent.) 1998
1999
2000
Characteristic Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS, TOTAL Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate .............................................................................
62 912 51 462 81.8 49 480 78.6 42 372 7 108 1 981 3.8
27 489 26 018 94.6 25 333 92.2 24 562 771 686 2.6
35 423 25 443 71.8 24 147 68.2 17 811 6 337 1 296 5.1
63 158 51 778 82.0 50 010 79.2 43 033 6 977 1 768 3.4
27 573 26 092 94.6 25 472 92.4 24 712 761 620 2.4
35 585 25 686 72.2 24 538 69.0 18 321 6 216 1 149 4.5
63 267 51 944 82.1 50 259 79.4 43 365 6 894 1 685 3.2
27 673 26 202 94.7 25 622 92.6 24 922 699 581 2.2
35 595 25 742 72.3 24 637 69.2 18 443 6 195 1 104 4.3
51 061 42 088 82.4 40 914 80.1 35 197 5 718 1 174 2.8
25 325 24 080 95.1 23 506 92.8 22 839 667 573 2.4
25 737 18 009 70.0 17 408 67.6 12 357 5 051 601 3.3
51 302 42 260 82.4 41 193 80.3 35 568 5 625 1 067 2.5
25 462 24 222 95.1 23 688 93.0 23 024 664 534 2.2
25 840 18 038 69.8 17 505 67.7 12 544 4 961 533 3.0
51 415 42 361 82.4 41 357 80.4 35 793 5 564 1 004 2.4
25 540 24 290 95.1 23 816 93.2 23 212 604 474 2.0
25 874 18 072 69.8 17 541 67.8 12 581 4 960 531 2.9
11 851 9 374 79.1 8 565 72.3 7 177 1 391 807 8.6
2 166 1 939 89.5 1 826 84.3 1 724 104 113 5.8
9 686 7 434 76.7 6 739 69.6 5 453 1 286 695 9.3
11 856 9 518 80.3 8 817 74.4 7 465 1 352 702 7.4
2 110 1 870 88.6 1 784 84.6 1 687 97 86 4.6
9 746 7 648 78.5 7 032 72.2 5 777 1 255 616 8.1
11 853 9 583 80.8 8 902 75.1 7 572 1 330 681 7.1
2 132 1 913 89.7 1 806 84.7 1 710 96 107 5.6
9 720 7 670 78.9 7 096 73.0 5 862 1 234 574 7.5
34 329 29 003 84.5 28 046 81.7 24 286 3 760 957 3.3
14 947 13 969 93.5 13 629 91.2 13 238 391 340 2.4
19 383 15 033 77.6 14 417 74.4 11 048 3 369 617 4.1
34 662 29 403 84.8 28 528 82.3 24 807 3 722 875 3.0
15 090 14 092 93.4 13 782 91.3 13 385 397 310 2.2
19 572 15 311 78.2 14 747 75.3 11 422 3 325 564 3.7
34 737 29 576 85.1 28 744 82.7 25 042 3 703 832 2.8
15 165 14 178 93.5 13 877 91.5 13 513 364 302 2.1
19 572 15 398 78.7 14 868 76.0 11 529 3 339 530 3.4
28 583 22 459 78.6 21 434 75.0 18 086 3 348 1 025 4.6
12 543 12 049 96.1 11 703 93.3 11 323 380 346 2.9
16 040 10 410 64.9 9 731 60.7 6 763 2 968 679 6.5
28 496 22 375 78.5 21 482 75.4 18 227 3 255 894 4.0
12 482 12 000 96.1 11 691 93.7 11 327 364 310 2.6
16 014 10 375 64.8 9 791 61.1 6 900 2 891 584 5.6
28 530 22 368 78.4 21 515 75.4 18 323 3 191 853 3.8
12 508 12 024 96.1 11 745 93.9 11 410 335 279 2.3
16 022 10 344 64.6 9 770 61.0 6 914 2 856 574 5.6
140 436 84 735 60.3 80 545 57.4 64 429 16 116 4 190 4.9
69 396 46 464 67.0 43 922 63.3 37 226 6 696 2 542 5.5
71 040 38 271 53.9 36 623 51.6 27 203 9 420 1 648 4.3
143 160 86 424 60.4 82 333 57.5 66 136 16 196 4 091 4.7
70 714 47 255 66.8 44 828 63.4 38 086 6 743 2 426 5.1
72 446 39 169 54.1 37 504 51.8 28 051 9 454 1 665 4.3
145 199 88 014 60.6 84 058 57.9 68 046 16 012 3 956 4.5
71 825 48 140 67.0 45 781 63.7 39 136 6 645 2 359 4.9
73 374 39 874 54.3 38 278 52.2 28 910 9 367 1 596 4.0
MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. OTHER MARITAL STATUS 3 Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS Civilian Noninstitutional Population .................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers 1 ........................................................................... Part-time workers 2 .......................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate .............................................................................
Note: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2. Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs. 3. Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.
84
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-24. Employment Status of Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years Old by Single Year of Age of Youngest Child, and Marital Status, 1996–2000, Annual Averages (Thousands of persons, percent.) Civilian labor force Year and characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Employed Total
Percent of population
Total
Percent of population
Unemployed
Full-time workers 1
Part-time workers 2
Number
Percent of labor force
1996 Total Mothers With Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
9 610 2 899 3 333 3 378
5 710 1 836 2 040 1 834
59.4 63.3 61.2 54.3
5 252 1 694 1 885 1 673
54.7 58.4 56.6 49.5
3 543 1 168 1 268 1 107
1 708 526 617 565
458 142 155 161
8.0 7.7 7.6 8.8
Married, Spouse Present With Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
7 203 2 150 2 500 2 553
4 343 1 362 1 555 1 426
60.3 63.3 62.2 55.9
4 143 1 303 1 489 1 351
57.5 60.6 59.6 52.9
2 762 876 993 893
1 381 427 496 458
201 60 66 75
4.6 4.4 4.2 5.3
Other Marital Status With Own Children Under 3 Years 3 .................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
2 407 749 833 825
1 367 473 486 408
56.8 63.2 58.3 49.5
1 111 391 397 323
46.2 52.2 47.7 39.2
782 292 275 215
328 99 121 108
256 82 89 85
18.7 17.3 18.3 20.8
Total Mothers With Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
9 347 2 871 3 306 3 170
5 738 1 890 2 012 1 836
61.4 65.8 60.9 57.9
5 306 1 763 1 851 1 692
56.8 61.4 56.0 53.4
3 560 1 208 1 205 1 147
1 746 555 646 545
432 127 161 144
7.5 6.7 8.0 7.8
Married, Spouse Present With Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
7 049 2 142 2 459 2 448
4 296 1 380 1 468 1 448
60.9 64.4 59.7 59.2
4 105 1 327 1 399 1 379
58.2 62.0 56.9 56.3
2 718 883 890 945
1 387 444 509 434
191 53 69 69
4.4 3.8 4.7 4.8
Other Marital Status With Own Children Under 3 Years 3 .................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
2 297 729 847 721
1 445 511 545 389
62.9 70.1 64.3 54.0
1 201 436 452 313
52.3 59.8 53.4 43.4
842 325 315 202
361 112 138 111
241 74 92 75
16.7 14.5 16.9 19.3
Total Mothers With Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
9 333 2 772 3 213 3 348
5 779 1 786 2 055 1 938
61.9 64.4 64.0 57.9
5 384 1 673 1 917 1 794
57.7 60.4 59.7 53.6
3 626 1 149 1 281 1 196
1 758 524 636 598
395 113 138 144
6.8 6.3 6.7 7.4
Married, Spouse Present With Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
7 110 2 073 2 493 2 544
4 316 1 291 1 560 1 465
60.7 62.3 62.6 57.6
4 145 1 244 1 497 1 404
58.3 60.0 60.0 55.2
2 765 831 989 945
1 380 413 508 459
171 47 63 61
4.0 3.6 4.0 4.2
Other Marital Status With Own Children Under 3 Years 3 .................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
2 225 700 721 804
1 463 495 495 473
65.8 70.7 68.7 58.8
1 238 429 420 389
55.6 61.3 58.3 48.4
860 318 292 250
379 111 129 139
223 65 75 83
15.2 13.1 15.2 17.5
Total Mothers With Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
9 339 2 890 3 283 3 166
5 742 1 888 2 062 1 792
61.5 65.3 62.8 56.6
5 389 1 788 1 934 1 668
57.7 61.9 58.9 52.7
3 692 1 257 1 298 1 137
1 697 530 635 531
353 101 128 124
6.1 5.3 6.2 6.9
Married, Spouse Present With Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
7 089 2 175 2 522 2 392
4 224 1 356 1 532 1 336
59.6 62.4 60.8 55.8
4 078 1 316 1 477 1 285
57.5 60.5 58.6 53.7
2 744 898 964 882
1 334 419 513 403
147 40 56 51
3.5 2.9 3.6 3.8
Other Marital Status With Own Children Under 3 Years 3 .................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
2 251 715 761 774
1 517 532 529 456
67.4 74.4 69.5 58.8
1 311 472 457 383
58.3 65.9 60.0 49.5
949 360 334 255
362 112 123 128
206 61 72 73
13.6 11.4 13.7 16.0
Total Mothers With Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
9 356 2 803 3 300 3 253
5 653 1 807 2 069 1 777
60.4 64.5 62.7 54.6
5 311 1 712 1 939 1 660
56.8 61.1 58.8 51.0
3 614 1 193 1 310 1 112
1 697 519 629 548
342 95 130 117
6.0 5.3 6.3 6.6
Married, Spouse Present With Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
7 056 2 096 2 499 2 461
4 090 1 276 1 503 1 312
58.0 60.9 60.1 53.3
3 940 1 233 1 448 1 259
55.8 58.9 57.9 51.1
2 613 823 953 837
1 327 411 495 421
150 42 55 53
3.7 3.3 3.6 4.1
Other Marital Status With Own Children Under 3 Years 3 .................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
2 300 707 801 792
1 563 531 566 465
67.9 75.1 70.7 58.8
1 371 478 491 402
59.6 67.6 61.3 50.7
1 002 370 357 275
370 108 134 127
191 53 75 64
12.2 9.9 13.2 13.7
1997
1998
1999
2000
Note: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2. Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs. 3. Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.
85
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-25. Major Unemployment Indicators, 1948–2000 (Unemployment as a percent of civilian labor force.) Women 20 Both sexes Both sexes years and 16 to 19 25 years over years and over
Women who maintain families
Married men, spouse present
All civilian workers
Men 20 years and over
1948 .................................................. 1949 ..................................................
3.8 5.9
3.2 5.4
3.6 5.3
9.2 13.4
2.9 4.8
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5
4.7 2.5 2.4 2.5 4.9
5.1 4.0 3.2 2.9 5.5
12.2 8.2 8.5 7.6 12.6
4.4 2.8 2.4 2.4 4.7
... ... ... ... 5.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5
3.8 3.4 3.6 6.2 4.7
4.4 4.2 4.1 6.1 5.2
11.0 11.1 11.6 15.9 14.6
3.6 3.3 3.4 5.6 4.4
3.9 3.6 3.8 6.1 4.8
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
2.6 2.3 2.8 5.1 3.6
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2
4.7 5.7 4.6 4.5 3.9
5.1 6.3 5.4 5.4 5.2
14.7 16.8 14.7 17.2 16.2
4.4 5.4 4.4 4.3 3.8
5.0 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... 5.5 4.9
... ... ... 7.3 7.2
... ... ... ... ...
3.7 4.6 3.6 3.4 2.8
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5
3.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1
4.5 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.7
14.8 12.8 12.9 12.7 12.2
3.2 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.2
4.1 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.1
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
4.2 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1
6.7 6.2 6.9 6.0 5.7
... ... 4.9 4.4 4.4
2.4 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6
3.5 4.4 4.0 3.3 3.8
4.8 5.7 5.4 4.9 5.5
15.3 16.9 16.2 14.5 16.0
3.3 4.0 3.6 3.1 3.6
4.5 5.4 5.1 4.3 5.0
... ... 10.4 9.4 10.5
... ... ... 7.5 8.1
4.6 5.6 5.2 4.4 5.2
6.9 7.8 7.7 7.2 7.7
5.4 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.0
2.6 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.7
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8
6.8 5.9 5.2 4.3 4.2
8.0 7.4 7.0 6.0 5.7
19.9 19.0 17.8 16.4 16.1
6.0 5.5 4.9 4.1 3.9
7.8 7.0 6.2 5.2 5.1
14.8 14.0 14.0 12.8 12.3
12.2 11.5 10.1 9.1 8.3
8.4 7.5 6.8 5.7 5.5
9.0 8.8 8.6 7.9 7.7
10.0 10.1 9.4 8.5 8.3
5.1 4.2 3.6 2.8 2.8
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5
5.9 6.3 8.8 8.9 6.6
6.4 6.8 8.3 8.1 6.8
17.8 19.6 23.2 22.4 18.9
5.1 5.4 7.4 7.5 5.8
6.3 6.7 8.6 8.4 6.5
14.3 15.6 18.9 19.5 15.9
10.1 10.4 13.8 13.7 10.7
7.1 7.5 10.0 9.9 7.5
7.6 7.9 8.5 8.1 7.4
9.2 10.4 11.7 12.2 10.3
4.2 4.3 6.5 6.5 4.6
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3
6.2 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.5
6.6 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.7
18.6 18.3 16.9 15.3 15.0
5.6 5.4 4.8 4.3 4.0
6.2 6.0 5.3 4.7 4.5
15.1 14.5 13.0 11.7 11.4
10.5 10.6 8.8 8.2 8.0
7.1 6.9 6.0 5.3 5.1
7.5 7.4 6.9 6.4 6.2
10.4 9.8 9.2 8.1 8.1
4.3 4.4 3.9 3.3 3.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1
5.0 6.4 7.1 6.4 5.4
4.9 5.7 6.3 5.9 5.4
15.5 18.7 20.1 19.0 17.6
4.4 5.4 6.1 5.6 4.8
4.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.3
11.4 12.5 14.2 13.0 11.5
8.2 10.0 11.6 10.8 9.9
5.4 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1
6.4 7.0 7.5 7.2 6.0
8.3 9.3 10.0 9.7 8.9
3.4 4.4 5.1 4.4 3.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2
4.8 4.6 4.2 3.7 3.5
4.9 4.8 4.4 4.1 3.8
17.3 16.7 16.0 14.6 13.9
4.3 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.1
4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.7
10.4 10.5 10.0 8.9 8.0
9.3 8.9 7.7 7.2 6.4
5.5 5.3 4.8 4.3 4.1
6.0 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.0
8.0 8.2 8.1 7.2 6.4
3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.2
2000 ..................................................
4.0
3.3
3.6
13.1
3.0
3.5
7.6
5.7
3.9
4.8
5.9
2.0
Year
White
Black
Hispanic
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Note: Data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
86
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
TOTAL 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
2 276 3 637
409 576
180 238
228 337
1 869 3 060
455 680
457 776
347 603
290 471
226 384
93 146
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532
513 336 345 307 501
226 168 180 150 221
287 168 165 157 247
2 776 1 718 1 539 1 529 3 032
561 273 268 256 504
702 435 389 379 793
530 354 325 325 680
478 318 274 280 548
368 238 195 218 374
137 103 86 70 132
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740
450 478 497 678 654
211 231 230 299 301
239 247 266 379 354
2 403 2 274 2 362 3 923 3 085
396 395 430 701 543
577 554 573 993 726
521 476 499 871 673
436 429 448 731 603
355 311 300 472 405
120 109 111 154 135
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786
712 828 721 884 872
325 363 312 420 436
387 465 409 462 437
3 140 3 886 3 191 3 187 2 913
583 723 636 658 660
752 890 712 732 607
671 850 688 674 605
614 751 605 589 543
396 516 411 410 378
122 159 141 126 117
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832
874 837 839 838 853
411 395 400 414 436
463 441 438 426 416
2 491 2 041 2 140 1 978 1 978
557 446 511 543 560
529 441 480 443 453
546 426 422 371 358
436 369 383 314 320
322 265 256 219 216
103 92 86 88 72
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
1 106 1 262 1 308 1 235 1 422
537 596 633 634 699
569 665 676 600 722
2 987 3 755 3 573 3 130 3 733
866 1 130 1 132 1 008 1 212
718 933 878 866 1 044
515 630 576 451 559
476 573 510 430 498
309 381 368 290 321
104 109 111 88 99
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
1 767 1 719 1 663 1 583 1 555
799 796 781 796 739
968 924 881 787 816
6 161 5 687 5 330 4 620 4 583
1 865 1 714 1 629 1 483 1 442
1 776 1 710 1 650 1 422 1 446
951 849 785 694 705
893 758 666 552 540
520 510 450 345 346
155 147 147 123 104
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
1 669 1 763 1 977 1 829 1 499
778 781 831 753 646
890 981 1 145 1 076 854
5 969 6 510 8 701 8 888 7 039
1 835 1 976 2 392 2 330 1 838
2 024 2 211 3 037 3 078 2 374
940 1 065 1 552 1 650 1 335
676 715 966 1 039 828
399 444 647 677 566
94 98 107 114 97
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528
1 468 1 454 1 347 1 226 1 194
662 665 648 573 537
806 789 700 653 657
6 844 6 783 6 077 5 475 5 333
1 738 1 651 1 453 1 261 1 218
2 341 2 390 2 129 1 929 1 851
1 340 1 371 1 281 1 166 1 159
813 790 723 657 637
518 489 412 375 379
93 91 78 87 91
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996
1 212 1 359 1 427 1 365 1 320
527 587 641 606 624
685 772 787 759 696
5 835 7 269 8 186 7 575 6 676
1 299 1 573 1 649 1 514 1 373
1 995 2 447 2 702 2 395 2 067
1 328 1 719 1 976 1 896 1 627
723 946 1 138 1 121 971
386 473 589 541 485
105 113 132 108 153
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880
1 346 1 306 1 271 1 205 1 162
652 617 589 573 544
695 689 683 632 618
6 058 5 929 5 467 5 005 4 718
1 244 1 239 1 152 1 081 1 042
1 841 1 757 1 571 1 419 1 278
1 549 1 505 1 418 1 258 1 154
844 883 830 782 753
425 406 369 343 367
153 139 127 122 124
2000 ......................................................
5 655
1 093
506
587
4 562
1 025
1 168
1 141
749
347
131
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
87
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE 1954 ......................................................
2 859
423
191
232
2 436
394
610
540
447
329
115
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 252 2 159 2 289 3 680 2 946
373 382 401 541 525
181 191 195 245 255
191 191 204 297 270
1 879 1 777 1 888 3 139 2 421
304 297 331 541 406
412 406 425 756 526
402 363 401 686 525
358 355 373 614 496
300 258 262 405 348
105 98 98 136 120
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 065 3 743 3 052 3 208 2 999
575 669 580 708 708
273 295 262 350 365
302 374 318 358 342
2 490 3 074 2 472 2 500 2 291
456 566 488 501 508
573 668 515 540 441
520 652 522 518 472
502 611 485 485 447
330 438 345 349 323
109 139 117 107 100
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 691 2 255 2 338 2 226 2 260
705 651 635 644 660
329 315 311 326 351
374 336 325 318 309
1 986 1 604 1 703 1 582 1 601
437 338 393 422 432
399 323 360 330 354
427 336 336 297 294
358 298 321 269 269
276 227 221 187 185
91 80 75 80 66
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 339 4 085 3 906 3 442 4 097
871 1 011 1 021 955 1 104
438 491 515 513 561
432 521 506 443 544
2 468 3 074 2 885 2 486 2 993
679 887 887 758 925
570 732 679 664 821
433 517 459 358 448
415 500 439 371 427
275 338 324 257 283
95 100 95 77 88
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 421 5 914 5 441 4 698 4 664
1 413 1 364 1 284 1 189 1 193
657 649 636 631 589
755 715 648 558 603
5 007 4 550 4 157 3 509 3 472
1 474 1 326 1 195 1 059 1 038
1 413 1 329 1 255 1 059 1 068
774 682 621 543 545
753 637 569 453 443
460 448 388 290 290
136 128 129 104 87
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 884 6 343 8 241 8 128 6 372
1 291 1 374 1 534 1 387 1 116
625 629 683 609 510
666 745 851 778 605
4 593 4 968 6 707 6 741 5 256
1 364 1 449 1 770 1 678 1 282
1 528 1 658 2 283 2 282 1 723
740 827 1 223 1 294 1 036
550 578 796 837 660
335 379 549 563 475
74 77 86 88 81
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 191 6 140 5 501 4 944 4 770
1 074 1 070 995 910 863
507 509 495 437 407
567 561 500 473 456
5 117 5 070 4 506 4 033 3 908
1 235 1 149 1 017 874 856
1 695 1 751 1 527 1 371 1 297
1 039 1 056 984 890 871
642 629 576 520 503
432 407 333 309 311
75 78 68 69 70
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 186 6 560 7 169 6 655 5 892
903 1 029 1 037 992 960
401 461 484 468 471
502 568 553 523 489
4 283 5 532 6 132 5 663 4 933
899 1 132 1 156 1 057 952
1 401 1 805 1 967 1 754 1 479
983 1 330 1 483 1 411 1 184
582 759 915 907 779
330 410 495 442 407
88 96 116 92 132
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 459 5 300 4 836 4 484 4 273
952 939 912 876 844
476 456 438 424 414
476 484 475 451 430
4 507 4 361 3 924 3 608 3 429
866 854 765 731 720
1 311 1 223 1 068 978 865
1 161 1 117 1 035 901 843
676 709 648 620 595
362 336 302 276 303
131 122 106 101 104
2000 ......................................................
4 099
805
389
416
3 294
684
804
825
585
290
106
See Note at end of table.
88
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
906 846 965
279 262 297
113 114 127
167 148 170
627 584 666
226 231 261
183 181 201
106 82 95
62 53 65
37 29 33
12 9 10
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 369 1 334 1 393 1 330 1 319
330 330 354 360 333
130 134 135 150 137
200 195 218 210 197
1 040 1 005 1 040 972 986
362 350 397 379 369
321 338 355 320 335
157 145 140 127 137
126 101 81 82 82
54 54 51 47 48
17 16 16 17 15
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 553 1 731 2 142 2 272 1 914
343 357 396 392 353
134 138 130 125 122
210 219 266 267 230
1 209 1 374 1 747 1 879 1 561
426 483 565 591 504
433 493 662 700 577
171 207 278 299 253
109 119 141 174 138
53 55 84 95 75
18 17 17 21 15
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 864 1 840 1 684 1 547 1 544
357 347 312 288 300
135 138 134 121 116
221 209 178 167 184
1 507 1 493 1 373 1 259 1 245
455 453 397 349 322
562 564 533 502 494
254 269 247 230 246
143 127 124 111 109
74 69 62 51 53
18 10 10 15 20
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 565 1 723 2 011 1 844 1 666
268 280 324 313 300
112 105 127 112 127
156 175 197 201 173
1 297 1 443 1 687 1 530 1 366
349 378 421 387 351
505 539 610 532 468
278 318 402 376 346
106 151 178 153 130
44 44 64 72 55
14 13 13 11 16
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 538 1 592 1 560 1 426 1 309
325 310 302 281 268
143 133 123 124 109
182 177 179 156 159
1 213 1 282 1 258 1 146 1 041
311 327 327 301 273
423 454 426 366 339
303 313 307 294 249
116 127 136 125 121
42 48 45 45 46
18 13 16 16 14
2000 ......................................................
1 269
239
100
139
1 030
290
292
261
130
37
20
HISPANIC 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
485 456 452 434
106 113 110 106
51 50 63 54
55 60 47 51
385 344 342 329
116 98 98 100
113 114 116 102
72 56 65 65
53 48 41 37
26 24 16 20
6 5 5 4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
620 678 929 961 800
145 144 175 167 149
66 60 73 64 60
79 84 102 104 88
474 533 754 793 651
138 171 221 214 164
168 178 267 270 235
90 92 140 156 124
49 57 75 93 71
24 31 45 54 51
5 5 5 5 5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
811 857 751 732 750
141 141 136 148 132
55 57 57 63 59
85 84 79 84 73
670 716 615 585 618
171 183 152 145 158
256 258 222 209 218
123 143 128 120 124
73 85 75 69 76
41 38 33 36 36
7 9 5 6 6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
876 1 092 1 311 1 248 1 187
161 179 219 201 198
68 79 94 86 90
94 99 124 115 108
714 913 1 093 1 047 989
167 214 240 237 220
263 332 390 354 348
156 206 267 261 227
85 110 126 132 132
36 44 59 54 51
7 8 10 10 12
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 140 1 132 1 069 1 026 945
205 199 197 214 196
96 85 87 89 79
109 114 110 125 117
934 933 872 812 750
209 217 206 194 171
325 296 269 260 233
224 246 229 203 190
106 101 99 96 104
54 59 56 48 42
16 14 13 11 10
2000 ......................................................
876
181
77
105
695
162
215
183
79
44
12
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
89
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
MEN 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
1 559 2 572
256 353
113 145
142 207
1 305 2 219
324 485
289 539
233 414
201 347
177 310
81 125
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 239 1 221 1 185 1 202 2 344
318 191 205 184 310
139 102 116 94 142
179 89 89 90 168
1 922 1 029 980 1 019 2 035
377 155 155 152 327
467 241 233 236 517
348 192 192 208 431
327 193 182 196 372
286 162 145 167 275
117 87 73 60 112
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 854 1 711 1 841 3 098 2 420
274 269 300 416 398
134 134 140 185 191
140 135 159 231 207
1 580 1 442 1 541 2 681 2 022
248 240 283 478 343
353 348 349 685 484
328 278 304 552 407
285 270 302 492 390
265 216 220 349 287
102 90 83 124 112
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 486 2 997 2 423 2 472 2 205
426 479 408 501 487
200 221 188 248 257
225 258 220 252 230
2 060 2 518 2 016 1 971 1 718
369 458 381 396 384
492 585 445 445 345
415 507 404 386 324
392 473 382 358 319
294 375 300 290 263
96 122 103 97 85
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 914 1 551 1 508 1 419 1 403
479 432 448 426 440
247 220 241 234 244
232 212 207 193 196
1 435 1 120 1 060 993 963
311 221 235 258 270
292 239 219 205 205
283 219 185 171 155
253 196 199 165 157
221 179 163 132 127
75 65 60 61 48
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 238 2 789 2 659 2 275 2 714
599 693 711 653 757
306 346 357 352 394
294 347 355 300 362
1 638 2 097 1 948 1 624 1 957
479 640 628 528 649
391 513 466 439 546
253 320 284 211 266
247 313 272 219 250
198 239 227 171 183
71 71 73 57 63
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 442 4 036 3 667 3 142 3 120
966 939 874 813 811
445 443 421 426 393
521 496 453 388 418
3 476 3 098 2 794 2 328 2 308
1 081 951 877 768 744
986 914 869 691 699
507 431 373 314 329
499 411 326 277 272
302 296 252 198 196
103 94 97 81 67
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 267 4 577 6 179 6 260 4 744
913 962 1 090 1 003 812
429 431 469 408 348
485 531 621 595 464
3 353 3 615 5 089 5 257 3 932
1 076 1 144 1 407 1 369 1 023
1 137 1 213 1 791 1 822 1 322
482 552 879 947 728
357 390 550 613 450
243 261 393 433 356
58 55 69 73 53
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 521 4 530 4 101 3 655 3 525
806 779 732 667 658
363 355 353 311 303
443 424 379 356 355
3 715 3 751 3 369 2 987 2 867
944 899 779 676 660
1 244 1 291 1 169 1 040 953
706 763 689 617 619
459 440 426 366 351
307 301 258 240 234
55 58 49 49 49
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 906 4 946 5 523 5 055 4 367
667 751 806 768 740
283 317 357 342 342
384 433 449 426 398
3 239 4 195 4 717 4 287 3 627
715 911 951 865 768
1 092 1 375 1 529 1 338 1 113
711 990 1 118 1 049 855
413 550 675 636 522
249 305 378 336 281
59 64 67 64 88
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 983 3 880 3 577 3 266 3 066
744 733 694 686 633
352 347 321 330 295
391 387 373 355 338
3 239 3 146 2 882 2 580 2 433
673 675 636 583 562
961 903 772 699 624
815 786 732 609 571
464 484 457 420 403
233 223 217 201 203
94 76 69 69 70
2000 ......................................................
2 954
604
283
321
2 350
549
579
564
391
185
82
See Note at end of table.
90
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WOMEN 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
717 1 065
153 223
67 93
86 130
564 841
131 195
168 237
114 189
89 124
49 74
12 21
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 049 834 698 632 1 188
195 145 140 123 191
87 66 64 56 79
108 79 76 67 79
854 689 559 510 997
184 118 113 104 177
235 194 156 143 276
182 162 133 117 249
151 125 92 84 176
82 76 50 51 99
20 16 13 10 20
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
998 1 039 1 018 1 504 1 320
176 209 197 262 256
77 97 90 114 110
99 112 107 148 147
823 832 821 1 242 1 063
148 155 147 223 200
224 206 224 308 242
193 198 195 319 266
151 159 146 239 213
90 95 80 123 118
18 19 28 30 23
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 366 1 717 1 488 1 598 1 581
286 349 313 383 385
125 142 124 172 179
162 207 189 210 207
1 080 1 368 1 175 1 216 1 195
214 265 255 262 276
260 305 267 287 262
256 343 284 288 281
222 278 223 231 224
102 141 111 120 115
26 37 38 29 32
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 452 1 324 1 468 1 397 1 429
395 405 391 412 413
164 175 159 180 192
231 229 231 233 220
1 056 921 1 078 985 1 015
246 225 277 285 290
237 202 261 238 248
263 207 237 200 203
183 173 184 149 163
101 86 93 87 89
28 27 26 27 24
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 855 2 227 2 222 2 089 2 441
506 568 598 583 665
231 250 276 282 305
275 318 322 301 360
1 349 1 658 1 625 1 507 1 777
387 489 503 480 564
327 420 413 427 497
262 310 293 240 294
229 260 237 212 248
111 142 141 119 137
33 38 38 31 36
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 486 3 369 3 324 3 061 3 018
802 780 789 769 743
355 352 361 370 346
447 429 428 399 396
2 684 2 588 2 535 2 292 2 276
783 763 752 714 697
791 795 782 731 748
444 417 412 381 375
395 346 340 275 268
219 214 198 148 150
52 53 50 43 38
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 370 3 696 4 499 4 457 3 794
755 800 886 825 687
349 350 362 344 298
407 450 524 481 390
2 615 2 895 3 613 3 632 3 107
760 833 985 961 815
886 998 1 246 1 255 1 052
459 513 673 703 607
318 325 416 427 378
155 184 254 244 211
36 43 38 41 45
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 791 3 707 3 324 3 046 3 003
661 675 616 558 536
298 310 295 262 234
363 365 321 297 302
3 129 3 032 2 709 2 487 2 467
794 752 674 585 558
1 098 1 099 960 889 897
634 609 592 550 540
355 350 298 291 286
211 189 155 136 144
39 33 30 38 41
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 140 3 683 4 090 3 885 3 629
544 608 621 597 580
243 270 283 264 282
301 338 338 333 298
2 596 3 074 3 469 3 288 3 049
584 662 698 648 605
902 1 071 1 173 1 058 954
617 728 858 847 772
310 396 463 485 449
137 168 210 205 204
46 49 66 45 66
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 421 3 356 3 162 2 944 2 814
602 573 577 519 529
299 270 268 242 249
303 303 310 277 280
2 819 2 783 2 585 2 424 2 285
571 564 516 498 480
880 854 800 720 654
735 720 686 650 584
381 399 373 362 350
193 183 152 141 163
60 63 58 53 54
2000 ......................................................
2 701
489
223
266
2 212
476
590
577
359
162
49
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
91
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE MEN 1954 ......................................................
1 913
266
125
142
1 647
260
408
341
299
241
98
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 478 1 366 1 477 2 489 1 903
232 221 243 333 318
114 112 118 149 162
117 108 124 184 156
1 246 1 145 1 234 2 156 1 585
196 186 222 382 256
260 265 257 525 350
246 212 239 436 316
233 225 250 404 320
223 177 193 299 245
89 81 73 110 98
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 988 2 398 1 915 1 976 1 779
341 384 334 407 400
167 176 158 211 217
174 208 176 196 183
1 647 2 014 1 581 1 569 1 379
295 370 300 309 310
376 442 332 342 262
330 395 311 297 255
317 382 308 294 266
243 318 246 246 216
86 107 84 80 70
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 556 1 241 1 208 1 142 1 137
387 340 342 328 343
200 178 186 185 198
186 162 156 143 145
1 169 901 866 814 794
254 172 185 206 214
226 185 171 162 165
228 173 153 140 130
206 160 167 142 134
190 154 140 111 108
67 57 52 55 43
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 857 2 309 2 173 1 836 2 169
485 562 564 513 584
255 288 288 284 311
230 275 276 229 274
1 372 1 747 1 610 1 323 1 585
388 513 506 411 505
316 418 375 353 434
212 268 231 166 218
216 272 237 188 213
177 211 199 153 161
64 66 60 51 53
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 627 3 258 2 883 2 411 2 405
785 754 672 615 633
369 368 342 338 319
416 385 330 277 313
2 841 2 504 2 211 1 797 1 773
871 750 660 558 553
796 730 682 525 526
412 346 297 250 253
411 341 276 227 220
265 259 213 169 165
86 78 82 68 56
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 345 3 580 4 846 4 859 3 600
716 755 854 761 608
347 349 387 328 280
369 406 467 433 328
2 629 2 825 3 991 4 098 2 992
827 869 1 066 1 019 722
884 943 1 385 1 410 991
378 433 696 755 572
291 317 460 497 363
206 221 331 362 302
44 42 53 54 42
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 426 3 433 3 132 2 766 2 636
592 576 548 499 487
282 276 272 239 230
310 299 276 260 257
2 834 2 857 2 584 2 268 2 149
694 645 568 480 476
931 978 879 777 694
553 586 536 477 470
356 349 350 293 280
257 248 209 200 191
43 51 43 40 38
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 935 3 859 4 209 3 828 3 275
504 575 590 565 540
214 249 270 261 259
290 327 319 305 280
2 431 3 284 3 620 3 263 2 735
510 677 686 619 555
796 1 064 1 155 1 015 827
530 780 858 793 626
330 438 543 512 417
214 269 318 270 236
51 55 58 53 74
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 999 2 896 2 641 2 431 2 274
535 532 502 510 461
260 260 234 254 223
275 273 268 257 237
2 465 2 363 2 140 1 920 1 813
483 478 439 405 398
711 655 553 512 441
621 592 549 441 419
371 383 358 342 322
200 188 182 164 172
79 67 58 58 61
2000 ......................................................
2 165
452
219
233
1 713
369
409
409
298
159
68
See Note at end of table.
92
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE WOMEN 1954 ......................................................
946
157
66
90
789
134
202
199
148
88
17
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
774 793 812 1 191 1 043
141 161 158 208 207
67 79 77 96 93
74 83 80 113 114
633 632 654 983 836
108 111 109 159 150
152 141 168 231 176
156 151 162 250 209
125 130 123 210 176
77 81 69 106 103
16 17 25 26 22
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 077 1 345 1 137 1 232 1 220
234 285 246 301 308
106 119 104 139 148
128 166 142 162 159
843 1 060 891 931 912
161 196 188 192 198
197 226 183 198 179
190 257 211 221 217
185 229 177 191 181
87 120 99 103 107
23 32 33 27 30
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 135 1 014 1 130 1 084 1 123
318 311 293 316 317
129 137 125 141 153
188 174 169 175 164
817 703 837 768 806
183 166 209 216 218
173 138 189 168 189
199 163 183 157 164
152 138 154 127 135
86 73 81 76 77
24 23 23 25 23
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 482 1 777 1 733 1 606 1 927
386 449 457 442 519
183 203 227 228 250
202 246 230 214 270
1 096 1 328 1 275 1 164 1 408
291 376 381 347 420
254 314 304 311 387
221 249 227 192 230
199 228 202 183 214
98 126 125 104 122
31 34 35 26 35
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 794 2 656 2 558 2 287 2 260
628 611 612 574 560
288 280 294 292 270
340 330 318 281 290
2 166 2 045 1 946 1 713 1 699
602 577 536 500 485
617 598 573 533 542
362 336 323 294 293
342 296 293 226 223
195 188 175 122 125
49 49 47 37 32
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 540 2 762 3 395 3 270 2 772
576 620 680 626 508
278 281 296 282 231
298 339 384 345 277
1 964 2 143 2 715 2 643 2 264
537 580 704 659 559
645 715 898 872 731
362 394 527 539 464
259 261 337 340 297
129 158 217 201 173
31 36 33 33 39
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 765 2 708 2 369 2 177 2 135
482 495 447 412 376
225 233 223 198 177
257 262 224 214 199
2 283 2 213 1 922 1 766 1 758
541 504 449 393 380
763 773 648 594 603
486 470 448 413 401
286 281 227 227 223
175 159 124 110 120
32 27 25 30 32
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 251 2 701 2 959 2 827 2 617
399 453 447 426 420
187 212 214 208 211
212 241 233 219 208
1 852 2 248 2 512 2 400 2 197
389 455 469 438 397
605 741 811 739 652
453 550 625 618 558
251 320 372 395 361
116 141 177 172 170
37 41 58 39 58
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 460 2 404 2 195 2 053 1 999
418 407 411 365 383
216 196 204 171 190
201 211 207 195 193
2 042 1 998 1 784 1 688 1 616
384 376 326 327 322
600 568 515 467 423
540 525 486 460 423
306 326 290 279 273
162 148 119 112 131
52 55 49 43 43
2000 ......................................................
1 934
353
170
183
1 581
315
396
415
286
131
38
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
93
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK MEN 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
448 395 494
143 128 159
66 62 75
77 66 82
305 267 336
113 108 129
84 75 103
45 37 41
31 27 35
23 16 19
9 5 8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
741 698 698 641 636
170 170 187 180 164
71 69 73 80 68
100 103 114 101 97
571 528 512 462 473
195 185 197 185 174
169 166 170 148 152
83 73 63 53 66
78 60 40 40 44
33 32 31 24 27
13 13 12 11 10
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
815 891 1 167 1 213 1 003
179 188 213 211 188
72 73 72 70 62
108 115 141 142 126
636 703 954 1 002 815
222 248 304 313 272
222 245 355 358 289
88 102 154 162 132
60 65 74 96 67
32 32 54 59 45
12 10 12 14 9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
951 946 826 771 773
193 180 160 154 153
69 68 70 64 65
124 112 90 90 88
757 765 666 617 619
224 225 186 177 162
268 273 253 233 226
127 148 122 111 129
85 70 61 58 59
43 44 39 30 33
11 5 6 8 10
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
806 890 1 067 971 848
142 145 180 170 167
62 54 71 66 69
80 91 109 104 97
664 745 886 801 682
177 201 221 201 173
247 252 301 260 218
146 172 208 201 180
62 87 107 87 72
27 25 42 46 29
6 7 6 7 10
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
762 808 747 671 626
168 169 162 147 145
73 73 70 61 60
95 96 92 86 85
593 639 585 524 480
153 163 165 151 135
195 210 178 148 143
150 158 141 133 114
63 75 72 60 60
21 26 22 24 22
11 7 7 8 7
2000 ......................................................
636
125
54
71
511
151
136
127
71
16
10
1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
458 451 470
136 134 139
47 51 51
90 82 87
322 317 331
113 123 132
99 105 98
61 45 55
31 26 30
14 13 14
3 4 2
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
629 637 695 690 683
160 160 167 179 169
60 66 63 70 69
100 93 104 110 100
469 477 528 510 513
167 165 200 194 195
153 172 185 173 183
75 73 77 74 71
48 41 41 41 38
22 23 21 23 21
4 3 4 6 5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
738 840 975 1 059 911
164 169 182 181 165
62 65 58 56 60
102 104 124 125 104
574 671 793 878 747
204 235 261 278 231
211 248 307 342 288
83 105 123 137 121
49 54 67 77 71
21 23 29 36 30
6 7 5 7 5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
913 894 858 776 772
164 167 152 134 147
66 70 64 57 51
98 97 88 78 96
750 728 706 642 625
231 228 211 172 160
295 291 280 269 267
127 121 125 118 118
58 57 63 53 50
31 25 23 22 21
7 5 4 7 9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
758 833 944 872 818
126 135 144 143 133
49 51 56 46 57
76 84 88 97 76
633 698 800 729 685
172 177 200 186 178
258 288 308 272 249
132 145 194 175 166
44 64 71 66 59
17 19 22 26 26
8 6 6 5 6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
777 784 813 756 684
157 141 140 134 123
... 60 53 63 49
87 80 87 71 74
620 643 673 622 561
158 164 163 150 138
228 244 248 218 196
153 155 166 160 135
53 52 64 65 61
20 21 24 21 25
... 7 9 8 7
2000 ......................................................
633
114
46
68
519
139
156
134
59
21
10
BLACK WOMEN
See Note at end of table.
94
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
16 to 17 years
Total
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC MEN 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
278 253 234 223
60 60 59 55
30 27 35 29
31 33 24 27
217 195 175 168
69 57 51 52
63 65 59 50
38 28 30 33
29 22 20 19
16 15 10 11
4 4 4 3
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
370 408 565 591 480
86 87 104 100 87
39 40 45 38 36
47 47 59 62 51
284 321 461 491 393
85 105 138 134 103
96 113 169 168 142
51 49 80 92 69
31 31 40 57 41
16 19 29 36 33
5 4 4 4 4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
483 520 451 437 423
82 82 77 86 81
34 33 32 36 36
49 50 45 50 45
401 438 374 351 342
108 115 88 83 88
156 159 137 128 113
69 86 77 70 69
40 46 46 42 43
23 26 22 24 25
5 5 4 5 4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
524 685 807 747 680
100 110 132 118 121
40 47 56 50 54
60 62 75 68 67
425 575 675 629 558
99 139 156 144 128
154 210 239 217 203
91 126 156 148 113
53 62 75 79 75
25 33 42 33 30
4 5 6 8 9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
651 607 582 552 480
121 112 110 117 106
59 49 47 54 42
63 63 63 62 63
530 495 471 436 374
123 117 125 115 96
185 165 137 142 109
120 124 113 97 83
57 49 54 49 54
33 31 35 29 24
13 9 8 5 7
2000 ......................................................
441
96
41
55
345
85
98
89
41
23
9
HISPANIC WOMEN 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
207 204 219 211
45 50 51 50
22 23 28 26
24 27 23 24
166 153 168 160
47 40 46 48
52 49 58 52
33 28 36 32
22 25 20 18
10 11 8 10
2 1 1 1
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
249 269 364 369 320
59 57 71 68 62
28 20 28 26 25
31 37 43 42 37
190 212 293 302 258
53 65 83 80 61
72 65 98 102 93
39 43 60 65 55
18 25 35 36 30
8 13 16 18 17
... 1 1 1 1
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
327 337 300 296 327
58 59 59 62 51
22 25 25 27 23
37 35 34 34 28
269 278 241 234 276
63 68 64 63 70
100 99 85 81 105
54 57 51 50 55
32 39 29 27 33
18 12 11 12 11
2 3 1 1 2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
351 407 504 501 508
62 69 87 83 77
28 32 38 36 36
34 37 49 47 40
289 339 418 418 431
68 74 84 93 92
109 122 151 136 145
65 80 111 113 115
32 48 51 53 57
11 12 17 21 21
3 3 4 1 2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
488 525 488 473 466
84 88 87 98 90
38 36 40 35 36
46 52 46 63 54
404 438 401 376 376
86 100 81 80 75
140 131 132 118 124
104 122 117 106 107
50 52 46 48 50
21 27 21 19 17
3 5 4 5 3
2000 ......................................................
435
85
36
49
350
77
117
94
38
21
4
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
95
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000 (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
TOTAL 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
3.8 5.9
9.2 13.4
10.1 14.0
8.6 13.0
3.3 5.4
6.2 9.3
3.2 5.4
2.6 4.4
2.7 4.2
3.1 5.2
3.2 4.9
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5
12.2 8.2 8.5 7.6 12.6
13.6 9.6 10.0 8.7 13.5
11.2 7.1 7.3 6.8 10.7
4.8 3.0 2.7 2.6 5.1
7.7 4.1 4.6 4.7 9.2
4.8 3.0 2.6 2.5 5.3
3.8 2.5 2.3 2.2 4.5
4.2 2.7 2.3 2.3 4.4
4.8 3.1 2.4 2.7 4.5
4.5 3.4 2.9 2.2 4.1
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5
11.0 11.1 11.6 15.9 14.6
12.3 12.3 12.5 16.4 15.3
10.0 10.2 10.9 15.5 14.0
3.9 3.7 3.8 6.2 4.8
7.0 6.6 7.1 11.2 8.5
3.8 3.7 3.9 6.8 5.0
3.4 3.0 3.1 5.4 4.2
3.4 3.2 3.3 5.2 4.2
4.2 3.5 3.4 5.2 4.4
3.6 3.2 3.4 4.8 4.3
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2
14.7 16.8 14.7 17.2 16.2
15.5 18.3 16.3 19.3 17.8
14.1 15.8 13.6 15.6 14.9
4.8 5.9 4.9 4.8 4.3
8.7 10.4 9.0 8.8 8.3
5.2 6.2 5.1 5.2 4.3
4.1 5.2 4.1 4.0 3.6
4.1 5.0 4.0 3.8 3.5
4.2 5.4 4.2 4.1 3.7
3.8 5.1 4.5 4.1 3.8
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5
14.8 12.8 12.9 12.7 12.2
16.5 14.8 14.6 14.7 14.5
13.5 11.3 11.6 11.2 10.5
3.6 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.7
6.7 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.7
3.7 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.8
3.2 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2
2.8 2.3 2.4 1.9 1.9
3.1 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.9
3.3 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.2
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6
15.3 16.9 16.2 14.5 16.0
17.1 18.7 18.5 17.3 18.3
13.8 15.5 14.6 12.4 14.3
4.0 4.9 4.5 3.9 4.5
8.2 10.0 9.3 7.8 9.1
4.2 5.3 4.6 4.2 4.8
3.1 3.9 3.5 2.7 3.3
2.8 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.9
2.7 3.3 3.2 2.6 2.8
3.2 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.4
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8
19.9 19.0 17.8 16.4 16.1
21.4 21.1 19.9 19.3 18.1
18.9 17.5 16.2 14.2 14.7
7.3 6.5 5.9 5.0 4.8
13.6 12.0 11.0 9.6 9.1
7.8 7.1 6.5 5.3 5.2
5.6 4.9 4.4 3.7 3.6
5.2 4.5 3.9 3.3 3.2
4.6 4.5 3.9 2.9 2.9
5.2 5.1 5.0 4.0 3.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5
17.8 19.6 23.2 22.4 18.9
20.0 21.4 24.9 24.5 21.2
16.2 18.4 22.1 21.1 17.4
6.1 6.5 8.6 8.6 6.7
11.5 12.3 14.9 14.5 11.5
6.9 7.3 9.7 9.7 7.3
4.6 5.0 6.9 7.0 5.4
4.0 4.2 5.7 6.2 4.9
3.3 3.7 5.4 5.6 4.7
3.1 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.3
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3
18.6 18.3 16.9 15.3 15.0
21.0 20.2 19.1 17.4 17.2
17.0 17.0 15.2 13.8 13.6
6.4 6.2 5.4 4.8 4.6
11.1 10.7 9.7 8.7 8.6
7.0 6.9 6.0 5.4 5.2
5.1 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.8
4.7 4.5 4.0 3.4 3.2
4.3 4.1 3.5 3.2 3.2
3.2 3.0 2.5 2.7 2.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1
15.5 18.7 20.1 19.0 17.6
17.9 21.0 23.1 21.4 19.9
14.1 17.2 18.2 17.5 16.0
4.9 6.1 6.8 6.2 5.4
8.8 10.8 11.4 10.5 9.7
5.6 6.9 7.6 6.9 6.0
4.1 5.2 5.8 5.5 4.6
3.6 4.5 5.1 4.8 4.0
3.3 4.1 5.1 4.7 4.1
3.0 3.3 3.8 3.2 4.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2
17.3 16.7 16.0 14.6 13.9
20.2 18.9 18.2 17.2 16.3
15.3 15.2 14.5 12.8 12.4
4.9 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.6
9.1 9.3 8.5 7.9 7.5
5.4 5.2 4.7 4.3 4.0
4.3 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.0
3.3 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.6
3.6 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.7
4.0 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.1
2000 ......................................................
4.0
13.1
15.4
11.5
3.4
7.1
3.7
3.0
2.5
2.5
3.1
See Note at end of table.
96
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE 1954 ......................................................
5.0
12.1
13.2
11.3
4.6
8.3
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.3
3.9
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.9 3.6 3.8 6.1 4.8
10.4 10.1 10.6 14.4 13.1
12.0 11.5 11.9 15.2 14.4
9.2 9.0 9.6 13.9 12.1
3.4 3.2 3.4 5.6 4.3
6.2 5.7 6.3 9.9 7.3
3.1 3.1 3.3 5.9 4.2
2.9 2.6 2.8 4.8 3.7
3.1 2.9 3.0 4.8 3.8
3.8 3.2 3.2 4.9 4.1
3.4 3.1 3.2 4.6 4.1
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.0 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.6
13.5 15.3 13.3 15.5 14.8
14.6 16.7 15.3 17.9 16.5
12.6 14.4 12.0 13.7 13.3
4.3 5.3 4.2 4.2 3.8
7.9 9.4 7.9 7.7 7.3
4.5 5.3 4.2 4.4 3.6
3.6 4.5 3.6 3.5 3.2
3.8 4.5 3.6 3.5 3.2
3.9 5.0 3.9 3.8 3.5
3.7 4.8 4.0 3.8 3.5
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.1 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.1
13.4 11.2 11.0 11.0 10.7
14.8 13.3 12.8 12.9 13.0
12.3 9.7 9.8 9.6 8.9
3.3 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.4
6.1 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.0
3.2 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.5
2.9 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.0
2.5 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.8
2.9 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.8
3.2 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.2
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.5 5.4 5.1 4.3 5.0
13.5 15.1 14.2 12.6 14.0
15.5 17.0 16.6 15.4 16.3
11.9 13.8 12.3 10.4 12.2
3.7 4.5 4.1 3.5 4.1
7.3 9.0 8.4 6.8 8.0
3.8 4.7 4.1 3.7 4.4
3.0 3.6 3.2 2.5 3.1
2.7 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.8
2.7 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.8
3.2 3.5 3.4 2.9 3.3
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7.8 7.0 6.2 5.2 5.1
17.9 16.9 15.4 13.9 14.0
19.5 19.0 17.9 17.0 16.1
16.7 15.3 13.5 11.5 12.4
6.7 5.9 5.3 4.3 4.2
12.3 10.7 9.3 8.0 7.6
7.1 6.3 5.7 4.6 4.4
5.2 4.5 4.0 3.3 3.2
4.9 4.2 3.8 3.0 3.0
4.5 4.3 3.7 2.7 2.7
5.1 4.9 4.9 3.8 3.1
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6.3 6.7 8.6 8.4 6.5
15.5 17.3 20.4 19.3 16.0
17.9 19.2 22.8 22.0 18.8
13.8 15.9 18.8 17.6 14.3
5.4 5.7 7.6 7.5 5.7
9.9 10.4 12.8 12.1 9.3
6.1 6.3 8.5 8.4 6.2
4.2 4.5 6.3 6.3 4.8
3.7 3.9 5.4 5.7 4.4
3.1 3.5 5.1 5.2 4.4
2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6.2 6.0 5.3 4.7 4.5
15.7 15.6 14.4 13.1 12.7
18.3 17.6 16.7 15.3 15.2
13.9 14.1 12.7 11.6 11.1
5.5 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.9
9.2 8.7 8.0 7.1 7.2
5.9 5.9 5.1 4.5 4.3
4.6 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.3
4.3 4.1 3.7 3.1 2.9
4.0 3.8 3.2 3.0 3.0
2.9 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.3
13.5 16.5 17.2 16.2 15.1
15.8 19.0 20.3 19.0 17.6
12.1 14.9 15.2 14.4 13.3
4.3 5.5 6.0 5.5 4.7
7.3 9.2 9.5 8.8 8.1
4.6 6.1 6.7 6.0 5.2
3.6 4.7 5.2 4.9 4.0
3.3 4.2 4.8 4.5 3.7
3.2 4.0 4.9 4.3 3.9
2.8 3.1 3.7 3.0 3.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.7
14.5 14.2 13.6 12.6 12.0
17.3 16.4 15.8 14.8 14.5
12.5 12.6 12.0 11.0 10.2
4.3 4.1 3.6 3.3 3.1
7.7 7.8 6.9 6.5 6.3
4.6 4.4 3.9 3.7 3.3
3.9 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.7
3.1 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.4
3.5 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.5
3.8 3.5 3.0 2.9 2.9
2000 ......................................................
3.5
11.4
13.9
9.7
3.0
5.8
3.2
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.8
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
97
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
10.4 9.4 10.5
35.4 31.5 35.0
38.7 37.0 40.0
33.6 28.1 31.8
7.9 7.2 8.0
16.3 15.5 17.5
8.7 8.1 8.5
6.1 4.7 5.4
4.2 3.5 4.3
4.1 3.2 3.6
4.3 3.5 3.9
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
14.8 14.0 14.0 12.8 12.3
39.5 39.3 41.1 38.7 36.5
41.6 44.2 44.5 43.9 40.2
38.1 36.7 39.2 35.7 34.4
12.3 11.5 11.5 10.2 10.1
24.5 22.7 24.2 21.8 20.6
13.0 12.8 12.7 10.8 10.8
8.9 8.0 7.4 6.4 6.7
8.3 6.7 5.3 5.2 5.2
5.9 5.9 5.5 4.8 4.9
6.6 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.3
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
14.3 15.6 18.9 19.5 15.9
38.5 41.4 48.0 48.5 42.7
41.1 44.8 48.6 50.5 45.7
37.1 39.5 47.8 47.6 41.2
12.1 13.4 16.6 17.3 13.9
23.6 26.4 30.6 31.6 26.1
13.3 14.7 19.0 19.0 15.2
8.2 9.5 12.1 12.4 9.9
6.8 7.4 8.7 10.7 8.2
5.4 5.5 8.3 9.2 7.4
6.9 7.0 7.1 9.2 6.5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
15.1 14.5 13.0 11.7 11.4
40.2 39.3 34.7 32.4 32.4
43.6 43.0 39.7 35.1 32.9
38.3 37.2 31.6 30.7 32.2
13.1 12.7 11.3 10.2 9.9
24.5 24.1 21.8 19.6 18.0
14.5 14.0 12.8 11.9 11.5
9.5 9.6 8.4 7.5 7.6
8.2 7.1 6.8 5.9 5.6
7.0 6.6 5.6 4.8 5.2
7.0 4.5 3.9 5.5 6.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
11.4 12.5 14.2 13.0 11.5
30.9 36.1 39.7 38.8 35.2
36.5 39.5 44.7 39.7 36.1
27.8 34.4 37.1 38.4 34.6
10.1 11.1 12.6 11.4 10.0
19.9 21.6 23.8 21.9 19.5
11.7 12.7 14.2 12.6 11.1
7.8 8.5 10.5 9.5 8.5
5.3 7.4 8.3 6.9 5.6
4.6 4.4 6.2 7.1 5.4
5.3 5.2 4.9 4.7 6.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.4 10.5 10.0 8.9 8.0
35.7 33.6 32.4 27.6 27.9
39.1 36.3 35.0 33.6 31.0
33.4 31.7 30.8 24.2 26.2
8.7 9.0 8.6 7.7 6.8
17.7 18.8 18.3 16.8 14.6
9.9 10.5 9.9 8.4 7.6
7.3 7.3 7.0 6.5 5.3
4.8 5.0 5.0 4.4 4.0
4.0 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.9
6.7 5.3 6.1 5.6 5.0
2000 ......................................................
7.6
24.7
27.2
23.2
6.6
15.0
6.8
5.6
4.1
3.0
6.1
7.5 8.1
19.7 19.8
23.4 23.5
17.3 17.2
6.0 6.6
8.5 9.8
5.7 6.3
5.6 5.9
4.7 4.6
5.5 6.1
3.9 6.3
HISPANIC 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ...................................................... 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
12.2 11.5 10.1 9.1 8.3
27.7 23.8 22.9 20.7 19.2
30.0 29.2 27.0 28.3 26.0
26.5 19.2 19.6 15.1 14.9
10.3 10.1 8.5 7.7 7.0
16.7 15.9 12.0 10.9 10.4
9.9 9.1 8.6 8.0 6.7
8.6 8.2 6.1 6.5 6.2
8.1 8.4 7.3 5.8 5.2
7.7 8.8 8.2 5.0 6.0
9.9 12.6 9.2 7.5 5.7
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.1 10.4 13.8 13.7 10.7
22.5 23.9 29.9 28.4 24.1
27.6 28.0 38.1 33.8 28.9
19.5 21.7 25.9 25.8 21.6
8.6 9.1 12.3 12.3 9.5
12.1 13.9 17.7 16.7 12.4
9.1 8.8 12.3 11.9 9.7
7.7 7.4 10.7 11.3 8.2
5.7 6.4 8.4 10.0 7.5
5.9 7.3 10.1 10.9 9.7
6.0 5.4 6.5 5.8 6.1
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.5 10.6 8.8 8.2 8.0
24.3 24.7 22.3 22.0 19.4
27.8 28.1 27.7 27.1 26.4
22.5 22.9 19.5 19.3 16.0
9.4 9.5 7.8 7.0 7.2
12.6 12.9 10.6 9.8 10.7
9.9 9.6 7.7 7.1 7.0
7.7 8.4 6.7 6.0 5.9
7.4 7.8 6.9 6.0 6.3
7.8 7.3 6.0 5.8 5.8
8.1 10.1 6.5 5.6 5.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8.2 10.0 11.6 10.8 9.9
19.5 22.9 27.5 26.1 24.5
24.5 31.9 35.7 35.1 31.7
16.9 18.7 23.4 21.8 20.6
7.2 9.0 10.4 9.7 8.9
9.1 11.6 13.2 13.1 11.8
7.3 9.2 10.4 9.3 9.0
6.6 8.1 9.8 9.1 7.7
6.4 8.0 8.8 8.6 8.1
5.6 6.5 8.6 8.0 7.3
6.0 7.0 8.1 6.6 7.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
9.3 8.9 7.7 7.2 6.4
24.1 23.6 21.6 21.3 18.6
33.1 30.0 27.7 28.0 23.7
19.5 20.3 18.4 18.1 16.3
8.2 7.8 6.8 6.1 5.5
11.5 11.8 10.3 9.4 8.3
8.2 7.3 6.3 5.9 5.4
7.2 7.3 6.4 5.5 4.8
6.4 6.0 5.1 4.6 4.8
7.5 7.3 6.5 5.3 4.5
10.6 8.2 6.8 6.4 5.0
2000 ......................................................
5.7
16.7
22.7
14.0
4.9
7.5
4.8
4.5
3.3
4.5
5.7
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
99
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WOMEN 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
4.1 6.0
8.3 12.3
10.0 14.4
7.4 11.2
3.6 5.3
4.8 7.3
4.3 5.9
3.0 4.7
3.0 4.0
3.1 4.4
2.3 3.8
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.7 4.4 3.6 3.3 6.0
11.4 8.3 8.0 7.2 11.4
14.2 10.0 9.1 8.5 12.7
9.8 7.2 7.3 6.4 7.7
5.1 4.0 3.2 2.9 5.5
6.9 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.3
5.7 4.5 3.6 3.4 6.6
4.4 3.8 3.0 2.5 5.3
4.5 3.5 2.5 2.3 4.6
4.5 4.0 2.5 2.5 4.6
3.4 2.9 2.2 1.4 3.0
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.9 4.8 4.7 6.8 5.9
10.2 11.2 10.6 14.3 13.5
12.0 13.2 12.6 16.6 14.4
9.1 9.9 9.4 12.9 13.0
4.4 4.2 4.1 6.1 5.2
6.1 6.3 6.0 8.9 8.1
5.3 4.8 5.3 7.3 5.9
4.0 3.9 3.8 6.2 5.1
3.6 3.6 3.2 4.9 4.2
3.8 3.6 3.0 4.5 4.1
2.3 2.3 3.4 3.7 2.8
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.9 7.2 6.2 6.5 6.2
13.9 16.3 14.6 17.2 16.6
15.5 18.3 16.7 20.2 18.8
12.9 15.1 13.5 15.2 15.2
5.1 6.3 5.4 5.4 5.2
8.3 9.8 9.1 8.9 8.6
6.3 7.4 6.5 6.9 6.3
4.8 6.4 5.2 5.1 5.0
4.2 5.1 4.1 4.2 3.9
3.4 4.5 3.5 3.6 3.3
2.9 4.0 4.2 3.2 3.3
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.5 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.7
15.7 14.1 13.5 14.0 13.3
17.2 16.6 14.8 15.9 15.5
14.8 12.6 12.8 12.9 11.8
4.5 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.7
7.3 6.3 7.0 6.7 6.3
5.5 4.5 5.4 4.7 4.6
4.6 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.4
3.2 2.9 3.1 2.4 2.6
2.8 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2
2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.3
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7
15.6 17.2 16.7 15.3 16.6
17.4 18.7 18.8 17.7 18.2
14.4 16.2 15.2 13.5 15.4
4.8 5.7 5.4 4.9 5.5
7.9 9.6 9.4 8.5 9.5
5.7 7.0 6.2 5.8 6.2
4.4 5.2 4.9 3.9 4.6
3.5 4.0 3.6 3.2 3.7
2.7 3.3 3.3 2.8 3.2
3.1 3.6 3.5 2.9 3.6
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8
19.7 18.7 18.3 17.1 16.4
21.2 20.8 20.5 19.5 18.3
18.7 17.4 16.9 15.3 15.0
8.0 7.4 7.0 6.0 5.7
12.7 11.9 11.2 10.1 9.6
9.1 8.4 7.7 6.7 6.5
6.8 6.1 5.7 5.0 4.6
5.9 5.2 5.1 4.0 3.9
5.1 4.9 4.4 3.2 3.2
5.0 5.0 4.7 3.8 3.3
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7.4 7.9 9.4 9.2 7.6
17.2 19.0 21.9 21.3 18.0
19.6 20.7 23.2 23.7 20.4
15.6 17.9 21.0 19.9 16.6
6.4 6.8 8.3 8.1 6.8
10.4 11.2 13.2 12.9 10.9
7.2 7.7 9.3 9.1 7.4
5.3 5.7 7.0 6.9 5.6
4.5 4.6 5.9 6.0 5.2
3.3 3.8 5.2 5.0 4.3
3.1 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.8
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.4
17.6 17.6 15.9 14.4 14.0
20.0 19.6 18.0 16.6 15.7
16.0 16.3 14.3 12.9 13.0
6.6 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.7
10.7 10.3 9.4 8.5 8.3
7.4 7.2 6.2 5.6 5.6
5.5 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.9
4.8 4.5 3.7 3.4 3.2
4.3 3.8 3.1 2.7 2.8
3.3 2.8 2.4 2.9 2.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.5 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.0
14.7 17.5 18.6 17.5 16.2
17.4 20.2 21.5 19.8 18.7
13.1 15.9 16.6 16.1 14.3
4.9 5.7 6.3 5.9 5.4
8.5 9.8 10.3 9.7 9.2
5.6 6.8 7.4 6.8 6.2
4.2 4.8 5.5 5.3 4.7
3.4 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.0
2.8 3.4 4.2 4.0 3.9
3.1 3.3 4.5 3.1 4.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.3
16.1 15.2 15.0 12.9 13.2
19.2 16.9 17.2 15.1 15.5
14.0 14.0 13.6 11.5 11.6
4.9 4.8 4.4 4.1 3.8
9.0 9.0 8.1 7.8 7.2
5.7 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.4
4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.3
3.2 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.5
3.6 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.6
3.7 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.2
2000 ......................................................
4.1
12.1
14.0
10.8
3.6
7.0
4.0
3.3
2.5
2.5
2.8
See Note at end of table.
100
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE MEN 1954 ......................................................
4.8
13.4
14.0
13.0
4.4
9.8
4.2
3.6
3.8
4.3
4.2
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.7 3.4 3.6 6.1 4.6
11.3 10.5 11.5 15.7 14.0
12.2 11.2 11.9 14.9 15.0
10.4 9.7 11.1 16.5 13.0
3.3 3.0 3.2 5.5 4.1
7.0 6.1 7.0 11.7 7.5
2.7 2.8 2.7 5.6 3.8
2.6 2.2 2.5 4.4 3.2
2.9 2.8 3.0 4.8 3.7
3.9 3.1 3.4 5.2 4.2
3.8 3.4 3.2 5.0 4.5
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.8 5.7 4.6 4.7 4.1
14.0 15.7 13.7 15.9 14.7
14.6 16.5 15.2 17.8 16.1
13.5 15.2 12.7 14.2 13.3
4.2 5.1 4.0 3.9 3.4
8.3 10.1 8.1 7.8 7.4
4.1 4.9 3.8 3.9 3.0
3.3 4.0 3.1 2.9 2.5
3.6 4.4 3.5 3.3 2.9
4.1 5.3 4.1 4.0 3.5
4.0 5.2 4.0 4.1 3.6
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5
12.9 10.5 10.7 10.1 10.0
14.7 12.5 12.7 12.3 12.5
11.3 8.9 9.0 8.3 7.9
2.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9
5.9 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.6
2.6 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7
2.3 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4
2.3 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.4
3.1 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.7
3.4 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.2
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.0 4.9 4.5 3.8 4.4
13.7 15.1 14.2 12.3 13.5
15.7 17.1 16.4 15.2 16.2
12.0 13.5 12.4 10.0 11.5
3.2 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.5
7.8 9.4 8.5 6.6 7.8
3.1 4.0 3.4 3.0 3.6
2.3 2.9 2.5 1.8 2.4
2.3 2.9 2.5 2.0 2.2
2.7 3.2 3.0 2.4 2.5
3.2 3.4 3.3 2.9 3.0
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7.2 6.4 5.5 4.6 4.5
18.3 17.3 15.0 13.5 13.9
19.7 19.7 17.6 16.9 16.1
17.2 15.5 13.0 10.8 12.2
6.2 5.4 4.7 3.7 3.6
13.1 10.9 9.3 7.7 7.5
6.3 5.6 5.0 3.8 3.7
4.5 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.5
4.4 3.7 3.0 2.5 2.5
4.1 4.0 3.3 2.6 2.5
5.0 4.7 4.9 3.9 3.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6.1 6.5 8.8 8.8 6.4
16.2 17.9 21.7 20.2 16.8
18.5 19.9 24.2 22.6 19.7
14.5 16.4 20.0 18.7 15.0
5.3 5.6 7.8 7.9 5.7
11.1 11.6 14.3 13.8 9.8
5.9 6.1 8.9 9.0 6.2
3.6 4.0 6.2 6.4 4.6
3.3 3.6 5.3 5.7 4.2
3.1 3.4 5.1 5.6 4.7
2.5 2.4 3.2 3.2 2.6
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6.1 6.0 5.4 4.7 4.5
16.5 16.3 15.5 13.9 13.7
19.2 18.4 17.9 16.1 16.4
14.7 14.7 13.7 12.4 12.0
5.4 5.3 4.8 4.1 3.9
9.7 9.2 8.4 7.4 7.5
5.7 5.8 5.2 4.6 4.1
4.3 4.4 3.9 3.4 3.2
4.1 4.0 3.9 3.2 2.9
4.0 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.1
2.7 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.9 6.5 7.0 6.3 5.4
14.3 17.6 18.5 17.7 16.3
16.1 19.7 21.5 20.2 18.5
13.2 16.3 16.5 16.0 14.7
4.3 5.8 6.4 5.7 4.8
7.6 10.2 10.5 9.6 8.8
4.7 6.4 7.0 6.2 5.2
3.5 5.0 5.5 5.0 3.9
3.4 4.4 5.1 4.7 3.7
3.6 4.6 5.5 4.7 4.1
2.8 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.6
15.6 15.5 14.3 14.1 12.6
18.2 18.3 16.3 17.1 15.1
13.8 13.5 12.9 12.1 10.8
4.3 4.1 3.6 3.2 3.0
7.9 8.1 7.3 6.7 6.5
4.5 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.1
3.8 3.5 3.2 2.6 2.4
3.2 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.4
3.4 3.2 3.0 2.6 2.6
4.0 3.2 2.7 2.9 2.9
2000 ......................................................
3.4
12.3
15.2
10.4
2.8
5.9
2.9
2.4
2.2
2.4
3.1
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
101
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE WOMEN 1954 ......................................................
5.5
10.4
12.0
9.4
5.1
6.4
5.7
4.9
4.4
4.5
2.8
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.3 4.2 4.3 6.2 5.3
9.1 9.7 9.5 12.7 12.0
11.6 12.1 11.9 15.6 13.3
7.7 8.3 7.8 11.0 11.1
3.9 3.7 3.8 5.6 4.7
5.1 5.1 5.1 7.3 7.0
4.3 4.0 4.7 6.6 5.2
3.8 3.5 3.7 5.6 4.7
3.4 3.3 3.0 4.9 3.9
3.6 3.5 2.9 4.3 4.0
2.2 2.3 3.4 3.5 2.9
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.3 6.5 5.5 5.8 5.5
12.7 14.8 12.8 15.1 14.9
14.5 17.0 15.6 18.1 17.1
11.5 13.6 11.3 13.2 13.2
4.6 5.7 4.7 4.8 4.6
7.2 8.4 7.7 7.4 7.1
5.7 6.6 5.4 5.8 5.2
4.2 5.6 4.5 4.6 4.5
4.0 4.8 3.7 3.9 3.6
3.3 4.3 3.5 3.5 3.5
2.8 3.8 4.0 3.3 3.4
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.0 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.2
14.0 12.1 11.5 12.1 11.5
15.0 14.5 12.9 13.9 13.7
13.4 10.7 10.6 11.0 10.0
4.0 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.4
6.3 5.3 6.0 5.9 5.5
4.9 3.7 4.7 3.9 4.2
4.1 3.3 3.7 3.1 3.2
3.0 2.7 2.9 2.3 2.4
2.7 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.1
2.7 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.4
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.4 6.3 5.9 5.3 6.1
13.4 15.1 14.2 13.0 14.5
15.3 16.7 17.0 15.8 16.4
11.9 14.1 12.3 10.9 13.0
4.4 5.3 4.9 4.3 5.1
6.9 8.5 8.2 7.1 8.2
5.3 6.3 5.5 5.1 5.8
4.3 4.9 4.4 3.7 4.3
3.4 3.9 3.5 3.2 3.6
2.6 3.3 3.3 2.7 3.2
3.3 3.6 3.7 2.8 3.9
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8.6 7.9 7.3 6.2 5.9
17.4 16.4 15.9 14.4 14.0
19.2 18.2 18.2 17.1 15.9
16.1 15.1 14.2 12.4 12.5
7.5 6.8 6.2 5.2 5.0
11.2 10.4 9.3 8.3 7.8
8.4 7.6 6.7 5.8 5.6
6.5 5.8 5.3 4.5 4.2
5.8 5.0 5.0 3.8 3.7
5.0 4.8 4.4 3.0 3.0
5.3 5.3 4.9 3.7 3.1
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6.5 6.9 8.3 7.9 6.5
14.8 16.6 19.0 18.3 15.2
17.3 18.4 21.2 21.4 17.8
13.1 15.3 17.6 16.4 13.6
5.6 5.9 7.3 6.9 5.8
8.5 9.1 10.9 10.3 8.8
6.3 6.6 8.0 7.6 6.1
4.9 5.1 6.4 6.2 5.0
4.3 4.2 5.5 5.5 4.8
3.1 3.7 5.0 4.7 4.0
3.0 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.7
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6.4 6.1 5.2 4.7 4.5
14.8 14.9 13.4 12.3 11.5
17.2 16.7 15.5 14.4 13.8
13.1 13.6 11.7 10.8 10.1
5.7 5.4 4.6 4.1 4.0
8.5 8.1 7.4 6.7 6.8
6.2 6.1 5.0 4.5 4.5
4.9 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.4
4.5 4.3 3.3 3.1 2.9
4.1 3.7 2.9 2.5 2.7
3.1 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.7 5.6 6.1 5.7 5.2
12.6 15.2 15.8 14.7 13.8
15.5 18.2 18.9 17.8 16.6
10.9 13.3 13.7 12.6 11.8
4.1 5.0 5.5 5.2 4.6
6.8 8.1 8.3 7.9 7.4
4.6 5.7 6.2 5.8 5.1
3.7 4.3 4.9 4.7 4.2
3.2 4.0 4.3 4.3 3.7
2.7 3.3 4.0 3.9 3.7
2.8 3.1 4.5 3.0 3.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.8 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.8
13.4 12.9 12.8 10.9 11.3
16.4 14.4 15.2 12.4 13.9
11.2 11.7 11.1 9.8 9.6
4.3 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.3
7.4 7.4 6.4 6.3 6.1
4.7 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.6
3.9 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.0
3.0 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.3
3.5 3.1 2.4 2.2 2.5
3.5 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.9
2000 ......................................................
3.6
10.4
12.5
9.0
3.1
5.8
3.5
2.9
2.3
2.4
2.4
See Note at end of table.
102
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK MEN 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
9.3 8.0 9.8
31.7 27.8 33.1
36.7 35.7 39.9
28.4 23.0 28.3
7.0 6.0 7.4
14.9 13.2 16.2
7.2 6.2 8.1
4.8 3.9 4.3
3.8 3.2 4.2
4.4 3.2 3.6
5.4 3.3 5.3
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
14.8 13.7 13.3 11.8 11.4
38.1 37.5 39.2 36.7 34.2
41.9 40.8 41.0 43.0 37.9
35.9 36.0 38.2 32.9 32.2
12.5 11.4 10.7 9.3 9.3
24.7 22.6 23.0 21.0 18.7
12.7 12.0 11.8 9.8 9.6
8.7 7.5 6.2 5.1 6.3
9.3 7.3 4.9 4.9 5.2
6.3 6.3 6.0 4.4 5.1
8.7 8.7 7.8 6.6 6.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
14.5 15.7 20.1 20.3 16.4
37.5 40.7 48.9 48.8 42.7
39.7 43.2 52.7 52.2 44.0
36.2 39.2 47.1 47.3 42.2
12.4 13.5 17.8 18.1 14.3
23.7 26.4 31.5 31.4 26.6
13.4 14.4 20.1 19.4 15.0
8.2 9.3 13.4 13.5 10.4
7.2 7.8 9.0 11.4 7.9
6.2 6.1 10.3 11.0 8.9
8.7 7.5 9.3 11.8 7.9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
15.3 14.8 12.7 11.7 11.5
41.0 39.3 34.4 32.7 31.9
42.9 41.4 39.0 34.4 34.4
40.0 38.2 31.6 31.7 30.3
13.2 12.9 11.1 10.1 10.0
23.5 23.5 20.3 19.4 17.9
13.8 13.5 12.2 11.0 10.5
9.6 10.9 8.7 7.6 8.4
9.7 7.8 6.7 6.2 6.2
7.9 8.0 6.6 5.2 6.2
8.9 4.3 4.3 5.6 7.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
11.9 13.0 15.2 13.8 12.0
31.9 36.3 42.0 40.1 37.6
38.8 39.0 47.5 42.7 39.3
28.0 34.8 39.1 38.6 36.5
10.4 11.5 13.5 12.1 10.3
20.1 22.4 24.6 23.0 19.4
11.5 11.9 14.2 12.3 10.6
8.4 9.5 11.2 10.5 9.1
6.3 8.6 10.3 8.1 6.5
5.4 5.0 8.1 9.0 6.0
4.6 6.1 4.9 5.8 8.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.6 11.1 10.2 8.9 8.2
37.1 36.9 36.5 30.1 30.9
39.7 39.9 39.5 33.9 33.3
35.4 34.9 34.4 27.9 29.4
8.8 9.4 8.5 7.4 6.7
17.6 19.2 19.8 18.0 16.2
9.3 10.1 8.7 7.3 6.9
7.6 7.8 6.7 6.2 5.2
5.5 6.3 5.6 4.4 4.3
4.4 5.2 4.2 4.5 3.9
7.6 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.0
2000 ......................................................
8.1
26.4
28.6
25.0
7.0
16.7
6.8
5.7
4.8
2.7
6.3
1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
11.8 11.1 11.3
40.5 36.1 37.4
42.0 38.6 40.2
40.1 34.2 36.0
9.0 8.6 8.8
17.9 18.4 19.0
10.5 10.3 9.0
7.6 5.6 6.6
4.6 3.9 4.4
3.7 3.3 3.6
2.6 3.7 1.9
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
14.8 14.3 14.9 13.8 13.3
41.0 41.6 43.4 40.8 39.1
41.2 48.4 49.5 45.0 42.7
40.6 37.6 40.4 38.7 36.9
12.2 11.7 12.3 11.2 10.9
24.3 22.8 25.5 22.7 22.6
13.4 13.6 13.6 11.9 12.1
9.0 8.5 8.7 7.8 7.2
7.0 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.2
5.3 5.4 4.8 5.2 4.7
3.6 2.4 3.4 4.7 3.9
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
14.0 15.6 17.6 18.6 15.4
39.8 42.2 47.1 48.2 42.6
42.9 46.5 44.2 48.6 47.5
38.2 39.8 48.6 48.0 40.2
11.9 13.4 15.4 16.5 13.5
23.5 26.4 29.6 31.8 25.6
13.2 14.9 17.8 18.6 15.4
8.2 9.8 10.7 11.4 9.4
6.4 6.9 8.5 9.9 8.6
4.5 4.7 6.1 7.3 5.9
4.9 6.0 4.5 6.3 4.9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
14.9 14.2 13.2 11.7 11.4
39.2 39.2 34.9 32.0 33.0
44.3 44.6 40.5 35.9 31.1
36.4 36.1 31.7 29.6 34.0
13.1 12.4 11.6 10.4 9.8
25.6 24.7 23.3 19.8 18.1
15.1 14.6 13.5 12.7 12.5
9.3 8.5 8.1 7.4 7.0
6.8 6.4 6.9 5.6 5.0
6.0 5.0 4.5 4.3 4.2
5.2 4.9 3.4 5.4 6.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.9 12.0 13.2 12.1 11.0
29.9 36.0 37.2 37.4 32.6
34.1 40.1 41.7 36.1 32.9
27.6 33.9 34.8 38.1 32.5
9.7 10.6 11.8 10.7 9.8
19.6 20.7 23.1 20.9 19.6
11.9 13.4 14.1 12.9 11.7
7.2 7.6 9.8 8.6 8.0
4.3 6.2 6.4 5.8 4.9
3.6 3.8 4.2 5.1 4.9
5.9 4.4 5.0 3.6 4.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.2 10.0 9.9 9.0 7.8
34.3 30.3 28.7 25.3 25.1
... 32.8 30.3 33.2 28.5
31.5 28.6 27.8 20.9 23.3
8.6 8.7 8.8 7.9 6.8
17.8 18.4 17.1 15.7 13.4
10.5 11.0 10.9 9.5 8.3
7.0 6.9 7.2 6.7 5.5
4.2 3.8 4.4 4.3 3.8
3.6 3.8 4.1 3.4 3.9
... 5.6 6.6 6.1 5.0
2000 ......................................................
7.2
23.0
25.7
21.5
6.3
13.5
6.8
5.5
3.5
3.3
6.0
BLACK WOMEN
See Note at end of table.
103
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age, 1948–2000—Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Year, race, Hispanic origin, and sex
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC MEN 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
6.7 7.3
19.0 19.0
20.9 22.0
17.7 17.1
5.4 6.0
8.2 9.9
5.0 5.5
4.2 5.0
4.5 4.3
5.4 5.4
5.5 5.3
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
11.4 10.8 9.0 7.7 7.0
27.6 23.3 20.9 19.7 17.5
29.3 28.7 25.9 27.5 23.5
26.5 19.7 18.2 13.9 13.8
9.6 9.4 7.7 6.4 5.8
16.3 16.0 11.7 9.4 9.2
9.6 8.1 7.9 6.6 5.3
7.9 7.0 4.9 4.8 5.1
7.0 7.4 5.4 4.8 4.4
6.8 8.7 7.4 4.4 5.0
11.0 12.1 9.7 7.8 5.5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
9.7 10.2 13.6 13.6 10.5
21.9 24.3 31.3 28.7 25.2
26.2 30.9 40.2 34.7 31.5
19.3 20.3 26.8 25.9 22.2
8.3 8.8 12.1 12.2 9.3
12.2 14.1 18.2 17.0 12.5
8.3 8.9 12.4 11.6 9.2
7.1 6.5 9.9 10.8 7.6
6.0 5.9 7.5 10.3 7.2
5.9 6.7 10.0 11.7 10.2
7.6 6.7 7.4 6.8 8.2
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.2 10.5 8.7 8.1 7.6
24.7 24.5 22.2 22.7 20.2
29.1 28.5 28.2 29.5 27.6
22.4 22.4 19.3 19.5 16.8
9.1 9.5 7.8 7.0 6.6
12.9 13.0 10.2 9.2 9.7
9.6 9.5 7.6 7.0 5.9
7.2 8.5 6.9 5.9 5.7
6.8 7.0 7.1 6.1 6.0
7.0 8.0 6.7 6.7 6.6
9.4 9.6 7.9 6.9 5.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8.0 10.3 11.7 10.6 9.4
19.5 23.5 28.2 25.9 26.3
24.0 33.6 36.6 34.5 33.3
17.4 19.2 24.0 21.9 22.5
7.0 9.3 10.5 9.5 8.3
8.4 11.6 13.7 12.6 10.8
6.9 9.3 10.1 9.0 8.4
6.5 8.5 9.8 8.8 6.6
6.8 7.9 8.9 8.8 8.1
6.5 8.1 10.2 8.5 7.4
5.8 7.0 7.7 9.5 10.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8.8 7.9 7.0 6.4 5.6
25.3 22.5 20.8 20.6 17.8
34.8 31.5 26.5 29.0 23.4
20.2 18.4 17.9 16.4 15.3
7.7 6.9 6.1 5.4 4.7
10.6 10.3 9.8 8.9 7.8
7.5 6.6 5.1 5.2 4.1
6.7 6.3 5.4 4.5 3.8
5.9 5.1 4.8 4.2 4.5
7.9 6.7 6.8 5.3 4.6
12.9 8.3 7.2 5.0 5.0
2000 ......................................................
4.9
15.7
22.5
12.8
4.2
6.5
3.7
3.8
3.1
4.1
6.3
9.0 9.4
20.7 20.8
26.8 25.3
16.7 17.4
7.3 7.7
9.0 9.7
6.9 7.7
8.3 7.5
5.1 5.3
5.6 7.5
... 9.5
HISPANIC WOMEN 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ...................................................... 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
13.5 12.7 11.9 11.3 10.3
27.9 22.2 24.4 21.8 21.2
31.0 30.3 28.5 29.9 30.0
26.4 18.7 21.9 16.6 15.8
11.5 11.4 10.1 9.8 8.9
17.2 15.8 12.1 13.0 12.1
10.5 10.8 9.8 10.3 8.9
9.9 10.0 8.2 9.2 7.7
10.0 9.8 10.6 7.4 7.1
9.3 9.0 11.0 7.2 7.9
6.5 14.7 7.1 5.7 6.0
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.7 10.8 14.1 13.8 11.1
23.4 23.4 28.2 28.0 22.8
29.7 23.5 35.1 32.5 26.1
19.8 23.4 25.0 25.7 21.0
9.2 9.5 12.5 12.4 9.9
12.0 13.5 16.8 16.2 12.2
10.6 8.7 12.2 12.5 10.3
8.6 8.9 11.9 12.2 9.1
5.3 7.2 9.9 9.7 7.9
5.8 8.4 10.4 9.6 8.8
1.1 2.5 4.8 3.5 3.4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
11.0 10.8 8.9 8.3 8.8
23.8 25.1 22.4 21.0 18.2
26.2 27.6 27.1 24.5 24.7
22.6 23.6 19.9 18.9 14.9
9.9 9.6 7.7 7.1 8.0
12.1 12.9 11.4 10.7 12.2
10.6 9.8 7.8 7.2 8.6
8.5 8.2 6.5 6.2 6.3
8.1 8.9 6.7 5.9 6.7
9.2 6.2 5.0 4.6 4.5
5.5 11.2 3.7 3.0 4.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8.4 9.6 11.4 11.0 10.7
19.4 21.9 26.4 26.3 22.2
25.4 29.6 34.5 36.0 29.7
16.2 17.9 22.4 21.7 18.1
7.5 8.6 10.2 9.9 9.8
10.4 11.7 12.4 14.0 13.5
8.0 9.1 11.0 9.9 10.1
6.7 7.6 9.7 9.5 9.2
6.0 8.1 8.5 8.3 8.0
4.3 4.1 6.2 7.2 7.1
6.4 6.9 8.7 2.2 3.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.0 10.2 8.9 8.2 7.6
22.6 25.1 22.7 22.1 19.8
30.7 28.2 29.2 26.4 24.0
18.7 23.3 19.1 20.2 17.7
8.9 9.2 7.9 7.1 6.6
13.0 14.1 11.0 10.1 9.1
9.5 8.5 8.2 7.2 7.3
7.9 8.7 7.7 6.9 6.3
7.0 7.2 5.5 5.1 5.1
6.8 8.1 6.1 5.4 4.3
6.4 8.0 6.0 8.8 4.8
2000 ......................................................
6.7
18.1
22.9
15.7
5.9
8.9
6.4
5.4
3.6
5.1
4.8
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
104
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-28. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates by Occupation, 1986–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent of civilian labor force.) Occupation
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
UNEMPLOYED PERSONS, TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER 1 ..............................................................................
8 237
7 425
6 701
6 528
7 047
8 628
9 613
8 940
7 996
7 404
7 236
6 739
6 210
5 880
5 655
653 336 317 1 700 114 718 868 1 381 69 90 1 223 1 038 226 522 290 2 089 907 431 752 198
650 350 300 1 595 104 691 799 1 259 55 94 1 110 875 191 470 214 1 820 777 366 677 189
577 311 266 1 479 95 652 732 1 136 54 81 1 000 773 166 405 202 1 620 673 317 630 192
614 348 265 1 470 90 643 738 1 088 55 74 960 762 161 428 173 1 578 678 306 594 152
666 350 316 1 641 116 720 804 1 139 47 74 1 018 861 175 483 202 1 714 727 329 657 177
889 494 395 1 977 133 857 988 1 330 56 101 1 172 1 149 246 655 248 2 062 903 398 761 204
1 009 576 433 2 308 176 985 1 147 1 461 66 108 1 287 1 294 281 730 284 2 151 922 428 802 200
984 527 457 2 111 165 927 1 020 1 401 65 108 1 228 1 155 258 631 266 1 926 816 404 706 172
907 454 453 1 962 127 907 928 1 471 91 96 1 285 910 201 518 191 1 761 672 364 725 172
880 420 460 1 744 113 795 836 1 378 99 86 1 193 860 182 501 177 1 618 629 329 660 179
869 431 438 1 766 114 843 810 1 334 79 84 1 170 795 174 456 165 1 570 654 292 625 158
761 359 403 1 646 104 814 728 1 255 73 89 1 093 719 167 406 145 1 490 551 306 633 167
722 343 380 1 550 96 745 710 1 216 74 85 1 057 630 149 338 143 1 304 494 279 531 136
770 376 394 1 477 101 714 662 1 081 67 72 943 607 136 330 142 1 207 440 235 532 140
725 356 369 1 464 97 684 684 1 023 58 65 900 554 129 312 113 1 228 455 253 520 133
554 293
488 268
439 260
442 234
481 237
556 299
601 320
534 310
552 333
481 311
467 293
467 267
395 244
392 249
387 215
7.0
6.2
5.5
5.3
5.6
6.8
7.5
6.9
6.1
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.2
4.0
2.4 2.6 2.2 4.7 3.3 5.1 4.7 8.6 6.5 4.8 9.3 7.2 4.9 9.6 6.6 10.9 10.3 8.6 13.8 21.0
2.3 2.6 2.0 4.3 3.0 4.9 4.2 7.7 5.6 4.7 8.3 6.1 4.1 8.6 5.0 9.4 8.9 7.2 12.4 19.8
1.9 2.1 1.7 4.0 2.6 4.5 3.9 6.9 5.7 4.0 7.4 5.4 3.6 7.4 4.7 8.3 7.7 6.2 11.5 19.4
2.0 2.3 1.7 3.9 2.4 4.4 3.9 6.5 5.9 3.6 7.0 5.2 3.4 7.7 4.0 8.0 7.6 5.9 10.8 16.8
2.1 2.3 2.0 4.3 2.9 4.8 4.1 6.6 5.6 3.6 7.1 5.9 3.8 8.5 4.7 8.7 8.1 6.3 11.6 18.1
2.8 3.2 2.4 5.2 3.4 5.7 5.1 7.6 6.5 4.6 8.1 8.0 5.2 11.9 5.9 10.6 10.4 7.5 13.9 22.1
3.1 3.8 2.6 5.9 4.0 6.6 5.8 8.2 6.9 4.9 8.8 8.9 5.9 13.1 6.7 11.1 10.7 8.0 14.6 22.9
3.0 3.3 2.6 5.4 3.9 6.1 5.2 7.7 6.5 4.7 8.2 7.9 5.5 11.1 6.3 10.0 9.7 7.4 12.9 20.3
2.6 2.7 2.5 5.0 3.2 5.8 4.7 8.0 10.0 4.1 8.5 6.3 4.3 9.4 4.5 9.0 8.0 6.6 12.7 18.9
2.4 2.4 2.5 4.5 2.8 5.0 4.3 7.5 10.7 3.7 7.9 6.0 4.0 9.0 4.2 8.2 7.4 6.0 11.7 18.7
2.3 2.4 2.3 4.5 2.8 5.2 4.2 7.2 9.0 3.7 7.6 5.5 3.7 8.2 4.0 7.9 7.7 5.2 11.1 16.3
2.0 1.9 2.1 4.1 2.4 4.9 3.8 6.7 8.4 3.7 7.0 4.8 3.5 7.0 3.4 7.5 6.5 5.4 11.1 17.1
1.8 1.8 1.9 3.9 2.2 4.5 3.7 6.4 8.0 3.4 6.8 4.2 3.0 5.7 3.4 6.7 6.0 4.9 9.4 14.2
1.9 1.9 1.9 3.7 2.3 4.2 3.5 5.7 7.4 2.9 6.0 4.0 2.7 5.4 3.5 6.2 5.6 4.1 9.2 13.2
1.7 1.8 1.7 3.6 2.2 4.0 3.5 5.3 6.9 2.6 5.6 3.6 2.6 4.9 2.8 6.3 5.9 4.4 8.7 11.6
12.3 7.8
10.8 7.1
9.7 7.0
9.7 6.4
10.3 6.4
12.2 7.9
13.0 8.3
11.6 8.4
11.5 8.4
10.3 7.9
10.0 7.6
9.9 7.1
8.4 6.5
8.3 6.8
8.0 6.0
Managerial and professional specialty ....................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................. Professional specialty ............................................................. Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ............................................ Sales occupations .................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations ................................................................... Private household ................................................................... Protective service ................................................................... Service, except private household and protective .................. Precision production, craft, and repair ........................................ Mechanics and repairers ........................................................ Construction trades ................................................................ Other precision production, craft, and repair .......................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ........................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .................... Transportation and material moving occupations ................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............ Construction laborers ......................................................... Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................................ Farming, forestry, and fishing ..................................................... UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER 1 .............................................................................. Managerial and professional specialty ....................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................. Professional specialty ............................................................. Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................. Technicians and related support ............................................ Sales occupations .................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ............................... Service occupations ................................................................... Private household ................................................................... Protective service ................................................................... Service, except private household and protective .................. Precision production, craft, and repair ........................................ Mechanics and repairers ........................................................ Construction trades ................................................................ Other precision production, craft, and repair .......................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ........................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .................... Transportation and material moving occupations ................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............ Construction laborers ......................................................... Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................................ Farming, forestry, and fishing .....................................................
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Includes a small number of persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
105
Table 1-29. Unemployed Persons by Industry and Class of Worker, 1948–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Experienced wage and salary workers Wage and salary workers in private nonagricultural industries, except private households Year
All civilian workers 1
Manufacturing Total 2
Agriculture Total
Mining
Construction
Total
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
TransporFinance, Wholesale tation and insurance, and retail public and real trade utilities estate
Services, except private households
Government
1948 ...................... 1949 ......................
2 276 3 637
2 046 3 310
96 132
1 756 2 871
28 73
232 380
678 1 242
339 652
339 590
149 252
415 578
30 36
224 310
118 175
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532
2 990 1 857 1 707 1 671 3 230
162 71 73 81 133
2 512 1 578 1 453 1 419 2 827
61 36 35 45 106
348 218 218 227 386
981 637 573 536 1 232
466 271 266 253 720
515 366 307 283 512
189 95 95 90 231
580 373 326 315 549
40 27 33 34 46
313 192 173 172 277
178 111 103 100 151
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740
2 568 2 443 2 542 4 096 3 252
124 126 118 180 158
2 188 2 081 2 181 3 584 2 782
69 50 41 72 59
337 313 349 523 466
821 832 901 1 605 1 055
436 448 502 1 036 611
385 384 399 569 444
163 127 139 246 178
464 459 461 705 617
49 39 42 68 63
285 261 248 365 344
140 118 139 190 175
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786
3 337 4 061 3 342 3 415 3 134
159 173 127 158 158
2 847 3 516 2 889 2 916 2 643
59 67 46 41 37
463 544 466 456 390
1 103 1 376 1 045 1 061 941
626 835 575 573 498
477 541 470 488 443
193 218 166 170 143
637 783 678 689 649
63 91 82 75 75
329 437 406 424 408
191 212 188 201 198
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832
2 732 2 331 2 489 2 356 2 372
114 89 96 86 76
2 320 1 957 2 098 1 971 1 997
29 20 19 16 15
364 286 257 247 225
775 651 775 691 705
382 325 418 368 382
393 326 357 323 323
118 88 100 87 99
585 528 521 513 530
70 62 80 74 73
379 322 346 343 350
191 194 210 218 229
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
3 526 4 300 4 122 3 646 4 391
94 100 103 95 110
3 070 3 731 3 537 3 091 3 769
16 23 19 19 20
380 428 450 407 486
1 195 1 401 1 154 939 1 257
719 841 653 500 703
475 559 501 439 554
150 178 168 143 162
732 948 994 896 1 058
102 128 138 117 139
495 625 613 570 648
282 388 409 385 442
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
6 970 6 387 5 915 5 220 5 217
151 180 171 142 148
6 110 5 421 4 987 4 359 4 391
31 37 33 37 45
807 694 593 530 541
2 333 1 700 1 474 1 244 1 306
1 431 987 805 661 702
902 714 669 583 603
278 246 242 201 206
1 493 1 527 1 473 1 295 1 250
217 200 186 161 165
952 1 017 986 891 879
620 698 677 637 608
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
6 634 7 129 9 275 9 276 7 236
175 201 260 300 243
5 710 6 089 8 128 7 985 6 145
65 70 154 182 103
740 809 1 031 1 005 817
1 991 1 915 2 771 2 454 1 654
1 254 1 139 1 788 1 562 955
736 777 983 892 699
280 304 397 424 330
1 443 1 609 2 066 2 109 1 710
188 199 276 272 232
1 004 1 182 1 433 1 539 1 299
681 767 799 875 739
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528
7 074 7 019 6 313 5 718 5 616
233 222 191 192 176
6 088 6 097 5 434 4 943 4 866
96 134 87 62 42
778 809 724 669 634
1 694 1 559 1 305 1 161 1 140
1 004 910 749 653 634
690 650 556 508 506
316 313 277 246 251
1 679 1 706 1 582 1 433 1 412
228 239 225 221 230
1 297 1 336 1 234 1 151 1 157
651 603 603 497 493
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996
6 104 7 512 8 361 7 708 7 092
190 231 251 224 218
5 354 6 593 7 344 6 751 6 113
36 60 56 52 37
718 946 1 020 874 724
1 289 1 572 1 663 1 487 1 154
762 950 979 842 630
527 621 685 645 524
252 353 373 352 340
1 551 1 851 2 097 1 964 1 899
221 290 332 303 271
1 287 1 522 1 802 1 719 1 688
492 611 675 641 645
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880
6 533 6 389 5 900 5 477 5 202
225 213 190 180 189
5 636 5 532 5 131 4 781 4 511
34 30 24 20 33
737 666 623 532 520
1 030 1 013 885 816 739
534 563 445 426 434
496 450 440 390 305
314 291 260 254 235
1 682 1 679 1 645 1 493 1 422
240 201 229 197 191
1 599 1 653 1 465 1 470 1 371
552 547 485 424 423
2000 ......................
5 655
5 022
165
4 610
21
499
733
413
320
243
1 381
185
1 314
413
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Includes self-employed, unpaid family workers, and persons with no previous work experience, not shown separately. 2. Includes private household members, not shown separately.
106
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-30. Unemployment Rates by Industry and Class of Worker, 1948–2000 (Percent of civilian labor force.) Experienced wage and salary workers Wage and salary workers in private nonagricultural industries, except private households Year
All civilian workers 1
Manufacturing Total 2
Agriculture Total
Mining
Construction
Total
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
TransporFinance, Wholesale tation and insurance, and retail public and real trade utilities estate
Services, except private households
Government
1948 ...................... 1949 ......................
3.8 5.9
4.3 6.8
5.5 7.1
4.5 7.3
3.1 8.9
8.7 14.0
4.2 8.0
4.0 8.1
4.4 7.8
3.5 5.9
4.7 6.2
1.8 2.1
5.0 6.5
2.2 3.1
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5
6.0 3.7 3.4 3.2 6.2
9.0 4.4 4.8 5.6 9.0
6.2 3.9 3.6 3.4 6.7
6.9 4.0 3.8 4.6 14.4
12.2 7.2 6.7 7.2 12.9
6.2 3.9 3.5 3.1 7.1
5.7 3.1 3.0 2.6 7.3
6.7 4.7 4.1 3.8 6.9
4.6 2.3 2.3 2.2 5.6
6.0 3.9 3.5 3.4 5.7
2.2 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.3
6.2 4.0 3.4 3.3 5.2
3.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.2
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5
4.8 4.4 4.6 7.3 5.7
7.2 7.4 6.9 10.3 9.1
5.1 4.7 4.9 8.0 6.2
9.1 6.8 5.9 11.0 9.7
10.9 10.0 10.9 15.3 13.4
4.7 4.7 5.1 9.3 6.1
4.4 4.4 4.9 10.6 6.2
5.2 5.2 5.3 7.7 6.0
4.0 3.0 3.3 6.1 4.4
4.7 4.5 4.5 6.8 5.8
2.4 1.8 1.8 2.9 2.5
5.1 4.4 4.0 5.6 5.1
2.0 1.7 1.9 2.5 2.2
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2
5.7 6.8 5.6 5.6 5.0
8.3 9.6 7.5 9.2 9.7
6.2 7.5 6.2 6.1 5.4
9.7 11.1 7.8 7.2 6.7
13.5 15.7 13.5 13.3 11.2
6.2 7.8 5.8 5.7 5.0
6.4 8.5 5.7 5.5 4.7
6.1 6.8 6.0 6.0 5.4
4.6 5.3 4.1 4.2 3.5
5.9 7.3 6.3 6.2 5.7
2.4 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.6
4.8 6.0 5.4 5.6 5.2
2.4 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.1
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5
4.3 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.3
7.6 6.6 6.9 6.3 6.1
4.6 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.5
5.4 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.9
10.1 8.0 7.4 6.9 6.0
4.0 3.2 3.7 3.3 3.3
3.5 2.8 3.4 3.0 3.0
4.7 3.8 4.1 3.7 3.7
2.9 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.2
5.0 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.1
2.3 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.1
4.6 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.5
1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6
4.8 5.7 5.3 4.5 5.3
7.5 7.9 7.7 7.0 7.5
5.3 6.3 5.8 4.9 5.8
3.1 4.0 3.2 2.9 3.0
9.7 10.4 10.3 8.9 10.7
5.6 6.8 5.6 4.4 5.8
5.7 7.0 5.5 3.9 5.4
5.4 6.5 5.8 5.0 6.3
3.2 3.8 3.5 3.0 3.3
5.3 6.4 6.4 5.7 6.5
2.8 3.3 3.4 2.7 3.1
4.7 5.8 5.4 4.8 5.2
2.2 2.9 3.0 2.7 3.0
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8
8.2 7.3 6.6 5.6 5.5
10.4 11.8 11.2 8.9 9.3
9.2 8.0 7.1 6.0 5.8
4.1 4.6 3.8 4.2 4.9
18.0 15.5 12.7 10.6 10.3
10.9 7.9 6.7 5.5 5.6
11.3 7.7 6.2 5.0 5.0
10.4 8.2 7.4 6.3 6.5
5.6 5.0 4.7 3.7 3.7
8.7 8.6 8.0 6.9 6.5
4.9 4.3 3.8 3.1 3.0
7.2 7.3 6.8 5.8 5.5
4.1 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.7
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5
6.9 7.3 9.3 9.2 7.1
11.0 12.1 14.7 16.0 13.5
7.4 7.7 10.2 9.9 7.4
6.4 6.0 13.4 17.0 10.0
14.1 15.6 20.0 18.4 14.3
8.5 8.3 12.3 11.2 7.5
8.9 8.2 13.3 12.1 7.2
7.9 8.4 10.8 10.0 7.8
4.9 5.2 6.8 7.4 5.5
7.4 8.1 10.0 10.0 8.0
3.4 3.5 4.7 4.5 3.7
6.0 6.7 7.7 7.9 6.5
4.1 4.7 4.9 5.3 4.5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3
6.8 6.6 5.8 5.2 5.0
13.2 12.5 10.5 10.6 9.6
7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3
9.5 13.5 10.0 7.9 5.8
13.1 13.1 11.6 10.6 10.0
7.7 7.1 6.0 5.3 5.1
7.6 6.9 5.8 5.0 4.8
7.8 7.4 6.3 5.7 5.5
5.1 5.1 4.5 3.9 3.9
7.6 7.6 6.9 6.2 6.0
3.5 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.1
6.2 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.7
3.9 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1
5.3 6.6 7.2 6.6 5.9
9.8 11.8 12.5 11.7 11.3
5.7 7.1 7.8 7.1 6.3
4.8 7.8 8.0 7.4 5.4
11.1 15.5 16.8 14.4 11.8
5.8 7.3 7.8 7.2 5.6
5.8 7.5 8.0 7.1 5.2
5.8 6.9 7.6 7.4 6.0
3.9 5.3 5.5 5.1 4.8
6.4 7.6 8.4 7.8 7.4
3.0 4.0 4.6 4.1 3.6
5.0 5.8 6.5 6.1 5.7
2.7 3.3 3.6 3.3 3.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2
5.4 5.2 4.7 4.3 4.0
11.1 10.2 9.1 8.3 8.9
5.7 5.5 5.0 4.6 4.3
5.2 5.1 3.8 3.2 5.7
11.5 10.1 9.0 7.5 7.0
4.9 4.8 4.2 3.9 3.6
4.4 4.5 3.5 3.4 3.5
5.7 5.2 5.1 4.7 3.9
4.5 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.0
6.5 6.4 6.2 5.5 5.2
3.3 2.7 3.0 2.5 2.3
5.2 5.2 4.5 4.4 4.0
2.9 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.2
2000 ......................
4.0
3.9
7.5
4.2
3.9
6.4
3.6
3.4
4.0
3.1
5.0
2.3
3.7
2.1
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Includes self-employed, unpaid family workers, and persons with no previous work experience, not shown separately. 2. Includes private household members, not shown separately.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
107
Table 1-31. Unemployed Persons by Duration of Unemployment, 1948–2000 (Thousands of persons.) 15 weeks and over Year
Total
Less than 5 weeks
5 to 14 weeks
15 to 26 weeks
Total
27 weeks and over
Average duration, in weeks
Median duration, in weeks
1948 ............................................................................ 1949 ............................................................................
2 276 3 637
1 300 1 756
669 1 194
309 684
193 428
116 256
8.6 10.0
... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532
1 450 1 177 1 135 1 142 1 605
1 055 574 516 482 1 116
782 303 232 210 812
425 166 148 132 495
357 137 84 78 317
12.1 9.7 8.4 8.0 11.8
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740
1 335 1 412 1 408 1 753 1 585
815 805 891 1 396 1 114
702 533 560 1 452 1 040
366 301 321 785 469
336 232 239 667 571
13.0 11.3 10.5 13.9 14.4
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786
1 719 1 806 1 663 1 751 1 697
1 176 1 376 1 134 1 231 1 117
957 1 532 1 119 1 088 973
503 728 534 535 491
454 804 585 553 482
12.8 15.6 14.7 14.0 13.3
... ... ... ... ...
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832
1 628 1 573 1 634 1 594 1 629
983 779 893 810 827
755 526 448 412 375
404 287 271 256 242
351 239 177 156 133
11.8 10.4 8.7 8.4 7.8
... ... 2.3 4.5 4.4
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
2 139 2 245 2 242 2 224 2 604
1 290 1 585 1 472 1 314 1 597
663 1 187 1 167 826 955
428 668 601 483 574
235 519 566 343 381
8.6 11.3 12.0 10.0 9.8
4.9 6.3 6.2 5.2 5.2
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
2 940 2 844 2 919 2 865 2 950
2 484 2 196 2 132 1 923 1 946
2 505 2 366 1 942 1 414 1 241
1 303 1 018 913 766 706
1 203 1 348 1 028 648 535
14.2 15.8 14.3 11.9 10.8
8.4 8.2 7.0 5.9 5.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
3 295 3 449 3 883 3 570 3 350
2 470 2 539 3 311 2 937 2 451
1 871 2 285 3 485 4 210 2 737
1 052 1 122 1 708 1 652 1 104
820 1 162 1 776 2 559 1 634
11.9 13.7 15.6 20.0 18.2
6.5 6.9 8.7 10.1 7.9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528
3 498 3 448 3 246 3 084 3 174
2 509 2 557 2 196 2 007 1 978
2 305 2 232 1 983 1 610 1 375
1 025 1 045 943 801 730
1 280 1 187 1 040 809 646
15.6 15.0 14.5 13.5 11.9
6.8 6.9 6.5 5.9 4.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996
3 265 3 480 3 376 3 262 2 728
2 257 2 791 2 830 2 584 2 408
1 525 2 357 3 408 3 094 2 860
822 1 246 1 453 1 297 1 237
703 1 111 1 954 1 798 1 623
12.0 13.7 17.7 18.0 18.8
5.3 6.8 8.7 8.3 9.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880
2 700 2 633 2 538 2 622 2 568
2 342 2 287 2 138 1 950 1 832
2 363 2 316 2 062 1 637 1 480
1 085 1 053 995 763 755
1 278 1 262 1 067 875 725
16.6 16.7 15.8 14.5 13.4
8.3 8.3 8.0 6.7 6.4
2000 ............................................................................
5 655
2 543
1 803
1 309
665
644
12.6
5.9
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
108
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-32. Long-Term Unemployment by Industry and Occupation, 1986–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Industry and occupation
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2 232
1 983
1 610
1 375
1 525
2 357
3 408
3 094
2 860
2 363
2 316
2 062
1 637
1 480
1 309
51 57 234 547 354 193 114 423 501 69
42 42 209 449 273 176 99 387 457 79
39 28 169 361 228 133 86 295 405 55
32 15 153 299 177 123 74 268 350 42
31 11 162 353 221 132 75 303 403 36
47 23 285 525 334 192 130 448 615 66
57 25 402 725 457 268 190 699 921 71
56 27 330 655 394 262 171 630 840 85
72 21 238 482 283 199 171 628 825 79
58 13 233 371 198 172 135 493 711 57
65 11 208 374 207 168 118 486 729 63
50 9 171 309 155 154 103 456 645 50
44 3 134 230 115 115 80 359 533 44
41 ... 127 221 137 84 74 318 460 45
35 ... 102 203 102 101 73 287 419 39
190 419 345 335 667 73
202 403 293 266 576 65
164 338 232 215 462 63
156 281 209 193 376 48
184 352 215 211 413 43
310 543 308 363 618 62
473 858 427 533 810 75
429 773 404 460 722 82
371 699 470 335 640 113
320 553 407 287 517 81
316 558 396 262 516 91
258 487 376 222 457 75
211 393 320 161 341 63
214 347 271 147 322 57
191 337 225 123 290 48
1 187
1 040
809
646
703
1 111
1 954
1 798
1 623
1 278
1 262
1 067
875
725
644
26 32 114 318 209 109 57 212 264 37
19 28 101 249 159 90 52 189 239 43
16 17 78 194 128 66 46 154 191 28
13 8 66 146 85 62 39 120 160 22
13 5 69 168 102 65 34 139 179 20
17 13 125 255 160 95 67 203 293 32
26 19 219 455 294 162 120 378 527 45
26 16 188 392 237 155 102 368 492 53
36 14 125 282 170 113 107 350 452 50
27 9 125 203 108 95 77 259 380 32
29 7 105 207 116 90 62 251 409 37
25 4 78 167 84 83 53 218 333 30
20 2 66 113 58 56 49 191 282 27
17 ... 55 108 67 41 38 151 228 24
15 ... 43 109 49 60 36 130 205 23
97 201 190 191 362 36
107 198 157 143 312 33
73 162 125 108 247 29
73 119 97 98 183 22
86 152 104 95 197 17
153 247 146 169 302 25
290 498 231 308 480 33
266 460 234 270 416 39
214 389 268 184 373 57
181 289 228 156 276 41
177 295 220 144 280 42
143 232 209 108 234 39
112 206 177 84 177 27
107 157 148 66 156 26
91 158 118 59 140 24
UNEMPLOYED 15 WEEKS AND OVER Total ....................................................................................... WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS BY
INDUSTRY 1
Agriculture .............................................................................. Mining .................................................................................... Construction ........................................................................... Manufacturing ........................................................................ Durable goods ................................................................... Nondurable goods ............................................................. Transportation and public utilities .......................................... Wholesale and retail trade ..................................................... Finance and services ............................................................. Public administration .............................................................. EXPERIENCED WORKERS BY OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty ................................... Technical, sales, and administrative support ......................... Service occupations ............................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ................................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ...................................... Farming, forestry, fishing ....................................................... UNEMPLOYED 27 WEEKS AND OVER Total ....................................................................................... WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS BY INDUSTRY 1 Agriculture .............................................................................. Mining .................................................................................... Construction ........................................................................... Manufacturing ........................................................................ Durable goods ................................................................... Nondurable goods ............................................................. Transportation and public utilities .......................................... Wholesale and retail trade ..................................................... Finance and services ............................................................. Public administration .............................................................. EXPERIENCED WORKERS BY OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty ................................... Technical, sales, and administrative support ......................... Service occupations ............................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ................................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ...................................... Farming, forestry, fishing .......................................................
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Includes wage and salary workers only.
109
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-33. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates by Sex, Age, and Reason for Unemployment, 1968–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Number of unemployed Year and sex
Unemployed as a percent of the total civilian labor force Entrants
Total
Job losers
Entrants
Job leavers
Job losers Reentrants
Job leavers
New entrants
Reentrants
New entrants
TOTAL 1968 ...................................................... 1969 ......................................................
2 817 2 832
1 070 1 017
431 436
909 965
407 413
1.4 1.3
0.5 0.5
1.2 1.2
0.5 0.5
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
1 811 2 323 2 108 1 694 2 242
550 590 641 683 768
1 228 1 472 1 456 1 340 1 463
504 630 677 649 681
2.2 2.8 2.4 1.9 2.4
0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8
1.5 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
4 386 3 679 3 166 2 585 2 635
827 903 909 874 880
1 892 1 928 1 963 1 857 1 806
823 895 953 885 817
4.7 3.8 3.2 2.5 2.5
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8
2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7
0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
3 947 4 267 6 268 6 258 4 421
891 923 840 830 823
1 927 2 102 2 384 2 412 2 184
872 981 1 185 1 216 1 110
3.7 3.9 5.7 5.6 3.9
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7
1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 1.9
0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528
4 139 4 033 3 566 3 092 2 983
877 1 015 965 983 1 024
2 256 2 160 1 974 1 809 1 843
1 039 1 029 920 816 677
3.6 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.4
0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5
0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996
3 387 4 694 5 389 4 848 3 815
1 041 1 004 1 002 976 791
1 930 2 139 2 285 2 198 2 786
688 792 937 919 604
2.7 3.7 4.2 3.8 2.9
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6
1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.1
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880
3 476 3 370 3 037 2 822 2 622
824 774 795 734 783
2 525 2 512 2 338 2 132 2 005
579 580 569 520 469
2.6 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.9
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6
1.9 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3
2000 ......................................................
5 655
2 492
775
1 957
431
1.8
0.6
1.4
0.3
993 963
599 556
167 164
205 216
22 27
1.3 1.2
0.4 0.4
0.4 0.5
0.1 0.1
MEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER 1968 ...................................................... 1969 ...................................................... 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 638 2 097 1 948 1 624 1 957
1 066 1 391 1 219 959 1 276
209 239 248 258 276
318 411 420 350 356
44 57 60 56 48
2.2 2.9 2.5 1.9 2.5
0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 476 3 098 2 794 2 328 2 308
2 598 2 167 1 816 1 433 1 464
298 323 335 337 325
506 521 540 471 446
76 86 103 86 73
5.0 4.1 3.4 2.6 2.6
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 353 3 615 5 089 5 257 3 932
2 389 2 565 3 965 4 088 2 800
359 356 327 336 324
516 592 678 695 663
90 102 119 138 146
4.2 4.5 6.8 6.9 4.7
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 715 3 751 3 369 2 987 2 867
2 568 2 568 2 289 1 939 1 843
352 444 413 416 394
671 611 558 534 541
124 128 108 98 88
4.3 4.1 3.7 3.1 2.9
0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6
1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 239 4 195 4 717 4 287 3 627
2 100 2 982 3 420 2 996 2 296
431 411 421 429 367
626 698 765 747 898
82 105 111 114 65
3.2 4.6 5.2 4.5 3.4
0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 239 3 146 2 882 2 580 2 433
2 051 2 043 1 795 1 588 1 459
356 322 358 318 336
775 731 675 611 592
57 51 55 63 46
3.0 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
2000 ......................................................
2 350
1 398
324
574
54
2.0
0.5
0.8
0.1
See Note at end of table.
110
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-33. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates by Sex, Age, and Reason for Unemployment, 1968–2000— Continued (Thousands of persons, percent.) Number of unemployed Year and sex
Unemployed as a percent of the total civilian labor force Entrants
Total
Job losers
Entrants
Job leavers
Job losers Reentrants
Job leavers
New entrants
Reentrants
New entrants
WOMEN, 20 YEARS AND OVER 1968 ...................................................... 1969 ......................................................
985 1 015
341 335
167 171
422 455
55 55
1.3 1.2
0.6 0.6
1.6 1.7
0.2 0.2
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 349 1 658 1 625 1 507 1 777
546 700 641 522 685
214 235 264 280 319
531 651 641 625 673
58 72 80 80 100
1.9 2.5 2.2 1.6 2.1
0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0
1.9 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.1
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 684 2 588 2 535 2 292 2 276
1 339 1 124 1 031 852 851
375 427 419 371 370
858 912 945 930 908
114 126 140 138 145
4.0 3.2 2.8 2.2 2.1
1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9
2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.3
0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 615 2 895 3 613 3 632 3 107
1 170 1 317 1 844 1 801 1 350
376 404 379 384 386
930 1 023 1 197 1 235 1 151
139 151 192 212 220
2.8 3.1 4.2 4.0 2.9
0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8
2.3 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.5
0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 129 3 032 2 709 2 487 2 467
1 296 1 225 1 067 946 942
412 426 406 408 430
1 195 1 175 1 041 965 958
227 206 194 168 137
2.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.8
0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
2.5 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8
0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 596 3 074 3 469 3 288 3 049
1 054 1 423 1 710 1 619 1 334
429 413 433 395 339
966 1 075 1 142 1 098 1 253
146 163 183 176 122
2.0 2.6 3.1 2.9 2.4
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6
1.8 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.2
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 819 2 783 2 585 2 424 2 285
1 211 1 145 1 069 1 053 990
366 361 333 330 333
1 135 1 156 1 057 944 866
107 120 126 97 96
2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
2.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
2000 ......................................................
2 212
934
340
860
78
1.5
0.6
1.4
0.1
838 853
130 127
97 101
281 295
330 331
2.0 1.8
1.5 1.5
4.2 4.2
5.0 4.8
BOTH SEXES, 16 TO 19 YEARS 1968 ...................................................... 1969 ...................................................... 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 106 1 262 1 308 1 235 1 422
200 233 248 212 280
126 117 129 146 173
378 410 395 364 436
401 501 536 513 533
2.8 3.1 3.1 2.4 3.1
1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.0
5.2 5.5 4.9 4.3 4.9
5.5 6.7 6.6 6.0 6.0
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 767 1 719 1 663 1 583 1 555
450 387 318 300 319
155 153 156 167 184
529 496 477 455 452
634 683 711 660 599
5.1 4.3 3.4 3.1 3.3
1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9
6.0 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.7
7.1 7.5 7.6 6.8 6.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 669 1 763 1 977 1 829 1 499
388 385 460 370 271
156 162 134 110 114
481 487 509 482 370
643 728 874 867 745
4.1 4.3 5.4 4.6 3.4
1.7 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.4
5.1 5.4 6.0 5.9 4.7
6.9 8.1 10.2 10.6 9.4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 468 1 454 1 347 1 226 1 194
275 240 210 207 198
113 145 146 159 200
390 374 375 310 345
689 695 617 550 452
3.5 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.5
1.4 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.5
4.9 4.7 4.7 3.9 4.3
8.7 8.8 7.7 6.8 5.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 212 1 359 1 427 1 365 1 320
233 289 259 233 185
181 180 149 151 84
338 365 377 353 634
460 524 643 628 416
3.0 4.0 3.6 3.3 2.5
2.3 2.5 2.1 2.1 1.1
4.3 5.0 5.3 4.9 8.5
5.9 7.2 9.1 8.8 5.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 346 1 306 1 271 1 205 1 162
214 182 174 181 173
102 91 104 86 114
615 625 606 577 547
415 409 388 361 328
2.8 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1
1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.4
7.9 8.0 7.6 7.0 6.6
5.3 5.2 4.9 4.4 3.9
2000 ......................................................
1 093
160
111
522
300
1.9
1.3
6.2
3.6
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
111
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-34. Percent of the Population with Work Experience During the Year by Sex and Age, 1987–1999
Year
Total
16 to 17 years
18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 59 years
60 to 64 years
65 to 69 years
70 years and over
TOTAL 1987 ...................................................... 1988 ...................................................... 1989 ......................................................
69.7 70.2 70.5
51.8 50.6 51.9
76.6 75.5 75.4
85.5 85.7 84.9
85.7 86.0 86.6
86.1 86.8 86.9
81.6 82.2 82.8
69.4 70.5 70.4
51.3 52.2 52.5
26.2 27.9 28.4
10.2 10.3 10.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
70.2 69.5 69.1 69.2 69.6
48.6 43.4 43.8 42.1 44.1
74.2 70.8 69.9 70.4 71.5
84.1 83.4 82.7 82.0 82.5
86.2 85.9 85.2 85.0 85.5
87.0 86.6 85.9 85.3 85.6
82.8 83.0 82.8 82.8 83.8
70.9 70.3 70.8 71.6 72.2
53.4 52.9 53.5 51.6 52.8
28.3 27.2 25.5 27.5 27.5
10.2 9.8 9.8 10.7 10.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
69.6 69.9 70.1 70.1 70.7
44.4 43.3 43.6 42.1 43.7
71.2 70.5 70.5 69.9 71.2
82.0 83.1 83.0 82.9 82.7
85.6 86.1 87.1 86.7 87.3
85.9 85.7 85.9 86.3 86.9
83.4 84.3 84.4 84.2 85.0
72.2 73.3 73.8 73.7 72.3
53.3 54.3 53.8 54.5 55.8
28.0 27.8 28.5 29.2 30.5
10.2 10.4 10.0 10.6 11.6
1987 ...................................................... 1988 ...................................................... 1989 ......................................................
78.9 79.1 79.4
52.4 51.8 53.2
77.4 78.9 77.7
90.4 90.7 89.9
94.3 94.3 94.7
94.1 94.6 94.7
91.9 91.6 91.9
83.3 82.1 82.0
63.2 63.1 64.2
34.2 35.6 35.4
15.4 15.6 15.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
78.9 77.9 77.4 76.8 77.2
50.3 45.4 46.6 43.9 44.4
76.7 72.2 73.7 71.4 74.7
88.7 87.9 87.1 86.6 87.2
94.4 93.5 93.3 92.5 92.9
94.7 93.6 92.8 92.0 92.0
91.3 91.3 89.9 89.3 90.0
82.0 81.5 80.9 79.8 81.3
65.8 63.6 63.2 59.1 61.4
35.8 35.0 32.4 34.3 33.9
14.0 14.4 14.3 15.3 14.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
77.0 77.2 77.1 76.9 77.3
43.7 44.1 43.4 40.4 44.7
73.6 71.8 70.3 71.6 72.3
86.4 86.7 86.6 86.4 85.5
92.6 93.4 94.1 93.5 93.9
92.2 92.1 92.3 92.7 93.2
89.7 90.4 90.7 90.1 89.9
81.5 81.8 81.4 81.7 79.2
62.1 62.5 62.9 63.5 65.1
34.5 33.6 33.8 35.5 37.4
14.9 15.2 13.9 14.7 16.5
1987 ...................................................... 1988 ...................................................... 1989 ......................................................
61.3 62.1 62.3
51.1 49.3 50.6
75.8 72.2 73.1
81.0 81.0 80.2
77.3 78.1 78.6
78.5 79.4 79.3
71.9 73.5 74.2
56.7 60.0 59.9
41.0 42.5 42.4
19.6 21.4 22.5
6.8 6.8 6.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62.2 61.8 61.5 62.1 62.5
46.8 41.4 40.9 40.3 43.7
71.7 69.4 66.1 69.4 68.4
79.6 79.0 78.4 77.5 77.8
78.0 78.3 77.2 77.6 78.1
79.6 79.9 79.1 78.7 79.4
74.9 75.3 76.1 76.5 78.0
60.4 59.9 61.5 63.9 63.9
42.5 43.6 44.4 44.7 45.0
22.1 20.6 20.0 22.1 22.2
7.7 6.7 6.7 7.7 6.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62.8 63.2 63.6 63.7 64.5
45.2 42.5 43.9 44.1 42.6
68.7 69.2 70.7 68.2 70.1
77.7 79.5 79.5 79.4 79.9
78.8 78.9 80.1 80.1 80.9
79.8 79.5 79.6 80.0 80.7
77.6 78.4 78.4 78.6 80.3
63.2 65.4 66.7 66.3 66.2
45.6 46.9 45.6 46.2 47.3
22.4 23.0 24.0 23.8 24.4
7.1 7.1 7.3 7.8 8.2
MEN
WOMEN
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
112
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-35. Persons with Work Experience During the Year by Industry and Class of Worker of Job Held the Longest, 1987–1999 (Thousands of persons.) Industry and class of worker
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
TOTAL ...........................................................
128 316
130 450
132 817
133 534
133 410
133 912
136 354
138 469
139 723
142 200
143 967
145 566
148 295
Agriculture .................................................... Wage and salary workers .............................. Self-employed workers .................................. Unpaid family workers ....................................
3 832 2 238 1 419 176
3 754 2 262 1 359 133
3 770 2 197 1 453 120
3 743 2 149 1 458 136
3 555 2 150 1 313 92
3 793 2 286 1 398 109
3 844 2 186 1 591 67
3 924 2 364 1 502 58
3 918 2 448 1 419 51
3 624 2 262 1 333 29
3 422 2 344 1 057 20
3 608 2 308 1 269 32
3 679 2 430 1 215 34
Nonagricultural Industries .......................... Wage and salary workers .............................. Mining ........................................................ Construction ............................................... Manufacturing ............................................ Durable goods ........................................ Lumber and wood products ............... Furniture and fixtures ......................... Stone, clay, and glass products ......... Primary metal industries .................... Fabricated metal products ................. Machinery, except electrical ............... Electrical equipment ........................... Transportation equipment .................. Automobiles ................................... Other transportation equipment ..... Other durable goods .......................... Nondurable goods .................................. Food and kindred products ................ Textile mill products ........................... Apparel and related products ............. Printing and publishing ....................... Chemicals and allied products ........... Other nondurable goods .................... Transportation and public utilities .............. Transportation ........................................ Communications and utilities ................. Wholesale and retail trade ......................... Wholesale trade ..................................... Retail trade ............................................. Finance and services ................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... Business and repair services ................. Private households ................................ Personal services, except private households ........................................... Entertainment and recreation ................. Medical and other health services ......... Social services ....................................... Educational services .............................. Other professional services ................... Forestry and fisheries ............................ Public administration .................................. Self-employed workers .................................. Unpaid family workers ....................................
124 484 115 594 769 6 937 22 563 13 268 770 670 694 764 1 402 2 600 2 295 2 745 1 278 1 467 1 329 9 295 2 033 797 1 321 1 874 1 270 1 999 8 188 4 778 3 410 26 069 4 599 21 470 44 919 7 937 6 299 1 493
126 696 117 757 807 7 235 22 957 13 196 789 727 628 768 1 367 2 778 2 231 2 693 1 284 1 409 1 215 9 761 2 083 785 1 343 1 951 1 533 2 066 8 195 4 856 3 339 26 078 4 454 21 624 46 321 7 980 6 646 1 535
129 047 120 019 735 7 491 22 764 13 379 840 683 721 892 1 386 2 601 2 280 2 669 1 273 1 396 1 307 9 385 2 048 747 1 214 2 018 1 404 1 953 8 267 4 952 3 315 26 387 4 642 21 745 47 370 8 091 6 985 1 238
129 791 120 416 858 7 236 22 435 13 155 797 621 691 852 1 348 2 631 2 281 2 661 1 206 1 455 1 274 9 280 2 000 800 1 174 1 880 1 356 2 069 8 364 5 021 3 343 26 879 4 809 22 070 47 587 7 760 7 040 1 161
129 856 120 734 775 6 888 21 624 12 353 639 600 594 830 1 375 2 442 2 142 2 483 1 157 1 326 1 248 9 271 1 920 716 1 172 2 013 1 405 2 046 8 490 5 066 3 425 26 846 4 822 22 025 49 117 7 730 6 135 1 266
130 118 120 924 718 6 607 21 174 11 983 632 694 549 823 1 293 2 264 1 925 2 460 1 214 1 246 1 344 9 191 2 028 639 1 290 1 933 1 276 2 025 8 495 5 219 3 276 26 943 4 583 22 360 49 786 7 629 6 308 1 395
132 510 123 314 709 6 690 21 198 12 309 653 757 629 784 1 325 2 445 1 857 2 476 1 205 1 271 1 383 8 889 1 879 694 1 189 1 905 1 396 1 827 8 639 5 411 3 227 27 328 4 509 22 819 51 659 7 971 6 849 1 254
134 544 125 567 683 7 134 21 488 12 082 752 651 656 733 1 339 2 557 1 945 2 124 1 102 1 022 1 324 9 406 1 906 807 1 235 2 053 1 402 2 002 8 567 5 373 3 194 27 837 4 933 22 904 52 360 7 869 7 002 1 241
135 805 126 916 612 7 226 21 475 12 552 891 647 664 845 1 265 2 502 1 966 2 262 1 258 1 004 1 510 8 923 1 952 695 1 138 1 882 1 373 1 881 8 586 5 430 3 155 28 563 4 954 23 609 53 402 7 911 7 547 1 171
138 575 129 232 643 7 720 22 130 12 988 860 684 637 801 1 469 2 603 1 996 2 399 1 361 1 038 1 539 9 142 1 952 716 1 066 1 883 1 496 2 029 9 114 5 888 3 226 28 852 4 841 24 011 54 141 8 000 8 035 1 038
140 545 132 140 703 7 996 21 652 12 943 800 694 521 706 1 443 2 659 2 047 2 520 1 446 1 074 1 552 8 709 1 846 624 973 1 862 1 306 2 098 9 487 6 079 3 408 29 193 4 906 24 287 56 263 8 508 8 282 1 131
141 958 133 039 606 8 103 21 268 13 056 767 632 649 802 1 419 2 707 2 149 2 432 1 342 1 090 1 499 8 212 1 808 642 857 1 840 1 160 1 904 9 536 6 087 3 449 29 593 5 224 24 370 56 704 8 619 8 547 1 067
148 295 138 315 558 8 211 21 737 13 172 822 667 651 809 1 310 2 739 2 068 2 546 1 447 1 099 1 562 8 565 1 863 568 800 2 041 1 431 1 863 9 786 6 125 3 661 30 155 5 466 24 689 58 323 8 535 8 856 1 213
2 943 1 575 8 843 2 083 9 622 4 018 107 6 147 8 588 302
3 019 1 568 9 247 2 092 9 895 4 181 160 6 163 8 580 359
3 196 1 673 9 389 2 264 10 094 4 270 169 7 005 8 717 312
3 177 1 752 9 904 2 335 9 976 4 296 186 7 057 9 120 255
3 110 2 235 10 457 2 479 10 328 5 251 125 6 917 8 855 267
2 999 2 294 10 573 2 606 10 705 5 079 198 7 097 8 965 229
3 272 2 371 10 979 2 752 10 882 5 144 184 7 088 8 992 204
3 181 2 407 11 029 2 632 11 454 5 398 148 7 498 8 843 135
3 219 2 571 11 412 3 038 11 064 5 326 144 7 053 8 753 137
3 099 2 705 11 788 3 016 11 076 5 241 145 6 630 9 235 109
3 209 2 904 11 756 3 068 11 539 5 729 137 6 846 8 257 147
3 227 2 908 11 680 3 198 11 627 5 692 139 7 229 8 806 114
3 186 2 947 11 842 3 292 12 167 6 119 165 7 115 9 833 146
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
113
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-36. Number of Persons with Work Experience During the Year by Sex and Extent of Employment, 1987–1999 (Thousands of persons.) Full-time Year and sex
Total Total
50 to 52 weeks
Part-time
27 to 49 weeks
1 to 26 weeks
Total
50 to 52 weeks
27 to 49 weeks
1 to 26 weeks
TOTAL 1987 .................................................................................................. 1988 .................................................................................................. 1989 ..................................................................................................
128 315 130 451 132 817
100 288 102 131 104 876
77 015 79 627 81 117
13 361 12 875 14 271
9 912 9 629 9 488
28 027 28 320 27 941
10 973 11 384 11 275
6 594 6 624 6 987
10 460 10 312 9 679
1990 .................................................................................................. 1991 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1994 ..................................................................................................
133 535 133 410 133 912 136 354 138 468
105 323 104 472 104 813 106 299 108 141
80 932 80 385 81 523 83 384 85 764
14 758 14 491 13 587 13 054 13 051
9 633 9 596 9 703 9 861 9 326
28 212 28 938 29 099 30 055 30 327
11 507 11 946 12 326 12 818 12 936
7 012 7 003 6 841 6 777 6 956
9 693 9 989 9 932 10 460 10 435
1995 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1997 .................................................................................................. 1998 .................................................................................................. 1999 ..................................................................................................
139 724 142 201 143 968 145 566 148 295
110 063 112 313 113 879 116 412 119 096
88 173 90 252 92 631 95 772 97 941
12 970 12 997 12 508 12 156 12 294
8 920 9 064 8 740 8 484 8 861
29 661 29 888 30 089 29 155 29 199
12 725 13 382 13 810 13 538 13 680
6 831 6 643 6 565 6 480 6 317
10 105 9 863 9 714 9 137 9 202
1987 .................................................................................................. 1988 .................................................................................................. 1989 ..................................................................................................
69 144 70 021 71 640
59 736 60 504 62 108
47 040 48 299 49 693
7 503 7 329 7 642
5 193 4 876 4 773
9 408 9 517 9 532
3 260 3 468 3 619
2 191 2 199 2 254
3 957 3 850 3 659
1990 .................................................................................................. 1991 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1994 ..................................................................................................
71 953 71 700 72 007 72 872 73 958
62 319 61 636 61 722 62 513 63 634
49 175 47 895 48 300 49 832 51 582
8 188 8 324 7 965 7 317 7 094
4 956 5 417 5 457 5 364 4 958
9 634 10 064 10 285 10 359 10 324
3 650 3 820 3 864 4 005 3 948
2 322 2 342 2 354 2 144 2 358
3 662 3 902 4 067 4 210 4 018
1995 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1997 .................................................................................................. 1998 .................................................................................................. 1999 ..................................................................................................
74 381 75 760 76 408 76 918 78 145
64 145 65 356 66 089 67 250 68 347
52 671 53 795 54 918 56 953 57 520
6 973 6 891 6 638 6 208 6 401
4 501 4 670 4 533 4 089 4 426
10 236 10 404 10 319 9 669 9 797
4 034 4 321 4 246 4 197 4 297
2 257 2 136 2 274 2 090 2 062
3 945 3 947 3 799 3 382 3 438
1987 .................................................................................................. 1988 .................................................................................................. 1989 ..................................................................................................
59 171 60 430 61 178
40 552 41 627 42 768
29 975 31 328 31 424
5 858 5 546 6 629
4 719 4 753 4 715
18 619 18 803 18 410
7 713 7 916 7 656
4 403 4 425 4 733
6 503 6 462 6 021
1990 .................................................................................................. 1991 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1994 ..................................................................................................
61 582 61 712 61 904 63 481 64 511
43 004 42 837 43 090 43 785 44 508
31 757 32 491 33 223 33 552 34 182
6 570 6 167 5 621 5 736 5 957
4 677 4 179 4 246 4 497 4 369
18 578 18 875 18 814 19 696 20 003
7 857 8 126 8 462 8 813 8 988
4 690 4 662 4 487 4 633 4 598
6 031 6 087 5 865 6 250 6 417
1995 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1997 .................................................................................................. 1998 .................................................................................................. 1999 ..................................................................................................
65 342 66 439 67 559 68 648 70 150
45 917 46 955 47 790 49 162 50 748
35 502 36 457 37 713 38 819 40 421
5 997 6 105 5 870 5 948 5 892
4 418 4 393 4 207 4 395 4 435
19 425 19 484 19 769 19 486 19 402
8 691 9 061 9 564 9 341 9 383
4 574 4 507 4 291 4 390 4 255
6 160 5 916 5 914 5 755 5 764
MEN
WOMEN
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
114
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-37. Percent Distribution of the Population with Work Experience During the Year by Sex and Extent of Employment, 1987–1999 (Percent of total persons with work experience.) Full-time Year and sex
Total Total
50 to 52 weeks
Part-time
27 to 49 weeks
1 to 26 weeks
Total
50 to 52 weeks
27 to 49 weeks
1 to 26 weeks
TOTAL 1987 .................................................................................................. 1988 .................................................................................................. 1989 ..................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0
78.1 78.3 78.9
60.0 61.0 61.1
10.4 9.9 10.7
7.7 7.4 7.1
21.9 21.7 21.1
8.6 8.7 8.5
5.1 5.1 5.3
8.2 7.9 7.3
1990 .................................................................................................. 1991 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1994 ..................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
78.9 78.4 78.2 78.0 78.0
60.6 60.3 60.9 61.2 61.9
11.1 10.9 10.1 9.6 9.4
7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 6.7
21.2 21.7 21.7 22.1 21.8
8.6 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.3
5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0
7.3 7.5 7.4 7.7 7.5
1995 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1997 .................................................................................................. 1998 .................................................................................................. 1999 ..................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
78.8 79.0 79.1 80.0 80.3
63.1 63.5 64.3 65.8 66.0
9.3 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.3
6.4 6.4 6.1 5.8 6.0
21.2 21.0 20.9 20.1 19.7
9.1 9.4 9.6 9.3 9.2
4.9 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.3
7.2 6.9 6.7 6.3 6.2
1987 .................................................................................................. 1988 .................................................................................................. 1989 ..................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0
86.4 86.5 86.8
68.0 69.0 69.4
10.9 10.5 10.7
7.5 7.0 6.7
13.6 13.6 13.3
4.7 5.0 5.1
3.2 3.1 3.1
5.7 5.5 5.1
1990 .................................................................................................. 1991 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1994 ..................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
86.6 86.0 85.8 85.8 86.0
68.3 66.8 67.1 68.4 69.7
11.4 11.6 11.1 10.0 9.6
6.9 7.6 7.6 7.4 6.7
13.4 14.0 14.3 14.2 13.9
5.1 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.3
3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.2
5.1 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.4
1995 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1997 .................................................................................................. 1998 .................................................................................................. 1999 ..................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
86.3 86.3 86.5 87.4 87.5
70.8 71.0 71.9 74.0 73.6
9.4 9.1 8.7 8.1 8.2
6.1 6.2 5.9 5.3 5.7
13.7 13.7 13.6 12.6 12.5
5.4 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.5
3.0 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.6
5.3 5.2 5.0 4.4 4.4
1987 .................................................................................................. 1988 .................................................................................................. 1989 ..................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0
68.6 68.9 69.9
50.7 51.8 51.4
9.9 9.2 10.8
8.0 7.9 7.7
31.4 31.1 30.0
13.0 13.1 12.5
7.4 7.3 7.7
11.0 10.7 9.8
1990 .................................................................................................. 1991 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1994 ..................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
69.9 69.4 69.7 69.0 69.0
51.6 52.6 53.7 52.9 53.0
10.7 10.0 9.1 9.0 9.2
7.6 6.8 6.9 7.1 6.8
30.2 30.7 30.4 31.0 30.9
12.8 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.9
7.6 7.6 7.2 7.3 7.1
9.8 9.9 9.5 9.8 9.9
1995 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1997 .................................................................................................. 1998 .................................................................................................. 1999 ..................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
70.3 70.7 70.7 71.6 72.3
54.3 54.9 55.8 56.5 57.6
9.2 9.2 8.7 8.7 8.4
6.8 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.3
29.7 29.3 29.4 28.4 27.7
13.3 13.6 14.2 13.6 13.4
7.0 6.8 6.4 6.4 6.1
9.4 8.9 8.8 8.4 8.2
MEN
WOMEN
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
115
Table 1-38. Extent of Unemployment During the Year by Sex, 1987–1999 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Sex and extent of unemployment
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
TOTAL Total Who Worked Or Looked For Work ............................. 130 353 132 185 134 394 135 408 135 826 136 654 139 786 141 325 142 413 144 528 146 096 147 295 149 798 Percent with unemployment .................................................... 14.1 12.9 12.9 14.6 15.7 15.7 14.7 13.4 12.7 11.6 10.7 9.5 8.7 Total With Unemployment .................................................... Did not work but looked for work ............................................. Worked during the year ........................................................... Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ... Part-year workers with unemployment ................................ 1 to 4 weeks .................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks .................................................................. 11 to 14 weeks ................................................................ 15 to 26 weeks ................................................................ 27 weeks or more ............................................................
18 399 2 037 16 362 792 15 570 3 363 3 191 2 258 3 904 2 854
17 096 1 735 15 362 830 14 532 3 256 3 148 2 128 3 479 2 521
17 273 1 577 15 697 833 14 864 3 489 3 359 2 235 3 600 2 181
19 809 1 874 17 936 1 056 16 880 3 645 3 669 2 501 4 316 2 749
21 276 2 415 18 861 966 17 895 3 224 3 655 2 587 4 927 3 502
21 455 2 742 18 714 871 17 843 2 944 3 496 2 574 4 877 3 952
20 527 3 432 17 094 688 16 406 2 626 2 898 2 300 4 549 4 033
18 966 2 857 16 109 746 15 363 2 788 2 983 2 265 4 158 3 169
18 067 2 690 15 377 715 14 662 2 812 2 725 2 147 4 013 2 965
16 789 2 329 14 460 589 13 871 2 550 2 671 2 020 3 662 2 968
15 637 2 129 13 508 611 12 897 2 582 2 601 1 822 3 378 2 514
14 044 1 729 12 316 630 11 686 2 323 2 495 1 701 3 019 2 148
13 068 1 503 11 566 562 11 004 2 361 2 218 1 594 2 803 2 028
With two spells or more of unemployment ...................... 2 spells ........................................................................ 3 spells or more ...........................................................
5 149 2 442 2 707
5 136 2 460 2 676
5 073 2 460 2 613
5 811 2 855 2 956
5 864 2 738 3 126
5 734 2 698 3 036
5 338 2 572 2 766
4 783 2 207 2 576
4 468 1 963 2 505
4 237 1 982 2 255
4 044 1 853 2 191
3 628 1 650 1 978
3 225 1 449 1 776
Total Who Worked Or Looked For Work ............................. Percent with unemployment ....................................................
69 995 15.0
70 738 13.7
72 362 13.5
72 844 15.5
72 909 17.3
73 387 17.5
74 516 15.7
75 244 14.1
75 698 13.2
76 786 11.9
77 385 11.1
77 704 9.4
78 905 9.0
Total With Unemployment .................................................... Did not work but looked for work ............................................. Worked during the year ........................................................... Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ... Part-year workers with unemployment ................................ 1 to 4 weeks .................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks .................................................................. 11 to 14 weeks ................................................................ 15 to 26 weeks ................................................................ 27 weeks or more ............................................................
10 504 852 9 653 536 9 117 1 561 1 824 1 415 2 514 1 803
9 696 717 8 978 585 8 393 1 633 1 808 1 279 2 124 1 549
9 792 723 9 071 568 8 503 1 742 1 890 1 365 2 188 1 318
11 307 891 10 415 711 9 704 1 819 2 041 1 462 2 645 1 737
12 642 1 210 11 432 612 10 820 1 591 2 111 1 659 3 206 2 253
12 844 1 379 11 466 567 10 899 1 563 2 039 1 615 3 165 2 517
11 723 1 641 10 082 449 9 633 1 343 1 647 1 354 2 862 2 427
10 582 1 286 9 296 527 8 769 1 365 1 666 1 370 2 449 1 919
9 996 1 317 8 679 462 8 217 1 398 1 434 1 253 2 439 1 693
9 157 1 026 8 130 395 7 735 1 272 1 478 1 258 2 076 1 651
8 604 978 7 626 382 7 244 1 275 1 474 1 068 1 949 1 478
7 284 787 6 497 386 6 111 1 085 1 363 980 1 585 1 098
7 091 760 6 332 373 5 959 1 166 1 168 937 1 655 1 033
With two spells or more of unemployment ...................... 2 spells ........................................................................ 3 spells or more ...........................................................
3 300 1 488 1 812
3 366 1 560 1 806
3 178 1 517 1 661
3 689 1 676 2 013
3 886 1 742 2 144
3 889 1 781 2 108
3 451 1 580 1 871
2 940 1 266 1 674
2 793 1 110 1 683
2 554 1 109 1 445
2 437 1 078 1 359
2 014 880 1 134
1 845 787 1 058
Total Who Worked Or Looked For Work ............................. Percent with unemployment ....................................................
60 357 13.1
61 447 12.0
62 032 12.1
62 564 13.6
62 917 13.7
63 267 13.6
65 270 13.5
66 081 12.7
66 716 12.1
67 742 11.3
68 710 10.2
69 591 9.7
70 893 8.4
Total With Unemployment .................................................... Did not work but looked for work ............................................. Worked during the year ........................................................... Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ... Part-year workers with unemployment ................................ 1 to 4 weeks .................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks .................................................................. 11 to 14 weeks ................................................................ 15 to 26 weeks ................................................................ 27 weeks or more ............................................................
7 895 1 185 6 710 255 6 455 1 802 1 368 844 1 391 1 050
7 400 1 017 6 382 244 6 138 1 623 1 340 849 1 354 972
7 481 854 6 628 265 6 363 1 747 1 469 870 1 413 864
8 502 982 7 520 344 7 176 1 827 1 627 1 038 1 671 1 013
8 634 1 205 7 427 354 7 073 1 633 1 544 927 1 720 1 249
8 611 1 363 7 247 304 6 943 1 380 1 457 959 1 712 1 435
8 804 1 791 7 014 239 6 775 1 284 1 252 946 1 687 1 606
8 383 1 570 6 813 219 6 594 1 422 1 317 896 1 708 1 251
8 070 1 373 6 696 253 6 443 1 413 1 291 893 1 574 1 272
7 632 1 303 6 330 194 6 136 1 279 1 192 762 1 586 1 317
7 033 1 151 5 882 229 5 653 1 307 1 127 754 1 429 1 036
6 760 942 5 816 243 5 573 1 237 1 131 721 1 434 1 050
5 976 743 5 234 189 5 045 1 194 1 050 657 1 148 996
With two spells or more of unemployment ...................... 2 spells ........................................................................ 3 spells or more ...........................................................
1 848 954 895
1 769 899 870
1 895 943 952
2 122 1 179 943
1 979 997 982
1 844 916 928
1 887 992 895
1 843 941 902
1 675 853 822
1 682 872 810
1 607 775 832
1 614 770 844
1 379 662 717
MEN
WOMEN
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
116
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-39. Percent Distribution of Persons with Unemployment During the Year by Sex and Extent of Unemployment, 1987–1999
Sex and extent of unemployment
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Total With Unemployment Who Worked During The Year .............. Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ..................... Part-year workers with unemployment .................................................. 1 to 4 weeks ...................................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks .................................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks .................................................................................. 15 to 26 weeks .................................................................................. 27 weeks or more ..............................................................................
100.0 4.8 95.2 20.6 19.5 13.8 23.9 17.4
100.0 5.4 94.5 21.2 20.5 13.8 22.6 16.4
100.0 5.3 94.6 22.2 21.4 14.2 22.9 13.9
100.0 5.9 94.1 20.3 20.5 13.9 24.1 15.3
100.0 5.1 94.8 17.1 19.4 13.7 26.1 18.5
100.0 4.7 95.4 15.7 18.7 13.8 26.1 21.1
100.0 4.0 96.1 15.4 17.0 13.5 26.6 23.6
100.0 4.6 95.4 17.3 18.5 14.1 25.8 19.7
100.0 4.6 95.4 18.3 17.7 14.0 26.1 19.3
100.0 4.1 96.0 17.6 18.5 14.0 25.3 20.6
100.0 4.5 95.5 19.1 19.3 13.5 25.0 18.6
100.0 5.1 95.0 18.9 20.3 13.8 24.5 17.5
100.0 4.9 95.1 20.4 19.2 13.8 24.2 17.5
With two spells or more of unemployment ........................................ 2 spells .......................................................................................... 3 spells or more .............................................................................
31.4 14.9 16.5
33.4 16.0 17.4
32.3 15.7 16.6
32.4 15.9 16.5
31.1 14.5 16.6
30.6 14.4 16.2
31.2 15.0 16.2
29.7 13.7 16.0
29.1 12.8 16.3
29.3 13.7 15.6
29.9 13.7 16.2
29.5 13.4 16.1
27.9 12.5 15.4
Total With Unemployment Who Worked During The Year .............. Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ..................... Part-year workers with unemployment .................................................. 1 to 4 weeks ...................................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks .................................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks .................................................................................. 15 to 26 weeks .................................................................................. 27 weeks or more ..............................................................................
100.0 5.6 94.5 16.2 18.9 14.7 26.0 18.7
100.0 6.5 93.4 18.2 20.1 14.2 23.7 17.2
100.0 6.3 93.7 19.2 20.8 15.1 24.1 14.5
100.0 6.8 93.2 17.5 19.6 14.0 25.4 16.7
100.0 5.4 94.6 13.9 18.5 14.5 28.0 19.7
100.0 4.9 95.0 13.6 17.8 14.1 27.6 21.9
100.0 4.4 95.5 13.3 16.3 13.4 28.4 24.1
100.0 5.7 94.3 14.7 17.9 14.7 26.4 20.6
100.0 5.3 94.7 16.1 16.5 14.4 28.1 19.5
100.0 4.9 95.1 15.6 18.2 15.5 25.5 20.3
100.0 5.0 95.1 16.7 19.3 14.0 25.6 19.4
100.0 5.9 94.1 16.7 21.0 15.1 24.4 16.9
100.0 5.9 94.0 18.4 18.4 14.8 26.1 16.3
With two spells or more of unemployment ........................................ 2 spells .......................................................................................... 3 spells or more .............................................................................
34.2 15.4 18.8
37.5 17.4 20.1
35.0 16.7 18.3
35.4 16.1 19.3
34.0 15.2 18.8
33.9 15.5 18.4
34.3 15.7 18.6
31.6 13.6 18.0
32.2 12.8 19.4
31.4 13.6 17.8
31.9 14.1 17.8
31.0 13.5 17.5
29.1 12.4 16.7
Total With Unemployment Who Worked During The Year .............. Year-round workers with 1or 2 weeks of unemployment ...................... Part-year workers with unemployment .................................................. 1 to 4 weeks ...................................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks .................................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks .................................................................................. 15 to 26 weeks .................................................................................. 27 weeks or more ..............................................................................
100.0 3.8 96.3 26.9 20.4 12.6 20.7 15.7
100.0 3.8 96.1 25.4 21.0 13.3 21.2 15.2
100.0 4.0 96.0 26.4 22.2 13.1 21.3 13.0
100.0 4.6 95.3 24.3 21.6 13.8 22.2 13.4
100.0 4.8 95.3 22.0 20.8 12.5 23.2 16.8
100.0 4.2 95.7 19.0 20.1 13.2 23.6 19.8
100.0 3.4 96.6 18.3 17.8 13.5 24.1 22.9
100.0 3.2 96.7 20.9 19.3 13.1 25.1 18.3
100.0 3.8 96.2 21.1 19.3 13.3 23.5 19.0
100.0 3.1 96.9 20.2 18.8 12.0 25.1 20.8
100.0 3.9 96.1 22.2 19.2 12.8 24.3 17.6
100.0 4.2 95.8 21.3 19.4 12.4 24.7 18.0
100.0 3.6 96.4 22.8 20.1 12.6 21.9 19.0
With two spells or more of unemployment ........................................ 2 spells .......................................................................................... 3 spells or more .............................................................................
27.5 14.2 13.3
27.7 14.1 13.6
28.6 14.2 14.4
28.2 15.7 12.5
26.6 13.4 13.2
25.4 12.6 12.8
26.9 14.1 12.8
27.0 13.8 13.2
25.0 12.7 12.3
26.6 13.8 12.8
27.3 13.2 14.1
27.7 13.2 14.5
26.3 12.6 13.7
TOTAL
MEN
WOMEN
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
117
Table 1-40. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Age, Sex, and Race, 1987–1999 (Thousands of persons, dollars.) Age, sex and race
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Total, 16 Years And Over ................................................... 16 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 to 44 years ....................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over .................................................................
71 069 7 563 42 211 22 884 19 327 12 764 7 406 1 125
73 598 7 400 44 036 23 727 20 309 13 506 7 529 1 127
74 898 7 471 45 082 23 721 21 361 13 848 7 321 1 177
74 728 6 978 45 086 23 201 21 885 14 070 7 458 1 137
74 449 6 571 44 811 22 541 22 270 14 718 7 219 1 130
75 517 6 224 45 022 22 469 22 553 15 652 7 590 1 029
77 427 6 685 45 951 22 637 23 314 16 424 7 208 1 159
79 875 6 684 47 150 23 193 23 957 17 366 7 500 1 174
83 407 6 892 48 695 23 310 25 385 18 436 8 122 1 263
85 611 6 809 49 225 23 071 26 154 19 714 8 455 1 408
86 905 7 063 49 513 23 186 26 327 20 109 8 901 1 318
89 748 7 618 50 264 23 048 27 216 21 274 9 273 1 318
91 722 7 631 50 532 22 952 27 580 22 375 9 594 1 590
Men, 16 Years And Over .................................................... 16 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 to 44 years ....................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over .................................................................
42 490 4 145 25 293 13 659 11 634 7 726 4 654 672
43 785 4 165 26 246 14 163 12 083 8 086 4 616 672
45 107 4 223 27 321 14 439 12 882 8 276 4 562 725
44 574 3 982 27 069 13 941 13 128 8 168 4 650 705
43 523 3 596 26 353 13 303 13 050 8 479 4 403 694
43 894 3 457 26 335 13 146 13 189 8 908 4 588 606
45 494 3 853 27 161 13 400 13 761 9 522 4 238 719
47 255 3 918 28 000 13 749 14 251 10 120 4 460 757
49 334 4 094 28 940 13 844 15 096 10 589 4 884 827
50 407 3 942 29 282 13 817 15 465 11 372 4 908 903
50 772 4 021 29 453 13 735 15 718 11 388 5 133 775
52 509 4 479 29 763 13 612 16 151 12 030 5 438 801
53 132 4 347 29 738 13 471 16 267 12 546 5 498 1 003
Women, 16 Years And Over .............................................. 16 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 to 44 years ....................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over .................................................................
28 579 3 418 16 918 9 225 7 693 5 037 2 752 453
29 812 3 235 17 790 9 564 8 226 5 420 2 913 455
29 791 3 249 17 760 9 282 8 478 5 572 2 758 451
30 155 2 995 18 017 9 260 8 757 5 902 2 808 433
30 925 2 976 18 458 9 238 9 220 6 239 2 816 436
31 622 2 767 18 688 9 323 9 365 6 744 3 002 423
31 933 2 832 18 790 9 237 9 553 6 902 2 970 439
32 619 2 767 19 150 9 444 9 706 7 246 3 040 417
34 073 2 798 19 755 9 467 10 288 7 847 3 238 436
35 203 2 867 19 942 9 254 10 688 8 343 3 547 505
36 133 3 041 20 060 9 451 10 609 8 721 3 767 543
37 239 3 140 20 503 9 437 11 066 9 244 3 836 517
38 591 3 285 20 794 9 481 11 313 9 829 4 096 586
White, 16 Years And Over .................................................. Men ...................................................................................... Women .................................................................................
61 546 37 461 24 085
63 357 38 449 24 908
64 246 39 430 24 815
64 128 38 915 25 213
63 926 38 018 25 908
64 706 38 267 26 439
65 656 39 347 26 309
67 370 40 589 26 782
70 430 42 608 27 822
72 068 43 554 28 514
72 650 43 429 29 221
75 046 44 901 30 145
76 203 45 211 30 992
Black, 16 Years And Over .................................................. Men ...................................................................................... Women .................................................................................
7 440 3 838 3 602
7 907 3 976 3 931
8 140 4 219 3 920
8 027 4 162 3 865
7 941 4 001 3 940
7 995 4 011 3 984
8 478 4 259 4 219
9 074 4 598 4 476
9 446 4 686 4 759
9 706 4 682 5 024
10 248 5 026 5 222
10 532 5 202 5 329
11 145 5 411 5 734
NUMBER
MEDIAN ANNUAL EARNINGS Total, 16 Years And Over ................................................... $21 000 $22 000 $23 000 $24 000 $25 000 $25 871 $26 000 $26 620 $27 000 $28 000 $30 000 $30 000 $31 000 16 to 24 years ....................................................................... 13 000 13 500 14 000 14 400 14 100 15 000 15 000 15 000 15 500 15 600 16 000 18 000 18 000 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 20 000 21 000 22 000 22 000 23 000 24 000 24 000 24 480 25 000 25 300 27 000 28 500 30 000 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 25 000 26 000 27 000 27 970 28 000 29 483 30 000 30 000 30 000 31 000 32 000 33 000 34 992 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 25 000 26 000 27 000 28 000 29 000 30 000 30 500 32 343 32 000 33 000 35 000 35 000 36 000 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 23 000 24 000 26 000 26 000 27 000 27 430 28 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 32 000 34 000 35 000 65 years and over ................................................................. 18 000 19 500 23 000 23 841 22 000 24 000 24 000 24 377 29 600 26 496 28 200 26 000 30 000 Men, 16 Years And Over .................................................... 16 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over .................................................................
25 900 14 000 23 000 30 000 31 200 29 181 24 000
26 570 14 200 24 000 31 000 32 000 30 000 25 000
27 300 15 000 24 000 32 000 34 000 32 000 30 000
28 000 15 000 25 000 32 000 35 000 31 875 29 000
29 120 15 000 25 000 33 000 36 000 33 000 28 000
30 000 15 000 26 000 34 000 37 000 33 000 30 000
30 000 15 000 25 000 35 000 38 000 34 000 28 000
30 000 15 000 26 000 35 000 40 000 36 000 30 000
31 000 16 000 27 000 35 000 40 000 36 000 36 000
32 000 17 000 28 000 36 000 40 000 36 000 33 000
34 000 17 000 29 852 37 000 41 000 39 000 36 400
35 000 18 720 30 000 38 000 42 000 40 000 35 000
36 000 19 000 32 000 40 000 44 616 40 853 36 000
Women, 16 Years And Over .............................................. 16 to 24 years ....................................................................... 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over .................................................................
17 000 12 000 17 000 19 000 18 148 17 000 16 000
18 000 13 000 18 000 20 000 19 000 17 000 15 600
18 574 13 167 19 000 20 200 20 000 18 000 17 566
20 000 13 392 19 500 22 000 21 000 19 000 18 586
20 000 13 800 20 000 22 510 22 000 20 000 17 000
21 500 14 000 21 000 23 397 24 000 22 000 18 500
22 000 14 872 21 000 24 000 24 000 21 500 20 000
22 150 14 560 22 000 25 000 25 000 22 000 19 000
23 000 15 000 22 000 25 000 25 000 22 500 23 290
24 000 15 000 23 000 25 000 26 000 24 000 20 800
25 000 15 000 24 000 26 000 27 040 24 800 24 000
25 000 17 000 25 000 27 200 28 132 25 775 22 000
26 000 17 000 26 000 28 000 30 000 27 000 20 800
White, 16 Years And Over .................................................. Men ...................................................................................... Women .................................................................................
22 000 26 500 17 000
23 000 27 489 18 000
24 000 28 500 19 000
25 000 29 000 20 000
25 000 30 000 20 500
26 200 31 000 22 000
27 000 30 700 22 000
28 000 32 000 23 000
28 000 32 000 23 000
29 000 33 000 24 000
30 000 35 000 25 000
31 000 36 000 26 000
32 000 37 200 27 000
Black, 16 Years And Over .................................................. Men ...................................................................................... Women .................................................................................
17 000 18 850 15 500
18 000 20 000 16 200
19 000 20 000 17 115
19 350 20 800 18 000
20 000 22 000 18 500
21 000 22 312 20 000
20 800 23 000 19 843
21 000 23 500 20 000
22 000 24 500 20 000
23 784 26 000 21 000
24 000 26 000 22 000
25 000 27 000 23 000
25 760 30 000 24 000
Note: Detail for the above race groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
118
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-41. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 1987–1999 (Thousands of persons, dollars.) Age, sex and race
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
20 802 10 776 10 026 22 010 2 594 7 381 12 035 6 651 194 1 398 5 059 9 348 3 466 2 693 3 189 11 228 5 806 3 017 2 405 896 ...
22 213 11 715 10 498 22 280 2 716 7 565 11 999 6 857 236 1 551 5 070 9 640 3 550 2 877 3 213 11 584 5 989 3 187 2 408 916 ...
21 972 11 735 10 237 23 119 2 893 7 856 12 370 7 118 215 1 637 5 266 9 542 3 395 2 880 3 267 11 278 5 664 3 168 2 446 993 876
21 996 11 662 10 334 22 889 2 842 7 605 12 442 7 264 192 1 639 5 433 9 373 3 519 2 850 3 004 11 343 5 733 3 165 2 445 995 869
22 037 11 644 10 393 23 749 3 163 7 665 12 921 7 392 165 1 674 5 553 8 710 3 345 2 412 2 953 10 790 5 341 3 025 2 424 926 845
23 479 12 167 11 312 23 193 2 963 7 826 12 404 7 721 227 1 761 5 733 8 570 3 168 2 431 2 971 10 717 5 231 3 129 2 357 1 067 769
23 682 12 361 11 321 23 353 2 972 8 120 12 261 7 823 206 1 748 5 869 9 226 3 449 2 540 3 237 11 471 5 534 3 364 2 573 1 059 813
24 816 12 954 11 862 23 525 2 962 8 484 12 079 8 257 218 1 776 6 263 9 420 3 420 2 940 3 060 11 887 5 821 3 370 2 696 1 145 824
26 215 13 839 12 376 24 380 2 984 8 989 12 407 8 432 252 1 756 6 424 9 655 3 590 3 054 3 011 12 556 6 084 3 630 2 842 1 481 690
27 377 14 693 12 684 24 575 3 179 9 170 12 226 8 874 266 1 746 6 862 10 225 3 799 3 270 3 156 12 497 6 123 3 711 2 663 1 373 691
27 943 14 592 13 351 25 182 3 281 9 186 12 715 8 921 232 1 886 6 803 10 465 3 751 3 496 3 218 12 425 6 022 3 658 2 745 1 217 751
29 250 15 367 13 883 25 418 3 302 9 537 12 579 9 591 254 2 078 7 259 10 904 4 045 3 779 3 080 12 642 5 818 3 690 3 134 1 221 724
30 033 15 937 14 096 26 108 3 478 9 802 12 828 9 858 339 2 002 7 517 10 785 3 939 3 724 3 122 13 021 5 905 3 933 3 183 1 238 679
TOTAL, NUMBER OF WORKERS Managerial and professional specialty ................................. Executive, administrative, and managerial ....................... Professional specialty ....................................................... Technical, sales, and administrative support ....................... Technicians and related support ...................................... Sales occupations ............................................................ Administrative support, including clerical ......................... Service occupations ............................................................. Private household ............................................................. Protective service ............................................................. Service, except private household and protective ............ Precision production, craft, and repair .................................. Mechanics and repairers .................................................. Construction trades .......................................................... Other precision production, craft, and repair .................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ..................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. Transportation and material moving occupations ............. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...... Farming, forestry, and fishing ............................................... Armed forces ........................................................................ TOTAL, MEDIAN ANNUAL EARNINGS Managerial and professional specialty ................................. $30 000 $30 000 $33 000 $34 000 $35 000 $35 624 $37 000 $38 300 $39 000 $40 000 $40 000 $43 000 $45 000 Executive, administrative, and managerial ....................... 30 000 30 000 33 000 33 372 35 000 35 200 36 000 38 000 39 000 39 000 41 000 43 275 45 000 Professional specialty ....................................................... 30 000 30 200 32 645 34 000 35 000 36 000 37 953 38 500 40 000 40 000 40 000 42 000 45 000 Technical, sales, and administrative support ....................... 19 000 19 800 20 000 21 000 22 000 23 200 24 000 24 000 24 500 25 000 26 000 27 000 28 000 Technicians and related support ...................................... 24 200 25 000 25 400 27 000 27 000 28 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 31 000 31 200 34 000 35 000 Sales occupations ............................................................ 22 000 22 000 23 400 24 000 25 000 26 000 26 000 27 000 27 000 28 000 30 000 30 000 31 200 Administrative support, including clerical ......................... 17 000 17 500 18 200 19 500 20 000 21 000 21 000 21 700 22 000 23 000 24 000 25 000 25 000 Service occupations ............................................................. 13 050 14 000 15 000 15 000 15 000 16 000 16 000 16 400 17 000 17 616 18 000 18 000 19 600 Private household ............................................................. 6 240 7 600 7 200 7 280 9 100 10 000 8 000 10 000 10 000 10 400 13 000 12 000 11 960 Protective service ............................................................. 25 000 26 000 27 000 26 000 27 000 30 000 30 000 30 700 30 000 33 000 35 800 33 000 36 000 Service, except private household and protective ............ 12 000 12 000 13 000 13 000 13 800 14 000 14 847 15 000 15 000 15 600 16 000 16 000 17 400 Precision production, craft, and repair .................................. 24 000 25 000 25 600 26 000 27 000 28 000 27 387 29 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 31 000 33 280 Mechanics and repairers .................................................. 24 810 25 432 26 000 27 000 28 000 30 000 28 000 30 000 31 000 30 000 32 000 34 000 35 000 Construction trades .......................................................... 24 000 24 000 25 000 25 000 27 000 27 200 26 000 28 343 28 500 29 000 30 000 29 440 32 711 Other precision production, craft, and repair .................... 24 000 25 000 26 000 25 000 27 000 28 000 27 000 28 542 29 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 31 000 Operators, fabricators, and laborers ..................................... 18 000 18 045 19 500 20 000 20 000 20 770 20 000 21 000 21 000 23 000 24 000 25 000 25 000 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. 17 000 17 100 19 000 18 458 19 200 20 000 20 000 20 658 21 000 22 000 23 000 24 960 25 000 Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 22 000 22 700 23 000 24 000 24 000 25 000 25 000 25 000 25 968 27 000 27 395 30 000 30 000 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...... 16 000 16 000 17 200 17 000 17 000 18 000 17 000 17 000 18 000 20 000 20 000 20 000 20 000 Farming, forestry, and fishing ............................................... 12 000 13 000 13 600 14 000 14 400 15 000 15 600 15 028 17 000 18 000 17 000 19 000 18 200 Armed forces ........................................................................ ... . . . 19 700 19 751 20 000 22 000 24 000 25 000 24 103 26 000 27 574 30 000 29 000 MEN, NUMBER OF WORKERS Managerial and professional specialty ................................. Executive, administrative, and managerial ....................... Professional specialty ....................................................... Technical, sales, and administrative support ....................... Technicians and related support ...................................... Sales occupations ............................................................ Administrative support, including clerical ......................... Service occupations ............................................................. Private household ............................................................. Protective service ............................................................. Service, except private household and protective ............ Precision production, craft, and repair .................................. Mechanics and repairers .................................................. Construction trades .......................................................... Other precision production, craft, and repair .................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ..................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. Transportation and material moving occupations ............. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...... Farming, forestry, and fishing ............................................... Armed forces ........................................................................
See Note at end of table.
12 275 6 656 5 619 8 736 1 468 4 622 2 646 3 435 6 1 279 2 150 8 587 3 334 2 663 2 590 8 525 3 612 2 876 2 037 810 ...
12 846 7 070 5 776 8 856 1 524 4 652 2 680 3 540 13 1 373 2 154 8 887 3 416 2 806 2 665 8 747 3 681 3 029 2 037 817 ...
12 860 7 187 5 673 9 320 1 561 4 876 2 883 3 804 17 1 459 2 328 8 749 3 271 2 825 2 653 8 653 3 554 2 990 2 109 891 830
12 597 7 061 5 536 9 048 1 567 4 671 2 810 3 947 9 1 442 2 496 8 610 3 385 2 815 2 410 8 699 3 657 3 002 2 040 887 787
12 301 6 887 5 414 9 322 1 666 4 784 2 872 3 938 22 1 416 2 500 8 021 3 227 2 391 2 403 8 295 3 443 2 872 1 980 847 801
12 860 7 100 5 760 9 306 1 585 4 798 2 923 3 933 25 1 528 2 380 7 891 3 057 2 410 2 424 8 197 3 295 2 935 1 967 979 728
13 168 7 166 6 002 9 312 1 454 4 950 2 908 4 066 16 1 508 2 542 8 316 3 280 2 491 2 545 8 940 3 608 3 150 2 182 948 745
13 898 7 554 6 344 9 562 1 540 5 202 2 820 4 210 13 1 560 2 637 8 651 3 272 2 890 2 489 9 149 3 787 3 141 2 221 1 022 762
14 464 8 031 6 433 9 965 1 454 5 467 3 044 4 310 10 1 526 2 774 8 882 3 451 3 018 2 413 9 761 4 010 3 403 2 348 1 295 658
15 028 8 406 6 622 9 884 1 620 5 409 2 855 4 554 9 1 483 3 062 9 411 3 638 3 230 2 543 9 700 4 002 3 483 2 215 1 207 625
15 173 8 240 6 933 9 977 1 561 5 397 3 019 4 581 7 1 596 2 978 9 645 3 598 3 456 2 591 9 656 3 961 3 412 2 283 1 082 657
15 774 8 552 7 222 10 281 1 698 5 621 2 962 4 762 9 1 728 3 025 10 008 3 851 3 715 2 442 9 929 3 893 3 440 2 596 1 088 667
16 260 8 978 7 282 10 306 1 712 5 720 2 874 4 879 14 1 715 3 150 9 766 3 722 3 652 2 392 10 213 3 966 3 659 2 588 1 095 612
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
119
Table 1-41. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 1987–1999—Continued (Thousands of persons, dollars.) Age, sex and race
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
MEN, MEDIAN ANNUAL EARNINGS Managerial and professional specialty ................................. $36 000 $37 000 $39 500 $40 000 $42 000 $43 000 $44 000 $45 613 $47 000 $48 000 $50 000 $50 700 $55 000 Executive, administrative, and managerial ....................... 37 000 37 299 40 000 41 000 42 000 44 000 45 000 46 000 47 500 47 100 50 000 52 000 55 000 Professional specialty ....................................................... 35 000 36 500 38 000 40 000 42 000 42 270 43 995 45 000 47 000 48 000 50 000 50 000 53 250 Technical, sales, and administrative support ....................... 26 000 26 050 28 000 29 000 30 000 30 000 31 000 31 197 32 000 33 600 34 000 35 000 37 000 Technicians and related support ...................................... 29 000 30 000 31 000 30 300 31 100 33 000 34 000 35 000 35 000 36 000 38 000 40 000 41 000 Sales occupations ............................................................ 27 500 27 000 29 000 30 000 30 000 32 000 33 000 34 000 35 000 35 000 35 000 37 800 38 027 Administrative support, including clerical ......................... 23 860 24 000 25 000 25 220 27 000 27 000 26 632 27 000 27 286 30 000 29 000 30 000 31 400 Service occupations ............................................................. 17 466 18 000 18 400 18 000 19 315 20 000 20 000 20 500 21 000 20 400 22 000 23 000 24 000 Private household ............................................................. 6 000 11 200 11 000 14 000 9 600 10 800 18 000 5 000 12 318 9 000 10 000 13 000 13 000 Protective service ............................................................. 25 800 27 000 28 000 27 000 28 500 30 000 30 000 32 800 32 400 34 000 37 000 35 000 38 000 Service, except private household and protective ............ 14 000 15 000 15 000 15 000 16 000 15 600 16 000 17 000 17 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 20 000 Precision production, craft, and repair .................................. 25 000 25 434 26 000 27 000 28 000 29 000 28 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 31 200 32 000 35 000 Mechanics and repairers .................................................. 24 403 25 000 26 000 27 000 28 000 30 000 28 000 30 000 31 000 30 000 32 000 34 000 35 000 Construction trades .......................................................... 24 000 24 500 25 000 25 000 27 000 27 116 26 000 28 600 28 500 29 000 30 000 29 097 32 760 Other precision production, craft, and repair .................... 26 000 27 000 29 000 28 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 31 200 33 000 33 800 35 000 35 000 Operators, fabricators, and laborers ..................................... 20 000 20 500 21 000 22 000 22 000 23 000 23 000 23 000 23 500 25 000 26 000 26 500 26 400 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. 20 246 21 000 22 000 22 000 23 500 24 000 23 400 24 000 24 000 25 000 27 000 27 935 28 600 Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 22 071 23 800 23 200 24 000 24 960 25 000 26 000 25 500 26 000 27 250 28 000 30 000 30 000 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...... 16 500 16 858 18 000 18 000 17 053 18 144 17 623 18 000 18 824 20 000 21 000 21 000 20 800 Farming, forestry, and fishing ............................................... 12 000 13 400 14 000 14 000 15 000 15 000 15 600 16 000 17 350 18 000 17 000 19 500 19 084 Armed forces ........................................................................ ... . . . 20 000 19 200 20 700 22 202 24 748 25 000 24 103 26 000 28 000 30 000 30 000 WOMEN, NUMBER OF WORKERS Managerial and professional specialty ................................. Executive, administrative, and managerial ....................... Professional specialty ....................................................... Technical, sales, and administrative support ....................... Technicians and related support ...................................... Sales occupations ............................................................ Administrative support, including clerical ......................... Service occupations ............................................................. Private household ............................................................. Protective service ............................................................. Service, except private household and protective ............ Precision production, craft, and repair .................................. Mechanics and repairers .................................................. Construction trades .......................................................... Other precision production, craft, and repair .................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ..................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. Transportation and material moving occupations ............. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...... Farming, forestry, and fishing ............................................... Armed forces ........................................................................
8 527 4 120 4 407 13 273 1 126 2 759 9 388 3 216 188 119 2 909 761 132 30 599 2 703 2 194 141 368 87 ...
9 367 4 645 4 722 13 425 1 192 2 913 9 320 3 318 224 179 2 915 753 134 71 548 2 836 2 308 157 371 99 ...
9 113 4 548 4 565 13 800 1 332 2 981 9 487 3 313 197 178 2 938 793 124 55 614 2 625 2 110 178 337 102 45
9 398 4 600 4 798 13 842 1 275 2 934 9 633 3 318 183 197 2 938 764 134 36 594 2 644 2 076 163 405 108 83
9 736 4 757 4 979 14 427 1 497 2 882 10 048 3 455 144 258 3 053 689 118 21 550 2 495 1 898 153 444 79 45
10 618 5 067 5 551 13 888 1 379 3 028 9 481 3 787 202 232 3 353 679 111 21 547 2 521 1 936 195 390 88 41
10 515 5 195 5 320 14 041 1 518 3 170 9 353 3 758 190 241 3 327 910 169 49 692 2 531 1 926 214 391 111 68
10 918 5 400 5 518 13 962 1 422 3 281 9 259 4 048 206 216 3 626 770 148 50 572 2 738 2 034 229 475 123 62
11 751 5 808 5 943 14 415 1 530 3 522 9 363 4 120 241 229 3 650 773 139 36 598 2 795 2 074 227 494 187 32
12 349 6 287 6 062 14 691 1 559 3 761 9 371 4 320 257 263 3 800 813 160 40 613 2 796 2 121 227 448 166 67
12 769 6 352 6 417 15 206 1 721 3 789 9 696 4 340 225 290 3 825 821 154 40 627 2 769 2 061 246 462 135 94
13 476 6 815 6 661 15 135 1 604 3 915 9 616 4 829 245 350 4 234 897 194 64 639 2 713 1 925 250 538 133 57
13 773 6 959 6 814 15 801 1 765 4 082 9 954 4 979 325 287 4 367 1 019 217 72 730 2 810 1 940 274 596 143 67
WOMEN, MEDIAN ANNUAL EARNINGS Managerial and professional specialty ................................. $23 000 $25 000 $26 000 $27 500 $29 000 $29 863 $30 000 $31 000 $32 000 $32 000 $34 500 $35 000 $37 000 Executive, administrative, and managerial ....................... 22 000 23 500 24 755 25 400 27 000 28 000 29 000 30 000 30 000 31 000 33 600 35 000 36 000 Professional specialty ....................................................... 24 328 25 000 28 000 29 000 30 000 30 000 32 000 32 000 33 000 34 000 35 000 35 500 38 000 Technical, sales, and administrative support ....................... 16 000 16 600 17 594 18 500 19 111 20 000 20 000 21 000 21 000 22 000 23 000 24 000 24 960 Technicians and related support ...................................... 19 000 20 500 21 800 24 000 22 270 24 353 26 000 27 000 26 000 27 000 27 300 28 000 29 161 Sales occupations ............................................................ 14 263 15 000 15 500 17 000 18 000 18 000 18 720 19 000 20 000 21 000 21 000 23 000 23 000 Administrative support, including clerical ......................... 16 000 16 376 17 500 18 000 19 000 20 000 20 000 20 260 20 800 21 840 22 500 24 000 24 000 Service occupations ............................................................. 10 600 11 000 12 000 12 444 12 000 13 000 13 513 13 500 14 749 15 000 15 400 15 000 16 000 Private household ............................................................. 6 240 7 000 7 000 7 280 7 800 9 200 8 000 10 000 10 000 10 400 13 000 12 000 11 960 Protective service ............................................................. 20 000 22 000 21 267 22 314 23 000 23 570 26 000 23 550 24 000 28 000 28 496 26 000 26 052 Service, except private household and protective ............ 10 700 11 000 12 000 12 050 12 000 13 000 13 000 13 200 14 539 15 000 15 000 15 000 16 000 Precision production, craft, and repair .................................. 17 500 17 000 17 836 18 852 18 707 20 000 21 000 22 000 21 000 21 000 21 000 24 000 25 000 Mechanics and repairers .................................................. 26 011 28 000 26 000 26 500 30 000 29 000 30 000 33 000 33 000 22 000 33 000 31 601 32 000 Construction trades .......................................................... 18 000 20 000 29 000 20 000 20 000 42 000 26 000 24 000 29 000 20 000 25 700 35 000 29 000 Other precision production, craft, and repair .................... 15 600 15 000 16 000 17 900 17 000 18 000 20 000 20 000 19 000 20 500 19 000 21 000 22 000 Operators, fabricators, and laborers ..................................... 13 000 13 000 14 000 14 300 15 000 15 000 15 000 16 000 16 000 17 000 17 200 18 500 18 200 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............. 13 000 13 000 14 000 14 374 15 000 15 000 15 000 16 000 16 000 17 576 17 839 18 867 18 200 Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 13 300 13 000 15 000 16 100 19 000 20 000 19 000 24 000 18 000 17 500 20 000 21 000 20 000 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...... 13 800 13 500 13 500 13 441 15 000 14 200 14 520 14 600 14 800 16 640 15 800 16 000 18 000 Farming, forestry, and fishing ............................................... 10 000 10 400 12 000 11 799 12 200 13 000 15 600 10 700 16 000 18 000 17 000 15 600 15 000 Armed forces ........................................................................ ... . . . 14 000 22 000 14 000 18 500 18 300 24 000 25 000 22 000 25 000 28 000 26 000
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
120
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-42. Wage and Salary Workers Paid Hourly Rates with Earnings at or below the Prevailing Federal Minimum Wage by Selected Characteristics, 1999–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Workers paid hourly rates
Characteristic
Below prevailing federal minimum wage
Total
At prevailing federal minimum wage
Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage Percent of hourly-paid workers
Number
1999 Sex And Age Total, 16 years and over ....................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Men, 16 years and over ........................................................ 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Women, 16 years and over ................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over .............................................................
72 306 16 636 55 670 36 073 8 556 27 517 36 233 8 080 28 153
2 194 1 064 1 130 768 410 358 1 426 654 772
1 146 632 514 446 289 157 700 343 357
3 340 1 695 1 644 1 214 699 515 2 126 996 1 129
4.6 10.2 3.0 3.4 8.2 1.9 5.9 12.3 4.0
Race, Hispanic Origin, And Sex White, 16 years and over ...................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Black, 16 years and over ...................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Hispanic origin, 16 years and over ....................................... Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
58 999 29 906 29 093 10 126 4 632 5 494 9 402 5 490 3 913
1 803 602 1 200 298 126 173 275 126 148
895 356 539 217 74 144 238 105 133
2 698 958 1 740 516 199 316 513 232 281
4.6 3.2 6.0 5.1 4.3 5.8 5.5 4.2 7.2
Full-And Part-Time Status And Sex1 Full-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Part-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
54 931 30 582 24 349 17 227 5 410 11 817
948 383 565 1 238 383 855
372 169 203 772 276 496
1 320 552 768 2 011 659 1 351
2.4 1.8 3.2 11.7 12.2 11.4
Sex And Age Total, 16 years and over ....................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Men, 16 years and over ........................................................ 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Women, 16 years and over ................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over .............................................................
72 744 16 938 55 806 36 228 8 743 27 485 36 516 8 194 28 321
1 844 938 906 632 346 286 1 212 592 621
866 510 357 322 202 120 544 308 237
2 710 1 447 1 263 954 548 406 1 757 899 857
3.7 8.5 2.3 2.6 6.3 1.5 4.8 11.0 3.0
Race, Hispanic Origin, And Sex White, 16 years and over ...................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Black, 16 years and over ...................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Hispanic origin, 16 years and over ....................................... Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
59 374 29 970 29 404 10 105 4 648 5 457 9 847 5 787 4 060
1 555 506 1 049 213 94 119 189 91 99
687 246 441 148 63 85 129 50 78
2 242 752 1 490 361 157 204 318 141 177
3.8 2.5 5.1 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.2 2.4 4.4
Full-And Part-Time Status And Sex1 Full-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Part-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
55 701 30 856 24 845 16 909 5 308 11 601
736 286 450 1 096 342 754
289 113 176 577 208 369
1 025 400 626 1 673 550 1 123
1.8 1.3 2.5 9.9 10.4 9.7
2000
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. 1. The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on the hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
121
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-43. Absences from Work of Employed Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Age and Sex, 1999–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Age and sex
Total employed
Lost worktime rate 1
Absence rate Total
Illness or injury
Other reasons
Total
Illness or injury
Other reasons
1999 Total, 16 Years And Over .................................................................... 16 to 19 years ....................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ....................................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................................. 25 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 years and over .............................................................................
97 740 2 256 9 131 86 353 76 092 10 261
3.8 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 4.2
2.8 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.7 3.5
1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.7
2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.6
1.5 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.4 2.3
0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.3
Men, 16 Years And Over ..................................................................... 16 to 19 years ....................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ....................................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................................. 25 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 years and over .............................................................................
55 161 1 352 5 112 48 696 42 882 5 814
2.8 3.1 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.6
2.2 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.1 3.1
0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5
1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 2.2
1.2 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.2 2.0
0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2
Women, 16 Years And Over ............................................................... 16 to 19 years ....................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ....................................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................................. 25 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 years and over .............................................................................
42 579 904 4 018 37 657 33 210 4 447
5.1 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 5.1
3.5 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.4 4.1
1.6 1.4 2.0 1.6 1.7 0.9
2.7 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.7 3.0
1.8 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.7 2.5
1.0 0.8 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.4
Total, 16 Years And Over .................................................................... 16 to 19 years ....................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ....................................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................................. 25 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 years and over .............................................................................
99 846 2 382 9 608 87 856 77 120 10 736
3.8 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.9
2.7 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.2
1.0 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.7
2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3
1.4 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.4 2.0
0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.3
Men, 16 Years And Over ..................................................................... 16 to 19 years ....................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ....................................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................................. 25 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 years and over .............................................................................
56 228 1 414 5 420 49 394 43 353 6 041
2.8 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.7 3.3
2.2 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.7
0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6
1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.4 2.0
1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.7
0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Women, 16 Years And Over ............................................................... 16 to 19 years ....................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ....................................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................................. 25 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 years and over .............................................................................
43 618 968 4 188 38 461 33 767 4 694
5.1 5.6 5.5 5.1 5.1 4.8
3.5 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.9
1.6 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.7 0.9
2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6
1.8 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 2.3
1.0 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.4
2000
1. Hours absent as a percent of the hours usually worked.
122
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-44. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers by Age and Sex, Selected Years, 1983–2000 Age and sex
January 1983
January 1987
January 1991
February 1996
February 1998
February 2000
TOTAL 16 Years And Over ................................................................................................ 16 to 17 years ......................................................................................................... 18 to 19 years ......................................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ......................................................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ..................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ..................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ..................................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ..................................................................................................... 65 years and over ...............................................................................................
3.5 0.7 0.8 1.5 5.0 3.0 5.2 9.5 12.2 9.6
3.4 0.6 0.7 1.3 5.0 2.9 5.5 8.8 11.6 9.5
3.6 0.7 0.8 1.3 4.8 2.9 5.4 8.9 11.1 8.1
3.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 5.0 2.8 5.3 8.3 10.2 8.4
3.6 0.6 0.7 1.1 4.7 2.7 5.0 8.1 10.1 7.8
3.5 0.6 0.7 1.1 4.7 2.6 4.8 8.2 10.0 9.5
4.1 0.7 0.8 1.5 5.9 3.2 7.3 12.8 15.3 8.3
4.0 0.6 0.7 1.3 5.7 3.1 7.0 11.8 14.5 8.3
4.1 0.7 0.8 1.4 5.4 3.1 6.5 11.2 13.4 7.0
4.0 0.6 0.7 1.2 5.3 3.0 6.1 10.1 10.5 8.3
3.8 0.6 0.7 1.2 4.9 2.8 5.5 9.4 11.2 7.1
3.8 0.6 0.7 1.2 5.0 2.7 5.4 9.5 10.2 9.1
3.1 0.7 0.8 1.5 4.2 2.8 4.1 6.3 9.8 10.1
3.0 0.6 0.7 1.3 4.3 2.6 4.4 6.8 9.7 9.9
3.2 0.7 0.8 1.3 4.3 2.7 4.5 6.7 9.9 9.5
3.5 0.7 0.7 1.2 4.7 2.7 4.8 7.0 10.0 8.4
3.4 0.7 0.7 1.1 4.4 2.5 4.5 7.2 9.6 8.7
3.3 0.6 0.7 1.0 4.4 2.5 4.3 7.3 9.9 9.7
MEN 16 Years And Over ................................................................................................ 16 to 17 years ......................................................................................................... 18 to 19 years ......................................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ......................................................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ..................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ..................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ..................................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ..................................................................................................... 65 years and over ............................................................................................... WOMEN 16 Years And Over ................................................................................................ 16 to 17 years ......................................................................................................... 18 to 19 years ......................................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ......................................................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ..................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ..................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ..................................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ..................................................................................................... 65 years and over ...............................................................................................
Note: Data exclude the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
123
Table 1-45. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers by Industry, Selected Years, 1983–2000 Industry
January 1983
January 1987
January 1991
February 1996
February 1998
February 2000
TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER .............................................................................
3.5
3.4
3.6
3.8
3.6
Agriculture .............................................................................................................
2.2
2.4
2.6
3.4
2.9
3.1
Nonagricultural Industries ................................................................................... Government ............................................................................................................ Private industries .................................................................................................... Mining ................................................................................................................. Construction ........................................................................................................ Manufacturing ..................................................................................................... Durable goods 1 .............................................................................................. Lumber and wood products .................................................................... Furniture and fixtures .............................................................................. Stone, clay, and glass products .............................................................. Primary metal industries ......................................................................... Fabricated metal products ...................................................................... Machinery and computing equipment ..................................................... Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ....................................... Transportation equipment 1 ..................................................................... Motor vehicles and equipment ............................................................ Aircraft and parts ................................................................................. Professional and photographic equipment and watches ........................ Toys, amusements, and sporting goods ................................................. Nondurable goods 1 ........................................................................................ Food and kindred products ..................................................................... Textile mill products ................................................................................ Apparel and other finished textile products ............................................. Paper and allied products ....................................................................... Printing and publishing ............................................................................ Chemicals and allied products ................................................................ Petroleum and coal products .................................................................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .......................................... Transportation and public utilities ....................................................................... Transportation ................................................................................................. Communications and other public utilities ....................................................... Wholesale trade .................................................................................................. Retail trade .......................................................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate .................................................................... Banking and other finance .............................................................................. Insurance and real estate ............................................................................... Services 1 ............................................................................................................ Private households ......................................................................................... Services, except private households .............................................................. Business services ................................................................................... Automobile and repair services ............................................................... Personal services, except private households ........................................ Entertainment and recreation services ................................................... Hospitals ................................................................................................. Health services, except hospitals ............................................................ Educational services ............................................................................... Social services ........................................................................................ Other professional services ....................................................................
3.6 5.8 3.2 3.4 2.0 5.4 5.6 4.0 4.2 7.0 10.0 5.7 5.8 4.7 8.8 13.0 6.4 4.7 3.6 5.1 5.2 7.0 3.8 7.6 3.2 7.0 6.0 5.4 5.8 4.6 8.3 3.8 1.9 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.5 1.8 2.5 1.5 2.3 2.0 1.8 3.5 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.9
3.4 6.5 3.0 6.1 2.0 5.5 6.0 3.2 3.2 6.8 10.2 5.5 6.7 4.8 8.0 11.2 6.8 5.9 5.8 4.9 4.4 7.0 3.2 8.6 3.2 7.2 11.7 4.4 5.7 3.9 8.4 3.7 1.8 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.5 1.7 2.5 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.8 4.6 2.4 3.1 2.3 2.8
3.6 6.5 3.2 5.8 2.6 5.2 5.8 3.6 4.0 6.3 9.7 5.5 5.9 5.5 7.6 11.7 6.3 5.1 3.2 4.7 4.2 5.6 3.8 7.6 3.5 5.7 8.4 4.7 5.8 4.2 9.9 3.4 1.9 3.4 3.6 3.2 2.7 1.9 2.7 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.3 4.2 2.7 3.5 2.3 3.3
3.8 6.9 3.3 6.1 2.9 5.4 5.3 3.3 4.2 5.1 8.1 5.1 5.2 4.9 8.3 7.8 9.8 5.1 2.7 5.4 5.1 5.4 3.8 8.4 4.3 6.9 10.3 4.7 5.2 4.1 8.2 3.9 1.9 4.1 3.9 4.2 3.0 2.3 3.0 2.0 2.9 2.3 1.9 5.2 2.9 3.8 2.8 3.5
3.6 7.3 3.2 5.6 2.7 4.9 4.9 3.8 3.9 6.1 8.0 4.0 4.4 5.0 7.8 6.4 9.6 5.5 3.6 4.9 5.1 6.7 3.8 7.5 4.0 5.4 9.4 4.6 4.8 3.8 8.2 4.1 1.8 3.5 3.7 3.4 2.9 2.3 2.9 1.9 2.4 2.3 1.9 5.2 2.9 3.5 2.7 3.3
3.5 7.2 3.2 6.5 2.8 5.0 4.9 4.0 4.1 5.4 7.0 4.7 4.5 4.7 6.4 5.8 9.7 5.2 3.7 5.1 5.0 7.4 3.3 6.1 4.4 5.8 7.5 4.9 4.4 3.9 5.2 3.9 2.0 3.6 3.3 3.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.8 2.7 2.7 2.3 5.2 3.2 3.3 2.6 3.2
Note: Data exclude the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Includes other industries, not shown separately.
3.5
124
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-46. Employment Status of the Population by Marital Status and Sex, March 1989–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Men
Women
Labor force Marital status and year
Population
Total
Number
Labor force Unemployed
Percent of Employed population
Number
Percent of labor force
Population
Total
Number
Unemployed
Percent of Employed population
Number
Percent of labor force
SINGLE 1989 ............................................................................
25 714
18 867
73.4
16 999
1 868
9.9
21 153
13 969
66.0
12 843
1 126
8.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
25 757 26 220 26 529 26 951 28 350
18 829 19 014 19 229 19 625 20 365
73.1 72.5 72.5 72.8 71.8
16 893 16 418 16 401 16 858 17 826
1 936 2 596 2 828 2 767 2 539
10.3 13.7 14.7 14.1 12.5
21 088 21 688 21 738 21 848 22 885
14 003 14 125 14 072 14 091 14 903
66.4 65.1 64.7 64.5 65.1
12 856 12 887 12 793 12 711 13 419
1 147 1 238 1 279 1 380 1 484
8.2 8.8 9.1 9.8 10.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
28 318 28 695 29 294 29 558 29 883
20 449 20 561 20 942 21 255 21 329
72.2 71.7 71.5 71.9 71.4
18 286 18 097 18 683 19 124 19 465
2 163 2 464 2 259 2 131 1 864
10.6 12.0 10.8 10.0 8.7
22 853 23 632 24 215 24 808 25 674
14 974 15 417 16 178 16 885 17 486
65.5 65.2 66.8 68.1 68.1
13 673 14 084 14 747 15 626 16 185
1 301 1 333 1 431 1 259 1 301
8.7 8.6 8.8 7.5 7.4
2000 ............................................................................
30 232
21 641
71.6
19 823
1 818
8.4
25 863
17 749
68.6
16 446
1 303
7.3
1989 ............................................................................
52 155
40 912
78.4
39 516
1 396
3.4
52 889
30 489
57.6
29 446
1 043
3.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
52 464 52 460 52 780 53 488 53 436
41 020 40 883 40 930 41 255 40 993
78.2 77.9 77.5 77.1 76.7
39 562 38 843 38 650 39 069 39 085
1 458 2 040 2 280 2 186 1 908
3.6 5.0 5.6 5.3 4.7
53 207 53 176 53 464 54 146 54 198
30 967 31 103 31 686 32 158 32 863
58.2 58.5 59.3 59.4 60.6
29 870 29 668 30 130 30 757 31 397
1 097 1 435 1 556 1 401 1 466
3.5 4.6 4.9 4.4 4.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
54 166 53 996 53 981 54 685 55 256
41 806 41 837 41 967 42 288 42 557
77.2 77.5 77.7 77.3 77.0
40 262 40 356 40 628 41 039 41 476
1 544 1 481 1 339 1 249 1 081
3.7 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.5
54 902 54 640 54 611 55 241 55 801
33 563 33 382 33 907 34 136 34 349
61.1 61.1 62.1 61.8 61.6
32 267 32 258 32 836 33 028 33 403
1 296 1 124 1 071 1 108 946
3.9 3.4 3.2 3.2 2.8
2000 ............................................................................
55 897
43 254
77.4
42 261
993
2.3
56 432
34 959
61.9
33 998
961
2.7
1989 ............................................................................
10 641
7 108
66.8
6 552
556
7.8
23 346
10 733
46.0
10 119
614
5.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
11 152 11 588 11 927 11 861 12 239
7 513 7 804 8 049 7 956 8 156
67.4 67.3 67.5 67.1 66.6
6 959 6 985 7 140 7 055 7 382
554 819 909 901 774
7.4 10.5 11.3 11.3 9.5
23 857 24 105 24 582 24 661 25 098
11 168 11 145 11 486 11 308 11 879
46.8 46.2 46.7 45.9 47.3
10 530 10 386 10 610 10 528 10 995
638 759 876 780 884
5.7 6.8 7.6 6.9 7.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
12 410 13 176 14 113 14 166 14 225
8 315 8 697 9 420 9 482 9 449
67.0 66.0 66.7 66.9 66.4
7 632 7 976 8 715 8 954 8 971
683 721 705 528 478
8.2 8.3 7.5 5.6 5.1
25 373 25 786 26 301 26 092 26 199
12 001 12 430 12 814 12 880 12 951
47.3 48.2 48.7 49.4 49.4
11 308 11 742 12 071 12 235 12 307
693 688 743 645 644
5.8 5.5 5.8 5.0 5.0
2000 ............................................................................
14 289
9 623
67.3
9 152
471
4.9
26 354
13 228
50.2
12 657
571
4.3
MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT
WIDOWED, DIVORCED OR SEPARATED
See Note at end of table.
125
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-46. Employment Status of the Population by Marital Status and Sex, March 1989–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons, percent.) Men
Women
Labor force Marital status and year
Population
Total
Number
Labor force Unemployed
Percent of Employed population
Number
Percent of labor force
Population
Total
Number
Unemployed
Percent of Employed population
Number
Percent of labor force
Widowed 1989 ............................................................................
2 279
536
23.5
521
15
2.8
11 493
2 309
20.1
2 231
78
3.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
2 331 2 385 2 529 2 468 2 220
519 486 566 596 474
22.3 20.4 22.4 24.1 21.4
490 448 501 535 440
29 38 65 61 34
5.6 7.8 11.5 10.2 7.2
11 477 11 288 11 325 11 214 11 073
2 243 2 150 2 131 1 961 1 945
19.5 19.0 18.8 17.5 17.6
2 149 2 044 2 029 1 856 1 825
94 106 102 105 120
4.2 4.9 4.8 5.4 6.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
2 282 2 476 2 686 2 567 2 540
496 487 559 563 562
21.7 19.7 20.8 21.9 22.1
469 466 529 551 532
27 21 30 12 30
5.4 4.3 5.4 2.1 5.3
11 080 11 070 11 058 11 027 10 943
1 941 1 916 2 018 2 157 2 039
17.5 17.3 18.2 19.6 18.6
1 844 1 820 1 926 2 071 1 942
97 96 92 86 97
5.0 5.0 4.6 4.0 4.8
2000 ............................................................................
2 601
583
22.4
547
36
6.2
11 061
2 011
18.2
1 911
100
5.0
Divorced 1989 ............................................................................
6 023
4 819
80.0
4 433
386
8.0
8 521
6 396
75.1
6 035
361
5.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
6 256 6 586 6 743 6 770 7 222
5 004 5 262 5 418 5 330 5 548
80.0 79.9 80.3 78.7 76.8
4 639 4 722 4 823 4 736 5 028
365 540 595 594 520
7.3 10.3 11.0 11.1 9.4
8 845 9 152 9 569 9 879 10 113
6 678 6 779 7 076 7 183 7 473
75.5 74.1 73.9 72.7 73.9
6 333 6 365 6 578 6 736 6 962
345 414 498 447 511
5.2 6.1 7.0 6.2 6.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
7 343 7 734 8 191 8 307 8 529
5 739 5 954 6 298 6 378 6 481
78.2 77.0 76.9 76.8 76.0
5 266 5 468 5 851 6 045 6 151
473 486 447 333 330
8.2 8.2 7.1 5.2 5.1
10 262 10 508 11 102 11 065 11 130
7 559 7 829 8 092 8 038 8 171
73.7 74.5 72.9 72.6 73.4
7 206 7 468 7 666 7 687 7 841
353 361 426 351 330
4.7 4.6 5.3 4.4 4.0
2000 ............................................................................
8 532
6 583
77.2
6 279
304
4.6
11 061
8 505
76.9
8 217
288
3.4
1989 ............................................................................
2 339
1 753
74.9
1 598
155
8.8
3 332
2 028
60.9
1 853
175
8.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
2 565 2 616 2 655 2 623 2 797
1 990 2 057 2 065 2 030 2 134
77.6 78.6 77.8 77.4 76.3
1 830 1 816 1 816 1 784 1 914
160 241 249 246 220
8.0 11.7 12.1 12.1 10.3
3 535 3 665 3 688 3 568 3 911
2 247 2 216 2 279 2 165 2 461
63.6 60.5 61.8 60.7 62.9
2 048 1 977 2 003 1 937 2 208
199 239 276 228 253
8.9 10.8 12.1 10.5 10.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
2 784 2 966 3 236 3 293 3 156
2 081 2 255 2 563 2 542 2 405
74.7 76.0 79.2 77.2 76.2
1 898 2 041 2 335 2 358 2 287
183 214 228 184 118
8.8 9.5 8.9 7.2 4.9
4 031 4 209 4 141 4 000 4 126
2 501 2 684 2 705 2 683 2 740
62.0 63.8 65.3 67.1 66.4
2 258 2 453 2 480 2 476 2 523
243 231 225 207 217
9.7 8.6 8.3 7.7 7.9
2000 ............................................................................
3 157
2 456
77.8
2 326
130
5.3
4 012
2 711
67.6
2 528
183
6.8
Separated
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
126
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-47. Employment Status of All Women and Single Women by Presence and Age of Children, March 1988–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) All women
Single women
Civilian labor force
Civilian labor force as percent of population
1988 ..................................................................... 1989 .....................................................................
32 490 33 255
51.2 51.9
30 911 31 761
73.6 73.7
26.4 26.3
1 580 1 495
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
33 942 34 047 34 487 34 495 35 454
52.3 52.0 52.3 52.1 53.1
32 391 32 167 32 481 32 476 33 343
74.4 74.0 74.3 74.6 72.7
25.6 26.0 25.7 25.4 27.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
35 843 36 509 37 295 38 253 39 316
52.9 53.0 53.6 54.1 54.3
34 054 34 698 35 572 36 680 37 589
72.9 73.3 73.7 74.1 74.6
2000 .....................................................................
40 142
54.8
38 408
1988 ..................................................................... 1989 .....................................................................
21 545 20 936
65.1 65.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
22 196 22 327 22 756 23 063 24 191
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
2000 .....................................................................
Age of children and year
Employed
Civilian labor force
Civilian labor force as percent of population
4.9 4.5
12 417 12 445
67.3 67.8
11 538 11 643
66.7 66.1
33.3 33.9
880 803
7.1 6.5
1 551 1 880 2 006 2 020 2 110
4.6 5.5 5.8 5.9 6.0
12 478 12 472 12 355 12 223 12 737
68.1 67.0 66.9 66.4 66.8
11 611 11 529 11 374 11 201 11 674
65.9 66.2 66.6 66.1 64.5
34.1 33.8 33.4 33.9 35.5
866 943 982 1 022 1 063
6.9 7.6 7.9 8.4 8.3
27.1 26.7 26.3 25.9 25.4
1 789 1 811 1 723 1 573 1 727
5.0 5.0 4.6 4.1 4.4
12 870 13 172 13 405 13 888 14 435
67.1 66.1 66.5 67.2 67.1
11 919 12 255 12 442 13 082 13 491
64.5 64.6 64.0 64.8 65.6
35.5 35.4 36.0 35.2 34.4
951 918 964 806 944
7.4 7.0 7.2 5.8 6.5
75.4
24.6
1 733
4.3
14 677
67.6
13 713
66.6
33.4
964
6.6
20 141 20 647
73.0 72.8
27.0 27.2
1 404 1 289
6.5 6.2
1 375 1 524
51.6 54.7
1 068 1 200
79.8 79.0
20.2 21.0
308 324
22.4 21.3
66.7 66.6 67.2 66.9 68.4
20 865 20 774 21 052 21 521 22 467
73.0 73.0 73.8 73.9 70.8
27.0 27.0 26.2 26.1 29.2
1 331 1 552 1 704 1 541 1 724
6.0 7.0 7.5 6.7 7.1
1 525 1 654 1 716 1 869 2 166
55.2 53.6 52.5 54.4 56.9
1 244 1 358 1 420 1 510 1 745
79.1 76.4 75.9 74.8 73.9
20.9 23.6 24.1 25.2 26.1
280 296 297 359 421
18.4 17.9 17.3 19.2 19.4
24 695 24 720 25 604 25 647 25 469
69.7 70.2 72.1 72.3 72.1
23 195 23 386 24 082 24 209 24 305
71.7 72.6 74.1 74.0 74.1
28.3 27.4 25.9 26.0 25.9
1 500 1 334 1 522 1 438 1 165
6.1 5.4 5.9 5.6 4.6
2 104 2 245 2 772 2 997 3 051
57.5 60.5 68.1 72.5 73.4
1 754 1 829 2 305 2 544 2 694
73.6 73.5 76.6 75.6 75.8
26.4 26.5 23.4 24.4 24.2
350 416 467 453 357
16.6 18.5 16.8 15.1 11.7
25 795
72.9
24 693
74.6
25.4
1 102
4.3
3 073
73.9
2 734
79.7
20.3
339
11.0
8 862 9 136
56.1 56.7
8 099 8 478
69.5 68.8
30.5 31.2
763 657
8.6 7.2
831 966
44.9 48.9
621 722
78.8 79.2
21.2 20.8
211 244
25.4 25.3
Number
Unemployed
Percent Percent Number full-time part-time
Percent of labor force
Employed
Number
Unemployed
Percent Percent Number full-time part-time
Percent of labor force
WOMEN WITH NO CHILDREN UNDER 18
WOMEN WITH CHILDREN UNDER 18
Women With Children Under 6 1988 ..................................................................... 1989 ..................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
9 397 9 636 9 573 9 621 10 328
58.2 58.4 58.0 57.9 60.3
8 732 8 758 8 662 8 764 9 394
69.6 69.5 70.2 70.1 67.1
30.4 30.5 29.8 29.9 32.9
664 878 911 857 935
7.1 9.1 9.5 8.9 9.1
929 1 050 1 029 1 125 1 379
48.7 48.8 45.8 47.4 52.2
736 819 829 869 1 062
75.0 72.2 73.2 70.0 70.0
25.0 27.8 26.8 30.0 30.0
194 231 200 257 317
20.9 22.0 19.4 22.8 23.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
10 395 10 293 10 610 10 619 10 322
62.3 62.3 65.0 65.2 64.4
9 587 9 592 9 800 9 839 9 674
67.5 68.4 70.5 69.8 69.0
32.5 31.6 29.5 30.2 31.0
809 701 810 780 648
7.8 6.8 7.6 7.3 6.3
1 328 1 378 1 755 1 755 1 811
53.0 55.1 65.1 67.3 68.1
1 069 1 099 1 424 1 448 1 565
68.6 67.3 71.6 71.7 71.0
31.4 32.7 28.4 28.3 29.0
259 279 330 307 246
19.5 20.2 18.8 17.5 13.6
2000 .....................................................................
10 316
65.3
9 763
70.5
29.5
553
5.4
1 835
70.5
1 603
75.3
24.7
232
12.6
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
127
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-48. Employment Status of Ever-Married Women and Married Women, Spouse Present, by Presence and Age of Children, March 1988–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Ever-married women 1
Civilian labor force
Civilian labor force as percent of population
Civilian labor force
Civilian labor force as percent of population
1988 ..................................................................... 1989 .....................................................................
20 073 20 810
44.6 45.6
19 373 20 118
77.7 78.1
22.3 21.9
700 692
3.5 3.3
13 460 14 044
48.9 50.5
13 058 13 633
76.3 77.2
23.7 22.8
401 411
3.0 2.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
21 464 21 575 22 132 22 273 22 716
46.1 46.1 46.6 46.6 47.6
20 779 20 637 21 108 21 275 21 669
79.1 78.4 78.5 79.0 77.1
20.9 21.6 21.5 21.0 22.9
685 937 1 024 998 1 047
3.2 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.6
14 467 14 529 14 851 15 211 15 234
51.1 51.2 51.9 52.4 53.2
14 068 13 976 14 247 14 630 14 641
77.3 77.6 77.8 77.6 75.6
22.7 22.4 22.2 22.4 24.4
399 552 604 581 593
2.8 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
22 973 23 337 23 890 24 366 24 881
47.3 47.7 48.3 48.7 48.9
22 134 22 444 23 130 23 598 24 098
77.4 78.1 78.9 79.3 79.7
22.6 21.9 21.1 20.7 20.3
839 893 760 767 783
3.7 3.8 3.2 3.1 3.1
15 594 15 628 15 750 16 007 16 484
53.2 53.4 54.2 54.1 54.4
15 072 15 123 15 315 15 581 16 061
76.3 76.8 77.7 78.3 78.2
23.7 23.2 22.3 21.7 21.8
522 506 435 426 423
3.3 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.6
2000 .....................................................................
25 465
49.4
24 695
80.3
19.7
769
3.0
16 786
54.7
16 357
79.1
20.9
429
2.6
1988 ..................................................................... 1989 .....................................................................
20 170 20 411
66.3 66.7
19 074 19 446
72.6 72.5
27.4 27.5
1 096 965
5.4 4.7
16 218 16 445
65.0 65.6
15 441 15 813
69.6 69.6
30.4 30.4
776 632
4.8 3.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
20 671 20 673 21 040 21 194 22 025
67.8 67.9 68.8 68.3 69.8
19 621 19 416 19 633 20 011 20 722
72.6 72.8 73.6 73.9 70.5
27.4 27.2 26.4 26.1 29.5
1 051 1 257 1 407 1 183 1 303
5.1 6.1 6.7 5.6 5.9
16 500 16 575 16 835 16 947 17 628
66.3 66.8 67.8 67.5 69.0
15 803 15 692 15 884 16 127 16 755
69.8 70.1 71.3 71.4 68.0
30.2 29.9 28.7 28.6 32.0
698 883 952 820 873
4.2 5.3 5.7 4.8 5.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
22 591 22 475 22 831 22 650 22 419
71.1 71.4 72.6 72.3 71.9
21 441 21 556 21 777 21 665 21 611
71.5 72.5 73.9 73.8 73.9
28.5 27.5 26.1 26.2 26.1
1 150 919 1 054 985 808
5.1 4.1 4.6 4.3 3.6
17 969 17 754 18 157 18 129 17 865
70.2 70.0 71.1 70.6 70.1
17 195 17 136 17 521 17 447 17 342
68.8 69.6 71.6 71.5 71.5
31.2 30.4 28.4 28.5 28.5
774 618 636 682 523
4.3 3.5 3.5 3.8 2.9
2000 .....................................................................
22 722
72.7
21 960
74.0
26.0
763
3.4
18 174
70.6
17 641
71.7
28.3
533
2.9
1988 ..................................................................... 1989 .....................................................................
8 031 8 169
57.6 57.8
7 478 7 756
68.7 67.8
31.3 32.2
552 413
6.9 5.1
6 950 7 034
57.1 57.4
6 527 6 749
66.4 66.0
33.6 34.0
422 285
6.1 4.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
8 467 8 585 8 544 8 496 8 949
59.5 59.9 60.0 59.6 61.8
7 996 7 938 7 832 7 895 8 332
69.1 69.2 69.9 70.2 66.7
30.9 30.8 30.1 29.8 33.3
471 647 711 600 617
5.6 7.5 8.3 7.1 6.9
7 247 7 434 7 333 7 289 7 723
58.9 59.9 59.9 59.6 61.7
6 901 6 933 6 819 6 840 7 291
67.4 67.5 68.5 68.8 65.4
32.6 32.5 31.5 31.2 34.6
346 501 514 450 432
4.8 6.7 7.0 6.2 5.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................
9 067 8 915 8 856 8 864 8 511
63.9 63.6 64.9 64.8 63.7
8 517 8 493 8 376 8 391 8 109
67.4 68.6 70.3 69.5 68.6
32.6 31.4 29.7 30.5 31.4
550 422 480 473 402
6.1 4.7 5.4 5.3 4.7
7 759 7 590 7 582 7 655 7 246
63.5 62.7 63.6 63.7 61.8
7 349 7 297 7 252 7 309 6 979
66.1 66.5 69.1 68.1 67.1
33.9 33.5 30.9 31.9 32.9
409 293 330 346 267
5.3 3.9 4.4 4.5 3.7
2000 .....................................................................
8 481
64.3
8 159
69.5
30.5
321
3.8
7 341
62.8
7 087
68.1
31.9
254
3.5
Age of children and year
Employed
Married women, spouse present
Number
Unemployed
Percent Percent Number full-time part-time
Percent of labor force
Employed
Number
Unemployed
Percent Percent Number full-time part-time
Percent of labor force
WOMEN WITH NO CHILDREN UNDER 18
WOMEN WITH CHILDREN UNDER 18
Women With Children Under 6
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability. 1. Ever-married women are women who are, or have been married.
128
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-49. Employment Status of Women Who Maintain Families by Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children, March 1988–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Civilian labor force Family status, age of children, and year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Unemployed Number
Percent of the population
Employed
Not in the labor force
Percent of the labor force
Number
WOMEN WHO MAINTAIN FAMILIES, TOTAL 1988 ................................................................................................... 1989 ...................................................................................................
11 074 11 280
6 851 6 999
61.9 62.0
6 296 6 420
555 579
8.1 8.3
4 222 4 281
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
11 309 11 765 12 214 12 489 12 963
7 088 7 329 7 517 7 777 8 214
62.7 62.3 61.5 62.3 63.4
6 471 6 657 6 798 7 093 7 413
617 672 719 684 801
8.7 9.2 9.6 8.8 9.8
4 221 4 436 4 697 4 712 4 750
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
12 762 12 993 13 258 13 102 13 191
8 192 8 460 8 998 8 976 9 213
64.2 65.1 67.9 68.5 69.8
7 527 7 832 8 192 8 309 8 596
665 628 806 667 617
8.1 7.4 9.0 7.4 6.7
4 570 4 532 4 260 4 127 3 978
2000 ...................................................................................................
13 145
9 226
70.2
8 592
634
6.9
3 918
1988 ................................................................................................... 1989 ...................................................................................................
4 315 4 375
2 299 2 291
53.3 52.4
2 213 2 213
86 78
3.7 3.4
2 015 2 084
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
4 290 4 447 4 651 4 708 4 758
2 227 2 364 2 427 2 466 2 609
51.9 53.2 52.2 52.4 54.8
2 132 2 231 2 307 2 339 2 489
95 133 120 127 120
4.3 5.6 4.9 5.2 4.6
2 062 2 083 2 223 2 242 2 149
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
4 610 4 847 4 909 4 952 4 942
2 471 2 552 2 663 2 649 2 667
53.6 52.7 54.2 53.5 54.0
2 394 2 462 2 571 2 578 2 556
77 90 92 71 111
3.1 3.5 3.5 2.7 4.2
2 139 2 295 2 246 2 303 2 275
2000 ...................................................................................................
5 097
2 707
53.1
2 546
161
5.9
2 390
1988 ................................................................................................... 1989 ...................................................................................................
609 665
427 466
70.1 70.1
415 452
12 14
2.8 3.0
183 198
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
642 682 745 752 704
450 469 505 531 490
70.1 68.8 67.8 70.6 69.6
425 441 475 494 451
25 28 30 37 39
5.6 6.0 5.9 7.0 8.0
192 214 241 221 213
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
779 895 860 893 969
534 588 585 637 674
68.5 65.7 68.0 71.3 69.6
508 572 563 613 638
26 16 22 24 36
4.9 2.7 3.8 3.8 5.3
245 308 275 256 295
2000 ...................................................................................................
1 004
720
71.7
642
78
10.8
284
1988 ................................................................................................... 1989 ...................................................................................................
3 705 3 711
1 872 1 825
50.5 49.2
1 798 1 761
74 64
4.0 3.5
1 833 1 886
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
3 648 3 765 3 905 3 956 4 054
1 778 1 896 1 923 1 935 2 118
48.7 50.4 49.2 48.9 52.2
1 708 1 791 1 832 1 845 2 037
70 105 91 90 81
3.9 5.5 4.7 4.7 3.8
1 870 1 869 1 982 2 021 1 936
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
3 831 3 952 4 049 4 058 3 974
1 938 1 964 2 077 2 011 1 993
50.6 49.7 51.3 49.6 50.2
1 887 1 890 2 008 1 965 1 918
51 74 69 46 75
2.6 3.8 3.3 2.3 3.8
1 894 1 988 1 971 2 047 1 980
2000 ...................................................................................................
4 093
1 987
48.5
1 904
83
4.2
2 106
WOMEN WITH NO CHILDREN UNDER 18
Single Women With No Children Under 18
Widowed, Divorced Or Separated Women With No Children Under 18
See Note at end of table.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
129
Table 1-49. Employment Status of Women Who Maintain Families by Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children, March 1988–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons, percent.) Civilian labor force Family status, age of children, and year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Unemployed Number
Percent of the population
Employed Number
Not in the labor force
Percent of the labor force
WOMEN WITH CHILDREN UNDER 18 1988 ................................................................................................... 1989 ...................................................................................................
6 759 6 905
4 552 4 707
67.3 68.2
4 083 4 206
469 501
10.3 10.6
2 207 2 197
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
7 018 7 318 7 564 7 781 8 205
4 860 4 965 5 090 5 311 5 604
69.3 67.8 67.3 68.3 68.3
4 338 4 426 4 491 4 755 4 924
522 539 599 556 680
10.7 10.9 11.8 10.5 12.1
2 159 2 353 2 473 2 470 2 601
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
8 152 8 146 8 348 8 151 8 248
5 720 5 908 6 335 6 327 6 546
70.2 72.5 75.9 77.6 79.4
5 132 5 370 5 621 5 731 6 040
588 538 714 596 506
10.3 9.1 11.3 9.4 7.7
2 431 2 237 2 014 1 823 1 702
2000 ...................................................................................................
8 048
6 520
81.0
6 046
474
7.3
1 528
1988 ................................................................................................... 1989 ...................................................................................................
1 778 1 921
950 1 116
53.4 58.1
754 905
196 211
20.6 18.9
829 805
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
1 953 2 208 2 376 2 445 2 790
1 095 1 187 1 256 1 414 1 625
56.1 53.8 52.9 57.8 58.2
874 985 1 067 1 161 1 328
221 202 189 253 297
20.2 17.0 15.0 17.9 18.3
858 1 021 1 120 1 031 1 165
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
2 613 2 639 3 012 3 083 3 163
1 510 1 633 2 087 2 280 2 415
57.8 61.9 69.3 74.0 76.4
1 261 1 346 1 749 1 960 2 146
249 287 338 320 269
16.5 17.6 16.2 14.0 11.1
1 102 1 006 925 803 748
2000 ...................................................................................................
3 167
2 413
76.2
2 151
262
10.9
754
1988 ................................................................................................... 1989 ...................................................................................................
4 981 4 983
3 602 3 591
72.3 72.1
3 329 3 302
273 289
7.6 8.0
1 379 1 392
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
5 065 5 109 5 187 5 336 5 415
3 765 3 778 3 834 3 897 3 979
74.3 73.9 73.9 73.0 73.5
3 464 3 441 3 424 3 594 3 596
301 337 410 303 383
8.0 8.9 10.7 7.8 9.6
1 301 1 331 1 353 1 439 1 436
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................
5 539 5 507 5 337 5 068 5 086
4 210 4 275 4 248 4 047 4 131
76.0 77.6 79.6 79.9 81.2
3 871 4 024 3 872 3 771 3 894
339 251 376 276 237
8.1 5.9 8.9 6.8 5.7
1 329 1 231 1 089 1 020 955
2000 ...................................................................................................
4 881
4 107
84.1
3 895
212
5.2
774
Single Women With Children Under 18
Widowed, Divorced Or Separated Women With Children Under 18
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
130
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-50. Number and Age of Children in Families by Type of Family and Labor Force Status of Mother, March 1988–2000 (Thousands of children.) Married-couple families Age of children and year
Total children
Mother in labor force
Mother not in labor force
Total
Mother in labor force
Families maintained by women
Mother not in labor force
Total
Mother in labor force
Mother not in labor force
Families maintained by men
CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS 1988 ...................................................... 1989 ......................................................
58 716 59 483
35 279 36 050
21 799 21 757
45 474 45 988
28 091 28 673
17 384 17 315
11 603 11 819
7 188 7 377
4 415 4 442
1 638 1 676
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
59 596 60 330 61 262 62 020 63 407
36 712 36 968 38 081 38 542 40 186
21 110 21 526 21 176 21 444 21 188
45 898 45 912 45 966 46 499 47 247
29 077 29 056 29 882 30 054 31 279
16 820 16 856 16 084 16 445 15 968
11 925 12 582 13 291 13 487 14 127
7 635 7 912 8 199 8 488 8 907
4 290 4 670 5 093 4 999 5 220
1 774 1 836 2 005 2 034 2 033
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
63 989 64 506 64 710 65 043 65 191
41 365 41 573 42 747 43 156 43 419
20 421 20 449 19 223 19 069 19 074
47 675 47 484 47 529 47 909 47 945
32 190 31 764 32 263 32 533 32 193
15 486 15 720 15 265 15 376 15 752
14 111 14 538 14 441 14 317 14 547
9 176 9 809 10 483 10 623 11 226
4 935 4 729 3 958 3 694 3 322
2 202 2 484 2 740 2 818 2 699
2000 ......................................................
65 601
44 188
18 674
48 902
33 149
15 753
13 960
11 039
2 921
2 739
1988 ...................................................... 1989 ......................................................
38 744 39 084
24 957 25 421
12 614 12 451
29 304 29 637
19 394 19 861
9 910 9 777
8 268 8 235
5 563 5 561
2 705 2 674
1 172 1 212
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39 095 39 470 40 064 40 622 41 795
25 805 25 806 26 666 27 046 28 179
12 079 12 392 12 067 12 291 12 287
29 726 29 598 29 673 30 233 30 895
20 067 19 907 20 586 20 796 21 663
9 659 9 691 9 087 9 437 9 233
8 157 8 599 9 060 9 104 9 570
5 737 5 899 6 079 6 249 6 516
2 420 2 701 2 980 2 854 3 054
1 211 1 272 1 331 1 285 1 329
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
42 423 42 964 43 488 43 771 44 110
28 931 29 381 30 308 30 579 30 885
12 000 11 897 11 400 11 367 11 370
31 298 31 231 31 509 31 707 31 975
22 239 22 092 22 602 22 706 22 706
9 059 9 139 8 906 9 001 9 269
9 633 10 047 10 199 10 238 10 281
6 692 7 289 7 705 7 873 8 179
2 941 2 758 2 493 2 365 2 101
1 492 1 685 1 781 1 826 1 855
2000 ......................................................
44 562
31 531
11 198
32 732
23 393
9 339
9 997
8 138
1 859
1 833
1988 ...................................................... 1989 ......................................................
19 972 20 399
10 321 10 628
9 185 9 306
16 171 16 351
8 696 8 812
7 474 7 539
3 335 3 584
1 625 1 816
1 711 1 767
466 465
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
20 502 20 860 21 198 21 398 21 612
10 907 11 162 11 415 11 496 12 007
9 031 9 134 9 109 9 153 8 901
16 171 16 313 16 293 16 266 16 352
9 010 9 148 9 296 9 258 9 617
7 161 7 165 6 997 7 008 6 735
3 767 3 983 4 232 4 383 4 556
1 897 2 013 2 119 2 239 2 391
1 870 1 969 2 112 2 145 2 166
563 563 674 749 704
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
21 566 21 542 21 222 21 272 21 081
12 435 12 192 12 439 12 577 12 533
8 421 8 552 7 823 7 703 7 704
16 377 16 253 16 020 16 201 15 971
9 951 9 672 9 661 9 827 9 487
6 427 6 581 6 359 6 375 6 484
4 478 4 491 4 243 4 079 4 267
2 484 2 520 2 778 2 751 3 046
1 995 1 971 1 464 1 328 1 220
710 799 959 992 844
2000 ......................................................
21 039
12 657
7 476
16 170
9 757
6 413
3 963
2 901
1 062
906
CHILDREN FROM 6 TO 17 YEARS
CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
131
Table 1-51. Number of Families and Median Family Income by Type of Family and Earner Status of Members, 1987–1999 (Thousand of families, dollars.) Number of families and median family income
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Married-Couple Families, Total ......................................... No earners ............................................................................ One earner ........................................................................... Husband ........................................................................... Wife .................................................................................. Other family member ........................................................ Two earners ......................................................................... Husband and wife ............................................................. Husband and other family member .................................. Husband not an earner ..................................................... Three earners or more ......................................................... Husband and wife ............................................................. Husband, not wife ............................................................. husband not an earner .....................................................
51 720 6 648 12 083 9 651 1 765 667 24 968 22 623 1 826 519 8 020 7 027 823 170
52 149 6 751 11 938 9 508 1 782 648 25 397 23 237 1 652 509 8 062 7 140 744 178
52 385 6 812 11 737 9 196 1 844 697 25 681 23 534 1 718 429 8 155 7 245 761 150
52 241 6 765 11 630 9 110 1 816 703 25 896 23 697 1 711 487 7 950 7 029 756 165
52 549 7 101 11 553 8 907 1 987 659 26 037 23 880 1 633 524 7 858 7 052 595 211
53 254 7 250 12 053 9 182 2 145 726 26 344 24 255 1 447 642 7 606 6 882 550 175
53 248 7 281 11 806 8 715 2 405 686 26 742 24 543 1 582 617 7 419 6 723 535 162
53 929 7 225 11 715 8 673 2 364 678 27 263 25 123 1 565 574 7 727 6 987 543 196
53 621 7 276 11 708 8 792 2 251 666 27 180 25 274 1 393 513 7 456 6 770 531 155
53 654 7 145 11 493 8 611 2 207 674 27 260 25 274 1 483 502 7 756 7 126 479 150
54 362 7 286 11 700 8 770 2 298 632 27 712 25 731 1 406 575 7 664 7 023 478 163
54 829 7 257 12 246 9 173 2 411 662 27 593 25 696 1 306 590 7 733 7 102 456 176
55 352 7 160 12 290 9 062 2 585 643 28 010 26 134 1 325 552 7 892 7 220 528 144
Families Maintained By Women, Total ............................. No earners ............................................................................ One earner ........................................................................... Householder ..................................................................... Other family member ........................................................ Two earners or more ............................................................ Householder and other family member(s) ........................ Householder not an earner ...............................................
11 087 2 607 5 141 4 060 1 081 3 339 3 020 318
11 288 2 547 5 390 4 300 1 090 3 350 3 022 328
11 310 2 496 5 467 4 396 1 071 3 347 2 975 372
11 771 2 623 5 672 4 585 1 087 3 476 3 146 330
12 214 2 925 5 926 4 812 1 114 3 363 3 058 305
12 504 2 968 6 184 5 042 1 142 3 352 2 998 354
12 982 3 100 6 407 5 278 1 129 3 476 3 139 337
12 771 2 848 6 506 5 415 1 091 3 417 3 126 291
13 007 2 664 6 815 5 590 1 225 3 527 3 225 302
13 277 2 574 7 027 5 817 1 211 3 675 3 431 245
13 115 2 332 7 091 5 841 1 251 3 692 3 398 294
13 206 2 143 7 351 6 167 1 183 3 712 3 399 313
13 164 1 883 7 441 6 127 1 314 3 840 3 508 332
Families Maintained By Men, Total ................................... No earners ............................................................................ One earner ........................................................................... Householder ..................................................................... Other family member ........................................................ Two earners or more ............................................................ Householder and other family member(s) ........................ Householder not an earner ...............................................
2 859 312 1 288 1 054 234 1 258 1 173 85
2 874 296 1 263 992 271 1 315 1 242 73
2 929 281 1 350 1 103 247 1 298 1 225 73
2 948 296 1 396 1 133 263 1 257 1 180 76
3 079 310 1 541 1 289 253 1 228 1 157 71
3 094 345 1 544 1 305 239 1 204 1 117 88
2 992 329 1 593 1 352 241 1 070 1 002 67
3 287 383 1 705 1 428 277 1 198 1 128 71
3 557 357 1 800 1 548 253 1 400 1 302 98
3 924 359 1 972 1 667 305 1 593 1 469 124
3 982 344 2 104 1 791 313 1 534 1 427 107
4 041 381 2 027 1 725 302 1 634 1 532 102
4 086 376 2 044 1 721 323 1 666 1 522 143
NUMBER OF FAMILIES
MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME Married-Couple Families, Total ......................................... $34 834 $36 267 $38 415 $39 802 $40 746 $42 000 $43 000 $44 893 $47 000 $49 614 $51 475 $54 043 $56 792 No earners ............................................................................ 16 338 17 000 17 820 19 221 20 415 20 023 19 983 20 604 21 888 22 622 23 782 24 525 25 262 One earner ........................................................................... 28 000 28 701 30 700 31 020 31 671 32 500 32 084 33 393 35 100 36 468 39 140 40 519 41 261 Husband ........................................................................... 29 225 30 030 32 236 32 422 33 208 34 714 34 401 35 000 36 052 38 150 40 300 42 000 44 200 Wife .................................................................................. 22 700 23 771 24 000 25 228 26 500 27 343 27 502 28 661 32 098 30 301 34 050 35 625 35 546 Other family member ........................................................ 25 640 27 840 29 992 33 262 33 042 33 622 30 254 32 578 37 784 39 644 40 317 42 414 41 120 Two earners ......................................................................... 38 100 40 030 42 208 44 000 45 359 47 737 49 650 51 190 53 500 56 000 58 020 61 300 64 007 Husband and wife ............................................................. 38 074 40 050 42 285 44 031 45 516 48 050 49 980 51 500 53 626 56 392 58 564 61 900 64 950 Husband and other family member .................................. 40 400 41 388 43 000 42 602 45 000 45 694 48 862 48 517 52 530 49 610 53 854 57 680 53 541 Husband not an earner ..................................................... 32 184 33 333 35 201 39 494 40 495 40 124 38 800 42 800 47 121 46 990 47 979 50 955 52 466 Three earners or more ......................................................... 53 150 54 556 56 500 59 336 61 120 61 640 63 535 66 172 68 996 70 400 75 593 78 973 81 940 Husband and wife ............................................................. 53 324 54 672 56 980 55 846 61 448 62 674 64 099 66 674 69 371 71 148 76 105 79 907 83 000 Husband, not wife ............................................................. 53 000 56 600 53 928 59 675 60 592 57 015 60 712 63 633 60 360 61 824 68 890 71 001 69 561 Husband not earner .......................................................... 40 500 40 900 47 656 49 107 44 874 47 551 54 805 54 655 61 196 55 495 62 684 63 205 69 275 Families Maintained By Women, Total ............................. No earners ............................................................................ One earner ........................................................................... Householder ..................................................................... Other family member ........................................................ Two earners or more ............................................................ Householder and other family member(s) ........................ Householder not an earner ...............................................
14 183 5 184 14 000 13 385 15 851 27 154 27 150 27 535
14 935 5 396 14 235 13 754 16 580 28 302 28 000 33 590
15 800 5 618 15 187 14 700 18 628 30 038 30 000 33 524
16 351 5 880 15 987 15 001 20 173 30 500 30 367 32 800
16 054 6 060 16 284 15 542 20 220 31 508 31 550 29 477
16 431 5 964 16 468 15 905 19 709 32 705 33 280 30 460
16 800 6 492 16 745 15 700 20 800 33 300 33 165 35 394
17 600 6 805 17 226 16 603 21 300 33 820 33 357 37 531
19 306 7 440 18 824 17 890 23 166 35 000 34 674 39 444
19 416 7 092 18 500 18 000 21 000 36 400 36 400 38 249
20 470 7 476 19 000 18 000 22 870 39 275 39 000 47 471
21 875 7 737 20 000 18 800 25 981 40 000 39 713 43 725
23 100 8 010 20 092 19 000 26 800 41 144 40 855 48 004
Families Maintained By Men, Total ................................... No earners ............................................................................ One earner ........................................................................... Householder ..................................................................... Other family member ........................................................ Two earners or more ............................................................ Householder and other family member(s) ........................ Householder not an earner ...............................................
25 000 10 800 20 305 20 391 19 681 33 750 33 846 32 560
26 610 10 200 22 357 23 053 19 869 36 500 36 525 34 335
27 600 9 800 22 732 23 000 21 196 37 601 37 859 35 390
28 493 11 386 25 000 24 150 27 620 40 000 40 256 34 064
28 000 11 196 23 715 23 309 25 720 37 700 37 550 40 000
27 400 9 416 23 020 23 000 24 359 39 000 39 300 36 445
25 856 10 900 22 300 22 079 26 916 38 000 38 363 33 700
27 486 11 293 24 011 24 000 26 253 41 439 41 534 37 386
30 000 12 240 25 337 25 069 27 291 43 100 43 000 55 133
31 500 12 030 26 100 25 874 28 584 44 275 43 065 47 001
32 984 14 252 26 897 27 000 25 486 49 900 50 000 44 786
35 000 15 468 29 125 29 125 28 241 51 288 50 954 68 257
37 000 13 752 31 038 30 483 34 756 51 040 50 960 57 407
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
132
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-52. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population by Citizenship Status and Sex, March 1996–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Total
Citizenship status
Year, employment status, and sex
Native Number
Naturalized citizen
Not a citizen
Percent Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
1996 Total, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
132 324 124 513 7 811
100.0 94.1 5.9
118 026 111 309 6 716
100.0 94.3 5.7
4 883 4 674 209
100.0 95.7 4.3
9 416 8 530 886
100.0 90.6 9.4
Men, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
71 095 66 429 4 666
100.0 93.4 6.6
62 709 58 695 4 014
100.0 93.6 6.4
2 641 2 532 110
100.0 95.9 4.1
5 745 5 203 542
100.0 90.6 9.4
Women, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
61 229 58 084 3 145
100.0 94.9 5.1
55 317 52 615 2 702
100.0 95.1 4.9
2 241 2 142 99
100.0 95.6 4.4
3 671 3 327 344
100.0 90.6 9.4
Total, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
135 227 127 680 7 547
100.0 94.4 5.6
119 635 113 156 6 479
100.0 94.6 5.4
5 792 5 542 250
100.0 95.7 4.3
9 800 8 981 819
100.0 91.6 8.4
Men, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
72 329 68 026 4 302
100.0 94.1 5.9
63 069 59 367 3 702
100.0 94.1 5.9
3 198 3 072 126
100.0 96.1 3.9
6 061 5 587 474
100.0 92.2 7.8
Women, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
62 899 59 654 3 245
100.0 94.8 5.2
56 565 53 789 2 776
100.0 95.1 4.9
2 594 2 470 124
100.0 95.2 4.8
3 739 3 395 344
100.0 90.8 9.2
Total, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
136 926 130 007 6 919
100.0 94.9 5.1
120 725 114 746 5 979
100.0 95.0 5.0
6 160 5 927 232
100.0 96.2 3.8
10 041 9 333 708
100.0 92.9 7.1
Men, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
73 026 69 117 3 908
100.0 94.6 5.4
63 386 60 018 3 368
100.0 94.7 5.3
3 424 3 315 110
100.0 96.8 3.2
6 215 5 784 431
100.0 93.1 6.9
Women, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
63 900 60 889 3 011
100.0 95.3 4.7
57 339 54 728 2 611
100.0 95.4 4.6
2 735 2 613 123
100.0 95.5 4.5
3 826 3 549 277
100.0 92.8 7.2
Total, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
138 120 131 806 6 314
100.0 95.4 4.6
122 006 116 569 5 437
100.0 95.5 4.5
6 171 5 915 256
100.0 95.9 4.1
9 943 9 322 621
100.0 93.8 6.2
Men, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
73 334 69 912 3 422
100.0 95.3 4.7
63 844 60 890 2 955
100.0 95.4 4.6
3 306 3 184 122
100.0 96.3 3.7
6 183 5 838 345
100.0 94.4 5.6
Women, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
64 786 61 894 2 891
100.0 95.5 4.5
58 161 55 679 2 482
100.0 95.7 4.3
2 864 2 731 134
100.0 95.3 4.7
3 760 3 485 275
100.0 92.7 7.3
Total, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
140 454 134 338 6 116
100.0 95.6 4.4
123 070 117 806 5 264
100.0 95.7 4.3
6 720 6 499 221
100.0 96.7 3.3
10 664 10 033 631
100.0 94.1 5.9
Men, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
74 517 71 237 3 281
100.0 95.6 4.4
64 183 61 364 2 820
100.0 95.6 4.4
3 623 3 520 102
100.0 97.2 2.8
6 712 6 353 359
100.0 94.7 5.3
Women, 16 Years And Over Civilian labor force ........................................................................................................ Employed .................................................................................................................. Unemployed ..............................................................................................................
65 937 63 102 2 835
100.0 95.7 4.3
58 886 56 442 2 444
100.0 95.8 4.2
3 098 2 979 119
100.0 96.2 3.8
3 953 3 680 273
100.0 93.1 6.9
1997
1998
1999
2000
133
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-53. Employed Civilians by Occupation, Citizenship Status, and Sex, March 2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Total
Citizenship status
Occupation and sex
Native Number
Naturalized citizen
Not a citizen
Percent Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
TOTAL ..........................................................................................................................
134 338
100.0
117 806
100.0
6 499
100.0
10 033
100.0
Managerial and professional specialty .......................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................................................... Professional specialty ............................................................................................... Technical, sales, and administrative support ................................................................ Technicians and related support ............................................................................... Sales occupations ..................................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical .................................................................. Service occupations ...................................................................................................... Private household ..................................................................................................... Protective service ...................................................................................................... Other service occupations ........................................................................................ Precision production, craft, and repair .......................................................................... Mechanics and repairers ........................................................................................... Construction trades ................................................................................................... Other precision production, craft, and repair ............................................................. Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................................................................. Operators, assemblers, and inspectors .................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations ..................................................... Other laborers ........................................................................................................... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................................................... Farm operators and managers ................................................................................. Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations ......................................................
40 493 19 764 20 729 39 541 4 384 16 138 19 020 18 671 884 2 364 15 423 14 386 4 798 5 716 3 871 18 002 7 352 5 340 5 310 3 245 1 089 2 155
30.1 14.7 15.4 29.4 3.3 12.0 14.2 13.9 0.7 1.8 11.5 10.7 3.6 4.3 2.9 13.4 5.5 4.0 4.0 2.4 0.8 1.6
36 408 18 004 18 404 36 093 3 889 14 580 17 624 15 497 572 2 233 12 692 12 389 4 335 4 791 3 263 14 914 5 844 4 712 4 358 2 503 1 066 1 437
30.9 15.3 15.6 30.6 3.3 12.4 15.0 13.2 0.5 1.9 10.8 10.5 3.7 4.1 2.8 12.7 5.0 4.0 3.7 2.1 0.9 1.2
2 183 1 000 1 182 1 677 236 714 727 1 002 75 65 862 648 192 215 242 867 440 205 222 122 15 106
33.6 15.4 18.2 25.8 3.6 11.0 11.2 15.4 1.2 1.0 13.3 10.0 3.0 3.3 3.7 13.3 6.8 3.2 3.4 1.9 0.2 1.6
1 902 759 1 143 1 771 258 843 669 2 171 237 66 1 868 1 348 272 710 366 2 221 1 067 423 731 620 8 612
19.0 7.6 11.4 17.7 2.6 8.4 6.7 21.6 2.4 0.7 18.6 13.4 2.7 7.1 3.6 22.1 10.6 4.2 7.3 6.2 0.1 6.1
MEN ..............................................................................................................................
71 237
53.0
61 364
52.1
3 520
54.2
6 353
63.3
Managerial and professional specialty .......................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............................................................. Professional specialty ............................................................................................... Technical, sales, and administrative support ................................................................ Technicians and related support ............................................................................... Sales occupations ..................................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical .................................................................. Service occupations ...................................................................................................... Private household ..................................................................................................... Protective service ...................................................................................................... Other service occupations ........................................................................................ Precision production, craft, and repair .......................................................................... Mechanics and repairers ........................................................................................... Construction trades ................................................................................................... Other precision production, craft, and repair ............................................................. Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................................................................. Operators, assemblers, and inspectors .................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations ..................................................... Other laborers ........................................................................................................... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................................................... Farm operators and managers ................................................................................. Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations ......................................................
20 297 10 877 9 420 14 174 2 060 8 207 3 908 7 459 40 1 934 5 485 12 975 4 541 5 557 2 877 13 816 4 775 4 786 4 254 2 515 800 1 715
15.1 8.1 7.0 10.6 1.5 6.1 2.9 5.6
15.2 8.4 6.9 10.7 1.5 6.2 3.0 5.2 1.5 3.6 9.5 3.5 3.9 2.1 9.9 3.3 3.6 3.0 1.6 0.7 0.9
1 206 544 662 712 133 397 182 354 5 53 296 531 161 210 160 609 253 195 161 109 13 96
18.6 8.4 10.2 11.0 2.0 6.1 2.8 5.4 0.1 0.8 4.6 8.2 2.5 3.2 2.5 9.4 3.9 3.0 2.5 1.7 0.2 1.5
1 179 492 687 851 139 477 235 987 2 59 926 1 205 261 707 237 1 603 592 399 611 528 7 521
11.8 4.9 6.8 8.5 1.4 4.8 2.3 9.8
1.4 4.1 9.7 3.4 4.1 2.1 10.3 3.6 3.6 3.2 1.9 0.6 1.3
17 912 9 841 8 071 12 611 1 788 7 333 3 491 6 118 34 1 822 4 263 11 239 4 119 4 640 2 479 11 604 3 930 4 191 3 483 1 878 781 1 098
0.6 9.2 12.0 2.6 7.0 2.4 16.0 5.9 4.0 6.1 5.3 0.1 5.2
WOMEN ........................................................................................................................
63 102
47.0
56 442
47.9
2 979
45.8
3 680
36.7
Managerial and professional specialty .......................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............................................................. Professional specialty ............................................................................................... Technical, sales, and administrative support ................................................................ Technicians and related support ............................................................................... Sales occupations ..................................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical .................................................................. Service occupations ...................................................................................................... Private household ..................................................................................................... Protective service ...................................................................................................... Other service occupations ........................................................................................ Precision production, craft, and repair .......................................................................... Mechanics and repairers ........................................................................................... Construction trades ................................................................................................... Other precision production, craft, and repair ............................................................. Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................................................................. Operators, assemblers, and inspectors .................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations ..................................................... Other laborers ........................................................................................................... Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................................................................... Farm operators and managers ................................................................................. Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations ......................................................
20 196 8 888 11 309 25 367 2 324 7 931 15 112 11 212 843 431 9 938 1 410 257 159 995 4 187 2 576 554 1 056 729 289 440
15.0 6.6 8.4 18.9 1.7 5.9 11.2 8.3 0.6 0.3 7.4 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.7 3.1 1.9 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.3
18 496 8 163 10 333 23 482 2 101 7 248 14 133 9 379 538 411 8 430 1 151 216 151 784 3 310 1 914 521 875 624 285 339
15.7 6.9 8.8 19.9 1.8 6.2 12.0 8.0 0.5 0.3 7.2 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.7 2.8 1.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.3
977 457 520 965 103 317 545 649 70 12 566 117 30 4 82 258 187 10 62 13 2 10
15.0 7.0 8.0 14.8 1.6 4.9 8.4 10.0 1.1 0.2 8.7 1.8 0.5 0.1 1.3 4.0 2.9 0.2 1.0 0.2
723 268 455 920 119 367 434 1 185 235 7 942 143 11 3 129 618 475 24 119 92 1 91
7.2 2.7 4.5 9.2 1.2 3.7 4.3 11.8 2.3 0.1 9.4 1.4 0.1
1. Value less than 0.05.
(1)
(1)
(1)
0.2
(1)
(1)
1.3 6.2 4.7 0.2 1.2 0.9 (1)
0.9
134
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-54. Total Money Earnings 1 of Year-Round Full-Time Workers by Citizenship Status and Sex, March 2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Total
Citizenship status
Sex and money earnings
Native Number
Naturalized citizen
Not a citizen
Percent Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
TOTAL ..........................................................................................................................
97 914
100.0
85 677
100.0
5 109
100.0
7 128
100.0
$1 to $2,499 .................................................................................................................. $2,500 to $4,999 ........................................................................................................... $5,000 to $9,999 ........................................................................................................... $10,000 to $14,999 ....................................................................................................... $15,000 to $19,999 ....................................................................................................... $20,000 to $24,999 ....................................................................................................... $25,000 to $34,999 ....................................................................................................... $35,000 to $49,999 ....................................................................................................... $50,000 to $74,999 ....................................................................................................... $75,000 and over ..........................................................................................................
1 107 477 2 695 7 923 10 487 11 409 20 403 19 984 14 424 9 007
1.1 0.5 2.8 8.1 10.7 11.7 20.8 20.4 14.7 9.2
950 401 2 226 6 073 8 588 9 877 18 264 18 203 13 034 8 062
1.1 0.5 2.6 7.1 10.0 11.5 21.3 21.2 15.2 9.4
49 27 104 448 559 607 981 997 800 536
1.0 0.5 2.0 8.8 10.9 11.9 19.2 19.5 15.7 10.5
107 49 365 1 402 1 341 925 1 158 783 589 409
1.5 0.7 5.1 19.7 18.8 13.0 16.2 11.0 8.3 5.7
MEN ..............................................................................................................................
57 511
100.0
49 659
100.0
3 014
100.0
4 838
100.0
$1 to $2,499 .................................................................................................................. $2,500 to $4,999 ........................................................................................................... $5,000 to $9,999 ........................................................................................................... $10,000 to $14,999 ....................................................................................................... $15,000 to $19,999 ....................................................................................................... $20,000 to $24,999 ....................................................................................................... $25,000 to $34,999 ....................................................................................................... $35,000 to $49,999 ....................................................................................................... $50,000 to $74,999 ....................................................................................................... $75,000 and over ..........................................................................................................
641 181 1 159 3 385 4 849 5 511 10 993 12 631 10 667 7 494
1.1 0.3 2.0 5.9 8.4 9.6 19.1 22.0 18.5 13.0
534 149 917 2 378 3 673 4 531 9 639 11 488 9 642 6 708
1.1 0.3 1.8 4.8 7.4 9.1 19.4 23.1 19.4 13.5
32 14 33 187 289 328 556 586 553 437
1.1 0.5 1.1 6.2 9.6 10.9 18.5 19.4 18.3 14.5
74 19 210 820 887 652 797 557 472 350
1.5 0.4 4.3 16.9 18.3 13.5 16.5 11.5 9.7 7.2
WOMEN ........................................................................................................................
40 404
100.0
36 018
100.0
2 095
100.0
2 290
100.0
$1 to $2,499 .................................................................................................................. $2,500 to $4,999 ........................................................................................................... $5,000 to $9,999 ........................................................................................................... $10,000 to $14,999 ....................................................................................................... $15,000 to $19,999 ....................................................................................................... $20,000 to $24,999 ....................................................................................................... $25,000 to $34,999 ....................................................................................................... $35,000 to $49,999 ....................................................................................................... $50,000 to $74,999 ....................................................................................................... $75,000 and over ..........................................................................................................
466 296 1 536 4 537 5 639 5 898 9 410 7 353 3 757 1 512
1.2 0.7 3.8 11.2 14.0 14.6 23.3 18.2 9.3 3.7
416 252 1 310 3 695 4 915 5 346 8 625 6 715 3 392 1 353
1.2 0.7 3.6 10.3 13.6 14.8 23.9 18.6 9.4 3.8
17 13 72 261 270 279 425 412 247 99
0.8 0.6 3.4 12.4 12.9 13.3 20.3 19.7 11.8 4.7
33 30 155 582 454 272 361 226 117 60
1.4 1.3 6.7 25.4 19.8 11.9 15.8 9.9 5.1 2.6
Note: Age 15 years and over. 1. Income for previous calendar year. Total money income is the algebraic sum of money wages and salaries, net income from self-employment, and income other than earnings.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
135
Table 1-55. Percent Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force 25 to 64 Years of Age by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1988–2000 Percent distribution Sex, race, and year
Civilian labor force (thousands)
Less than a high school diploma
Total
Four years of high school only
One to three years of Four or more years of college college
TOTAL 1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
94 922 97 318
100.0 100.0
14.7 14.0
39.9 39.6
19.7 20.0
25.7 26.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
99 175 100 480 102 387 103 504 104 868
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
13.4 13.0 12.2 11.5 11.0
39.5 39.4 36.2 35.2 34.0
20.7 21.1 25.2 26.3 27.7
26.4 26.5 26.4 27.0 27.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
106 519 108 037 110 514 111 857 112 542
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
10.8 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.3
33.1 32.9 33.0 32.8 32.3
27.8 27.7 27.4 27.4 27.4
28.3 28.5 28.6 29.1 30.0
2000 ............................................................................
114 052
100.0
9.8
31.8
27.9
30.4
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
52 653 53 668
100.0 100.0
16.5 15.7
37.2 36.9
18.5 19.2
27.7 28.2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
54 476 55 165 55 917 56 544 56 633
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
15.1 14.7 13.9 13.2 12.7
37.2 37.5 34.7 33.9 32.9
19.7 20.2 23.8 24.7 25.8
28.0 27.6 27.5 28.1 28.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
57 454 58 121 59 268 59 905 60 030
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
12.2 12.7 12.8 12.3 11.7
32.3 32.2 32.2 32.3 32.0
25.7 26.0 25.8 25.8 25.8
29.7 29.1 29.2 29.6 30.5
2000 ............................................................................
60 510
100.0
11.1
31.8
26.1
30.9
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
42 269 43 650
100.0 100.0
12.5 11.9
43.3 42.9
21.1 20.9
23.1 24.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
44 699 45 315 46 469 46 961 48 235
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
11.3 10.9 10.2 9.3 9.1
42.4 41.6 37.9 36.7 35.3
21.9 22.2 26.9 28.2 29.8
24.5 25.2 25.0 25.8 25.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
49 065 49 916 51 246 51 953 52 512
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
9.1 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.7
34.1 33.7 34.0 33.3 32.7
30.2 29.7 29.3 29.3 29.2
26.6 27.8 28.0 28.6 29.5
2000 ............................................................................
53 541
100.0
8.4
31.8
30.0
29.8
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
81 902 83 694
100.0 100.0
13.8 13.0
40.0 39.7
19.7 20.0
26.4 27.2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
85 238 86 344 87 656 88 457 89 009
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
12.6 12.2 11.3 10.7 10.5
39.6 39.3 36.1 35.0 33.7
20.6 21.1 25.5 26.4 27.7
27.1 27.4 27.1 27.9 28.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
90 192 91 506 93 179 93 527 94 216
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
10.0 10.4 10.4 10.2 9.8
32.8 32.8 32.8 32.7 32.2
27.8 27.5 27.3 27.4 27.2
29.3 29.3 29.5 29.8 30.8
2000 ............................................................................
95 073
100.0
9.5
31.8
27.7
31.0
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
10 032 10 358
100.0 100.0
22.6 21.7
43.2 42.3
19.2 20.5
15.0 15.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
10 537 10 650 10 936 11 051 11 368
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
19.9 19.5 19.2 16.8 14.5
42.5 42.9 40.3 39.5 39.3
22.1 22.1 24.9 27.6 29.2
15.5 15.4 15.6 16.1 17.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
11 695 11 891 12 253 12 893 12 945
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
14.1 14.2 14.3 14.3 13.0
38.6 37.2 37.8 37.3 37.2
29.6 31.2 31.3 30.1 30.4
17.7 17.4 16.6 18.2 19.5
2000 ............................................................................
13 383
100.0
11.8
36.1
31.5
20.7
MEN
WOMEN
WHITE
BLACK
Note: Data for the above race groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
136
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-56. Labor Force Participation Rates of Persons 25 to 64 Years of Age by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1988–2000 (Civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.) Participation rates Sex, race, and year
Less than a high school diploma
Total
Four years of high school only
One to three years of college
Four or more years of college
TOTAL 1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
77.5 78.2
60.9 60.5
76.9 77.9
82.4 83.3
88.4 88.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
78.6 78.6 79.0 78.9 78.9
60.7 60.7 60.3 59.6 58.3
78.2 78.1 78.3 77.7 77.8
83.3 83.2 83.5 82.9 83.2
88.4 88.4 88.4 88.3 88.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
79.3 79.4 80.1 80.2 80.0
59.8 60.2 61.7 63.0 62.7
77.3 77.9 78.5 78.4 78.1
83.2 83.7 83.7 83.5 83.0
88.7 87.8 88.5 88.0 87.6
2000 ............................................................................
80.3
62.7
78.4
83.2
87.8
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
88.6 88.8
76.6 75.9
89.4 89.6
91.2 91.8
94.4 94.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
88.8 88.6 88.6 88.1 87.0
75.1 75.1 75.1 74.9 71.5
89.9 89.3 89.0 88.1 86.8
91.5 92.0 91.8 90.6 90.3
94.5 94.2 93.7 93.7 93.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
87.4 87.5 87.7 87.8 87.5
72.0 74.3 75.2 75.3 74.4
86.9 86.9 86.4 86.7 86.6
90.1 90.0 90.6 90.0 89.4
93.8 92.9 93.5 93.4 93.0
2000 ............................................................................
87.5
74.9
86.2
88.9
93.3
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
67.1 68.3
45.5 45.5
66.9 68.5
74.6 75.4
80.7 81.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
68.9 69.1 70.0 70.0 71.1
46.2 46.2 45.6 44.2 44.7
68.7 68.6 69.1 68.8 70.0
75.9 75.2 76.2 76.1 77.0
81.1 81.8 82.2 82.2 82.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
71.5 71.8 72.8 73.0 72.8
47.2 45.7 47.1 49.8 50.5
68.9 69.8 71.4 70.9 70.4
77.3 78.1 77.6 77.8 77.4
82.8 82.3 83.2 82.3 81.9
2000 ............................................................................
73.5
50.4
71.2
78.3
82.0
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
78.1 78.7
62.3 61.6
76.9 77.8
82.2 83.2
88.6 88.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
79.2 79.4 79.8 79.7 79.8
62.5 62.5 61.5 61.1 60.3
78.4 78.3 78.7 78.2 78.3
83.3 83.1 83.8 83.1 83.5
88.3 88.6 88.7 88.8 88.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
80.1 80.4 81.0 80.6 80.6
61.6 62.5 63.8 63.8 64.2
77.9 78.6 79.2 78.6 78.5
83.4 83.9 83.9 83.5 83.3
88.8 88.2 89.0 88.3 87.9
2000 ............................................................................
80.8
64.2
78.7
83.1
87.9
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
74.4 74.9
56.4 56.7
78.0 78.9
85.6 83.9
90.7 90.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
74.6 73.9 74.4 73.8 73.5
54.5 53.9 55.4 53.4 49.4
78.2 77.1 76.9 74.7 75.2
84.2 84.1 83.4 83.0 82.4
92.0 90.2 89.1 89.6 89.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
74.2 73.7 74.9 77.7 76.5
51.0 50.1 52.9 59.3 55.1
74.5 74.3 75.0 77.0 76.5
82.8 83.0 83.8 85.0 82.9
90.9 87.9 89.0 88.8 88.6
2000 ............................................................................
77.9
55.5
77.0
84.2
90.3
MEN
WOMEN
WHITE
BLACK
Note: Data for the above race groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
137
Table 1-57. Unemployment Rates of Persons 25 to 64 Years of Age by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1988–2000 (Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.) Unemployment rates Sex, race, and year
Less than a high school diploma
Total
Four years of high school only
One to three years of college
Four or more years of college
TOTAL 1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
4.8 4.4
9.5 8.9
5.5 4.8
3.7 3.4
1.8 2.2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
4.5 6.1 6.7 6.4 5.8
9.6 12.3 13.5 13.0 12.6
4.9 6.7 7.7 7.3 6.7
3.7 5.0 5.9 5.5 5.0
1.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
4.8 4.8 4.4 4.0 3.5
10.0 10.9 10.4 8.5 7.7
5.2 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.0
4.5 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.1
2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9
2000 ............................................................................
3.3
7.9
3.8
3.0
1.5
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
5.2 4.7
10.1 9.4
6.3 5.4
3.9 3.2
1.7 2.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
4.8 6.8 7.5 7.3 6.2
9.6 13.4 14.8 14.1 12.8
5.3 7.7 8.8 8.7 7.2
3.9 5.2 6.4 6.3 5.3
2.1 3.2 3.2 3.4 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
5.1 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.5
10.9 11.0 9.9 8.0 7.0
5.7 6.4 5.6 5.1 4.1
4.4 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.2
2.6 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.9
2000 ............................................................................
3.3
7.1
3.9
3.1
1.6
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
4.2 4.0
8.6 8.1
4.6 4.2
3.5 3.7
1.9 2.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
4.2 5.2 5.7 5.2 5.4
9.5 10.7 11.4 11.2 12.4
4.6 5.5 6.5 5.8 6.2
3.5 4.8 5.3 4.6 4.7
1.7 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
4.4 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.5
8.6 10.7 11.3 9.3 8.8
4.6 4.4 4.5 4.4 3.9
4.5 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.0
2.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9
2000 ............................................................................
3.2
9.1
3.6
2.9
1.4
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
4.1 3.8
8.5 7.7
4.6 4.2
3.3 3.0
1.5 2.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
4.0 5.6 6.0 5.8 5.2
8.3 11.6 12.9 12.4 11.7
4.4 6.2 6.8 6.5 5.8
3.3 4.6 5.3 5.0 4.5
1.8 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
4.3 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.1
9.2 10.2 9.4 7.5 7.0
4.6 4.6 4.6 4.2 3.4
4.2 3.7 3.4 3.2 2.8
2.3 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.7
2000 ............................................................................
3.0
7.5
3.3
2.7
1.4
1988 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................
10.1 9.2
14.5 14.6
11.3 9.2
7.5 6.9
3.4 4.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
8.6 10.1 12.4 10.9 10.6
15.9 15.9 17.2 17.3 17.4
8.6 10.3 14.1 12.4 12.2
6.5 8.0 10.7 8.7 8.3
1.9 5.2 4.8 4.1 4.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
7.7 8.9 8.1 7.3 6.3
13.7 15.3 16.6 13.4 12.0
8.4 10.8 8.2 8.4 6.7
6.3 6.9 6.1 6.4 5.2
4.1 3.3 4.4 2.1 3.3
2000 ............................................................................
5.4
10.4
6.3
4.3
2.5
MEN
WOMEN
WHITE
BLACK
Note: Data for the above race groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on historical comparability.
138
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-58. Workers Age 25 to 64 by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Held Job, and Sex, 1999 (Thousands of persons with work experience during the year.) Sex and occupation
Total
Less than a high school diploma
Four years of high school only
One to three years of college
Four or more years of college
TOTAL .........................................................................................................................................
118 202
11 613
37 579
33 194
35 815
Managerial and professional specialty ......................................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............................................................................. Professional specialty .............................................................................................................. Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................................................................... Technicians and related support .............................................................................................. Sales occupations .................................................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical ................................................................................. Service occupations ..................................................................................................................... Private household .................................................................................................................... Protective service .................................................................................................................... Service, except private household and protective ................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ......................................................................................... Mechanics and repairers ......................................................................................................... Construction trades .................................................................................................................. Other precision production, craft, and repair ........................................................................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................................................................................ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................................................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................. Farming, forestry, and fishing ...................................................................................................... Armed forces ...............................................................................................................................
38 228 18 883 19 345 33 164 4 148 12 803 16 212 14 516 716 2 099 11 701 13 301 4 351 5 480 3 470 15 678 6 763 5 018 3 896 2 722 592
585 453 132 1 347 60 700 587 2 902 255 107 2 540 2 271 564 1 160 547 3 640 1 614 920 1 106 865 2
4 729 3 726 1 003 11 512 893 4 085 6 533 6 227 280 676 5 271 6 189 1 938 2 610 1 641 7 815 3 381 2 581 1 853 991 116
8 465 5 431 3 034 12 459 1 975 3 898 6 586 4 116 132 917 3 066 3 896 1 541 1 405 950 3 435 1 447 1 211 778 571 253
24 449 9 273 15 176 7 846 1 220 4 120 2 506 1 271 48 399 824 945 307 306 332 787 322 307 158 295 222
MEN .............................................................................................................................................
62 231
6 847
19 722
16 438
19 226
Managerial and professional specialty ......................................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............................................................................. Professional specialty .............................................................................................................. Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................................................................... Technicians and related support .............................................................................................. Sales occupations .................................................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical ................................................................................. Service occupations ..................................................................................................................... Private household .................................................................................................................... Protective service .................................................................................................................... Service, except private household and protective ................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ......................................................................................... Mechanics and repairers ......................................................................................................... Construction trades .................................................................................................................. Other precision production, craft, and repair ........................................................................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................................................................................ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................................................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................. Farming, forestry, and fishing ...................................................................................................... Armed forces ...............................................................................................................................
18 987 10 273 8 714 11 579 1 875 6 583 3 121 5 394 34 1 749 3 612 11 991 4 101 5 325 2 564 11 680 4 175 4 509 2 996 2 068 532
320 265 55 403 29 234 140 902 8 52 842 2 013 544 1 121 348 2 531 867 841 823 676 2
2 255 1 811 443 3 108 363 1 747 999 2 090 13 557 1 521 5 555 1 828 2 535 1 192 5 841 2 063 2 335 1 443 766 106
3 775 2 590 1 185 3 981 802 1 937 1 241 1 734 9 787 939 3 618 1 456 1 374 789 2 686 1 024 1 061 601 418 225
12 638 5 607 7 031 4 088 681 2 665 741 667 4 353 310 805 274 295 236 622 221 272 129 208 199
WOMEN .......................................................................................................................................
55 970
4 766
17 859
16 757
16 588
Managerial and professional specialty ......................................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............................................................................. Professional specialty .............................................................................................................. Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................................................................... Technicians and related support .............................................................................................. Sales occupations .................................................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical ................................................................................. Service occupations ..................................................................................................................... Private household .................................................................................................................... Protective service .................................................................................................................... Service, except private household and protective ................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ......................................................................................... Mechanics and repairers ......................................................................................................... Construction trades .................................................................................................................. Other precision production, craft, and repair ........................................................................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................................................................................ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................................................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................. Farming, forestry, and fishing ...................................................................................................... Armed forces ...............................................................................................................................
19 241 8 610 10 631 21 585 2 273 6 220 13 091 9 123 683 350 8 090 1 311 249 155 906 3 998 2 588 510 900 654 60
265 188 77 945 32 466 447 2 000 248 55 1 697 259 21 39 199 1 109 746 79 283 189 ...
2 475 1 915 560 8 403 531 2 338 5 534 4 137 268 119 3 751 635 111 75 449 1 974 1 318 246 410 225 9
4 690 2 841 1 849 8 478 1 172 1 961 5 345 2 381 123 130 2 128 278 86 31 161 749 422 150 177 153 28
11 812 3 666 8 145 3 758 539 1 454 1 765 604 44 46 514 139 32 11 96 166 101 35 30 87 23
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
139
Table 1-59. Percent Distribution of Workers Age 25 to 64 by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Held Job, and Sex, 1999 (Percent of total workers in occupation.) Sex and occupation
Total
Less than a high school diploma
Four years of high school only
One to three years of college
Four or more years of college
TOTAL .........................................................................................................................................
100.0
9.8
31.8
28.1
30.3
Managerial and professional specialty ......................................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............................................................................. Professional specialty .............................................................................................................. Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................................................................... Technicians and related support .............................................................................................. Sales occupations .................................................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical ................................................................................. Service occupations ..................................................................................................................... Private household .................................................................................................................... Protective service .................................................................................................................... Service, except private household and protective ................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ......................................................................................... Mechanics and repairers ......................................................................................................... Construction trades .................................................................................................................. Other precision production, craft, and repair ........................................................................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................................................................................ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................................................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................. Farming, forestry, and fishing ...................................................................................................... Armed forces ...............................................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.5 2.4 0.7 4.1 1.5 5.5 3.6 20.0 35.7 5.1 21.7 17.1 13.0 21.2 15.8 23.2 23.9 18.3 28.4 31.8 0.3
12.4 19.7 5.2 34.7 21.5 31.9 40.3 42.9 39.2 32.2 45.0 46.5 44.6 47.6 47.3 49.8 50.0 51.4 47.6 36.4 19.6
22.1 28.8 15.7 37.6 47.6 30.4 40.6 28.4 18.5 43.7 26.2 29.3 35.4 25.6 27.4 21.9 21.4 24.1 20.0 21.0 42.7
64.0 49.1 78.5 23.7 29.4 32.2 15.5 8.8 6.7 19.0 7.0 7.1 7.0 5.6 9.6 5.0 4.8 6.1 4.1 10.8 37.5
MEN .............................................................................................................................................
100.0
11.0
31.7
26.4
30.9
Managerial and professional specialty ......................................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............................................................................. Professional specialty .............................................................................................................. Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................................................................... Technicians and related support .............................................................................................. Sales occupations .................................................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical ................................................................................. Service occupations ..................................................................................................................... Private household .................................................................................................................... Protective service .................................................................................................................... Service, except private household and protective ................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ......................................................................................... Mechanics and repairers ......................................................................................................... Construction trades .................................................................................................................. Other precision production, craft, and repair ........................................................................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................................................................................ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................................................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................. Farming, forestry, and fishing ...................................................................................................... Armed forces ...............................................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.7 2.6 0.6 3.5 1.5 3.6 4.5 16.7 23.3 3.0 23.3 16.8 13.3 21.1 13.6 21.7 20.8 18.6 27.5 32.7 0.3
11.9 17.6 5.1 26.8 19.3 26.5 32.0 38.8 37.6 31.9 42.1 46.3 44.6 47.6 46.5 50.0 49.4 51.8 48.2 37.1 20.0
19.9 25.2 13.6 34.4 42.8 29.4 39.8 32.2 26.5 45.0 26.0 30.2 35.5 25.8 30.8 23.0 24.5 23.5 20.0 20.2 42.2
66.6 54.6 80.7 35.3 36.3 40.5 23.7 12.4 12.6 20.2 8.6 6.7 6.7 5.5 9.2 5.3 5.3 6.0 4.3 10.1 37.5
WOMEN .......................................................................................................................................
100.0
8.5
31.9
29.9
29.6
Managerial and professional specialty ......................................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............................................................................. Professional specialty .............................................................................................................. Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................................................................... Technicians and related support .............................................................................................. Sales occupations .................................................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical ................................................................................. Service occupations ..................................................................................................................... Private household .................................................................................................................... Protective service .................................................................................................................... Service, except private household and protective ................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ......................................................................................... Mechanics and repairers ......................................................................................................... Construction trades .................................................................................................................. Other precision production, craft, and repair ........................................................................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................................................................................ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .................................................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................. Farming, forestry, and fishing ...................................................................................................... Armed forces ...............................................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.4 2.2 0.7 4.4 1.4 7.5 3.4 21.9 36.3 15.7 21.0 19.7 8.3 24.9 22.0 27.7 28.8 15.6 31.5 28.9 ...
12.9 22.2 5.3 38.9 23.3 37.6 42.3 45.3 39.2 33.9 46.4 48.4 44.4 48.1 49.6 49.4 50.9 48.2 45.6 34.4 15.8
24.4 33.0 17.4 39.3 51.6 31.5 40.8 26.1 18.1 37.2 26.3 21.2 34.3 20.0 17.8 18.7 16.3 29.4 19.7 23.4 46.7
61.4 42.6 76.6 17.4 23.7 23.4 13.5 6.6 6.4 13.1 6.4 10.6 12.9 7.0 10.6 4.1 3.9 6.8 3.3 13.3 37.5
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Table 1-60. Median Annual Earnings by Educational Attainment and Sex, Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, Age 25 to 64, 1996–1999 (Thousands of workers, dollars.) Year and sex
Less than a high school diploma
Total
Four years of high school only
One to threee years of college
Four or more years of college
1996 Total Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
77 394 $30 000
7 210 $18 000
25 280 $25 000
21 737 $30 000
23 167 $41 500
Men Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
45 562 $34 668
4 919 $20 000
14 507 $30 000
12 183 $35 000
13 954 $50 000
Women Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
31 832 $25 000
2 292 $15 000
10 773 $20 000
9 554 $25 000
9 213 $35 000
Total Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
78 524 $30 000
7 218 $19 000
25 432 $25 740
21 742 $30 000
24 131 $44 000
Men Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
45 976 $35 000
4 873 $21 840
14 686 $30 000
12 126 $35 000
14 291 $50 000
Women Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
32 548 $25 000
2 345 $15 000
10 746 $21 000
9 617 $25 000
9 840 $36 000
Total Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
80 812 $32 000
7 353 $19 000
25 595 $26 300
22 526 $31 619
25 338 $45 000
Men Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
47 230 $36 400
4 872 $22 000
14 744 $30 000
12 473 $36 000
15 142 $52 000
Women Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
33 582 $27 000
2 482 $15 000
10 851 $22 000
10 053 $26 500
10 197 $38 000
Total Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
82 501 $33 000
7 208 $20 000
25 792 $27 000
23 380 $33 000
26 120 $48 000
Men Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
47 781 $38 500
4 693 $22 000
14 806 $32 000
12 824 $39 000
15 459 $55 600
Women Number of workers (thousands) ....................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
34 720 $27 040
2 516 $15 000
10 986 $22 000
10 556 $27 280
10 662 $40 000
1997
1998
1999
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
141
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS CONTINGENT AND ALTERNATIVE WORK ARRANGEMENTS Collection and Coverage The data on contingent and alternative work arrangements were collected through a supplement to the February 1999 Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly survey of about 50,000 households that provides the basic data on employment and unemployment for the nation. This supplement obtained information from workers on whether they held contingent jobs, that is, jobs that were expected to last only a limited period of time. In addition, information was collected on several alternative employment arrangements, namely working as independent contractors and on call, as well as working through temporary help agencies and contract firms. The contingent and alternative work arrangements data will be collected every other year. Concepts and Definitions Alternative Work Arrangements To provide estimates of the number of workers in alternative employment arrangements, the February 1999 CPS supplement included questions about whether individuals were paid by a temporary help agency or contract company, or whether they were on-call workers or independent contractors.
Conversely, about half of the self-employed were identified as independent contractors. The self-employed are excluded from the data for workers with other arrangements. On-call workers are persons who are called into work only when they are needed, although they can be scheduled to work several days or weeks in a row. Temporary help agency workers were all those who were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not their job was temporary. To the extent that permanent staff of temporary help agencies indicate that they are paid by their agencies, the estimate of the number of workers whose employment was mediated by temporary help agencies is overstated. Workers provided by contract firms are those individuals who are employed by a company that provides their services to others under contract, and who usually work for only one customer and usually work at the customer’s work site. A few examples of services that can be contracted out include security, landscaping, and computer programming. Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the alternative arrangements categories. Contingent Workers
Independent contractors are all those who were identified in the survey as independent contractors, consultants, and free-lance workers, regardless of whether they were identified as wage and salary workers or self-employed in the responses to basic CPS labor force status questions. Workers identified as self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated) in the basic CPS were asked, “Are you self-employed as an independent contractor, independent consultant, free-lance worker, or something else (such as a shop or restaurant owner)?” in order to distinguish those who consider themselves to be independent contractors, consultants, or free-lance workers from those who were business operators such as shop owners. Those identified as wage and salary workers in the basic CPS were asked, “Last week, were you working as an independent contractor, an independent consultant, or a freelance worker? That is, someone who obtains customers on their own to provide a product or service.”
Contingent workers are defined as those who do not have an explicit or implicit contract for long-term employment. Several pieces of information were collected in the supplement from which the existence of a contingent employment arrangement could be discerned. These include whether the job was temporary or not expected to continue, how long the worker expected to be able to hold the job, and how long the worker had held the job. For workers who had a job with an intermediary, namely a temporary help agency or a contract company, information was collected about their employment at the place they were assigned to work by the intermediary as well as their employment with the intermediary itself.
About 88 percent of independent contractors were identified as self-employed in the main questionnaire, while 12 percent were identified as wage and salary workers.
1. Some people are in temporary jobs that last only for a limited time or until the completion of a project. Is your job temporary?
The key factor used to determine if a worker’s job fit the conceptual definition of contingent was whether the job was temporary or not expected to continue. The first questions of the supplement were:
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
2. Provided the economy does not change and your job performance is adequate, can you continue to work for your current employer as long as you wish? Respondents who answered “yes” to the first question, or “no” to the second, were then asked a series of questions to distinguish persons who were in temporary jobs from those who, for personal reasons, were temporarily holding jobs that offered the opportunity of ongoing employment. Workers also were asked how long they expected to stay in their current job and how long they had been with their current employer. The rationale for asking how long an individual expects to remain in his or her current job was that being able to hold a job for a year or more could be taken as evidence of at least an implicit contract for ongoing employment. To assess the impact of the defining factors on the estimated size of the contingent workforce, three measures of contingent employment were developed. Estimate 1, which is the narrowest, measures contingent workers as wage and salary workers who indicated that they expected to work in their current job for 1 year or less and who had worked for their current employer for 1 year or less. Self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, and independent contractors are
excluded from the count of contingent workers under estimate 1. Estimate 2 expands the measure of the contingent work force by including the self-employed—both the incorporated and the unincorporated—and independent contractors who expect to be, and had been, in such employment arrangements for 1 year or less. Estimate 3 expands the count of contingency by removing the 1 year or less requirement on both expected duration of the job and current tenure for wage and salary workers. Thus, the estimate effectively includes all the wage and salary workers who do not expect their employment to last, except for those who, for personal reasons, expect to leave jobs they would otherwise be able to keep. Non-contingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of contingent workers. Sources of Additional Information A complete description of the survey and additional tables are available from BLS news release USDL 99 362. Several analytical articles appear in the Monthly Labor Review.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
143
Table 1–61. Employed Workers with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements by Selected Characteristics, February 1999 (Thousands of persons.) Workers with alternative arrangements Characteristic
Total employed
Independent contractors
On-call workers
Temporary help agency workers
Workers provided by contract firms
Workers with traditional arrangements
AGE AND SEX Total, 16 years and over ........................................................................................ 16 to 19 years .................................................................................................... 20 to 24 years .................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years .................................................................................................... 55 to 64 years .................................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................................. Men, 16 years and over ......................................................................................... 16 to 19 years .................................................................................................... 20 to 24 years .................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years .................................................................................................... 55 to 64 years .................................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................................. Women, 16 years and over .................................................................................... 16 to 19 years .................................................................................................... 20 to 24 years .................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years .................................................................................................... 55 to 64 years .................................................................................................... 65 years and over ..............................................................................................
131 494 6 662 12 462 30 968 36 415 28 144 13 062 3 781 70 040 3 339 6 489 16 617 19 603 14 684 7 186 2 122 61 454 3 323 5 973 14 351 16 812 13 459 5 876 1 659
8 247 76 252 1 479 2 491 2 177 1 212 561 5 459 47 158 901 1 705 1 406 814 427 2 788 29 93 578 786 772 397 133
2 032 179 202 470 507 303 205 167 993 93 120 203 235 155 102 84 1 040 86 81 266 272 149 103 83
1 188 68 249 348 231 182 77 33 501 38 114 145 84 75 27 18 687 30 134 203 147 107 50 15
769 37 87 235 216 132 47 14 542 29 71 168 155 72 35 12 227 8 16 67 61 60 12 2
119 109 6 265 11 637 28 410 32 960 25 332 11 505 3 000 62 464 3 116 6 005 15 179 17 422 12 966 6 203 1 575 56 645 3 149 5 632 13 231 15 538 12 367 5 302 1 426
110 887 14 620 13 356
7 471 476 506
1 711 258 237
883 252 161
609 97 46
100 063 13 542 12 355
107 630 23 864
6 195 2 053
1 003 1 029
933 255
668 101
98 766 20 343
RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN White ...................................................................................................................... Black ...................................................................................................................... Hispanic origin ........................................................................................................ FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS Full-time workers .................................................................................................... Part-time workers ...................................................................................................
Note: Detail may not add to totals because the total employed includes day laborers, an alternative arrangement not shown separately, and a small number of workers were both on call and provided by contract firms. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to totals due to rounding.
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Table 1-62. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers by Occupation and Industry, February 1999 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Contingent workers
Noncontingent workers
Characteristic Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
OCCUPATION Total, 16 years and over (thousands) ....................................................................
2 444
3 038
5 641
125 853
Total, 16 years and over (percent distribution) ....................................................... Executive, administrative and managerial .......................................................... Professional specialty ........................................................................................ Technicians and related support ........................................................................ Sales occupations .............................................................................................. Administrative support, including clerical ........................................................... Services occupations ......................................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ............................................................... Operators, fabricators and laborers ................................................................... Farming, forestry, and fishing .............................................................................
100.0 3.8 20.1 3.4 8.0 22.4 16.5 8.4 14.1 3.3
100.0 4.9 18.2 3.5 8.8 20.6 18.2 8.7 13.9 3.1
100.0 6.8 24.7 3.3 6.8 19.2 14.7 8.4 12.5 3.7
100.0 15.1 15.4 3.2 12.3 14.0 13.4 11.1 13.4 2.1
Total 16 years and over (thousands) .....................................................................
2 444
3 038
5 641
125 853
Total, 16 years and over (percent distribution) ....................................................... Agriculture .......................................................................................................... Mining ................................................................................................................. Construction ....................................................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................................................... Transportation and public utilities ....................................................................... Wholesale trade ................................................................................................. Retail trade ......................................................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ................................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Public administration ..........................................................................................
100.0 3.0 0.2 7.5 6.5 3.5 2.4 14.5 2.2 57.0 3.1
100.0 3.0 0.1 7.7 6.7 3.8 2.5 13.0 3.0 57.4 2.7
100.0 3.1 0.2 7.5 8.1 3.4 2.5 10.7 3.0 58.1 3.3
100.0 2.1 0.4 6.1 15.9 7.4 4.0 17.1 6.9 35.4 4.7
INDUSTRY
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for explanation of Estimate 1, 2 and 3. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
145
Table 1-63. Employed Contingent Workers by Their Preference for Contingent or Noncontingent Work Arrangements, February 1999 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Preference
Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER .................................................................................................
2 444
3 038
5 641
Percent ........................................................................................................................................ Prefer noncontingent employment ........................................................................................... Prefer contingent employment ................................................................................................. It depends ................................................................................................................................ Not available ............................................................................................................................
100.0 54.0 39.2 5.1 1.7
100.0 53.4 39.8 4.5 2.3
100.0 53.1 38.9 5.3 2.7
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for explanation of Estimate 1, 2 and 3. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-64. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements by Health Insurance Coverage and Eligibility for Employer-Provided Pension Plans, February 1999 (Thousands of persons, percent.) Percent with heath insurance coverage Characteristic
Total employed
Percent eligible for employerprovided pension plan 2
Provided by employer 1
Total
Included in employer-provided pension plan
Total
BY CONTINGENCY Contingent Workers Estimate 1 ......................................................................................... Estimate 2 ......................................................................................... Estimate 3 .........................................................................................
2 444 3 038 5 641
60.2 57.7 64.1
12.4 11.0 20.6
11.9 11.6 21.4
5.4 5.5 13.8
Noncontingent Workers .................................................................
125 853
82.3
54.6
51.3
45.8
With Alternative Arrangements Independent contractors ................................................................... On-call workers ................................................................................. Temporary help agency workers ...................................................... Workers provided by contract firms ..................................................
8 247 2 032 1 188 769
73.3 67.3 41.0 79.9
... 21.1 8.5 56.1
2.8 29.0 11.8 53.9
1.9 22.5 5.8 40.2
With Traditional Arrangements .....................................................
119 109
82.8
57.9
54.1
48.3
BY TYPE OF ARRANGEMENT
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for explanation of Estimate 1, 2 and 3. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1. Excludes the self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated) and independent contractors. 2. Excludes the self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated); includes independent contractors who were self-employed.
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
147
Table 1-65. Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Workers with Contingent and Alternative Work Arrangements by Selected Characteristics, February 1999 (Dollars.) By contingency
By type of arrangement
Contingent workers
Workers with alternative arrangements
Characteristic Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
Noncontingent workers
Independent contractors
On-call workers
Temporary help agency workers
Workers with Workers traditional provided by arrangements contract firms
FULL-TIME WORKERS Total, 16 years and over ............................................. Men ............................................................................. Women ........................................................................
$360 413 306
$374 434 314
$415 494 340
$542 614 476
$640 689 441
$472 507 348
$342 367 331
$756 770 690
$540 613 474
White ........................................................................... Black ........................................................................... Hispanic origin ............................................................
378 265 278
384 297 286
420 350 313
564 447 397
662 414 504
478 393 308
338 354 296
734 719
562 445 396
Total, 16 years and over ............................................. Men ............................................................................. Women ........................................................................
111 116 108
112 117 109
114 119 112
160 150 166
209 319 169
119 133 114
187 192 185
171
White ........................................................................... Black ........................................................................... Hispanic origin ............................................................
111 115 116
111 119 117
113 122 116
161 150 159
220 142 240
119 130 102
183
197
(1) (1)
(1) (1)
(1)
PART-TIME WORKERS
(1) (1)
157 146 163 158 146 156
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for definitions of Estimate 1, 2 and 3. Data for independent contractors include the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed; these groups, however, are excluded from the data for workers with other arrangements. Data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. 1. Data not shown where base number of workers is less than 75,000.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYER-PROVIDED TRAINING Collection and Coverage The 1995 Survey of Employer-Provided Training was a one time survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and was sponsored by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor. The survey consisted of two major components: 1) a survey of establishments; and 2) a survey of randomly-selected employees in the survey establishments. The employer survey focused on the amount of formal training provided and selected costs of formal training. Formal training is defined as training that is planned in advance and has a structured format and defined curriculum. The employee survey obtained information on the amount of formal and informal training received and the wage and salary cost of the time that employees spend in both formal and informal training. Informal training is unstructured, unplanned and easily adapted to situations or individuals. The kinds of training covered were management training; professional and technical skills; computer procedures, programming, and software; clerical and administrative support skills; sales and customer relations; service-related training; production and construction related training; general skills; basic skills; occupational safety; employee health and wellness; orientation to personnel procedures; awareness; and communication, employee development, and quality. The employer portion of the 1995 Survey of EmployerProvided Training was carried out over a 6-month period, from May 1995 through October 1995. Two survey instruments were utilized—a questionnaire and a training log. The employer questionnaire focused on training programs and practices of the establishments. The questionnaire was administered during a personal interview. Questions were included on the selected costs of formal training during 1994 including the wages and
salaries of in-house trainers, fees paid to outside training companies, and tuition reimbursement amounts. In addition, information was collected on a variety of establishment characteristics expected to be correlated with the provision of formal training. These included the existence of various workplace practices, types of benefits, extent of contract employment, extent of unionization, and employee turnover rates. The employer log collected detailed information on all formal training events provided or financed by the establishment over a 2-week period. The requested information included a count of the number of employees in each formal training activity, the hours of training, the type of training, and who conducted the training. The employee component of the training survey was conducted in tandem with the employer survey. Over 1,000 employees were surveyed from May through October 1995. Each employee had a personal visit interview. Two survey instruments were utilized—an employee questionnaire and an employee log. The employee questionnaire focused on employment and demographic characteristics. Questions were included on job; employer and occupational tenure; income; weeks and hours worked; education; sex, age, race and ethnicity; marital status; and number of children. In addition, the employee questionnaire included general questions on types of training provided by the employer during the employee’s tenure and in the last 12 months and on the benefits of training. The employee log collected detailed information on all training and learning activities the employee participated in over a 10-day period. The requested information on the activity included a description, its duration, who was involved, and what type of training medium was used. Sources of Additional Information Additional details on data collection and measurement methods and extensive tables are available in news releases, USDL 96-268 and USDL 96-515.
149
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-66. Number of Hours of Formal Training per Employee by Type of Formal Training and Industry, May–October 1995, Employer Survey Manufacturing Characteristic
Total, 50 or more employees
Mining
Construction
Durable
Nondurable
Transportation, commu- Wholesale nications, trade and public utilities
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
TYPE OF FORMAL TRAINING Any formal training ............................................................................ Job skills Management training .................................................................... Professional and technical training ............................................... Computer training ......................................................................... Clerical and administrative training ............................................... Sales and customer relations training .......................................... Service related training ................................................................. Production and construction training ............................................ General skills Basic skills training ....................................................................... Occupational safety training ......................................................... Employee health and wellness training ........................................ Orientation training ....................................................................... Awareness training ....................................................................... Communications and quality training ............................................ Other types of formal training ......................................................
10.7
14.4
5.0
11.7
11.9
18.3
8.4
3.7
16.6
11.0
0.8 1.3 2.1 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.1
0.3 1.1 2.3 0.1 0.4 ... 1.7
0.1 0.2 0.2 ... 0.1 ... 1.2
1.1 1.9 1.5 ... 0.5 ... 1.9
... 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.2
1.6 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.1 3.6
0.8 0.2 1.3 0.1 1.2 ... 3.0
0.3 0.1 0.4 ... 1.5 0.5 0.3
1.3 2.1 5.6 1.4 1.6 ... ...
0.7 1.6 3.4 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.1
0.1 1.2 0.2 0.6 0.1 1.4 0.1
... 5.5 0.6 0.9 ... 1.3 0.4
... 2.9 ... 0.1 ... 0.4 ...
0.3 1.5 0.1 0.3 ... 2.6 ...
0.4 2.3 0.1 1.3 0.1 2.8 0.1
... 1.0 0.1 0.9 0.1 1.6 ...
0.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 ...
... 0.1 ... 0.5 ... 0.1 ...
... ... 0.6 0.2 0.3 3.5 0.1
... 1.3 0.2 0.7 ... 0.8 0.1
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 1-67. Selected 1994 Training Expenditures per Employee by Industry, May–October 1995, Employer Survey (Dollars.) Establishments with 50 or more employees Manufacturing Characteristic Total
Tuition reimbursements .................................................................... Wages and salaries of in-house trainers .......................................... Payments to outside trainers ............................................................ Contributions to outside training funds ............................................. Subsidies for training received from outside sources .......................
$51 139 98 12 5
Mining
$50 299 160 12 ...
Construction
$16 64 60 102 1
Durable
$74 98 95 22 9
Transportation, communi- Wholesale cations, trade Nondurable and public utilities
$64 188 157 1 7
$62 334 135 7 3
$56 108 108 18 1
Retail trade
$22 31 21 5 ...
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
$74 202 213 ... ...
$45 146 87 7 8
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
151
Table 1-68. Percent of Employees Who Received Training by Type of Training, May–October 1995, Employee Survey Received formal training Characteristic While with current employer
Within the last 12 months
Received informal training while with current employer
TOTAL All employed 1 ..............................................................................................................................
84.4
69.8
95.8
28.4 30.9 38.4 18.7 26.6 12.5 21.0
16.3 21.4 23.5 8.4 15.1 5.9 11.3
32.3 27.7 54.3 30.1 30.9 14.7 34.1
6.7 58.0 40.2 3.4
2.3 42.8 22.8 1.4
2.9 47.7 32.6 0.8
JOB SKILLS Management ................................................................................................................................ Professional and technical skills .................................................................................................. Computer procedures, programming, and software .................................................................... Clerical and administrative support skills ..................................................................................... Sales and customer relations ...................................................................................................... Service-related ............................................................................................................................. Production and construction-related ............................................................................................ GENERAL SKILLS Basic skills ................................................................................................................................... Occupational safety ..................................................................................................................... Communications, employee development, and quality training ................................................... Other ............................................................................................................................................
1. Employees working in establishments of 50 or more employees.
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Table 1-69. Percent of Employees Who Received Training by Selected Demographic Characteristics, May–October 1995, Employee Survey Received formal training Characteristic While with current employer
Within the last 12 months
Received informal training while with current employer
TOTAL All employed 1 ..............................................................................................................................
84.4
69.8
95.8
81.6 91.3 88.1 77.9 74.4
63.4 78.5 74.7 64.7 50.7
100.0 96.9 97.7 93.7 89.9
81.7 87.2
66.5 73.1
96.2 95.4
85.2 82.6 90.8
70.4 70.6 73.7
95.5 96.4 96.9
82.3 79.1 96.8
60.1 67.8 89.7
95.0 96.2 96.6
AGE 24 years and younger .................................................................................................................. 25 to 34 years .............................................................................................................................. 35 to 44 years .............................................................................................................................. 45 to 54 years .............................................................................................................................. 55 years and over ........................................................................................................................ SEX Men .............................................................................................................................................. Women ........................................................................................................................................ RACE AND ORIGIN White ............................................................................................................................................ Black ............................................................................................................................................ Hispanic origin ............................................................................................................................. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT High school graduates or less ..................................................................................................... Some college ............................................................................................................................... Bachelor’s degree or higher .........................................................................................................
1. Employees working in establishments of 50 or more employees.
153
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-70. Total Wage and Salary Costs of Training by Industry and Size Class, May–October 1995, Employee Survey (Thousands of dollars.) Characteristic ALL EMPLOYEES 2 ....................................................................................................................
Total 1
Formal training
Informal training
$37 061 259
$12 838 575
$24 221 982
305 571 1 321 935
172 181 345 217
133 390 976 718
7 655 647 3 668 602 1 614 793 1 278 848 6 285 244 2 425 810 12 504 809
3 254 112 2 192 938 811 305 352 234 666 128 649 319 4 395 142
4 400 978 1 475 664 803 444 926 614 5 619 116 1 776 391 8 109 667
5 652 306 16 781 558 14 627 394
1 348 650 5 521 417 5 968 508
4 303 656 11 260 007 8 658 319
INDUSTRY Mining .......................................................................................................................................... Construction ................................................................................................................................. Manufacturing: Durable goods ......................................................................................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................................................................................... Transportation, communications, and public utilities ................................................................... Wholesale trade ........................................................................................................................... Retail trade .................................................................................................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ............................................................................................. Services ....................................................................................................................................... ESTABLISHMENT SIZE 50 to 99 employees ..................................................................................................................... 100 to 499 employees ................................................................................................................. 500 employees or more ...............................................................................................................
1. Parts may not add to total because of separate estimates. 2. Employees working in establishments of 50 or more employees.
PART TWO EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS HIGHLIGHTS The employment, hours, and earnings data by industry and state in this part are derived from a survey of non-farm establishments. The employment numbers differ from Part 1 because of differences in methodology, concepts, definitions and coverage. Since the data are obtained from payroll records, the data are consistent for industry classifications, and the data on hours and earnings are likely to be accurate.
Employment in Manufacturing and Services as a Percent of Total Private Employment, 1990 and 2000 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Manufacturing
Services 1990
2000
Manufacturing employment continued its slow absolute decline over the past decade, and even more as a share of total private employment. At the same time, employment in the services sector almost doubled, and is now over one-third of private employment. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: • • • •
Within the services sector in service-producing industries, the business services industry provided most of the growth, rising 92 percent during the decade. This growth is largely accounted for by growth in the help supply industry as well as computer and data processing, both growing 171 percent. (Table 2-1) Growth in health services employment has slowed during the decade from 3.4 percent per year in the early half of the decade to 1.8 percent per year in the last half. (Table 2-1) Federal government employment declined over the period 1990–2000 by 10 percent. Employment in education in state and local governments increased 17.5 percent and 23 percent respectively. (Table 2-1) Over one-third of employed women are in the services sector, recording an increase of 42 percent during the period 1990–2000. (Table 2-2)
157
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NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Collection and Coverage Statistics on employment, hours, and earnings are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and its cooperating state agencies by about 390,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. This Current Employment Statistics, or CES, program also is referred to as the “establishment” or “payroll” survey. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or a warehouse. Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey. Persons are considered employed if they receive pay for any part of the specified pay period. The exclusion from the payroll survey of farm employment, self-employment, and domestic service employment accounts in part for the differences in employment figures between the household and payroll surveys. The payroll survey also excludes persons on leave without pay, who are counted as employed in the household survey. Persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting period are counted each time their names appear on payrolls, whereas such persons are only counted once in the household survey.
recalculated consistent with the employment benchmarks. For employment, the sum of the state figures will differ from the official U.S. national totals because of the effects of differing industrial and geographic stratifications used in the process of expanding sample totals to universe estimates, as well as differences in the timing of benchmark adjustments. The national estimation procedures used by BLS are designed to produce accurate national data by detailed industry; the state estimation procedures are designed to produce accurate data for each individual state. State estimates are not forced to sum to national totals, nor vice versa. Because each state series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual state level errors and can cause distortions at an aggregate level, particularly at turning points for the economy. The data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. This inclusion resulted in an increase of 212,000 (0.4 percent) in total nonfarm employment for the March 1959 benchmark month. In 1996, BLS completed implementation of computer assisted reporting through telephone interviews, touch-tone self-reporting, and voice recognition systems and introduced electronic data interchange. CES Revision
Industries are classified in accordance with the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification. For an establishment making more than one product or engaging in more than one activity, the entire employment of the establishment is included under the industry indicated by the principal product or activity. Establishment survey data are adjusted annually to accord with comprehensive counts of employment in March of the preceding year, called “benchmarks.” The adjustments are published with the release of May data each year. The benchmarks are derived mainly from employment reports from all employers subject to unemployment insurance. The employment count for the previous March becomes the revised employment number for that month; the difference between it and the previous sample-based March estimate is spread back over the previous 11 months, creating a continuous series. The difference is also projected forward and the “bias factors” that adjust recent sample-based estimates for known systematic biases are recalculated. (The main source of systematic bias is the failure of the sample to pick up newlycreated businesses.) Thus, each year’s benchmarking results in recalculation of employment data for the current and 2 previous years. The related series on production and nonsupervisory workers, hours, and earnings are
In June of 1995, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) announced plans for a comprehensive sample redesign of its monthly payroll survey. The original CES survey was based on a quota sample. The redesign introduces a probability-based sample. In addition, procedures have been developed for regular sample updates of employment from new business births. The initial research phase for the Current Employment Statistics (CES) sample redesign was completed in 1997, and the Bureau launched a production test of the new sample design at that time. The production test for the wholesale trade industry was concluded in June 2000, when the first estimates from the new design for that industry were published with the 1999 benchmark revisions. With the 2000 benchmark revisions, estimates for the mining, construction and manufacturing industries were published under the new design for the first time. Redesigned samples for the remaining industry divisions will be phased in with the next two benchmark releases. The conversion of the CES series from industry coding based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to industry coding based on the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) will take place in 2003.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
Concepts and Definitions An establishment is an economic unit that produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type of economic activity. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th day of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment that reports them. The data exclude proprietors, the self-employed, unpaid volunteer or family workers, farm workers, and domestic workers. Salaried officers of corporations are included. Government employment covers only civilian employees and excludes military personnel. Employees of the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency are also excluded. Production or nonsupervisory workers are a subgroup of employment accounting for about four-fifths of total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. They comprise production workers in manufacturing and mining, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees elsewhere. Separate employment figures are tabulated for this group and the data on hours and earnings refer to this group only. Manufacturing and mining production workers are working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations, including those engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, trucking, hauling, maintenance, repair, janitorial and guard services, product development, and record keeping. Construction workers are working supervisors and others engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, maintenance, etc., whether working at the site or in shops or yards at jobs ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory workers are enumerated in the following industries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. The category includes employees not above the working supervisory level, such as office and clerical workers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physicians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, research aides, teachers, drafters, photographers, beauticians, musicians, restaurant workers, custodial workers, attendants, line installers and repairers, laborers, janitors, guards, and other employees at similar occupational levels whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
159
Earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers are the payments they receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work and holiday, vacation, and sick pay paid directly by the firm. Earnings exclude irregular bonuses, retroactive pay, tips, and payments in kind. Earnings also exclude employee benefits such as health or other insurance and contributions to Social Security and other retirement. Payroll earnings are reported before deductions of any kind, e.g., the employee share of Social Security contributions, group insurance, withholding tax, bonds, or union dues. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices using the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). Real earnings are expressed in 1982 dollars. Hours are hours paid for during the pay period including the 12th of the month for production or nonsupervisory workers, including hours paid for holidays, vacations, and sick leave. Average weekly hours for any industry grouping are total production or nonsupervisory hours paid for divided by total reported production or nonsupervisory employment. These are not the same as standard or scheduled weekly hours because hours paid reflect such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, part-time work, and work stoppages. Averages for industries and for all production and nonsupervisory workers reflect changes in the workweeks of component industries and shifts in the composition of employment among industries with shorter and longer workweeks. Because the survey reports multiple jobholders separately at each job, average hours refer to jobs and not to individuals. Thus, if a worker with a full-time job takes a part-time job and nothing changes for any other worker, the average workweek will decline, even though every person is working the same or longer hours. Aggregate weekly hours for individual industries are the products of average hours and production worker or nonsupervisory worker employment. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, hours aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. They are published in the form of indexes, 1982=100. The indexes are calculated by dividing each year’s aggregate by the 1982 average and expressing the result in percentage form. Thus, these indexes measure changes in the labor inputs of production or nonsupervisory workers. Average overtime hours are the portion of average weekly hours that exceed regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Average hourly earnings reflect not only changes in basic hourly and incentive wage rates, but also such variable factors as premium pay for overtime and late-shift work and changes in output of workers paid on an incentive plan. They also reflect shifts in the number of employees between relatively high-paid and low-paid work, as well as changes in workers’ earnings in individual establishments. Averages for groups and divisions (such as total private industry, total goods-producing, and total serviceproducing) further reflect shifts among component industries, as well as changes in average hourly earnings for individual industries. Earnings do not measure the level of total labor costs to the employers since many items are not included (see above) nor are the earnings for those employees not covered under production worker, construction worker, or non-supervisory employee definitions. Average weekly earnings are derived by multiplying average weekly hours estimates by average hourly earnings
estimates. Therefore, weekly earnings are affected not only by changes in average hourly earnings but also by changes in the length of the workweek. Average weekly earnings are per job and will not necessarily reflect trends in income per worker (because of multiple jobholders) or per family (because of families with more than one earner). Sources of Additional Information For further details on estimation methods and relation to establishment data, see Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, June 1996 and subsequent issues of that monthly publication, as well as the BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2490, April 1997 and occasional articles in the Monthly Labor Review. A detailed description of the CES redesign is available from BLS, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics. For a complete description of the CES sample redesign see BLS, Employment and Earnings, June 2001.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
161
Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry and Selected Component Groups, 1945–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Industry
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
TOTAL ..................................................
40 374
41 652
43 857
44 866
43 754
45 197
47 819
48 793
50 202
48 990
50 641
52 369
52 855
51 322
TOTAL PRIVATE ..................................
34 431
36 056
38 382
39 216
37 897
39 170
41 430
42 185
43 556
42 238
43 727
45 091
45 239
43 483
GOODS-PRODUCING ..........................
17 507
17 248
18 509
18 774
17 565
18 506
19 959
20 198
21 074
19 751
20 513
21 104
20 967
19 513
Mining ................................................... Metal mining .......................................... Coal mining ........................................... Oil and gas extraction ............................ Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels ........
836 89.3 ... 215.2 74.7
862 87.8 ... 230.6 89.5
955 103.0 ... 248.5 97.8
994 104.2 ... 274.0 99.6
930 97.7 ... 266.3 95.0
901 96.9 ... 266.1 95.1
929 101.0 ... 284.4 102.4
898 99.8 ... 303.4 103.8
866 106.0 ... 311.4 105.9
791 99.3 ... 318.1 105.1
792 101.5 ... 331.9 108.3
822 108.8 ... 340.1 115.2
828 111.4 ... 344.0 114.3
751 93.2 215.1 327.5 114.9
Construction ........................................ General building contractors ................. Heavy construction, except building ...... Special trade contractors .......................
1 147 ... ... ...
1 683 ... ... ...
2 009 ... ... ...
2 198 ... ... ...
2 194 ... ... ...
2 364 ... ... ...
2 637 ... ... ...
2 668 ... ... ...
2 659 ... ... ...
2 646 ... ... ...
2 839 ... ... ...
3 039 ... ... ...
2 962 ... ... ...
2 817 861.4 ... ...
Manufacturing ...................................... Durable goods ....................................... Lumber and wood products ............... Furniture and fixtures ........................ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Primary metal industries .................... Fabricated metal products ................. Industrial machinery and equipment ...................................... Computer and office equipment .... Electronic and other electrical equipment ...................................... Electronic components and accessories ................................... Transportation equipment ................. Motor vehicles and equipment ...... Aircraft and parts ........................... Instruments and related products ...... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ....................................... Nondurable goods ................................. Food and kindred products ................ Tobacco products .............................. Textile mill products ........................... Apparel and other textile products ..... Paper and allied products .................. Printing and publishing ...................... Chemicals and allied products .......... Petroleum and coal products ............. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ......................................... Leather and leather products ............
15 524 9 108 ... ... 385.8 ... ...
14 703 7 785 ... ... 471.8 ... ...
15 545 8 358 881.6 319.8 508.4 1 224.8 1 049.2
15 582 8 298 854.6 329.2 519.7 1 236.2 1 040.8
14 441 7 462 775.3 301.1 486.0 1 086.5 935.2
15 241 8 066 845.9 346.3 518.1 1 194.0 1 042.3
16 393 9 059 879.4 340.1 555.6 1 307.0 1 158.1
16 632 9 320 830.4 340.0 533.9 1 228.3 1 173.0
17 549 10 080 813.4 352.1 550.3 1 325.1 1 286.5
16 314 9 101 747.0 325.6 523.2 1 168.1 1 171.3
16 882 9 511 780.9 346.5 557.0 1 266.9 1 221.5
17 243 9 802 772.8 357.7 573.1 1 298.4 1 239.9
17 176 9 825 697.2 356.5 563.6 1 298.4 1 267.3
15 945 8 801 655.3 343.4 532.5 1 106.5 1 169.9
... ...
... ...
1 386.1 ...
1 381.9 ...
1 191.5 ...
1 221.0 ...
1 469.6 ...
1 532.5 ...
1 572.7 ...
1 433.7 ...
1 465.4 ...
1 588.5 ...
1 603.3 ...
1 378.2 130.0
819.5
768.7
855.1
819.1
712.6
819.0
926.7
999.0
1 127.7
1 000.9
1 039.3
1 106.1
1 123.3
1 045.1
... 2 517.1 656.0 759.1 ...
... 1 234.7 655.2 228.6 ...
... 1 260.9 767.8 230.5 451.0
... 1 256.0 780.7 228.9 438.6
... 1 196.4 751.3 254.5 392.9
... 1 252.6 816.2 272.7 426.5
... 1 515.5 833.3 450.7 500.9
... 1 738.9 777.5 645.9 549.9
... 2 021.5 917.3 766.3 610.0
... 1 783.7 765.7 754.2 556.7
... 1 874.1 891.2 733.3 563.4
... 1 871.1 792.5 806.5 591.7
... 1 927.8 769.3 862.9 599.8
174.0 1 634.5 606.5 742.6 562.8
... 6 415 1 691.0 ... 1 139.0 1 060.0 389.0 577.0 668.0 186.0
... 6 918 1 767.0 ... 1 264.0 1 146.0 444.0 669.0 633.0 208.0
420.8 7 187 1 799.0 118.0 1 298.0 1 154.0 462.0 721.0 649.0 221.0
421.6 7 285 1 801.0 114.0 1 332.0 1 190.0 469.0 739.0 655.0 228.0
384.9 6 979 1 778.0 109.0 1 187.0 1 173.0 452.0 740.0 618.0 221.0
400.2 7 175 1 790.0 103.0 1 256.0 1 202.0 482.0 748.0 640.0 218.0
406.0 7 334 1 823.2 104.1 1 237.7 1 207.2 507.8 767.6 707.0 231.3
393.7 7 313 1 827.8 105.6 1 163.4 1 216.4 500.4 779.9 730.1 234.6
420.9 7 468 1 838.9 103.6 1 154.8 1 248.0 527.0 802.8 768.2 241.4
390.7 7 213 1 818.3 103.3 1 042.3 1 183.6 527.7 813.9 752.7 238.1
396.2 7 370 1 824.7 102.5 1 050.2 1 219.2 546.4 834.7 773.1 237.1
403.0 7 442 1 841.9 99.6 1 032.0 1 223.4 564.1 862.0 796.5 235.5
387.2 7 351 1 805.4 97.0 981.1 1 210.1 566.8 870.0 810.0 232.2
373.0 7 144 1 772.8 94.5 918.8 1 171.8 560.4 872.6 794.1 223.8
308.0 358.0
345.0 408.0
353.0 412.0
344.0 412.0
312.0 389.0
342.0 395.0
367.9 380.0
370.6 384.2
394.3 389.2
360.0 373.0
396.7 385.9
403.8 382.7
406.0 372.7
376.2 359.2
SERVICE-PRODUCING .......................
22 869
24 404
25 348
26 092
26 189
26 691
27 860
28 595
29 128
29 239
30 128
31 264
31 889
31 811
Transportation And Public Utilities ... Transportation ....................................... Railroad transportation ...................... Local and interurban passenger transit ............................................. Trucking and warehousing ................ Water transportation .......................... Transportation by air ......................... Pipelines, except natural gas ............ Transportation services ..................... Communications and public utilities ...... Communications ................................ Electric, gas, and sanitary services ...
3 906 ... ...
4 061 ... ...
4 166 ... 1 557.0
4 189 ... 1 517.0
4 001 ... 1 367.0
4 034 ... 1 391.0
4 226 ... 1 449.3
4 248 ... 1 399.8
4 290 ... 1 376.9
4 084 ... 1 215.4
4 141 ... 1 205.4
4 244 ... 1 190.4
4 241 ... 1 121.4
3 976 ... 957.4
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 25.9 ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 26.5 ... ... ... ...
284.8 ... ... ... 25.7 ... ... 860.0 ...
Wholesale Trade .................................. Durable goods ....................................... Nondurable goods .................................
1 955 ... ...
2 298 ... ...
2 478 ... ...
2 612 ... ...
2 610 ... ...
2 643 ... ...
2 735 ... ...
2 821 ... ...
2 862 ... ...
2 875 ... ...
2 934 ... ...
3 027 ... ...
3 037 ... ...
2 989 ... ...
See Note at end of table.
162
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry and Selected Component Groups, 1945–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Industry
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
TOTAL ..................................................
53 270
54 189
53 999
55 549
56 653
58 283
60 763
63 901
65 803
67 897
70 384
70 880
71 211
73 675
TOTAL PRIVATE ..................................
45 186
45 836
45 404
46 660
47 429
48 686
50 689
53 116
54 413
56 058
58 189
58 325
58 331
60 341
GOODS-PRODUCING ..........................
20 411
20 434
19 857
20 451
20 640
21 005
21 926
23 158
23 308
23 737
24 361
23 578
22 935
23 668
Mining ................................................... Metal mining .......................................... Coal mining ........................................... Oil and gas extraction ............................ Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels ........
732 83.7 198.2 329.5 120.4
712 93.8 186.1 309.2 123.0
672 87.4 161.3 303.1 119.8
650 82.3 151.9 298.0 118.1
635 79.7 149.0 289.2 117.0
634 79.5 147.3 291.1 116.2
632 83.8 141.4 287.1 119.6
627 86.5 137.3 281.8 121.2
613 79.2 138.8 275.8 119.6
606 82.0 132.3 275.6 116.2
619 89.2 135.3 279.9 114.9
623 93.3 145.1 270.1 114.7
609 86.6 145.6 264.2 114.8
628 82.7 160.9 267.9 116.2
Construction ........................................ General building contractors ................. Heavy construction, except building ...... Special trade contractors .......................
3 004 927.6 ... ...
2 926 877.1 ... ...
2 859 848.2 ... ...
2 948 857.9 ... ...
3 010 888.5 ... ...
3 097 919.9 ... ...
3 232 961.1 ... ...
3 317 991.7 ... ...
3 248 946.5 ... ...
3 350 975.9 ... ...
3 575 1 071.0 ... ...
3 588 1 065.6 ... ...
3 704 1 102.0 ... ...
3 889 1 164.6 773.5 1 950.6
Manufacturing ...................................... Durable goods ....................................... Lumber and wood products ............... Furniture and fixtures ........................ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Primary metal industries .................... Fabricated metal products ................. Industrial machinery and equipment ...................................... Computer and office equipment .... Electronic and other electrical equipment ...................................... Electronic components and accessories ................................... Transportation equipment ................. Motor vehicles and equipment ...... Aircraft and parts ........................... Instruments and related products ...... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ....................................... Nondurable goods ................................. Food and kindred products ................ Tobacco products .............................. Textile mill products ........................... Apparel and other textile products ..... Paper and allied products .................. Printing and publishing ...................... Chemicals and allied products .......... Petroleum and coal products ............. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ......................................... Leather and leather products ............
16 675 9 342 703.4 366.5 571.9 1 133.2 1 218.9
16 796 9 429 670.1 364.9 572.0 1 184.8 1 230.0
16 326 9 041 624.3 350.0 551.1 1 100.1 1 180.9
16 853 9 450 634.3 366.8 561.0 1 120.9 1 237.7
16 995 9 586 641.4 371.3 569.0 1 127.3 1 263.8
17 274 9 785 657.8 386.5 581.2 1 187.8 1 295.0
18 062 10 374 665.1 410.2 595.1 1 252.8 1 372.1
19 214 11 250 677.4 439.6 610.3 1 296.5 1 489.0
19 447 11 408 661.5 434.1 595.4 1 267.0 1 556.1
19 781 11 594 674.0 449.5 602.1 1 261.0 1 609.2
20 167 11 862 690.8 461.3 622.0 1 305.0 1 665.0
19 367 11 176 658.1 439.9 609.8 1 260.4 1 559.1
18 623 10 604 680.9 443.6 610.6 1 171.0 1 479.4
19 151 11 022 740.2 483.3 644.6 1 173.3 1 540.9
1 469.1 135.3
1 496.1 143.5
1 435.4 148.9
1 511.2 155.5
1 547.5 159.6
1 627.0 169.1
1 753.9 186.3
1 931.1 213.4
1 991.1 233.8
1 988.2 244.3
2 054.7 269.2
2 003.0 281.0
1 833.7 256.6
1 908.8 252.3
1 165.6
1 220.9
1 221.6
1 295.9
1 282.4
1 273.1
1 367.6
1 571.3
1 614.6
1 629.1
1 664.3
1 583.6
1 476.7
1 535.0
207.5 1 714.5 692.3 694.2 611.3
227.1 1 668.1 724.1 604.8 632.2
236.3 1 574.4 632.3 587.3 624.6
258.8 1 682.8 691.7 615.0 650.3
255.4 1 748.6 741.3 615.7 647.7
257.6 1 732.1 752.9 583.1 646.7
298.7 1 853.1 842.7 601.3 684.3
378.1 2 031.0 861.6 725.6 770.0
374.4 2 058.4 815.8 803.0 801.1
371.0 2 132.8 873.7 820.7 814.4
383.3 2 120.0 911.4 774.8 838.3
356.8 1 832.9 799.0 644.1 803.6
320.4 1 743.0 848.5 509.0 753.1
345.1 1 776.7 874.8 481.3 786.2
387.7 7 333 1 789.6 94.5 945.7 1 225.9 583.3 888.5 809.2 215.5
389.9 7 367 1 790.0 94.0 924.4 1 233.2 597.2 911.3 828.2 211.9
378.2 7 285 1 775.2 90.7 893.4 1 214.5 597.4 917.3 828.2 201.9
389.6 7 403 1 763.0 90.5 902.3 1 263.7 610.4 926.4 848.5 195.3
386.8 7 410 1 752.0 88.6 885.4 1 282.8 614.5 930.6 865.3 188.7
397.6 7 489 1 750.4 90.2 892.0 1 302.5 621.4 951.5 878.6 183.9
419.5 7 688 1 756.7 86.8 925.6 1 354.2 634.9 979.4 907.8 182.9
433.7 7 963 1 777.2 84.3 963.5 1 401.9 662.5 1 016.9 961.4 184.2
428.4 8 039 1 786.3 86.5 958.5 1 397.5 674.6 1 047.8 1 001.4 183.2
433.4 8 187 1 781.5 84.6 993.9 1 405.8 686.7 1 065.1 1 029.9 186.8
441.0 8 304 1 790.8 83.0 1 002.5 1 409.1 706.4 1 093.6 1 059.9 182.3
425.7 8 190 1 786.2 82.9 974.8 1 363.8 700.9 1 104.3 1 049.3 191.2
411.7 8 019 1 765.6 77.1 954.7 1 342.6 677.4 1 080.5 1 010.7 194.2
433.3 8 129 1 745.2 74.9 985.7 1 382.7 678.8 1 094.0 1 009.2 195.4
407.0 374.0
413.3 363.4
408.3 358.2
442.0 360.7
452.6 349.2
470.8 347.6
506.5 352.9
547.4 363.6
552.4 350.9
597.5 355.2
633.6 343.2
616.7 319.5
616.9 299.1
666.9 296.0
SERVICE-PRODUCING .......................
32 857
33 755
34 142
35 098
36 013
37 278
38 839
40 743
42 495
44 158
46 023
47 302
48 276
50 007
Transportation And Public Utilities ... Transportation ....................................... Railroad transportation ...................... Local and interurban passenger transit ............................................. Trucking and warehousing ................ Water transportation .......................... Transportation by air ......................... Pipelines, except natural gas ............ Transportation services ..................... Communications and public utilities ...... Communications ................................ Electric, gas, and sanitary services ...
4 011 ... 924.8
4 004 ... 885.3
3 903 ... 816.8
3 906 ... 796.4
3 903 ... 771.6
3 951 2 487 756.1
4 036 2 530 735.3
4 158 2 598 725.2
4 268 2 655 698.1
4 318 2 680 667.9
4 442 2 722 649.2
4 515 2 694 633.8
4 476 2 639 605.7
4 541 2 676 581.5
281.3 ... ... ... 24.3 ... ... 836.8 ...
284.4 ... ... ... 23.1 ... ... 839.7 ...
276.9 ... ... ... 22.2 ... ... 828.9 ...
270.7 ... ... ... 21.6 ... ... 824.1 ...
269.2 ... ... ... 20.7 ... ... 823.8 ...
266.9 ... 229.0 ... 20.0 ... 1 464 847.9 616.5
268.8 ... 228.4 ... 19.5 ... 1 506 880.8 625.2
270.5 ... 237.8 ... 18.9 ... 1 560 928.3 631.3
279.4 ... 240.9 ... 18.7 ... 1 614 969.6 644.0
281.5 ... 238.9 ... 18.5 ... 1 638 982.3 655.7
280.6 ... 229.0 ... 17.9 ... 1 721 1 049.3 671.7
280.5 ... 212.3 ... 17.6 ... 1 822 1 129.4 692.3
278.9 ... 194.1 ... 17.3 ... 1 841 1 143.4 698.1
276.1 ... 210.7 ... 16.7 ... 1 865 1 152.0 713.2
Wholesale Trade .................................. Durable goods ....................................... Nondurable goods .................................
3 092 ... ...
3 153 ... ...
3 142 ... ...
3 207 ... ...
3 258 ... ...
3 347 ... ...
3 477 ... ...
3 608 ... ...
3 700 ... ...
3 791 ... ...
3 919 ... ...
4 006 ... ...
4 014 ... ...
4 127 2 336 1 791
See Note at end of table.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
163
Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry and Selected Component Groups, 1945–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Industry
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
TOTAL ..................................................
76 790
78 265
76 945
79 382
82 471
86 697
89 823
90 406
91 152
89 544
90 152
94 408
97 387
99 344
TOTAL PRIVATE ..................................
63 058
64 095
62 259
64 511
67 344
71 026
73 876
74 166
75 121
73 707
74 282
78 384
80 992
82 651
GOODS-PRODUCING ..........................
24 893
24 794
22 600
23 352
24 346
25 585
26 461
25 658
25 497
23 812
23 330
24 718
24 842
24 533
Mining ................................................... Metal mining .......................................... Coal mining ........................................... Oil and gas extraction ............................ Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels ........
642 87.4 161.8 273.9 118.6
697 95.4 179.5 300.2 121.8
752 93.5 212.7 328.8 116.7
779 94.1 225.0 345.7 114.6
813 90.3 225.3 381.4 115.9
851 93.7 209.6 429.3 118.5
958 101.0 258.8 474.2 123.8
1 027 98.2 246.3 559.7 122.7
1 139 103.7 224.5 692.1 118.6
1 128 72.9 236.6 708.3 109.7
952 56.4 193.5 597.8 104.3
966 55.1 195.5 606.4 108.5
927 46.4 187.3 582.7 110.1
777 41.1 175.9 450.3 109.6
Construction ........................................ General building contractors ................. Heavy construction, except building ...... Special trade contractors .......................
4 097 1 221.1 789.6 2 086.7
4 020 1 191.7 799.0 2 029.0
3 525 1 011.9 733.9 1 778.8
3 576 1 022.4 747.3 1 805.8
3 851 1 108.4 759.8 1 982.7
4 229 1 228.5 827.6 2 172.6
4 463 1 272.0 898.1 2 292.6
4 346 1 173.0 894.6 2 278.3
4 188 1 094.2 865.1 2 228.6
3 904 990.3 794.7 2 119.2
3 946 1 019.2 753.4 2 173.6
4 380 1 160.5 757.8 2 461.7
4 668 1 251.4 764.6 2 652.2
4 810 1 289.2 749.5 2 770.6
Manufacturing ...................................... Durable goods ....................................... Lumber and wood products ............... Furniture and fixtures ........................ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Primary metal industries .................... Fabricated metal products ................. Industrial machinery and equipment ...................................... Computer and office equipment .... Electronic and other electrical equipment ...................................... Electronic components and accessories ................................... Transportation equipment ................. Motor vehicles and equipment ...... Aircraft and parts ........................... Instruments and related products ...... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ....................................... Nondurable goods ................................. Food and kindred products ................ Tobacco products .............................. Textile mill products ........................... Apparel and other textile products ..... Paper and allied products .................. Printing and publishing ...................... Chemicals and allied products .......... Petroleum and coal products ............. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ......................................... Leather and leather products ............
20 154 11 863 774.1 506.8 680.4 1 259.1 1 644.9
20 077 11 897 726.6 489.3 672.8 1 288.8 1 632.2
18 323 10 662 626.9 416.9 597.8 1 139.0 1 452.9
18 997 11 051 692.5 444.3 612.7 1 154.9 1 505.2
19 682 11 570 736.0 464.3 635.7 1 181.6 1 576.9
20 505 12 245 769.8 494.1 663.7 1 214.9 1 666.7
21 040 12 730 781.8 497.8 673.5 1 253.9 1 712.6
20 285 12 159 704.2 465.8 628.9 1 142.2 1 609.0
20 170 12 082 679.8 464.3 606.1 1 122.4 1 586.3
18 780 11 014 610.3 462.0 547.5 921.9 1 424.4
18 432 10 707 670.5 448.0 540.7 831.8 1 368.4
19 372 11 476 717.9 486.4 561.6 857.4 1 461.6
19 248 11 458 711.1 492.9 557.1 807.9 1 463.9
18 947 11 195 724.0 497.5 553.9 751.4 1 422.4
2 110.8 276.1
2 230.0 296.2
2 076.2 278.0
2 084.6 278.3
2 194.7 302.5
2 346.9 339.8
2 507.7 385.5
2 517.0 420.1
2 520.7 446.8
2 264.3 460.0
2 052.6 473.8
2 217.9 514.8
2 194.7 500.2
2 073.7 469.1
1 667.2
1 666.4
1 441.5
1 502.7
1 590.5
1 699.0
1 793.1
1 770.9
1 773.6
1 700.5
1 703.8
1 868.5
1 859.0
1 790.1
399.5 1 914.5 976.5 510.1 850.8
409.6 1 853.0 907.7 524.1 885.4
329.0 1 700.4 792.4 499.4 803.7
356.1 1 784.8 881.0 473.2 839.8
393.6 1 857.1 947.3 467.3 894.9
444.8 1 986.6 1 004.9 511.1 951.9
510.4 2 058.9 990.4 592.5 1 006.3
538.5 1 880.5 788.8 633.1 1 021.9
542.2 1 878.9 788.7 626.4 1 041.3
543.0 1 717.6 699.3 584.0 1 013.3
562.9 1 730.4 753.6 561.6 990.2
657.4 1 882.8 861.5 574.9 1 040.4
645.1 1 959.6 883.1 616.2 1 044.7
610.1 2 002.6 871.8 655.8 1 018.4
454.4 8 291 1 714.8 77.5 1 009.8 1 438.1 694.4 1 110.7 1 037.6 192.9
452.0 8 181 1 706.7 77.1 965.0 1 362.6 696.1 1 111.3 1 060.5 197.0
406.8 7 661 1 657.5 75.5 867.9 1 243.3 633.4 1 083.4 1 014.7 194.4
429.1 7 946 1 688.9 76.6 918.8 1 318.1 666.4 1 099.2 1 042.5 198.5
438.4 8 112 1 711.0 70.7 910.2 1 316.3 682.1 1 141.4 1 073.7 202.3
451.5 8 259 1 724.1 70.6 899.1 1 332.3 688.8 1 192.0 1 095.5 207.7
444.8 8 310 1 732.5 70.0 885.1 1 304.3 697.3 1 235.1 1 109.3 209.8
418.0 8 127 1 708.0 68.9 847.7 1 263.5 684.6 1 252.1 1 107.4 197.9
408.3 8 089 1 671.1 70.4 823.0 1 244.4 680.5 1 266.3 1 109.0 214.0
382.1 7 766 1 635.8 68.7 749.4 1 161.1 655.4 1 271.8 1 075.1 200.8
370.3 7 725 1 614.4 67.9 741.3 1 163.2 653.9 1 298.2 1 042.8 195.6
381.6 7 896 1 611.4 64.2 746.1 1 184.8 673.8 1 375.2 1 049.0 188.9
366.5 7 790 1 600.9 63.9 702.2 1 120.4 670.9 1 426.1 1 043.5 179.3
360.7 7 752 1 606.7 58.5 702.9 1 099.6 667.1 1 456.0 1 021.0 168.8
731.1 284.0
733.4 271.1
642.7 248.2
674.7 262.7
749.9 254.8
792.6 256.8
820.6 245.7
763.8 232.9
772.3 237.7
729.3 218.9
742.8 204.9
813.2 189.4
818.2 164.9
822.5 149.0
SERVICE-PRODUCING .......................
51 897
53 471
54 345
56 030
58 125
61 113
63 363
64 748
65 655
65 732
66 821
69 690
72 544
74 811
Transportation And Public Utilities ... Transportation ....................................... Railroad transportation ...................... Local and interurban passenger transit ............................................. Trucking and warehousing ................ Water transportation .......................... Transportation by air ......................... Pipelines, except natural gas ............ Transportation services ..................... Communications and public utilities ...... Communications ................................ Electric, gas, and sanitary services ...
4 656 2 746 579.1
4 725 2 779 590.4
4 542 2 634 548.2
4 582 2 678 537.9
4 713 2 781 544.9
4 923 2 905 539.2
5 136 3 019 556.3
5 146 2 960 532.1
5 165 2 920 494.9
5 081 2 787 429.4
4 952 2 742 375.9
5 156 2 914 375.7
5 233 2 997 359.0
5 247 3 051 331.5
277.5 ... 199.1 ... 16.8 ... 1 910 1 179.5 730.9
278.6 ... 202.9 ... 17.3 ... 1 947 1 202.5 744.2
270.3 ... 193.8 ... 17.5 ... 1 908 1 175.6 732.6
264.3 ... 194.0 ... 17.7 ... 1 904 1 169.4 734.5
261.5 ... 194.5 ... 18.5 ... 1 932 1 185.2 747.2
258.2 ... 207.8 ... 19.6 ... 2 018 1 239.8 778.4
262.6 ... 214.2 ... 20.1 ... 2 116 1 309.0 807.4
264.6 ... 211.2 ... 21.3 ... 2 186 1 357.0 829.1
265.1 ... 217.6 ... 21.8 ... 2 245 1 390.5 854.2
263.2 ... 200.3 ... 21.3 ... 2 294 1 417.1 877.3
256.5 ... 189.0 ... 20.1 ... 2 210 1 323.9 886.3
270.3 ... 190.0 ... 19.1 ... 2 242 1 340.3 901.6
277.1 ... 184.5 ... 18.7 ... 2 235 1 318.8 916.3
286.0 ... 174.0 ... 18.2 ... 2 196 1 274.8 921.4
Wholesale Trade .................................. Durable goods ....................................... Nondurable goods .................................
4 291 2 457 1 835
4 447 2 578 1 869
4 430 2 539 1 891
4 562 2 615 1 946
4 723 2 732 1 991
4 985 2 917 2 068
5 221 3 098 2 123
5 292 3 139 2 153
5 375 3 182 2 193
5 295 3 107 2 188
5 283 3 087 2 197
5 568 3 291 2 277
5 727 3 402 2 325
5 761 3 395 2 365
See Note at end of table.
164
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry and Selected Component Groups, 1945–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Industry
1987
TOTAL .................................................. 101 958
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
105 209
107 884
109 403
108 249
108 601
110 713
114 163
117 191
119 608
122 690
125 865
128 916
131 759
TOTAL PRIVATE ..................................
84 948
87 823
90 105
91 098
89 847
89 956
91 872
95 036
97 885
100 189
103 133
106 042
108 709
111 079
GOODS-PRODUCING ..........................
24 674
25 125
25 254
24 905
23 745
23 231
23 352
23 908
24 265
24 493
24 962
25 414
25 507
25 709
Mining ................................................... Metal mining .......................................... Coal mining ........................................... Oil and gas extraction ............................ Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels ........
717 43.8 161.8 401.5 110.0
713 49.8 150.8 400.3 111.8
692 55.7 143.7 381.0 111.2
709 57.8 146.5 394.7 110.3
689 55.9 135.5 392.9 104.5
635 53.2 126.8 352.6 101.8
610 49.8 108.6 349.8 101.5
601 48.6 111.8 336.5 103.6
581 51.3 104.4 320.1 105.3
580 53.8 97.7 322.0 106.2
596 53.6 96.0 339.0 107.8
590 49.3 91.8 339.1 109.8
539 44.3 84.6 297.4 112.8
543 40.6 77.2 311.1 113.7
Construction ........................................ General building contractors ................. Heavy construction, except building ...... Special trade contractors .......................
4 958 1 317.8 738.6 2 901.4
5 098 1 349.8 742.7 3 005.2
5 171 1 331.8 767.0 3 072.1
5 120 1 298.0 770.4 3 051.0
4 650 1 140.4 726.6 2 783.3
4 492 1 076.8 711.2 2 704.1
4 668 1 119.5 712.6 2 835.6
4 986 1 188.2 739.6 3 058.4
5 160 1 207.0 752.2 3 201.1
5 418 1 257.2 776.8 3 383.6
5 691 1 309.6 798.9 3 582.3
6 020 1 376.7 839.6 3 803.6
6 415 1 457.6 874.0 4 083.7
6 698 1 527.6 900.7 4 269.4
Manufacturing ...................................... Durable goods ....................................... Lumber and wood products ............... Furniture and fixtures ........................ Stone, clay, and glass products ........ Primary metal industries .................... Fabricated metal products ................. Industrial machinery and equipment ...................................... Computer and office equipment .... Electronic and other electrical equipment ...................................... Electronic components and accessories ................................... Transportation equipment ................. Motor vehicles and equipment ...... Aircraft and parts ........................... Instruments and related products ...... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ....................................... Nondurable goods ................................. Food and kindred products ................ Tobacco products .............................. Textile mill products ........................... Apparel and other textile products ..... Paper and allied products .................. Printing and publishing ...................... Chemicals and allied products .......... Petroleum and coal products ............. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ......................................... Leather and leather products ............
18 999 11 154 753.8 514.8 554.3 746.2 1 399.4
19 314 11 363 767.3 526.7 567.4 770.3 1 428.4
19 391 11 394 756.2 524.3 568.4 771.8 1 445.4
19 076 11 109 733.3 505.8 556.2 756.2 1 419.0
18 406 10 569 675.2 474.7 521.5 722.6 1 355.1
18 104 10 277 679.9 477.7 513.3 694.5 1 329.1
18 075 10 221 709.1 486.9 517.0 683.1 1 338.5
18 321 10 448 754.3 504.6 531.6 697.7 1 388.1
18 524 10 683 769.2 509.7 539.6 712.0 1 437.0
18 495 10 789 778.4 504.3 543.8 710.5 1 448.7
18 675 11 010 796.0 512.2 552.4 710.7 1 478.5
18 805 11 205 813.5 532.9 561.5 714.6 1 509.2
18 552 11 111 834.3 548.2 566.4 699.1 1 521.0
18 469 11 138 831.8 558.2 578.9 697.7 1 537.0
2 027.8 461.2
2 088.6 459.1
2 124.9 458.7
2 094.6 437.6
1 999.6 415.3
1 928.6 391.0
1 930.6 363.4
1 989.5 354.2
2 067.1 352.2
2 114.6 361.8
2 167.8 375.9
2 205.8 381.7
2 136.3 367.5
2 120.2 361.4
1 749.6
1 764.1
1 744.3
1 673.4
1 591.1
1 528.1
1 525.7
1 570.6
1 625.0
1 660.6
1 689.3
1 707.1
1 671.5
1 718.7
602.3 2 027.5 865.9 678.0 1 011.1
622.0 2 036.1 856.4 683.5 1 031.0
611.4 2 051.5 858.5 711.0 1 025.9
582.3 1 988.9 812.1 712.3 1 005.9
554.8 1 890.0 788.8 669.2 974.0
527.4 1 829.6 812.5 611.7 928.5
527.7 1 756.2 836.6 542.0 895.5
544.2 1 761.1 909.3 481.5 861.1
580.8 1 790.2 970.9 450.5 843.4
616.6 1 784.9 966.8 458.1 855.4
650.3 1 845.2 985.6 500.6 866.0
659.7 1 892.5 995.3 525.1 873.1
640.8 1 887.6 1 018.3 496.3 855.4
682.2 1 849.0 1 013.0 465.2 852.4
369.5 7 845 1 616.8 55.0 725.3 1 096.9 674.0 1 502.7 1 024.6 163.9
382.8 7 951 1 626.1 54.4 728.3 1 085.1 688.8 1 542.9 1 057.3 160.1
381.2 7 997 1 644.4 49.9 719.8 1 075.7 695.7 1 555.9 1 073.9 156.0
375.3 7 968 1 660.5 49.1 691.4 1 036.2 696.7 1 569.4 1 086.1 157.4
365.5 7 837 1 666.9 49.0 670.0 1 006.0 687.9 1 535.6 1 075.9 160.0
367.6 7 827 1 662.5 47.5 674.1 1 007.2 690.3 1 506.5 1 084.1 157.6
378.3 7 854 1 679.6 43.7 675.1 989.1 691.7 1 516.7 1 080.5 151.5
389.0 7 873 1 678.0 42.9 676.4 974.0 692.3 1 537.2 1 057.0 149.1
389.7 7 841 1 691.9 42.1 663.2 935.8 692.8 1 545.9 1 038.1 145.2
387.8 7 706 1 691.9 41.4 626.5 867.7 683.6 1 540.3 1 033.8 142.1
391.5 7 665 1 685.3 41.4 616.1 823.6 683.1 1 552.4 1 035.8 141.0
394.7 7 600 1 683.2 40.5 597.6 765.8 677.2 1 564.6 1 042.9 139.1
391.3 7 441 1 682.3 37.4 558.9 690.1 667.9 1 552.3 1 035.2 132.1
394.0 7 331 1 683.8 33.9 528.4 633.2 656.7 1 547.4 1 037.8 127.4
842.1 143.3
865.6 142.6
888.0 137.6
887.6 133.1
861.9 123.7
877.6 119.9
909.0 117.2
953.1 112.9
979.9 105.6
982.7 95.7
996.1 90.5
1 004.9 84.1
1 008.6 76.6
1 010.5 71.4
SERVICE-PRODUCING .......................
77 284
80 084
82 630
84 497
84 504
85 370
87 361
90 256
92 925
95 115
97 727
100 451
103 409
106 050
Transportation And Public Utilities ... Transportation ....................................... Railroad transportation ...................... Local and interurban passenger transit ............................................. Trucking and warehousing ................ Water transportation .......................... Transportation by air ......................... Pipelines, except natural gas ............ Transportation services ..................... Communications and public utilities ...... Communications ................................ Electric, gas, and sanitary services ...
5 362 3 156 308.7
5 512 3 301 298.0
5 614 3 404 292.5
5 777 3 511 278.6
5 755 3 495 262.0
5 718 3 495 254.3
5 811 3 598 248.3
5 984 3 761 240.5
6 132 3 904 238.4
6 253 4 019 230.9
6 408 4 123 226.5
6 611 4 273 230.5
6 834 4 411 234.5
7 019 4 529 235.5
294.2 ... 172.2 ... 18.8 ... 2 206 1 281.5 924.7
309.3 1 351.1 171.3 850.2 18.5 302.4 2 211 1 279.9 931.0
325.7 1 379.0 171.6 897.2 18.5 319.0 2 210 1 272.1 938.1
337.8 1 395.2 176.6 967.6 18.5 336.1 2 266 1 308.9 957.1
354.1 1 377.8 183.6 961.8 19.0 336.3 2 260 1 298.8 961.2
361.4 1 384.6 173.3 964.0 19.2 338.4 2 223 1 268.9 954.0
379.4 1 443.6 168.2 988.2 18.4 351.7 2 214 1 269.1 944.4
404.0 1 526.1 172.4 1 023.0 17.1 377.9 2 223 1 294.8 928.3
419.2 1 587.1 174.5 1 068.3 15.1 401.2 2 229 1 317.6 910.9
436.9 1 636.8 174.1 1 107.4 14.5 418.2 2 234 1 350.6 883.7
452.4 1 676.7 178.7 1 133.9 14.2 440.5 2 285 1 419.3 865.8
468.5 1 744.0 181.3 1 180.6 13.8 454.0 2 338 1 477.2 860.7
477.7 1 809.9 185.5 1 226.7 13.4 463.3 2 423 1 560.1 862.8
476.2 1 855.6 195.8 1 281.3 13.7 471.3 2 490 1 638.9 851.0
Wholesale Trade .................................. Durable goods ....................................... Nondurable goods .................................
5 848 3 437 2 411
6 030 3 564 2 466
6 187 3 653 2 534
6 173 3 614 2 559
6 081 3 531 2 550
5 997 3 446 2 552
5 981 3 433 2 549
6 162 3 559 2 604
6 378 3 715 2 663
6 482 3 805 2 677
6 648 3 927 2 721
6 800 4 043 2 757
6 911 4 117 2 793
7 024 4 193 2 831
See Note at end of table.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
165
Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry and Selected Component Groups, 1945–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Industry
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
Retail Trade .......................................... Building materials and garden supplies ............................................. General merchandise stores ................. Department stores ............................. Food stores ........................................... Automotive dealers and service stations .............................................. New and used car dealers ................. Apparel and accessory stores ............... Furniture and home furnishings stores .. Eating and drinking places .................... Miscellaneous retail establishments ......
5 359
6 077
6 477
6 659
6 654
6 743
7 007
7 184
7 385
7 360
7 601
7 831
7 848
7 761
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... 867.3 1 264.5
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 585.2 ... ... ...
... ... 600.1 ... ... ...
... ... 585.8 ... ... ...
... ... 573.4 ... ... ...
... ... 594.8 381.2 ... ...
... ... 608.1 383.5 ... ...
... ... 617.9 388.4 ... ...
... ... 609.4 383.0 ... ...
... ... 616.1 396.1 ... ...
... ... 629.9 405.9 ... ...
... ... 625.0 398.6 ... ...
1 207.7 ... 610.8 388.4 1 528.9 ...
Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate Finance .................................................. Depository institutions ....................... Commercial banks ......................... Savings institutions ........................ Nondepository institutions ................. Mortgage bankers and brokers ..... Security and commodity brokers ....... Holding and other investment offices ............................................ Insurance ............................................... Insurance carriers .............................. Insurance agents, brokers, and service ........................................... Real estate ............................................
1 481 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1 675 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1 728 ... ... ... ... ... ... 62.8
1 800 ... ... ... ... ... ... 60.7
1 828 ... ... ... ... ... ... 58.3
1 888 ... ... ... ... ... ... 62.4
1 956 ... ... ... ... ... ... 66.7
2 035 ... ... ... ... ... ... 68.2
2 111 ... ... ... ... ... ... 68.9
2 200 ... ... ... ... ... ... 70.7
2 298 ... ... ... ... ... ... 81.3
2 389 ... ... ... ... ... ... 86.9
2 438 ... ... ... ... ... ... 90.3
2 481 ... ... ... ... ... ... 93.8
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... 813.6
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
Services ................................................ Agricultural services .............................. Hotels and other lodging places ............ Personal services .................................. Business services .................................. Services to buildings ......................... Personnel supply services ................. Help supply services ..................... Computer and data processing services ......................................... Auto repair, services, and parking ......... Miscellaneous repair services ............... Motion pictures ...................................... Amusement and recreation services ..... Health services ...................................... Offices and clinics of medical doctors ........................................... Nursing and personal care facilities .. Hospitals ............................................ Home health care services ................ Legal services ....................................... Educational services ............................. Social services ...................................... Child day care services ..................... Residential care ................................. Museums and botanical and zoological gardens ............................................. Membership organizations .................... Engineering and management services ............................................. Engineering and architectural services ......................................... Management and public relations .....
4 222 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
4 697 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 025 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 181 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 239 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 356 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 547 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 699 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 835 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 969 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 240 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 497 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 708 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 765 ... ... 796.2 555.0 ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... 1 365.2
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 908.3 ... ... 572.1 ... ... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
173.1 ...
Government ......................................... Federal .................................................. Federal, except Postal Service .......... State ...................................................... Education .......................................... Other state government ..................... Local ...................................................... Education .......................................... Other local government .....................
5 944 2 808 2 372 ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 595 2 254 1 785 ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 474 1 892 1 425 ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 650 1 863 1 369 ... ... ... ... ... ...
5 856 1 908 1 385 ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 026 1 928 1 416 ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 389 2 302 1 784 ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 609 2 420 1 882 ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 645 2 305 1 778 ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 751 2 188 1 658 ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 914 2 187 1 657 1 168 308 860 3 558 1 792 1 766
7 278 2 209 1 674 1 250 334 916 3 819 1 928 1 891
7 616 2 217 1 666 1 328 362 966 4 071 2 073 1 997
7 839 2 191 1 628 1 415 389 1 027 4 230 2 165 2 065
See Note at end of table.
166
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry and Selected Component Groups, 1945–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Industry
Retail Trade .......................................... Building materials and garden supplies ............................................. General merchandise stores ................. Department stores ............................. Food stores ........................................... Automotive dealers and service stations .............................................. New and used car dealers ................. Apparel and accessory stores ............... Furniture and home furnishings stores .. Eating and drinking places .................... Miscellaneous retail establishments ...... Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate Finance .................................................. Depository institutions ....................... Commercial banks ......................... Savings institutions ........................ Nondepository institutions ................. Mortgage bankers and brokers ..... Security and commodity brokers ....... Holding and other investment offices ............................................ Insurance ............................................... Insurance carriers .............................. Insurance agents, brokers, and service ........................................... Real estate ............................................ Services ................................................ Agricultural services .............................. Hotels and other lodging places ............ Personal services .................................. Business services .................................. Services to buildings ......................... Personnel supply services ................. Help supply services ..................... Computer and data processing services ......................................... Auto repair, services, and parking ......... Miscellaneous repair services ............... Motion pictures ...................................... Amusement and recreation services ..... Health services ...................................... Offices and clinics of medical doctors ........................................... Nursing and personal care facilities .. Hospitals ............................................ Home health care services ................ Legal services ....................................... Educational services ............................. Social services ...................................... Child day care services ..................... Residential care ................................. Museums and botanical and zoological gardens ............................................. Membership organizations .................... Engineering and management services ............................................. Engineering and architectural services ......................................... Management and public relations ..... Government ......................................... Federal .................................................. Federal, except Postal Service .......... State ...................................................... Education .......................................... Other state government ..................... Local ...................................................... Education .......................................... Other local government .....................
See Note at end of table.
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
8 035
8 238
8 195
8 359
8 520
8 812
9 239
9 637
9 906
10 308
10 785
11 034
11 338
11 822
... ... 899.7 1 305.4
... ... 920.2 1 355.8
... ... 927.6 1 354.6
... ... 974.6 1 363.6
... ... 1 024.5 1 383.8
... ... 1 091.3 1 419.4
... ... 1 176.8 1 468.6
... ... 1 259.0 1 535.5
... ... 1 328.6 1 571.6
... ... 1 410.8 1 619.9
... ... 1 488.0 1 682.8
... ... 1 519.4 1 730.6
... ... 1 563.1 1 752.4
508.4 2 149.4 1 660.5 1 805.1
1 243.6 ... 624.0 395.9 1 602.9 ...
1 267.2 ... 639.3 400.1 1 654.3 ...
1 239.8 ... 631.5 389.0 1 664.8 ...
1 272.6 ... 636.5 388.5 1 720.5 ...
1 324.4 ... 632.0 389.0 1 747.9 ...
1 366.8 ... 636.2 394.5 1 848.1 ...
1 424.2 ... 660.8 409.6 1 987.9 ...
1 462.3 ... 681.1 419.9 2 117.9 ...
1 491.7 ... 694.4 425.9 2 191.4 ...
1 549.0 ... 725.1 440.0 2 308.8 ...
1 610.9 ... 752.8 464.2 2 465.7 ...
1 617.4 ... 760.6 471.6 2 574.6 ...
1 642.3 ... 778.6 487.2 2 700.4 ...
1 722.6 775.3 783.8 513.2 2 860.2 1 479.7
2 549 ... ... ... ... ... ... 106.7
2 628 ... ... ... ... ... ... 114.4
2 688 ... ... ... ... ... ... 128.5
2 754 ... ... ... ... ... ... 131.8
2 830 ... ... ... ... ... ... 123.9
2 911 ... ... ... ... ... ... 125.8
2 977 ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.0
3 058 ... ... ... ... ... ... 140.8
3 185 ... ... ... ... ... ... 156.0
3 337 ... ... ... ... ... ... 192.1
3 512 ... ... ... ... ... ... 225.5
3 645 ... ... ... ... ... ... 204.5
3 772 ... ... ... ... ... ... 197.7
3 908 1 778.0 ... 1 012.7 ... ... ... 202.7
... ... 816.9
... ... 831.7
... ... 843.7
... ... 852.4
... ... 871.9
... ... 889.5
... ... 893.4
... ... 908.2
... ... 946.8
... ... 980.6
... ... 998.8
... ... 1 029.7
... ... 1 046.9
72.7 1 373 1 054.3
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
319.1 756
7 087 ... ... 808.7 607.6 ... ... ...
7 378 ... ... 812.0 655.7 ... ... ...
7 619 ... ... 816.4 693.2 ... ... ...
7 982 ... ... 830.9 753.7 ... ... ...
8 277 ... ... 845.4 813.7 ... ... ...
8 660 ... ... 866.1 880.8 167.5 ... ...
9 036 ... ... 894.7 954.9 182.5 ... ...
9 498 ... ... 923.8 1 051.5 199.7 ... ...
10 045 ... ... 933.2 1 144.6 224.9 ... ...
10 567 ... ... 936.5 1 210.0 241.3 ... ...
11 169 ... ... 930.5 1 328.5 267.9 ... ...
11 548 ... ... 898.0 1 397.3 294.7 ... ...
11 797 ... ... 847.9 1 401.7 308.3 ... ...
12 276 ... 813.1 828.4 1 490.5 336.2 213.5 ...
... ... ... ... ... 1 453.7
... ... ... ... ... 1 547.6
... ... ... ... ... 1 640.1
... ... ... ... ... 1 739.3
... ... ... ... ... 1 837.0
... ... 148.8 ... ... 1 963.0
... ... 155.0 ... ... 2 079.5
... ... 161.4 ... ... 2 204.2
... ... 167.9 ... ... 2 434.3
... ... 174.1 ... ... 2 638.6
... ... 183.5 ... ... 2 862.1
... ... 188.7 ... ... 3 052.5
... ... 193.1 ... ... 3 238.5
106.7 398.6 198.9 ... ... 3 411.9
... ... 967.3 ... ... 598.1 ... ... ...
... ... 1 030.0 ... ... 616.1 ... ... ...
... ... 1 087.1 ... ... 636.8 ... ... ...
... ... 1 144.7 ... ... 678.7 ... ... ...
... ... 1 217.4 ... ... 707.5 ... ... ...
... ... 1 295.1 ... ... 743.4 ... ... ...
... ... 1 356.5 ... ... 772.1 ... ... ...
... ... 1 419.7 ... ... 803.9 ... ... ...
... ... 1 554.2 ... ... 842.1 ... ... ...
... ... 1 653.9 ... ... 891.2 ... ... ...
... ... 1 769.6 ... ... 929.7 ... ... ...
... ... 1 863.2 ... ... 939.6 ... ... ...
... ... 1 934.9 ... ... 947.8 ... ... ...
467.1 591.2 1 980.2 ... 271.1 958.4 552.9 145.5 ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... 1 402.7
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
183.7 ...
190.0 ...
193.3 ...
205.4 ...
216.1 ...
225.9 ...
242.4 ...
266.3 ...
281.2 ...
289.3 ...
306.2 ...
304.0 ...
310.1 ...
339.3 ...
8 083 2 233 1 658 1 484 420 1 065 4 366 2 250 2 116
8 353 2 270 1 683 1 536 448 1 088 4 547 2 369 2 178
8 594 2 279 1 682 1 607 474 1 133 4 708 2 468 2 240
8 890 2 340 1 743 1 668 510 1 158 4 881 2 581 2 300
9 225 2 358 1 760 1 747 557 1 190 5 121 2 738 2 383
9 596 2 348 1 748 1 856 609 1 247 5 392 2 906 2 486
10 074 2 378 1 764 1 996 679 1 317 5 700 3 102 2 598
10 784 2 564 1 883 2 141 775 1 366 6 080 3 375 2 705
11 391 2 719 2 005 2 302 873 1 428 6 371 3 572 2 799
11 839 2 737 2 013 2 442 958 1 484 6 660 3 736 2 924
12 195 2 758 2 025 2 533 1 042 1 491 6 904 3 874 3 030
12 554 2 731 1 995 2 664 1 104 1 560 7 158 4 004 3 154
12 881 2 696 1 969 2 747 1 149 1 599 7 437 4 188 3 250
13 334 2 684 1 986 2 859 1 188 1 672 7 790 4 363 3 427
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
167
Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry and Selected Component Groups, 1945–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Industry
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
12 315
12 539
12 630
13 193
13 792
14 556
14 972
15 018
15 171
15 158
15 587
16 512
17 315
17 880
534.5 2 229.3 1 721.5 1 855.5
542.2 2 209.5 1 711.3 1 947.6
520.9 2 113.0 1 649.0 2 007.2
546.4 2 155.3 1 685.5 2 038.6
575.8 2 204.3 1 738.4 2 106.3
608.1 2 307.8 1 839.5 2 198.9
629.2 2 287.4 1 828.4 2 296.8
617.4 2 244.6 1 821.6 2 383.6
606.8 2 230.0 1 822.3 2 448.4
588.3 2 183.7 1 790.1 2 477.3
615.1 2 165.2 1 782.3 2 555.5
658.8 2 267.0 1 866.4 2 635.9
689.5 2 323.2 1 897.0 2 773.5
703.9 2 364.9 1 928.7 2 896.3
1 777.8 802.6 794.7 532.5 3 053.8 1 537.4
1 665.8 753.3 810.8 538.0 3 231.2 1 594.1
1 677.1 730.6 805.7 516.5 3 379.5 1 609.8
1 743.6 769.9 841.7 539.8 3 656.2 1 671.8
1 800.8 801.9 869.9 562.5 3 948.6 1 724.0
1 860.6 839.9 909.2 594.7 4 277.2 1 799.8
1 812.3 835.3 949.4 614.9 4 513.1 1 868.7
1 688.5 745.2 956.7 606.4 4 625.8 1 894.9
1 653.0 707.4 968.3 595.4 4 749.0 1 920.3
1 631.5 694.3 942.4 583.4 4 829.4 1 922.1
1 673.6 722.1 962.5 607.8 5 038.0 1 969.7
1 797.6 794.3 1 007.5 677.4 5 380.9 2 087.0
1 888.5 856.1 1 039.1 733.2 5 698.6 2 169.7
1 941.4 895.7 1 075.3 766.5 5 901.5 2 230.5
Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate Finance .................................................. Depository institutions ....................... Commercial banks ......................... Savings institutions ........................ Nondepository institutions ................. Mortgage bankers and brokers ..... Security and commodity brokers ....... Holding and other investment offices ............................................ Insurance ............................................... Insurance carriers .............................. Insurance agents, brokers, and service ........................................... Real estate ............................................
4 046 1 866.0 ... 1 068.0 ... ... ... 192.0
4 148 1 936.0 ... 1 130.2 ... ... ... 173.5
4 165 1 964.0 ... 1 150.4 ... ... ... 169.5
4 271 2 026.0 ... 1 182.0 ... ... ... 176.4
4 467 2 113.0 ... 1 220.6 ... ... ... 181.8
4 724 2 233.0 ... 1 280.8 ... ... ... 188.8
4 975 2 369.0 ... 1 349.7 ... ... ... 204.2
5 160 2 483.0 ... 1 412.5 ... ... ... 227.4
5 298 2 593.0 ... 1 461.1 ... ... ... 259.0
5 340 2 647.0 ... 1 485.0 ... ... 61.5 273.8
5 466 2 741.0 ... 1 484.1 ... ... 81.3 308.4
5 684 2 852.0 ... 1 496.0 ... ... 100.8 338.7
5 948 2 974.0 ... 1 521.8 ... ... 116.0 354.5
6 273 3 145.0 ... 1 542.2 ... ... 151.2 393.2
77.1 1 401 1 071.0
81.9 1 434 1 087.2
86.6 1 442 1 085.3
90.6 1 468 1 101.3
95.4 1 528 1 140.9
103.4 1 591 1 173.6
111.2 1 643 1 199.8
114.6 1 688 1 224.1
122.5 1 713 1 236.9
134.0 1 723 1 237.3
136.3 1 728 1 228.9
144.2 1 765 1 239.7
165.8 1 840 1 291.6
189.5 1 944 1 364.8
329.6 778
346.4 778
356.6 760
366.9 776
387.5 826
417.7 900
442.8 963
463.8 989
475.8 992
485.9 970
498.9 997
525.0 1 067
548.2 1 135
579.4 1 184
Services ................................................ Agricultural services .............................. Hotels and other lodging places ............ Personal services .................................. Business services .................................. Services to buildings ......................... Personnel supply services ................. Help supply services ..................... Computer and data processing services ......................................... Auto repair, services, and parking ......... Miscellaneous repair services ............... Motion pictures ...................................... Amusement and recreation services ..... Health services ...................................... Offices and clinics of medical doctors ........................................... Nursing and personal care facilities .. Hospitals ............................................ Home health care services ................ Legal services ....................................... Educational services ............................. Social services ...................................... Child day care services ..................... Residential care ................................. Museums and botanical and zoological gardens ............................................. Membership organizations .................... Engineering and management services ............................................. Engineering and architectural services ......................................... Management and public relations .....
12 857 ... 854.2 823.0 1 609.5 363.9 246.6 ...
13 441 ... 877.7 806.6 1 685.8 393.8 256.7 ...
13 892 ... 898.4 781.7 1 697.2 390.6 242.0 ...
14 551 184.3 929.4 790.4 1 805.9 405.1 292.7 ...
15 302 197.3 956.1 806.4 1 957.6 422.3 357.2 ...
16 252 216.7 988.0 826.7 2 180.5 451.7 438.1 ...
17 112 234.2 1 059.8 820.8 2 410.1 487.0 507.8 ...
17 890 246.2 1 075.8 817.8 2 563.5 495.0 543.3 ...
18 615 257.7 1 118.7 827.6 2 699.6 511.0 585.3 ...
19 021 266.7 1 132.9 844.2 2 722.2 523.5 541.0 417.0
19 664 286.6 1 171.5 869.1 2 948.0 558.8 618.6 488.1
20 746 328.2 1 262.8 918.3 3 352.7 608.5 796.7 642.5
21 927 361.2 1 331.3 956.6 3 679.4 649.8 890.7 732.0
22 957 388.6 1 377.8 990.7 3 957.4 684.9 990.2 836.5
119.5 422.0 205.1 ... ... 3 640.8
134.6 429.6 217.1 ... ... 3 886.7
143.0 438.8 217.5 ... ... 4 133.8
159.4 465.6 227.4 ... ... 4 350.4
186.6 497.7 240.7 ... ... 4 583.9
223.8 549.2 261.4 ... ... 4 791.6
270.8 575.1 281.8 ... ... 4 992.8
304.3 570.9 288.8 ... ... 5 278.0
336.6 573.6 292.8 ... ... 5 562.1
364.6 589.1 286.6 ... ... 5 810.8
415.6 618.5 287.4 ... ... 5 986.2
474.4 682.3 310.4 ... ... 6 118.3
541.5 729.7 318.9 ... ... 6 292.8
588.1 761.5 321.8 ... ... 6 527.6
518.7 659.0 2 051.3 ... 295.5 974.8 552.1 151.0 ...
567.1 708.1 2 160.1 ... 325.5 990.1 624.9 172.0 ...
607.9 759.3 2 273.7 ... 340.9 1 000.9 689.9 198.9 ...
644.4 809.1 2 363.2 ... 363.8 1 012.5 763.0 214.6 ...
680.5 860.0 2 465.2 ... 394.4 1 031.0 854.6 245.2 ...
719.7 910.6 2 538.2 ... 427.1 1 062.4 990.6 284.8 ...
760.8 950.8 2 608.4 ... 460.3 1 089.7 1 081.3 303.1 ...
801.7 996.6 2 750.2 ... 498.1 1 138.2 1 134.3 298.9 ...
844.9 1 028.8 2 904.2 ... 532.3 1 178.5 1 149.0 289.8 ...
887.2 1 066.9 3 014.4 ... 565.3 1 198.5 1 149.4 282.4 236.0
933.5 1 106.0 3 036.6 ... 601.6 1 225.2 1 188.4 283.8 250.7
977.2 1 147.2 3 003.6 ... 645.1 1 270.4 1 222.4 291.7 269.1
1 028.2 1 197.5 2 996.8 ... 692.0 1 358.9 1 324.6 310.0 294.0
1 081.4 1 244.6 3 037.4 ... 746.6 1 421.3 1 405.7 321.9 320.8
... 1 410.3
... 1 437.9
... 1 452.3
... 1 486.8
... 1 495.4
... 1 501.6
... 1 516.2
... 1 539.3
... 1 527.2
... 1 525.5
... 1 509.8
... 1 504.0
... 1 517.1
... 1 536.4
Retail Trade .......................................... Building materials and garden supplies ............................................. General merchandise stores ................. Department stores ............................. Food stores ........................................... Automotive dealers and service stations .............................................. New and used car dealers ................. Apparel and accessory stores ............... Furniture and home furnishings stores .. Eating and drinking places .................... Miscellaneous retail establishments ......
Government ......................................... Federal .................................................. Federal, except Postal Service .......... State ...................................................... Education .......................................... Other state government ..................... Local ...................................................... Education .......................................... Other local government .....................
See Note at end of table.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
372.3 ...
394.7 ...
382.3 ...
386.9 ...
424.0 ...
472.6 ...
515.0 ...
544.9 ...
571.9 ...
572.2 ...
575.6 ...
625.0 ...
656.4 ...
681.4 ...
13 732 2 663 1 970 2 923 1 205 1 717 8 146 4 537 3 608
14 170 2 724 2 019 3 039 1 267 1 772 8 407 4 692 3 715
14 686 2 748 2 051 3 179 1 323 1 856 8 758 4 834 3 924
14 871 2 733 2 062 3 273 1 371 1 902 8 865 4 899 3 966
15 127 2 727 2 073 3 377 1 385 1 992 9 023 4 974 4 048
15 672 2 753 2 104 3 474 1 367 2 106 9 446 5 075 4 370
15 947 2 773 2 112 3 541 1 378 2 162 9 633 5 107 4 526
16 241 2 866 2 205 3 610 1 398 2 212 9 765 5 210 4 555
16 031 2 772 2 111 3 640 1 420 2 220 9 619 5 216 4 403
15 837 2 739 2 076 3 640 1 433 2 207 9 458 5 169 4 290
15 869 2 774 2 088 3 662 1 450 2 212 9 434 5 139 4 295
16 024 2 807 2 104 3 734 1 488 2 246 9 482 5 196 4 286
16 394 2 875 2 133 3 832 1 540 2 292 9 687 5 344 4 343
16 693 2 899 2 110 3 893 1 561 2 332 9 901 5 484 4 417
168
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry and Selected Component Groups, 1945–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) Industry
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
18 422
19 023
19 475
19 601
19 284
19 356
19 773
20 507
21 187
21 597
21 966
22 295
22 848
23 307
743.0 2 410.7 1 959.7 2 958.3
779.1 2 471.6 2 010.3 3 073.9
783.4 2 544.3 2 116.3 3 163.5
771.2 2 540.0 2 149.8 3 215.0
746.5 2 452.8 2 073.7 3 203.7
757.7 2 451.0 2 080.0 3 179.8
779.0 2 488.3 2 140.1 3 224.1
833.4 2 582.8 2 246.1 3 291.2
867.5 2 680.5 2 345.6 3 366.0
893.7 2 701.8 2 367.4 3 435.5
929.2 2 700.8 2 379.5 3 478.1
947.7 2 730.1 2 415.4 3 483.5
988.0 2 798.0 2 458.5 3 496.8
1 016.2 2 837.0 2 490.5 3 521.0
2 000.8 924.6 1 122.8 789.3 6 085.7 2 311.1
2 071.4 958.1 1 164.7 802.0 6 258.2 2 401.9
2 092.4 953.7 1 196.7 826.4 6 401.9 2 466.8
2 063.1 924.3 1 183.4 820.4 6 509.1 2 498.6
1 983.8 879.3 1 150.6 801.4 6 476.3 2 468.4
1 966.3 875.4 1 130.9 799.8 6 609.3 2 461.4
2 013.8 908.3 1 143.6 827.5 6 821.4 2 475.5
2 116.2 962.5 1 144.0 889.1 7 077.8 2 572.5
2 189.6 996.0 1 125.4 945.5 7 354.2 2 658.3
2 266.7 1 030.5 1 098.4 975.2 7 516.6 2 708.5
2 310.8 1 046.1 1 108.5 998.8 7 645.7 2 793.9
2 332.3 1 047.4 1 140.6 1 025.2 7 767.8 2 867.9
2 368.1 1 080.1 1 171.4 1 086.8 7 960.6 2 977.9
2 412.2 1 114.3 1 193.2 1 133.9 8 113.7 3 079.6
Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate Finance .................................................. Depository institutions ....................... Commercial banks ......................... Savings institutions ........................ Nondepository institutions ................. Mortgage bankers and brokers ..... Security and commodity brokers ....... Holding and other investment offices ............................................ Insurance ............................................... Insurance carriers .............................. Insurance agents, brokers, and service ........................................... Real estate ............................................
6 533 3 264.0 ... 1 539.0 ... ... 174.2 442.2
6 630 3 274.0 2 255.0 1 533.8 497.2 363.3 157.2 446.5
6 668 3 283.0 2 273.4 1 555.0 481.5 361.2 149.1 430.2
6 709 3 268.0 2 250.5 1 563.8 438.0 372.8 152.1 424.2
6 646 3 187.0 2 164.2 1 529.0 382.4 379.4 152.4 419.6
6 602 3 160.0 2 095.7 1 489.5 345.9 405.5 180.2 440.1
6 757 3 238.0 2 088.8 1 497.2 324.1 454.9 224.8 471.6
6 896 3 299.0 2 065.7 1 484.3 305.1 490.6 248.9 515.5
6 806 3 231.0 2 025.1 1 465.5 275.8 462.9 204.9 525.4
6 911 3 303.0 2 018.6 1 458.3 265.8 522.0 233.0 553.0
7 109 3 424.0 2 027.2 1 462.5 259.8 577.3 262.7 596.0
7 389 3 588.0 2 046.0 1 471.8 256.3 657.6 326.2 646.5
7 555 3 688.0 2 055.6 1 467.8 254.2 709.3 352.7 688.8
7 560 3 710.0 2 029.3 1 430.2 253.0 681.2 309.0 748.3
201.0 2 027 1 415.0
209.3 2 075 1 435.4
217.7 2 090 1 438.4
220.7 2 126 1 462.2
223.6 2 161 1 494.6
219.0 2 152 1 495.6
222.6 2 197 1 529.0
226.5 2 236 1 551.9
217.2 2 225 1 528.8
209.9 2 226 1 517.1
223.2 2 264 1 538.8
238.2 2 335 1 591.1
234.1 2 368 1 610.0
251.1 2 346 1 589.4
611.8 1 242
639.6 1 280
651.8 1 296
663.3 1 315
666.3 1 299
656.6 1 290
668.0 1 322
683.6 1 361
695.5 1 351
708.6 1 382
725.2 1 421
744.2 1 465
757.8 1 500
756.5 1 504
Services ................................................ Agricultural services .............................. Hotels and other lodging places ............ Personal services .................................. Business services .................................. Services to buildings ......................... Personnel supply services ................. Help supply services ..................... Computer and data processing services ......................................... Auto repair, services, and parking ......... Miscellaneous repair services ............... Motion pictures ...................................... Amusement and recreation services ..... Health services ...................................... Offices and clinics of medical doctors ........................................... Nursing and personal care facilities .. Hospitals ............................................ Home health care services ................ Legal services ....................................... Educational services ............................. Social services ...................................... Child day care services ..................... Residential care ................................. Museums and botanical and zoological gardens ............................................. Membership organizations .................... Engineering and management services ............................................. Engineering and architectural services ......................................... Management and public relations .....
24 110 410.9 1 464.2 1 027.1 4 278.3 724.3 1 176.8 988.9
25 504 447.3 1 540.1 1 055.8 4 638.3 780.2 1 350.4 1 125.9
26 907 464.9 1 595.8 1 085.7 4 940.6 797.5 1 454.5 1 215.8
27 934 490.1 1 631.1 1 103.5 5 139.3 806.5 1 534.5 1 288.2
28 336 486.5 1 589.4 1 111.5 5 086.2 796.0 1 484.5 1 268.4
29 052 489.6 1 576.4 1 116.2 5 315.3 805.4 1 629.3 1 410.6
30 197 519.0 1 595.7 1 137.1 5 734.7 823.0 1 906.1 1 669.2
31 579 564.1 1 630.9 1 140.4 6 280.7 857.3 2 271.7 2 017.1
33 117 581.8 1 668.1 1 162.9 6 812.4 882.2 2 475.5 2 188.8
34 454 627.2 1 715.0 1 180.2 7 293.0 906.8 2 653.5 2 352.4
36 040 678.2 1 745.7 1 185.9 7 987.5 930.2 2 985.0 2 656.3
37 533 707.9 1 789.4 1 201.2 8 618.0 949.7 3 278.1 2 925.8
39 055 766.0 1 848.1 1 225.6 9 299.9 983.1 3 615.8 3 247.8
40 460 801.4 1 911.8 1 250.8 9 858.4 994.1 3 887.0 3 487.1
628.6 793.6 321.4 ... ... 6 794.2
673.3 833.6 350.0 340.9 976.8 7 105.4
736.3 884.1 374.3 374.7 1 033.3 7 462.8
771.9 913.7 374.4 407.7 1 076.0 7 814.3
797.0 881.8 341.0 410.9 1 122.2 8 182.9
835.5 881.3 347.0 400.9 1 188.1 8 490.0
892.8 924.7 348.5 412.0 1 258.2 8 755.9
958.6 968.3 338.2 441.2 1 334.1 8 991.9
1 089.9 1 020.1 359.1 487.6 1 417.4 9 230.4
1 227.7 1 080.0 371.8 524.7 1 476.1 9 477.9
1 409.4 1 119.6 374.1 550.4 1 552.3 9 702.7
1 615.0 1 145.2 376.1 576.0 1 594.4 9 852.5
1 875.4 2 094.9 1 196.4 1 248.4 371.6 365.8 598.8 593.8 1 651.4 1 728.0 9 976.6 10 095.2
1 139.1 1 282.6 3 142.1 ... 800.9 1 449.2 1 453.8 333.4 351.6
1 199.5 1 310.6 3 293.8 216.1 844.5 1 567.3 1 551.7 356.3 389.4
1 267.9 1 355.7 3 438.5 243.7 880.4 1 647.0 1 643.6 378.4 422.7
1 338.2 1 415.4 3 548.7 290.6 907.7 1 660.7 1 734.2 391.4 461.1
1 404.5 1 492.6 3 655.1 344.5 911.9 1 709.7 1 844.8 417.2 501.3
1 463.1 1 532.8 3 749.9 397.8 913.5 1 677.6 1 958.6 450.8 533.5
1 506.0 1 585.0 3 779.1 469.0 924.0 1 711.3 2 070.3 473.4 567.2
1 544.9 1 648.6 3 763.0 559.4 924.0 1 850.0 2 199.7 515.1 603.8
1 608.9 1 691.4 3 772.1 628.7 921.4 1 965.2 2 335.6 562.6 642.6
1 678.3 1 730.4 3 811.5 674.6 927.5 2 029.9 2 412.6 564.7 676.8
1 739.0 1 756.2 3 860.4 710.4 944.4 2 103.6 2 517.7 575.9 715.5
1 805.7 1 771.6 3 930.2 666.4 971.4 2 178.3 2 646.3 620.8 743.7
1 875.0 1 786.1 3 973.5 636.1 996.2 2 266.6 2 783.3 680.0 771.3
1 924.1 1 795.9 3 990.3 643.0 1 009.6 2 325.0 2 902.8 711.9 805.9
... 1 613.6
58.0 1 740.4
62.0 1 835.7
66.2 1 945.5
69.1 1 981.9
72.7 1 973.0
75.5 2 034.6
78.6 2 081.5
80.4 2 145.9
85.4 2 201.4
90.1 2 276.6
93.5 2 372.1
99.2 2 436.0
106.4 2 474.8
...
2 230.4
2 389.2
2 477.6
2 433.4
2 470.8
2 520.9
2 578.5
2 731.1
2 844.3
2 987.8
3 139.1
3 255.6
3 418.6
705.7 ...
730.4 508.1
770.3 570.0
786.3 610.4
750.1 617.1
742.4 655.1
757.1 688.4
778.3 718.7
814.8 805.2
836.2 869.5
865.2 938.8
908.0 1 000.2
956.2 1 031.1
1 017.2 1 089.7
Government ......................................... Federal .................................................. Federal, except Postal Service .......... State ...................................................... Education .......................................... Other state government ..................... Local ...................................................... Education .......................................... Other local government .....................
17 010 2 943 2 133 3 967 1 586 2 381 10 100 5 598 4 502
17 386 2 971 2 140 4 076 1 620 2 456 10 339 5 722 4 617
17 779 2 988 2 155 4 182 1 668 2 514 10 609 5 875 4 734
18 304 3 085 2 267 4 305 1 730 2 574 10 914 6 042 4 873
18 402 2 966 2 159 4 355 1 768 2 587 11 081 6 136 4 945
18 645 2 969 2 177 4 408 1 799 2 610 11 267 6 220 5 048
18 841 2 915 2 128 4 488 1 834 2 654 11 438 6 353 5 085
19 128 2 870 2 053 4 576 1 882 2 694 11 682 6 479 5 202
19 305 2 822 1 978 4 635 1 919 2 715 11 849 6 606 5 243
19 419 2 757 1 901 4 606 1 911 2 695 12 056 6 748 5 308
19 557 2 699 1 842 4 582 1 904 2 678 12 276 6 918 5 357
19 823 2 686 1 819 4 612 1 922 2 690 12 525 7 084 5 440
20 206 2 669 1 796 4 709 1 983 2 726 12 829 7 289 5 540
20 681 2 777 1 917 4 785 2 032 2 753 13 119 7 440 5 679
Retail Trade .......................................... Building materials and garden supplies ............................................. General merchandise stores ................. Department stores ............................. Food stores ........................................... Automotive dealers and service stations .............................................. New and used car dealers ................. Apparel and accessory stores ............... Furniture and home furnishings stores .. Eating and drinking places .................... Miscellaneous retail establishments ......
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
169
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
Table 2-2. Women Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry, 1959–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Manufacturing Year
Total
Mining
Construction
Total
Durable goods
Transportation and Wholepublic sale trade Nondurable goods utilities
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and Services real estate
Government
Total
Federal
State
Local
1959 ..............................
...
...
...
4 358
1 692
2 667
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1960 .............................. 1961 .............................. 1962 .............................. 1963 .............................. 1964 ..............................
... ... ... ... 19 662
36 35 35 35 34
... ... ... ... 152
4 371 4 292 4 474 4 482 4 537
1 702 1 662 1 770 1 767 1 777
2 670 2 630 2 705 2 715 2 760
... ... ... ... 723
717 703 712 720 741
3 579 3 564 3 643 3 708 3 878
... ... ... ... 1 464
... ... ... ... 4 415
... ... ... ... 3 718
... ... ... ... 530
... ... ... ... 708
... ... ... ... 2 480
1965 .............................. 1966 .............................. 1967 .............................. 1968 .............................. 1969 ..............................
20 660 22 168 23 272 24 395 25 595
34 34 35 36 37
152 156 158 164 174
4 768 5 213 5 353 5 490 5 667
1 911 2 204 2 300 2 361 2 469
2 857 3 009 3 053 3 129 3 197
748 786 835 860 911
768 809 832 857 904
4 113 4 315 4 465 4 669 4 937
1 496 1 549 1 624 1 709 1 819
4 611 4 931 5 267 5 632 5 994
3 970 4 375 4 703 4 979 5 153
542 610 674 710 723
768 841 931 1 013 1 087
2 660 2 924 3 099 3 256 3 343
1970 .............................. 1971 .............................. 1972 .............................. 1973 .............................. 1974 ..............................
26 132 26 466 27 541 28 988 30 124
37 37 40 43 49
186 199 219 241 262
5 448 5 229 5 470 5 865 5 849
2 307 2 152 2 280 2 567 2 618
3 141 3 078 3 190 3 298 3 230
957 955 953 987 1 018
924 917 939 996 1 050
5 083 5 211 5 410 5 686 5 928
1 907 1 978 2 032 2 138 2 245
6 224 6 438 6 718 7 023 7 454
5 365 5 502 5 759 6 010 6 270
723 715 747 780 798
1 126 1 118 1 162 1 216 1 287
3 517 3 669 3 849 4 014 4 185
1975 .............................. 1976 .............................. 1977 .............................. 1978 .............................. 1979 ..............................
30 178 31 570 33 252 35 349 37 096
55 60 65 76 91
256 281 304 331 355
5 257 5 607 5 880 6 237 6 466
2 271 2 444 2 645 2 894 3 085
2 985 3 163 3 235 3 343 3 380
996 1 010 1 051 1 133 1 237
1 053 1 100 1 153 1 243 1 328
5 998 6 301 6 611 7 036 7 369
2 287 2 371 2 511 2 708 2 882
7 822 8 256 8 771 9 368 9 919
6 454 6 586 6 907 7 216 7 450
805 808 856 866 860
1 373 1 448 1 510 1 537 1 572
4 276 4 329 4 540 4 813 5 018
1980 .............................. 1981 .............................. 1982 .............................. 1983 .............................. 1984 ..............................
38 186 39 035 39 041 39 826 42 022
105 129 134 117 118
372 380 377 388 427
6 317 6 341 5 990 5 964 6 295
3 003 3 029 2 822 2 788 3 031
3 314 3 312 3 168 3 176 3 265
1 292 1 340 1 339 1 313 1 386
1 371 1 404 1 424 1 463 1 557
7 480 7 585 7 653 7 912 8 519
3 039 3 158 3 198 3 277 3 430
10 452 10 969 11 330 11 755 12 413
7 759 7 730 7 595 7 637 7 878
908 878 883 939 975
1 632 1 659 1 637 1 584 1 678
5 219 5 193 5 075 5 114 5 224
1985 .............................. 1986 .............................. 1987 .............................. 1988 .............................. 1989 ..............................
43 851 45 476 47 188 49 053 50 690
120 106 95 96 94
463 495 523 539 547
6 230 6 181 6 242 6 352 6 399
3 022 2 974 2 987 3 032 3 048
3 208 3 207 3 255 3 320 3 351
1 448 1 480 1 532 1 619 1 643
1 632 1 684 1 736 1 815 1 891
9 037 9 404 9 764 10 113 10 384
3 634 3 886 4 076 4 134 4 188
13 129 13 819 14 549 15 454 16 296
8 159 8 420 8 672 8 931 9 248
1 009 1 031 1 048 1 060 1 105
1 776 1 848 1 919 2 000 2 070
5 374 5 541 5 705 5 870 6 073
1990 .............................. 1991 .............................. 1992 .............................. 1993 .............................. 1994 ..............................
51 894 52 016 52 483 53 560 55 164
95 97 93 88 85
552 532 511 521 546
6 285 6 067 5 964 5 933 5 987
2 969 2 824 2 736 2 710 2 761
3 316 3 243 3 228 3 222 3 226
1 714 1 722 1 711 1 740 1 799
1 892 1 864 1 838 1 826 1 890
10 445 10 304 10 312 10 471 10 834
4 239 4 215 4 192 4 279 4 354
16 958 17 352 17 830 18 507 19 271
9 714 9 862 10 033 10 197 10 397
1 258 1 226 1 226 1 211 1 197
2 141 2 177 2 202 2 245 2 289
6 315 6 460 6 606 6 742 6 911
1995 .............................. 1996 .............................. 1997 .............................. 1998 .............................. 1999 ..............................
56 643 57 855 59 388 60 846 62 383
81 80 82 84 80
573 605 632 666 711
6 010 5 950 5 992 6 001 5 896
2 814 2 845 2 920 2 983 2 963
3 195 3 105 3 073 3 018 2 933
1 857 1 908 1 940 1 989 2 091
1 959 2 000 2 057 2 095 2 132
11 169 11 372 11 567 11 750 12 030
4 295 4 359 4 478 4 639 4 727
20 131 20 883 21 787 22 559 23 370
10 568 10 699 10 853 11 064 11 347
1 184 1 164 1 146 1 139 1 132
2 335 2 326 2 335 2 366 2 425
7 049 7 209 7 372 7 558 7 790
2000 ..............................
63 807
76
743
5 858
2 989
2 870
2 174
2 175
12 237
4 733
24 154
11 656
1 199
2 475
7 982
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
170
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-3. Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry, 1947–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Manufacturing Total private
Mining
Construction Total
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
33 747 34 489 33 159
871 906 839
1 786 1 954 1 949
12 990 12 910 11 790
7 064 6 962 6 158
5 926 5 950 5 633
... ... ...
2 248 2 361 2 354
6 000 6 275 6 248
1 436 1 496 1 517
... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
34 349 36 225 36 643 37 694 36 276
816 840 801 765 686
2 101 2 343 2 360 2 341 2 316
12 523 13 368 13 359 14 055 12 817
6 741 7 514 7 583 8 186 7 226
5 781 5 854 5 777 5 869 5 591
... ... ... ... ...
2 382 2 456 2 533 2 554 2 536
6 368 6 642 6 807 6 964 6 928
1 565 1 622 1 683 1 742 1 807
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
37 500 38 495 38 384 36 608 38 080
680 702 695 611 590
2 477 2 653 2 577 2 420 2 577
13 288 13 436 13 189 11 997 12 603
7 580 7 701 7 581 6 611 7 065
5 708 5 735 5 607 5 387 5 538
... ... ... ... ...
2 574 2 645 2 639 2 572 2 661
7 109 7 296 7 292 7 174 7 434
1 889 1 961 1 998 2 029 2 086
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
38 516 37 989 38 979 39 553 40 560
570 532 512 498 497
2 497 2 426 2 500 2 562 2 637
12 586 12 083 12 488 12 555 12 781
7 060 6 650 6 967 7 059 7 245
5 526 5 433 5 521 5 495 5 537
... ... ... ... 3 490
2 705 2 684 2 726 2 758 2 832
7 618 7 558 7 682 7 811 8 037
2 145 2 189 2 237 2 291 2 346
... ... ... ... 7 939
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
42 278 44 249 45 137 46 473 48 208
494 487 469 461 472
2 749 2 818 2 741 2 822 3 012
13 434 14 296 14 308 14 514 14 767
7 746 8 400 8 396 8 489 8 683
5 688 5 895 5 912 6 024 6 084
3 561 3 638 3 718 3 757 3 863
2 932 3 033 3 095 3 164 3 271
8 426 8 787 9 026 9 378 9 822
2 388 2 441 2 533 2 651 2 797
8 295 8 749 9 246 9 727 10 205
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
48 156 48 148 49 939 52 201 52 809
473 455 475 486 530
2 990 3 071 3 257 3 405 3 294
14 044 13 544 14 045 14 838 14 638
8 088 7 697 8 025 8 699 8 634
5 956 5 847 6 022 6 138 6 004
3 914 3 872 3 943 4 034 4 079
3 340 3 327 3 418 3 560 3 683
10 034 10 288 10 717 11 152 11 316
2 879 2 936 3 024 3 121 3 169
10 481 10 655 11 059 11 606 12 100
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
50 991 52 897 55 179 58 156 60 367
571 592 618 638 719
2 808 2 814 3 021 3 354 3 565
13 043 13 638 14 135 14 734 15 068
7 532 7 888 8 280 8 777 9 082
5 510 5 750 5 855 5 956 5 986
3 894 3 918 4 008 4 142 4 299
3 650 3 759 3 892 4 109 4 290
11 373 11 890 12 424 13 110 13 458
3 173 3 243 3 397 3 593 3 776
12 479 13 043 13 683 14 476 15 193
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
60 331 60 923 59 468 60 028 63 339
762 841 821 673 686
3 421 3 261 2 998 3 031 3 404
14 214 14 020 12 742 12 528 13 280
8 416 8 270 7 290 7 095 7 715
5 798 5 751 5 451 5 433 5 565
4 293 4 283 4 190 4 072 4 258
4 328 4 375 4 261 4 239 4 466
13 484 13 582 13 594 13 989 14 736
3 907 3 999 3 996 4 066 4 226
15 921 16 562 16 867 17 429 18 284
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
65 475 66 866 68 771 71 099 73 017
658 545 511 512 493
3 655 3 770 3 870 3 980 4 035
13 084 12 864 12 952 13 193 13 230
7 618 7 399 7 409 7 582 7 594
5 466 5 465 5 543 5 611 5 636
4 335 4 339 4 446 4 555 4 655
4 607 4 623 4 685 4 858 4 981
15 421 15 925 16 378 16 869 17 262
4 410 4 637 4 797 4 811 4 829
19 305 20 163 21 132 22 323 23 532
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
73 774 72 631 72 918 74 761 77 607
509 489 448 431 427
3 974 3 549 3 431 3 589 3 858
12 947 12 434 12 287 12 341 12 632
7 363 6 967 6 822 6 849 7 104
5 584 5 467 5 466 5 492 5 528
4 781 4 774 4 768 4 862 5 012
4 959 4 872 4 817 4 823 4 972
17 358 17 006 17 048 17 428 18 056
4 860 4 795 4 772 4 908 5 018
24 387 24 712 25 347 26 380 27 632
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
80 125 82 092 84 541 86 805 88 997
424 430 450 447 406
3 993 4 199 4 415 4 669 4 963
12 826 12 776 12 907 12 952 12 747
7 317 7 386 7 553 7 666 7 596
5 508 5 390 5 354 5 287 5 150
5 140 5 260 5 366 5 481 5 666
5 163 5 238 5 355 5 449 5 527
18 639 19 002 19 337 19 592 20 103
4 961 5 043 5 193 5 429 5 536
28 979 30 144 31 518 32 786 34 049
2000 ......................................................
91 032
417
5 180
12 628
7 591
5 038
5 843
5 599
20 522
5 531
35 311
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
171
Table 2-4. Production Workers on Durable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, Selected Years, 1939–2000 (Thousands of persons.) Primary metal industries Year
Total
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Transportation equipment Industrial Electronic Fabricatmachinery and other ed metal and electrical products equipment equipment
Total
InstruMiscellaments and neous Motor related manufacvehicles products turing and equipment
1939 1940 1945 1950
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 926 4 506 7 571 6 741
... ... ... 777.2
... ... ... 301.8
297.0 310.7 334.4 447.6
... ... ... 1 030.5
452.6 519.6 527.3 586.8
... ... ... 861.5
... ... ... 938.6
... ... ... ...
539.5 710.7 2 057.4 1 016.4
388.3 448.6 519.7 677.1
... ... ... ...
... ... ... 343.7
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 580 7 701 7 581 6 611 7 065
706.3 696.0 622.0 581.8 628.5
292.6 300.6 298.2 284.4 305.7
469.1 479.9 466.5 433.5 469.7
1 069.4 1 084.6 1 071.4 890.8 914.2
604.5 595.4 600.1 486.5 470.9
974.5 977.0 989.1 892.2 939.5
1 082.1 1 170.9 1 155.6 956.3 1 038.9
... ... ... ... ...
1 418.1 1 366.2 1 394.5 1 128.8 1 183.8
718.3 619.5 601.7 452.5 537.5
... ... ... ... ...
330.4 333.1 315.3 299.5 312.9
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 060 6 650 6 967 7 059 7 245
595.8 551.4 562.7 565.8 574.8
303.5 289.5 304.5 308.7 320.9
465.5 444.4 452.3 458.1 467.4
956.9 880.8 901.5 911.7 967.1
528.4 478.4 476.3 479.1 515.6
943.4 896.5 944.8 965.4 992.2
1 047.4 987.3 1 049.4 1 070.9 1 131.8
... ... ... ... ...
1 134.6 1 029.2 1 096.5 1 142.9 1 144.7
563.3 479.1 534.0 573.6 579.2
... ... ... ... ...
314.3 303.5 313.2 310.4 317.9
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 746 8 400 8 396 8 489 8 683
579.3 587.4 570.6 581.0 594.3
340.3 364.4 357.6 371.5 382.9
477.8 489.9 473.5 482.0 498.5
1 022.7 1 055.5 1 015.7 1 002.6 1 042.2
538.4 530.9 509.5 506.2 513.6
1 059.5 1 158.9 1 204.8 1 243.5 1 283.6
1 227.4 1 358.1 1 383.2 1 357.5 1 397.1
... ... ... ... ...
1 259.2 1 385.3 1 390.9 1 449.9 1 443.3
658.9 670.3 626.9 680.8 708.0
... ... ... ... ...
335.5 346.1 338.3 340.4 344.6
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8 088 7 697 8 025 8 699 8 634
563.5 588.4 636.7 664.9 618.1
362.4 364.5 400.4 420.0 401.9
484.9 485.5 515.5 545.8 539.1
999.7 923.3 932.9 1 010.5 1 029.5
499.7 454.6 452.6 484.8 487.3
1 188.3 1 128.0 1 189.1 1 276.7 1 255.9
1 335.8 1 195.1 1 258.4 1 415.9 1 494.3
... ... ... ... ...
1 222.7 1 196.1 1 225.7 1 324.1 1 256.3
605.3 655.4 676.0 754.9 687.5
... ... ... ... ...
328.7 317.6 339.9 356.4 353.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 532 7 888 8 280 8 777 9 082
525.6 585.4 625.8 656.5 663.7
337.3 364.0 381.8 406.3 405.9
472.7 486.2 504.6 524.9 529.1
886.6 904.4 922.1 954.3 986.4
428.1 430.5 432.6 441.7 451.3
1 089.6 1 138.2 1 197.5 1 269.3 1 298.3
1 350.2 1 352.0 1 434.7 1 540.0 1 648.2
... ... ... ... ...
1 141.7 1 222.5 1 277.0 1 369.5 1 408.5
602.4 682.4 734.7 781.7 764.4
... ... ... ... ...
310.6 328.7 334.2 344.5 338.8
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8 416 8 270 7 290 7 095 7 715
587.2 562.5 496.7 555.3 598.2
375.8 373.8 341.8 356.1 389.9
486.0 464.8 412.7 411.6 431.0
877.6 861.9 683.4 619.8 651.4
395.7 391.6 293.9 256.3 256.8
1 194.3 1 170.6 1 027.5 993.6 1 078.4
1 614.4 1 592.4 1 367.1 1 206.9 1 342.3
... ... ... ... ...
1 220.3 1 206.8 1 067.7 1 084.8 1 202.5
575.4 586.0 511.9 568.3 663.9
... ... ... ... ...
313.1 302.1 276.4 266.7 277.5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 618 7 399 7 409 7 582 7 594
592.2 605.0 627.8 638.9 625.7
393.6 397.4 412.0 420.2 417.7
426.7 426.2 428.7 442.7 443.6
611.4 565.3 562.2 589.0 588.9
231.5 208.7 202.8 215.4 215.2
1 082.9 1 051.0 1 037.6 1 061.5 1 070.4
1 319.8 1 233.7 1 203.4 1 256.1 1 281.5
... ... ... 1 112.3 1 101.7
1 243.6 1 258.0 1 278.2 1 272.8 1 277.7
684.5 670.2 673.1 667.4 663.8
... ... ... 508.0 509.4
264.0 261.6 269.4 280.3 277.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 363 6 967 6 822 6 849 7 104
603.2 552.5 558.0 583.8 622.9
399.5 372.6 376.6 384.7 399.6
432.1 402.5 396.2 398.6 410.7
573.9 544.8 525.1 520.3 536.9
211.9 199.6 188.8 183.2 182.1
1 044.5 991.0 975.2 988.1 1 037.2
1 260.1 1 193.2 1 151.9 1 169.5 1 233.0
1 054.6 999.0 970.8 974.5 1 010.4
1 223.6 1 169.2 1 146.6 1 120.0 1 154.3
617.1 601.5 621.9 642.0 703.9
499.1 479.4 456.5 438.2 422.1
272.3 262.9 264.7 270.9 276.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 317 7 386 7 553 7 666 7 596
632.1 639.6 655.0 668.6 683.8
403.1 398.4 406.8 424.6 437.4
417.9 423.1 430.9 438.5 443.4
552.8 553.4 555.4 559.8 546.9
184.5 184.5 180.9 180.4 176.5
1 079.8 1 088.3 1 114.8 1 137.3 1 143.7
1 294.6 1 320.9 1 364.1 1 392.2 1 345.3
1 044.9 1 056.0 1 068.6 1 070.8 1 044.3
1 200.3 1 209.6 1 255.8 1 264.1 1 250.7
761.4 763.6 779.1 764.4 774.0
416.5 423.1 427.0 434.4 429.0
275.5 273.3 274.8 275.6 271.9
2000 ......................................................
7 591
678.1
445.4
456.1
546.2
175.3
1 157.2
1 321.9
1 068.0
1 220.1
765.8
426.1
271.4
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
172
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-5. Production Workers on Nondurable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, Selected Years, 1939–2000 (Thousands of persons.)
Year
Total
Food and kindred products
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and Leather and miscellaneleather ous plastics products products
1939 1940 1945 1950
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 392 4 434 5 438 5 781
989.0 1 003.0 1 380.0 1 331.0
... ... ... 95.0
1 108.0 1 090.0 1 074.0 1 169.0
814.0 819.0 973.0 1 080.0
264.6 276.8 342.8 413.0
320.0 321.0 381.0 494.0
252.0 274.0 518.0 461.0
100.0 105.0 148.0 165.0
149.0 161.0 255.0 279.0
349.0 337.0 325.0 355.0
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 708 5 735 5 607 5 387 5 538
1 291.7 1 302.1 1 263.2 1 222.0 1 222.1
94.4 90.1 85.3 84.1 83.9
961.6 944.3 893.3 832.5 857.4
1 086.4 1 088.1 1 072.0 1 039.5 1 091.4
450.6 461.5 460.3 451.2 468.7
539.0 559.6 563.7 563.2 575.1
518.1 525.7 519.7 493.7 505.6
163.2 161.2 156.6 146.9 139.9
316.3 319.5 318.1 290.2 317.7
344.0 340.9 331.0 318.2 332.9
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 526 5 433 5 521 5 495 5 537
1 211.8 1 191.1 1 178.4 1 167.1 1 157.3
83.3 79.6 78.7 76.6 78.4
835.1 805.0 812.1 793.4 798.2
1 098.2 1 079.6 1 122.9 1 138.0 1 158.3
476.5 474.9 482.8 483.2 485.6
588.9 591.7 594.5 590.3 602.1
509.9 505.0 519.3 525.3 529.4
137.9 129.9 125.5 119.9 114.2
320.5 314.7 343.3 349.8 364.1
320.9 316.4 318.9 307.8 305.5
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 688 5 895 5 912 6 024 6 084
1 159.1 1 180.0 1 187.3 1 191.6 1 201.8
74.8 71.8 73.9 71.9 69.6
826.7 858.8 850.2 880.7 884.0
1 205.6 1 245.7 1 237.2 1 240.1 1 237.9
494.4 514.9 522.9 532.7 547.0
620.6 646.4 661.6 667.0 681.7
546.1 574.3 592.3 609.9 621.9
112.9 114.7 114.7 118.0 112.2
394.3 427.1 425.3 463.2 491.3
310.0 318.5 303.7 306.3 294.4
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 956 5 847 6 022 6 138 6 004
1 206.9 1 203.2 1 191.8 1 166.8 1 163.6
69.0 63.4 62.2 64.8 63.8
855.0 837.2 866.6 886.2 842.2
1 196.4 1 177.5 1 208.0 1 249.7 1 174.9
539.6 518.4 528.1 539.6 540.8
679.0 658.0 665.7 672.9 660.4
604.0 587.8 592.8 610.5 623.0
118.2 124.1 125.1 123.9 126.1
472.7 478.5 524.8 579.1 576.5
273.4 257.1 256.4 245.0 232.3
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 510 5 750 5 855 5 956 5 986
1 120.3 1 145.1 1 161.0 1 173.9 1 190.8
62.4 63.6 57.0 56.2 55.5
752.4 800.4 792.3 783.1 770.9
1 066.6 1 134.3 1 129.4 1 144.6 1 116.8
476.6 505.0 514.8 521.3 532.1
624.0 624.7 646.5 671.9 697.2
579.6 600.1 616.0 627.6 633.3
123.0 127.8 131.3 135.5 137.1
492.7 521.6 587.7 622.1 643.0
212.6 227.0 218.4 220.4 209.1
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 798 5 751 5 451 5 433 5 565
1 174.6 1 149.5 1 125.5 1 113.5 1 118.9
53.6 54.7 53.4 52.0 48.6
736.9 712.5 642.1 639.2 645.6
1 079.4 1 059.5 981.2 983.5 1 002.1
519.3 515.0 490.7 491.2 508.1
698.9 699.3 699.1 711.5 757.7
625.8 628.3 598.6 578.6 582.8
124.7 133.9 119.9 118.0 111.3
588.2 596.8 557.8 574.2 632.2
196.6 201.1 182.9 171.1 158.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 466 5 465 5 543 5 611 5 636
1 117.0 1 129.4 1 145.1 1 154.8 1 176.2
48.0 44.1 41.5 40.7 37.0
606.3 608.1 629.5 631.8 621.9
943.9 926.0 921.7 912.4 906.8
508.4 507.2 512.3 516.3 520.5
787.9 815.7 839.4 863.6 863.2
577.4 567.6 574.6 596.0 603.1
108.5 105.9 106.8 104.3 101.8
631.7 638.5 652.6 673.5 691.5
136.6 122.7 119.7 117.8 114.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 584 5 467 5 466 5 492 5 528
1 193.8 1 205.2 1 211.9 1 227.8 1 230.9
36.3 36.3 35.7 32.8 33.0
592.9 574.1 577.1 574.5 574.5
868.5 841.1 843.9 828.6 814.7
522.3 517.4 519.8 521.6 524.2
871.2 847.0 833.1 838.5 845.5
599.6 579.7 567.1 572.6 577.5
102.9 103.4 103.3 98.9 96.6
686.9 662.0 677.1 703.3 741.8
109.4 100.2 96.9 93.7 89.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 508 5 390 5 354 5 287 5 150
1 247.5 1 253.7 1 251.7 1 251.1 1 254.9
32.0 32.0 31.9 31.5 27.9
560.2 529.4 522.3 506.2 471.6
776.1 711.2 672.6 615.9 548.1
525.4 519.0 520.9 516.0 505.4
847.6 841.3 847.3 844.6 827.9
580.2 575.4 572.7 586.7 582.8
93.8 92.0 93.0 91.8 88.9
762.7 762.0 772.5 779.4 785.7
82.7 73.9 68.8 63.3 57.0
2000 ......................................................
5 038
1 249.5
25.1
442.1
495.7
498.3
817.3
577.2
87.3
791.5
53.5
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
173
Table 2-6. Average Weekly Hours of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls by Major Industry, 1947–2000
Manufacturing Year
Total private
Mining
Construction Total
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
40.3 40.0 39.4
40.8 39.4 36.3
38.2 38.1 37.7
40.4 40.0 39.1
40.5 40.4 39.4
40.2 39.6 38.9
... ... ...
41.1 41.0 40.8
40.3 40.2 40.4
37.9 37.9 37.8
... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39.8 39.9 39.9 39.6 39.1
37.9 38.4 38.6 38.8 38.6
37.4 38.1 38.9 37.9 37.2
40.5 40.6 40.7 40.5 39.6
41.1 41.5 41.4 41.2 40.1
39.7 39.6 39.7 39.6 39.0
... ... ... ... ...
40.7 40.8 40.7 40.6 40.5
40.4 40.4 39.8 39.1 39.2
37.7 37.7 37.8 37.7 37.6
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39.6 39.3 38.8 38.5 39.0
40.7 40.8 40.1 38.9 40.5
37.1 37.5 37.0 36.8 37.0
40.7 40.4 39.8 39.2 40.3
41.3 41.0 40.3 39.5 40.7
39.9 39.6 39.2 38.8 39.7
... ... ... ... ...
40.7 40.5 40.3 40.2 40.6
39.0 38.6 38.1 38.1 38.2
37.6 36.9 36.7 37.1 37.3
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
38.6 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.7
40.4 40.5 41.0 41.6 41.9
36.7 36.9 37.0 37.3 37.2
39.7 39.8 40.4 40.5 40.7
40.1 40.2 40.9 41.1 41.5
39.2 39.3 39.7 39.6 39.7
... ... ... ... 41.1
40.5 40.5 40.6 40.6 40.7
38.0 37.6 37.4 37.3 37.0
37.2 36.9 37.3 37.5 37.3
... ... ... ... 36.1
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
38.8 38.6 38.0 37.8 37.7
42.3 42.7 42.6 42.6 43.0
37.4 37.6 37.7 37.3 37.9
41.2 41.4 40.6 40.7 40.6
42.0 42.1 41.2 41.4 41.3
40.1 40.2 39.7 39.8 39.7
41.3 41.2 40.5 40.6 40.7
40.8 40.7 40.3 40.1 40.2
36.6 35.9 35.3 34.7 34.2
37.2 37.3 37.1 37.0 37.1
35.9 35.5 35.1 34.7 34.7
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
37.1 36.9 37.0 36.9 36.5
42.7 42.4 42.6 42.4 41.9
37.3 37.2 36.5 36.8 36.6
39.8 39.9 40.5 40.7 40.0
40.3 40.3 41.2 41.4 40.6
39.1 39.3 39.7 39.6 39.1
40.5 40.1 40.4 40.5 40.2
39.9 39.4 39.4 39.2 38.8
33.8 33.7 33.4 33.1 32.7
36.7 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.5
34.4 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.6
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
36.1 36.1 36.0 35.8 35.7
41.9 42.4 43.4 43.4 43.0
36.4 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0
39.5 40.1 40.3 40.4 40.2
39.9 40.6 41.0 41.1 40.8
38.8 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.3
39.7 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.9
38.6 38.7 38.8 38.8 38.8
32.4 32.1 31.6 31.0 30.6
36.5 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.2
33.5 33.3 33.0 32.8 32.7
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
35.3 35.2 34.8 35.0 35.2
43.3 43.7 42.7 42.5 43.3
37.0 36.9 36.7 37.1 37.8
39.7 39.8 38.9 40.1 40.7
40.1 40.2 39.3 40.7 41.4
39.0 39.2 38.4 39.4 39.7
39.6 39.4 39.0 39.0 39.4
38.4 38.5 38.3 38.5 38.5
30.2 30.1 29.9 29.8 29.8
36.2 36.3 36.2 36.2 36.5
32.6 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.6
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
34.9 34.8 34.8 34.7 34.6
43.4 42.2 42.4 42.3 43.0
37.7 37.4 37.8 37.9 37.9
40.5 40.7 41.0 41.1 41.0
41.2 41.3 41.5 41.8 41.6
39.6 39.9 40.2 40.2 40.2
39.5 39.2 39.2 38.2 38.3
38.4 38.3 38.1 38.1 38.0
29.4 29.2 29.2 29.1 28.9
36.4 36.4 36.3 35.9 35.8
32.5 32.5 32.5 32.6 32.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
34.5 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.7
44.1 44.4 43.9 44.3 44.8
38.2 38.1 38.0 38.5 38.9
40.8 40.7 41.0 41.4 42.0
41.3 41.1 41.5 42.1 42.9
40.0 40.2 40.4 40.6 40.9
38.4 38.1 38.3 39.3 39.7
38.1 38.1 38.2 38.2 38.4
28.8 28.6 28.8 28.8 28.9
35.8 35.7 35.8 35.8 35.8
32.5 32.4 32.5 32.5 32.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
34.5 34.4 34.6 34.6 34.5
44.7 45.3 45.4 43.9 43.2
38.9 39.0 39.0 38.9 39.1
41.6 41.6 42.0 41.7 41.7
42.4 42.4 42.8 42.3 42.2
40.5 40.5 40.9 40.9 40.9
39.4 39.6 39.7 39.5 38.7
38.3 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.3
28.8 28.8 28.9 29.0 29.0
35.9 35.9 36.1 36.4 36.2
32.4 32.4 32.6 32.6 32.6
2000 ......................................................
34.5
43.1
39.3
41.6
42.1
40.8
38.6
38.5
28.9
36.3
32.7
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
174
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-7. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000
Durable goods Primary metal industries Year Total
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Transportation equipment Industrial Fabricatmachinery ed metal and products equipment
Electronic and other electrical equipment
Total
InstruMiscellaments and neous Motor related manufacvehicles products turing and equipment
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
40.5 40.4 39.4
40.3 40.0 39.2
41.5 41.0 40.0
41.0 40.7 39.7
39.9 40.2 38.4
39.0 39.5 38.2
40.9 40.7 39.7
41.5 41.3 39.6
... ... ...
39.7 39.4 39.6
39.8 39.2 39.7
... ... ...
40.5 40.6 39.6
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
41.1 41.5 41.4 41.2 40.1
39.5 39.3 39.7 39.3 39.1
41.8 41.1 41.4 40.9 40.0
41.1 41.4 41.1 40.8 40.5
40.9 41.6 40.8 41.0 38.8
39.9 40.9 40.0 40.5 37.8
41.5 41.8 41.7 41.8 40.8
41.9 43.5 43.0 42.4 40.7
... ... ... ... ...
41.4 41.2 41.8 41.6 40.9
42.1 40.4 41.4 42.0 41.5
... ... ... ... ...
40.8 40.5 40.7 40.5 39.6
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
41.3 41.0 40.3 39.5 40.7
39.5 38.9 38.4 38.6 39.7
41.4 40.7 39.9 39.3 40.7
41.4 41.1 40.4 40.0 41.2
41.3 41.0 39.6 38.3 40.5
40.5 40.5 39.1 37.5 40.1
41.7 41.3 40.9 39.9 40.9
41.9 42.3 41.1 39.8 41.5
... ... ... ... ...
42.3 41.4 40.8 40.0 40.7
43.6 41.2 40.9 39.7 41.1
... ... ... ... ...
40.3 40.0 39.7 39.2 39.9
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
40.1 40.2 40.9 41.1 41.5
39.1 39.5 39.8 40.2 40.4
40.0 40.0 40.7 40.9 41.2
40.6 40.7 41.0 41.4 41.7
39.0 39.5 40.2 41.0 41.7
38.2 38.9 39.2 40.2 41.2
40.5 40.5 41.1 41.3 41.7
41.0 40.9 41.7 41.8 42.4
... ... ... ... ...
40.7 40.5 42.0 42.0 42.1
41.0 40.1 42.7 42.8 43.0
... ... ... ... ...
39.3 39.5 39.7 39.6 39.6
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
42.0 42.1 41.2 41.4 41.3
40.9 40.8 40.3 40.6 40.2
41.5 41.5 40.4 40.6 40.4
42.0 42.0 41.6 41.8 41.9
42.1 42.1 41.1 41.6 41.8
41.2 41.0 40.2 41.0 41.3
42.1 42.4 41.5 41.7 41.6
43.1 43.8 42.5 42.0 42.5
... ... ... ... ...
42.9 42.6 41.4 42.2 41.5
44.2 42.8 40.8 43.1 41.7
... ... ... ... ...
39.9 40.0 39.4 39.4 39.0
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
40.3 40.3 41.2 41.4 40.6
39.6 39.8 40.4 40.0 39.2
39.2 39.8 40.2 40.0 39.1
41.2 41.6 42.0 41.9 41.3
40.4 40.1 41.4 42.3 41.6
40.0 39.6 40.6 41.7 41.3
40.7 40.4 41.2 41.6 40.8
41.1 40.6 42.1 42.8 42.1
... ... ... ... ...
40.3 40.7 41.7 42.1 40.5
40.3 41.2 43.0 43.5 40.6
... ... ... ... ...
38.7 38.9 39.5 39.0 38.7
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39.9 40.6 41.0 41.1 40.8
38.8 39.9 39.9 39.8 39.5
38.0 38.8 39.0 39.3 38.7
40.4 41.1 41.3 41.6 41.5
40.0 40.8 41.3 41.8 41.4
39.5 40.3 40.5 41.5 41.2
40.1 40.8 41.0 41.0 40.7
40.8 41.2 41.5 42.0 41.7
... ... ... ... ...
40.4 41.7 42.5 42.2 41.1
40.3 42.9 44.0 43.3 41.1
... ... ... ... ...
38.5 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
40.1 40.2 39.3 40.7 41.4
38.6 38.7 38.1 40.1 39.9
38.1 38.4 37.2 39.4 39.7
40.8 40.6 40.1 41.5 42.0
40.1 40.5 38.6 40.5 41.7
39.4 40.4 37.9 39.5 40.7
40.4 40.3 39.2 40.6 41.4
41.0 40.9 39.7 40.5 41.9
... ... ... ... ...
40.6 40.9 40.5 42.1 42.7
40.0 40.9 40.5 43.3 43.8
... ... ... ... ...
38.7 38.8 38.4 39.1 39.4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
41.2 41.3 41.5 41.8 41.6
39.9 40.4 40.6 40.1 40.1
39.4 39.8 40.0 39.4 39.5
41.9 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.3
41.5 41.9 43.1 43.5 43.0
41.1 41.7 43.4 44.0 43.4
41.3 41.3 41.6 41.9 41.6
41.5 41.6 42.2 42.7 42.4
... ... ... 41.0 40.8
42.6 42.3 42.0 42.7 42.4
43.5 42.6 42.2 43.5 43.1
... ... ... 41.4 41.1
39.4 39.6 39.4 39.2 39.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
41.3 41.1 41.5 42.1 42.9
40.2 40.0 40.6 40.8 41.2
39.1 38.9 39.7 40.1 40.4
42.0 41.7 42.2 42.7 43.4
42.7 42.2 43.0 43.7 44.7
43.4 42.7 43.5 44.1 44.9
41.3 41.2 41.6 42.1 42.9
41.9 41.7 42.2 43.0 43.7
40.8 40.7 41.2 41.8 42.2
42.0 41.9 41.8 43.0 44.3
42.4 42.3 42.4 44.3 46.0
41.1 41.0 41.1 41.1 41.7
39.5 39.7 39.9 39.8 40.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
42.4 42.4 42.8 42.3 42.2
40.6 40.8 41.0 41.1 41.1
39.6 39.4 40.2 40.5 40.3
43.0 43.3 43.2 43.5 43.4
44.0 44.2 44.9 44.2 44.5
44.4 44.5 44.9 44.6 45.2
42.4 42.4 42.6 42.3 42.4
43.4 43.1 43.6 42.8 42.1
41.6 41.5 42.0 41.4 41.2
43.8 44.0 44.5 43.4 43.8
44.9 44.9 45.0 43.5 45.0
41.4 41.7 42.0 41.3 41.3
39.9 39.7 40.4 39.9 39.8
2000 ......................................................
42.1
41.0
40.0
43.1
44.9
46.0
42.6
42.2
41.1
43.4
44.4
41.3
39.0
See Note at end of table.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
175
Table 2-7. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000—Continued
Nondurable goods
Year Total
Food and kindred products
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and Leather and miscellaneleather ous plastics products products
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
40.2 39.6 38.9
43.2 42.4 41.9
38.9 38.3 37.3
39.6 39.2 37.7
36.0 35.8 35.4
43.1 42.8 41.7
40.2 39.4 38.8
41.2 41.2 40.7
40.6 40.6 40.3
40.0 39.3 38.5
38.6 37.2 36.6
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39.7 39.6 39.7 39.6 39.0
41.9 42.1 41.9 41.5 41.3
38.1 38.5 38.4 38.1 37.6
39.6 38.8 39.1 39.1 38.3
36.0 35.6 36.3 36.1 35.3
43.3 43.1 42.8 43.0 42.3
38.9 38.9 38.9 39.0 38.5
41.2 41.3 40.9 41.0 40.8
40.8 40.8 40.5 40.7 40.7
41.0 40.8 40.9 40.4 39.8
37.6 36.9 38.4 37.7 36.9
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39.9 39.6 39.2 38.8 39.7
41.5 41.3 40.8 40.8 41.0
38.7 38.8 38.4 39.1 39.1
40.1 39.7 38.9 38.6 40.4
36.3 36.0 35.7 35.1 36.3
43.1 42.8 42.3 41.9 42.8
38.9 38.9 38.6 38.0 38.5
41.1 41.1 40.9 40.7 41.4
40.9 41.0 40.8 40.9 41.2
41.7 40.4 40.6 39.3 41.3
37.9 37.6 37.4 36.7 37.9
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39.2 39.3 39.7 39.6 39.7
40.8 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.0
38.2 39.0 38.6 38.7 38.8
39.5 39.9 40.6 40.6 41.0
35.5 35.4 36.2 36.1 35.9
42.1 42.5 42.6 42.7 42.8
38.4 38.2 38.3 38.3 38.5
41.3 41.4 41.6 41.6 41.6
41.1 41.2 41.6 41.7 41.8
40.0 40.4 41.0 40.9 41.3
36.9 37.4 37.6 37.5 37.9
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
40.1 40.2 39.7 39.8 39.7
41.1 41.2 40.9 40.8 40.8
37.9 38.9 38.6 37.9 37.4
41.7 41.9 40.9 41.2 40.8
36.4 36.4 36.0 36.1 35.9
43.1 43.4 42.8 42.9 43.0
38.6 38.8 38.4 38.3 38.3
41.9 42.0 41.6 41.8 41.8
42.2 42.4 42.7 42.5 42.6
42.0 42.0 41.4 41.5 41.2
38.2 38.6 38.2 38.3 37.2
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39.1 39.3 39.7 39.6 39.1
40.5 40.3 40.5 40.4 40.4
37.8 37.8 37.6 38.6 38.3
39.9 40.6 41.3 40.9 39.5
35.3 35.6 36.0 35.9 35.2
41.9 42.1 42.8 42.9 42.2
37.7 37.5 37.7 37.7 37.5
41.6 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.5
42.8 42.8 42.7 42.4 42.1
40.3 40.4 41.2 41.2 40.6
37.2 37.7 38.3 37.8 36.9
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
38.8 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.3
40.3 40.5 40.0 39.7 39.9
38.2 37.5 37.8 38.1 38.0
39.3 40.1 40.4 40.4 40.4
35.2 35.8 35.6 35.6 35.3
41.6 42.5 42.9 42.9 42.6
36.9 37.5 37.7 37.6 37.5
41.0 41.6 41.7 41.9 41.9
41.2 42.1 42.7 43.6 43.8
39.9 40.7 41.1 40.9 40.6
37.1 37.4 36.9 37.1 36.5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39.0 39.2 38.4 39.4 39.7
39.7 39.7 39.4 39.5 39.8
38.1 38.8 37.8 37.4 38.9
40.1 39.6 37.5 40.4 39.9
35.4 35.7 34.7 36.2 36.4
42.2 42.5 41.8 42.6 43.1
37.1 37.3 37.1 37.6 37.9
41.5 41.6 40.9 41.6 41.9
41.8 43.2 43.9 43.9 43.7
40.0 40.3 39.6 41.2 41.7
36.7 36.7 35.6 36.8 36.8
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39.6 39.9 40.2 40.2 40.2
40.0 40.0 40.2 40.3 40.7
37.2 37.4 39.0 39.8 38.6
39.7 41.1 41.8 41.0 40.9
36.4 36.7 37.0 37.0 36.9
43.1 43.2 43.4 43.3 43.3
37.8 38.0 38.0 38.0 37.9
41.9 41.9 42.3 42.2 42.4
43.0 43.8 44.0 44.4 44.3
41.1 41.4 41.6 41.7 41.4
37.2 36.9 38.2 37.5 37.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
40.0 40.2 40.4 40.6 40.9
40.8 40.6 40.6 40.7 41.3
39.2 39.1 38.6 37.4 39.3
39.9 40.6 41.1 41.4 41.6
36.4 37.0 37.2 37.2 37.5
43.3 43.3 43.6 43.6 43.9
37.9 37.7 38.1 38.3 38.6
42.6 42.9 43.1 43.1 43.2
44.6 44.1 43.8 44.2 44.4
41.1 41.1 41.7 41.8 42.2
37.4 37.5 38.0 38.6 38.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
40.5 40.5 40.9 40.9 40.9
41.1 41.0 41.3 41.7 41.8
39.6 40.0 38.9 38.3 38.4
40.8 40.6 41.4 41.0 40.9
37.0 37.0 37.3 37.3 37.5
43.1 43.3 43.7 43.4 43.4
38.2 38.2 38.5 38.3 38.1
43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.0
43.7 43.6 43.1 43.6 42.4
41.5 41.5 41.8 41.7 41.7
38.0 38.1 38.4 37.6 37.4
2000 ......................................................
40.8
41.7
40.7
41.2
37.8
42.5
38.3
42.5
42.4
41.4
37.5
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
176
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-8. Average Weekly Overtime Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1956–2000
Durable goods Primary metal industries Year
Manufacturing
Total
Lumber Stone, Furniture and clay, and and wood glass fixtures products products
Total
ElectronIndustrial ic and Fabricat- machinother Blast ed metal ery and electrical furnaces equipproducts equipand basic ment ment steel products
Transportation equipment
Total
Motor vehicles and equipment
Instru- Miscellaments neous and manufacrelated turing products industries
1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.8 2.3 2.0 2.7
3.0 2.4 1.9 2.7
2.6 2.2 2.3 3.2
2.3 1.9 2.0 2.8
3.3 2.8 2.8 3.6
2.8 2.0 1.4 2.6
... ... 0.9 2.2
3.1 2.8 2.1 2.8
3.9 2.8 1.8 2.9
... ... ... ...
3.1 2.5 2.1 2.6
... ... 2.3 3.1
... ... ... ...
2.8 2.4 1.9 2.4
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.5 2.4 2.8 2.8 3.1
2.4 2.4 2.8 3.0 3.3
2.9 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.4
2.5 2.4 2.9 3.0 3.2
3.1 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.9
1.8 1.9 2.2 2.7 3.2
1.3 1.3 1.4 1.9 2.4
2.6 2.4 2.9 3.0 3.4
2.7 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.9
... ... ... ... ...
2.7 2.5 3.5 3.6 3.9
3.2 2.6 4.1 4.4 5.0
... ... ... ... ...
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.4
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.6 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.6
3.9 4.3 3.5 3.8 3.8
3.8 4.0 3.6 3.9 3.8
3.6 3.8 3.0 3.4 3.3
4.2 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.8
3.8 4.0 3.2 3.8 4.1
2.8 2.7 2.1 2.9 3.2
4.0 4.5 3.8 4.1 4.2
4.6 5.5 4.4 4.0 4.5
... ... ... ... ...
4.8 4.7 3.7 4.6 3.8
6.2 4.9 3.4 5.8 4.2
... ... ... ... ...
2.7 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.6
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.0 2.9 3.5 3.8 3.3
3.0 2.9 3.6 4.1 3.4
3.3 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.3
2.3 2.6 3.1 3.1 2.4
4.2 4.5 4.8 5.0 4.4
3.0 3.0 3.6 4.5 3.9
2.3 2.3 2.6 3.5 3.1
3.3 2.8 3.5 4.1 3.5
3.2 2.6 3.8 4.8 4.2
... ... ... ... ...
2.9 3.1 4.3 4.9 3.4
3.2 3.6 5.3 6.1 3.5
... ... ... ... ...
2.2 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.2
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.6 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.3
2.6 3.2 3.7 3.8 3.5
2.9 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.5
1.8 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.2
3.7 4.1 4.6 4.8 4.5
2.6 3.3 3.7 4.2 3.9
1.9 2.5 2.8 3.5 3.4
2.6 3.2 3.6 3.8 3.4
2.9 3.3 4.0 4.3 4.0
... ... ... ... ...
2.8 4.2 5.0 5.0 4.2
2.6 5.4 6.4 6.1 4.4
... ... ... ... ...
1.9 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.8 2.8 2.3 3.0 3.4
2.8 2.8 2.2 3.0 3.6
2.8 2.6 2.3 3.1 3.2
1.7 1.8 1.5 2.3 2.5
3.8 3.8 3.5 4.1 4.8
2.8 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.9
2.2 2.7 1.5 2.3 3.1
2.8 2.7 2.0 2.9 3.6
3.4 3.2 2.2 2.7 3.7
... ... ... ... ...
3.2 3.2 2.7 3.9 4.7
2.6 3.0 2.5 4.8 5.6
... ... ... ... ...
1.9 1.9 1.6 2.0 2.2
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.3 3.4 3.7 3.9 3.8
3.5 3.5 3.8 4.1 3.9
3.2 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.5
2.4 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.7
4.8 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.1
3.8 4.1 4.9 5.5 5.2
3.2 3.8 5.0 5.8 5.5
3.5 3.5 3.8 4.1 3.9
3.4 3.4 4.0 4.4 4.3
... ... ... 3.4 3.2
4.8 4.3 4.2 4.7 4.6
5.4 4.4 4.3 5.2 4.7
... ... ... 3.0 2.8
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.6 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.7
3.7 3.5 3.7 4.3 5.0
3.5 3.3 3.8 4.1 4.5
2.4 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.4
4.9 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.8
5.0 4.6 5.0 5.6 6.6
5.6 4.8 5.3 5.8 6.5
3.6 3.5 3.8 4.3 5.1
3.9 3.7 4.0 4.7 5.4
3.1 3.2 3.4 3.9 4.3
4.0 3.8 3.8 4.8 6.2
4.1 4.0 4.1 5.8 7.6
2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 3.3
2.5 2.6 2.8 2.8 3.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.4 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.6
4.7 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.8
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.8
3.0 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.8
5.5 5.9 5.9 6.3 6.1
6.1 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.7
6.4 6.4 6.5 6.1 6.4
4.7 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.8
5.1 5.0 5.5 5.0 4.9
4.0 4.0 4.2 3.8 3.8
5.8 5.9 6.4 5.5 5.3
6.6 6.5 6.8 5.6 5.9
3.4 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.3
3.0 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.0
2000 ......................................................
4.6
4.7
4.8
3.5
6.1
7.0
7.4
4.8
4.9
3.9
4.9
5.4
3.4
2.3
See Note at end of table.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
177
Table 2-8. Average Weekly Overtime Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1956–2000—Continued
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Year Total
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and Leather and miscellaneleather ous plastics products products
1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.4 2.3 2.2 2.7
3.1 2.9 3.1 3.3
1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2
2.6 2.2 2.1 3.1
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3
4.5 4.2 3.9 4.5
3.1 2.9 2.5 2.8
2.1 2.0 1.9 2.5
2.2 2.0 1.8 2.0
2.2 2.2 2.0 3.5
1.4 1.3 1.1 1.4
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.9
3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.6
1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.6
2.6 2.7 3.2 3.2 3.6
1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3
4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7
2.9 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.9
2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.7
2.0 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.5
2.4 2.7 3.1 3.0 3.5
1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.7
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.2 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.4
3.8 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2
1.1 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.4
4.2 4.4 3.7 4.1 3.9
1.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.3
5.0 5.5 5.0 5.3 5.5
3.1 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.4
3.0 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.4
2.8 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.9
4.1 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.2
1.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.8
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.0 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.0
4.0 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.1
1.7 1.7 1.6 2.4 2.1
3.3 3.8 4.5 4.4 3.3
1.1 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.2
4.6 4.6 4.9 5.2 4.6
2.8 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.7
3.1 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.3
3.8 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9
3.4 3.3 4.0 4.3 3.5
1.7 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.7 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1
3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0
2.0 1.3 1.9 2.1 1.3
3.1 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.5
1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0
4.0 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.8
2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 2.8
2.7 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5
3.0 3.5 4.0 4.3 4.3
2.9 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.1
1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.8 2.8 2.5 3.0 3.1
3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.8
1.7 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.4
3.2 3.0 2.2 3.5 3.2
1.0 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.4
4.3 4.5 4.1 4.6 4.9
2.5 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.8
3.1 3.3 2.8 3.1 3.4
3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.2
2.7 3.1 2.7 3.5 3.9
1.5 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.1 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.6
3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4
1.1 1.4 2.8 2.6 2.1
3.2 4.0 4.4 4.0 4.0
1.4 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.9
4.7 4.8 5.2 5.0 4.5
2.7 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.0
3.3 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.2
4.2 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.8
3.6 3.8 4.1 4.1 3.8
1.5 1.5 2.2 2.0 2.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.6 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.3
4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.9
2.3 2.0 2.1 1.9 3.7
3.6 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.7
1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.1
4.8 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.6
3.0 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.4
4.4 4.5 4.8 4.8 5.0
6.1 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.4
3.6 3.6 4.1 4.4 4.7
1.8 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.0 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.4
4.8 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.5
4.7 4.9 3.1 2.6 2.9
4.2 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.3
1.8 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.4
5.2 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.7
3.1 3.1 3.4 3.2 3.1
4.9 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.0
6.1 6.1 6.2 6.6 6.3
4.1 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.5
2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.0
2000 ......................................................
4.4
5.4
4.1
4.2
2.3
5.6
3.4
4.9
6.1
4.1
2.3
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
178
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-9. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 (1982=100.) Goods-producing Year
Total private
Service-producing Manufacturing
Total
Mining
Construction
Total
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Total
Transportation and Wholesale public trade utilities
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
... ... ...
98.0 97.8 88.2
101.4 101.9 86.8
62.0 67.6 66.7
105.8 104.2 93.0
99.2 97.4 84.0
114.9 113.8 105.6
... ... ...
... ... ...
56.8 59.5 59.0
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
... ... ... ... ...
96.1 103.7 103.9 107.3 96.8
88.3 91.9 88.2 84.8 75.5
71.3 81.0 83.3 80.5 78.2
102.2 109.6 109.6 114.8 102.4
96.0 108.0 108.9 116.9 100.5
110.8 111.7 110.6 112.0 105.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
59.7 61.7 63.3 63.7 63.1
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
... ... ... ... ...
103.0 104.7 101.1 90.9 97.8
78.9 81.5 79.6 67.9 68.1
83.4 90.2 86.6 80.8 86.7
109.0 109.5 105.9 94.8 102.3
108.5 109.5 105.8 90.4 99.6
109.8 109.5 106.0 100.9 106.1
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
64.4 65.9 65.4 63.6 66.4
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
... ... ... ... 75.8
95.8 92.4 96.3 97.4 99.7
65.7 61.5 59.8 59.1 59.4
83.2 81.4 83.9 86.8 89.1
100.7 97.0 101.6 102.4 104.9
98.1 92.8 98.8 100.6 104.1
104.4 103.0 105.6 105.0 106.1
... ... ... ... 65.1
... ... ... ... 87.7
67.3 66.8 68.1 68.8 70.6
... ... ... ... 73.2
... ... ... ... 60.4
... ... ... ... 51.9
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
79.1 82.5 82.9 84.9 87.7
105.6 112.0 109.8 111.7 114.5
59.6 59.3 57.0 56.0 57.9
93.4 96.3 93.8 95.6 103.6
111.5 119.2 117.1 119.2 121.0
112.7 122.7 119.8 121.7 124.2
109.9 114.4 113.3 115.7 116.5
67.3 69.3 70.8 72.8 75.7
89.9 91.7 92.1 93.4 96.3
73.3 75.7 76.5 77.7 80.6
75.9 77.6 78.3 80.1 82.6
61.4 62.8 64.8 67.8 71.6
54.0 56.4 58.9 61.3 64.2
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
86.3 85.8 89.2 93.2 93.2
107.8 105.0 110.5 116.9 113.7
57.6 54.9 57.8 58.8 63.4
101.3 103.6 107.9 113.7 109.5
112.8 108.8 114.8 121.7 118.1
113.0 107.4 115.4 125.8 122.4
112.4 110.8 114.1 116.0 112.1
76.7 77.2 79.6 82.5 84.0
96.9 95.1 97.3 99.9 100.4
81.7 80.4 82.5 85.6 87.6
83.4 85.3 88.2 90.9 91.0
73.0 74.3 76.5 78.9 79.8
65.3 65.6 68.0 71.3 73.9
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
88.8 92.3 96.0 100.7 104.0
99.9 105.4 110.3 116.5 119.9
68.3 71.5 76.5 79.0 88.2
92.7 94.0 100.2 112.2 119.9
103.8 110.3 115.0 120.1 122.1
104.9 111.9 118.4 125.9 129.1
102.1 108.1 110.2 112.0 112.3
83.9 86.4 89.5 93.6 96.9
94.6 95.5 97.9 101.3 104.9
86.4 89.1 92.5 97.7 102.0
90.6 93.9 96.5 100.0 101.5
79.9 81.5 85.4 90.3 94.4
76.0 78.8 82.0 86.3 90.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
102.8 104.1 100.0 101.5 107.7
112.9 111.6 100.0 100.5 109.0
94.1 104.8 100.0 81.5 84.9
115.1 109.3 100.0 102.2 116.8
113.8 112.5 100.0 101.4 109.0
117.8 116.1 100.0 100.7 111.5
108.1 107.6 100.0 102.4 105.5
98.3 100.8 100.0 102.0 107.1
104.1 103.3 100.0 97.3 102.8
101.9 103.3 100.0 99.9 105.3
100.1 100.6 100.0 102.7 108.2
97.8 105.5 100.0 101.6 106.4
94.3 98.2 100.0 103.6 108.2
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
110.5 112.3 115.6 119.3 122.1
108.7 107.3 109.0 111.4 111.7
81.4 65.7 61.8 61.7 60.5
125.3 128.2 132.7 136.9 138.9
106.9 105.7 107.0 109.3 109.3
109.5 106.8 107.4 110.5 110.1
103.4 104.2 106.6 107.7 108.2
111.3 114.6 118.5 122.8 126.8
104.6 104.0 106.5 108.2 111.1
108.4 108.5 109.4 113.3 116.1
111.7 114.3 117.9 121.0 122.9
110.9 116.7 120.1 119.2 119.5
114.0 119.2 124.9 132.2 139.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
123.0 120.4 121.2 124.6 130.0
109.5 103.4 102.1 104.2 109.2
63.9 62.0 56.2 54.3 54.6
138.0 122.8 118.4 125.4 136.4
106.4 102.1 101.7 103.1 107.0
106.1 99.3 98.2 100.0 106.2
106.8 105.9 106.6 107.4 108.1
129.1 128.0 129.7 133.7 139.4
114.5 113.4 113.6 118.2 121.8
115.7 113.7 112.8 112.8 116.9
123.0 119.5 120.6 123.4 128.6
120.2 118.3 118.1 121.2 124.0
144.2 145.3 149.3 155.4 163.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
133.5 136.7 141.5 145.1 148.2
110.3 111.5 114.6 115.6 115.9
54.1 55.6 58.3 56.0 50.1
140.9 148.7 156.2 164.7 176.1
107.5 107.2 109.4 109.0 107.2
108.2 109.2 112.9 112.4 111.2
106.6 104.3 104.6 104.2 101.6
143.9 148.0 153.6 158.3 162.7
123.9 127.5 130.5 132.3 134.3
121.1 122.9 126.1 127.9 129.6
132.2 134.6 137.7 140.0 143.5
122.9 125.0 129.6 136.3 138.4
170.7 177.4 186.6 194.2 201.5
2000 ......................................................
151.6
116.5
51.3
184.8
105.9
110.8
99.1
167.3
137.9
132.0
146.1
138.5
209.6
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
179
Table 2-10. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 (1982=100.) Durable goods Primary metal industries Furniture and fixtures
99.2 97.4 84.0
173.6 167.0 146.9
92.0 93.3 82.0
110.4 111.7 100.4
161.7 163.5 135.0
201.2 210.8 180.8
89.1 87.0 74.9
83.9 82.4 66.3
... ... ...
94.3 92.6 88.3
120.4 119.5 117.7
... ... ...
140.1 139.1 121.9
Total
Total
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Industrial Fabricatmachinery ed metal and products equipment
Electronic and other electrical equipment
MiscellaInstruneous ments and manufacrelated turing products industries
Lumber and wood products
Year
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
Transportation equipment
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total
Motor vehicles and equipment
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
96.0 108.0 108.9 116.9 100.5
162.4 167.4 158.2 152.8 139.1
99.2 94.5 94.7 96.7 86.3
111.1 120.2 112.7 115.3 107.6
159.7 177.4 160.7 174.6 143.5
210.1 227.4 194.4 225.7 185.5
88.8 98.4 97.7 107.8 94.1
72.5 91.4 93.1 93.6 79.5
... ... ... ... ...
97.4 115.6 130.8 151.5 127.4
137.5 132.9 123.8 149.9 120.5
... ... ... ... ...
131.8 132.1 127.3 136.0 121.6
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
108.5 109.5 105.8 90.4 99.6
147.5 143.1 126.3 118.9 132.0
95.1 96.1 93.5 87.9 97.7
117.5 119.2 113.9 104.8 117.0
167.3 168.7 161.0 129.1 140.2
219.8 216.3 210.7 163.7 169.3
100.9 100.2 100.6 88.5 95.6
83.7 91.4 87.5 70.2 79.4
... ... ... ... ...
138.7 130.8 131.7 104.4 111.4
151.2 123.1 118.7 86.8 106.5
... ... ... ... ...
125.2 125.4 117.6 110.5 117.6
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
98.1 92.8 98.8 100.6 104.1
123.1 115.2 118.5 120.2 122.8
95.4 90.9 97.5 99.2 103.8
114.1 109.3 112.0 114.6 117.9
141.4 132.0 137.4 141.7 153.0
181.1 166.9 167.5 172.7 190.6
95.0 90.2 96.5 99.2 102.8
79.2 74.5 80.7 82.5 88.5
... ... ... ... ...
106.8 96.4 106.6 111.2 111.5
111.4 92.8 110.0 118.5 120.3
... ... ... ... ...
116.4 113.0 117.1 115.7 118.3
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
112.7 122.7 119.8 121.7 124.2
125.3 126.9 121.5 124.8 126.5
111.1 118.8 113.5 118.6 121.5
121.2 124.4 119.1 121.9 126.4
163.2 168.4 158.1 158.1 165.1
199.1 195.2 184.0 186.1 190.5
110.8 122.1 124.2 128.8 132.6
97.6 109.6 108.5 105.2 109.4
... ... ... ... ...
125.0 136.7 133.2 141.7 138.5
140.5 138.4 123.4 141.6 142.4
... ... ... ... ...
126.0 130.3 125.6 126.1 126.5
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
113.0 107.4 115.4 125.8 122.4
117.9 123.8 136.1 140.6 128.2
111.6 114.0 126.6 132.0 123.4
120.9 122.2 131.1 138.4 134.5
152.9 140.5 146.3 161.8 162.4
179.5 161.5 165.1 181.5 180.7
120.3 113.2 121.9 131.8 127.4
101.2 89.5 97.8 111.8 116.1
... ... ... ... ...
114.1 112.6 118.4 129.1 117.9
117.7 130.3 140.5 158.5 134.9
... ... ... ... ...
119.8 116.2 126.2 130.9 128.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
104.9 111.9 118.4 125.9 129.1
107.8 123.5 132.0 138.3 138.6
100.7 111.0 117.2 125.6 123.5
115.6 120.8 125.9 132.1 132.8
134.3 140.0 144.2 151.3 154.8
151.8 155.6 157.2 164.6 167.0
108.4 115.3 121.9 129.3 131.4
101.6 102.6 109.8 119.4 126.9
... ... ... ... ...
106.8 117.9 125.6 133.6 134.1
117.3 141.2 156.0 163.3 151.8
... ... ... ... ...
112.5 120.1 122.2 125.9 123.8
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
117.8 116.1 100.0 100.7 111.5
119.9 115.1 100.0 117.7 126.3
112.4 112.7 100.0 110.3 121.6
119.8 114.1 100.0 103.2 109.5
133.4 132.5 100.0 95.2 102.9
139.8 141.9 100.0 90.8 93.7
119.8 117.1 100.0 100.3 111.0
122.1 120.2 100.0 90.1 103.8
... ... ... ... ...
114.6 114.2 100.0 105.7 118.9
111.0 115.7 100.0 118.9 140.2
... ... ... ... ...
113.9 110.5 100.0 98.1 102.9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
109.5 106.8 107.4 110.5 110.1
124.9 129.2 134.9 135.6 132.6
121.9 124.2 129.5 130.1 129.6
108.1 108.7 109.7 113.3 113.5
96.1 89.8 91.8 97.2 96.0
85.3 78.2 79.0 85.1 83.9
111.2 107.8 107.1 110.5 110.6
101.0 94.7 93.8 98.8 100.3
... ... ... 113.1 111.5
122.7 123.3 124.3 125.8 125.3
143.6 137.7 137.2 140.0 138.0
... ... ... 89.9 89.6
97.8 97.5 99.9 103.5 103.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
106.1 99.3 98.2 100.0 106.2
128.2 116.9 119.9 126.1 135.8
122.8 113.9 117.6 121.3 127.0
109.7 101.4 101.2 102.9 107.9
93.0 87.2 85.6 86.2 91.0
82.6 76.4 73.7 72.6 73.4
107.1 101.4 100.7 103.3 110.4
97.5 91.8 89.6 92.7 99.3
106.5 100.7 99.1 100.9 105.6
119.1 113.3 110.9 111.4 118.5
126.2 122.9 127.3 137.4 156.2
87.6 84.0 80.2 77.0 75.2
101.1 98.1 99.4 101.6 104.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
108.2 109.2 112.9 112.4 111.2
135.7 138.0 142.1 145.4 148.7
125.6 123.4 128.6 135.3 138.6
108.7 110.8 112.4 115.4 116.4
92.1 92.6 94.5 93.7 92.2
73.6 73.6 72.9 72.1 71.6
113.6 114.5 118.1 119.5 120.4
103.5 105.0 109.6 109.9 104.5
107.8 108.5 111.1 109.9 106.7
121.6 123.1 129.2 127.0 126.9
164.9 165.5 169.2 160.5 168.2
73.7 75.4 76.7 76.7 75.8
103.4 102.1 104.4 103.5 101.8
2000 ......................................................
110.8
147.0
140.2
118.8
92.9
72.4
122.4
102.8
108.7
122.5
164.1
75.3
99.5
See Note at end of table.
180
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-10. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000—Continued (1982=100.) Nondurable goods
Year Total
Food and kindred products
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and Leather and miscellaneleather ous plastics products products
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
114.9 113.8 105.6
136.0 131.3 126.6
212.3 202.2 186.4
200.9 203.3 172.6
110.6 112.7 109.4
84.8 84.6 78.6
75.6 75.0 73.1
82.2 81.6 74.7
131.0 135.3 129.7
52.6 50.0 43.8
221.8 211.2 195.8
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
110.8 111.7 110.6 112.0 105.3
125.7 127.1 125.7 124.5 120.7
178.9 182.8 184.8 180.5 177.2
192.5 184.8 174.5 172.9 151.7
114.0 113.0 115.8 118.2 109.1
87.1 90.9 87.5 92.3 90.4
74.2 75.8 76.6 78.5 78.0
77.6 84.7 84.6 87.6 83.9
127.7 133.9 130.0 134.0 129.1
51.7 55.2 55.0 57.8 51.1
205.0 193.1 203.0 202.2 188.4
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
109.8 109.5 106.0 100.9 106.1
120.8 121.2 116.3 112.3 112.8
180.7 173.0 162.2 162.7 162.2
160.3 155.6 144.3 133.7 144.1
115.9 114.9 112.4 107.2 116.3
94.6 96.3 94.9 92.1 97.7
81.0 84.0 83.9 82.6 85.4
87.0 88.2 86.7 82.1 85.6
127.0 125.6 121.6 114.3 109.5
59.8 58.5 58.4 51.6 59.4
200.0 196.9 190.4 179.3 193.6
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
104.4 103.0 105.6 105.0 106.1
111.5 109.8 108.8 107.8 107.0
157.6 153.7 150.4 146.5 150.8
137.1 133.4 137.0 133.8 136.1
114.3 112.1 119.4 120.7 122.1
97.9 98.4 100.2 100.7 101.3
87.4 87.3 87.9 87.2 89.4
86.0 85.3 88.1 89.2 89.9
107.7 101.9 99.2 94.9 90.9
58.0 57.5 63.7 64.8 68.2
181.9 181.6 184.4 177.2 177.7
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
109.9 114.4 113.3 115.7 116.5
107.4 109.5 109.4 109.5 110.5
140.3 138.2 141.0 134.8 128.8
143.4 149.5 144.4 150.6 150.0
128.7 133.2 130.8 131.3 130.5
104.0 109.0 109.1 111.4 114.6
92.4 96.8 97.9 98.5 100.9
93.5 98.6 100.6 104.1 106.2
90.6 92.4 93.0 95.4 90.9
75.0 81.3 79.7 87.0 91.6
182.0 188.8 178.0 180.0 168.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
112.4 110.8 114.1 116.0 112.1
110.2 109.3 108.7 106.3 106.0
129.2 118.7 115.9 124.0 120.9
141.8 141.3 148.9 150.7 138.5
123.9 122.9 127.8 131.7 121.3
110.2 106.4 110.3 112.7 111.2
98.9 95.3 96.5 97.4 95.5
102.5 99.8 100.9 104.2 105.7
96.2 100.9 101.5 99.9 100.9
86.3 87.5 97.8 107.9 105.8
156.4 148.7 150.7 142.3 131.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
102.1 108.1 110.2 112.0 112.3
101.8 104.4 104.6 105.1 107.0
118.1 118.2 106.8 106.1 104.4
122.9 133.3 132.9 131.6 129.3
110.2 119.3 117.9 119.5 115.6
96.8 104.7 107.6 109.0 110.5
88.9 90.3 94.1 97.5 101.0
97.1 102.0 105.0 107.4 108.3
96.3 102.3 106.6 112.2 114.0
89.0 96.1 109.2 115.3 118.2
121.3 130.6 123.9 125.5 117.1
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
108.1 107.6 100.0 102.4 105.5
105.1 102.8 100.0 99.1 100.3
101.2 105.1 100.0 96.3 93.5
122.7 117.3 100.0 107.4 107.0
112.2 111.0 100.0 104.5 107.2
106.9 106.8 100.0 102.1 106.8
100.1 100.6 100.0 103.3 110.9
106.0 106.8 100.0 98.3 99.8
99.1 110.0 100.0 98.4 92.5
106.7 109.0 100.0 107.2 119.6
110.7 113.6 100.0 96.8 89.3
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
103.4 104.2 106.6 107.7 108.2
100.6 101.7 103.7 105.0 107.8
88.4 81.6 80.1 80.1 70.6
100.1 103.8 109.4 107.7 105.6
100.7 99.7 100.1 99.0 98.3
106.8 106.9 108.5 108.9 109.9
114.9 119.6 123.2 126.7 126.2
98.9 97.3 99.3 102.9 104.5
88.7 88.1 89.4 88.1 85.7
117.6 119.6 123.1 127.3 129.6
78.1 69.5 70.3 67.9 66.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
106.8 105.9 106.6 107.4 108.1
109.7 110.2 110.9 112.6 114.6
70.6 70.2 68.2 60.7 64.1
98.4 97.0 98.6 98.9 99.3
92.9 91.3 92.2 90.4 89.7
110.4 109.3 110.5 110.9 112.3
127.5 123.3 122.3 123.9 126.0
104.3 101.6 100.0 100.9 102.0
87.2 86.7 86.0 83.1 81.5
127.9 123.2 127.8 133.2 142.0
62.8 57.7 56.6 55.6 53.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
106.6 104.3 104.6 104.2 101.6
115.5 115.9 116.6 117.5 118.2
62.8 63.3 61.4 59.7 53.2
94.9 89.2 89.8 86.3 80.1
84.2 77.2 73.7 67.4 60.3
110.5 109.5 111.0 109.3 106.9
125.0 124.0 126.0 124.8 121.7
102.5 101.5 101.2 103.4 102.3
77.9 76.3 76.1 76.0 71.6
143.5 143.2 146.4 147.3 148.5
48.3 43.3 40.6 36.5 32.7
2000 ......................................................
99.1
117.5
50.5
75.7
55.0
103.3
120.7
100.2
70.4
148.2
30.8
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
181
Table 2-11. Average Hourly Earnings of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 (Dollars.) Manufacturing Year
Total private
Mining
Construction Total
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
1.13 1.23 1.28
1.47 1.66 1.72
1.54 1.71 1.79
1.22 1.33 1.38
1.28 1.39 1.45
1.15 1.25 1.30
... ... ...
1.22 1.31 1.36
0.84 0.90 0.95
1.14 1.20 1.26
... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1.34 1.45 1.52 1.61 1.65
1.77 1.93 2.01 2.14 2.14
1.86 2.02 2.13 2.28 2.38
1.44 1.56 1.64 1.74 1.78
1.45 1.65 1.74 1.85 1.89
1.30 1.45 1.51 1.58 1.62
... ... ... ... ...
1.36 1.52 1.61 1.69 1.76
0.98 1.06 1.09 1.16 1.20
1.26 1.45 1.51 1.58 1.65
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1.71 1.80 1.89 1.95 2.02
2.20 2.33 2.45 2.47 2.56
2.45 2.57 2.71 2.82 2.93
1.85 1.95 2.04 2.10 2.19
1.98 2.08 2.18 2.25 2.35
1.68 1.77 1.85 1.92 1.98
... ... ... ... ...
1.83 1.93 2.02 2.09 2.18
1.25 1.30 1.37 1.42 1.47
1.70 1.78 1.84 1.89 1.95
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.09 2.14 2.22 2.28 2.36
2.60 2.64 2.70 2.75 2.81
3.07 3.20 3.31 3.41 3.55
2.26 2.32 2.39 2.45 2.53
2.42 2.48 2.55 2.63 2.70
2.05 2.11 2.17 2.22 2.29
... ... ... ... 2.89
2.24 2.31 2.37 2.45 2.52
1.52 1.56 1.63 1.68 1.75
2.02 2.09 2.17 2.25 2.30
... ... ... ... 1.94
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.46 2.56 2.68 2.85 3.04
2.92 3.05 3.19 3.35 3.60
3.70 3.89 4.11 4.41 4.79
2.61 2.71 2.82 3.01 3.19
2.78 2.89 2.99 3.18 3.38
2.36 2.45 2.57 2.74 2.91
3.03 3.11 3.23 3.42 3.63
2.60 2.73 2.87 3.04 3.23
1.82 1.91 2.01 2.16 2.30
2.39 2.47 2.58 2.75 2.93
2.05 2.17 2.29 2.42 2.61
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.23 3.45 3.70 3.94 4.24
3.85 4.06 4.44 4.75 5.23
5.24 5.69 6.06 6.41 6.81
3.35 3.57 3.82 4.09 4.42
3.55 3.79 4.07 4.35 4.70
3.08 3.27 3.48 3.70 4.01
3.85 4.21 4.65 5.02 5.41
3.43 3.64 3.85 4.07 4.38
2.44 2.60 2.75 2.91 3.14
3.07 3.22 3.36 3.53 3.77
2.81 3.04 3.27 3.47 3.75
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.53 4.86 5.25 5.69 6.16
5.95 6.46 6.94 7.67 8.49
7.31 7.71 8.10 8.66 9.27
4.83 5.22 5.68 6.17 6.70
5.15 5.57 6.06 6.58 7.12
4.37 4.71 5.11 5.54 6.01
5.88 6.45 6.99 7.57 8.16
4.72 5.02 5.39 5.88 6.39
3.36 3.57 3.85 4.20 4.53
4.06 4.27 4.54 4.89 5.27
4.02 4.31 4.65 4.99 5.36
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6.66 7.25 7.68 8.02 8.32
9.17 10.04 10.77 11.28 11.63
9.94 10.82 11.63 11.94 12.13
7.27 7.99 8.49 8.83 9.19
7.75 8.53 9.03 9.38 9.73
6.56 7.19 7.75 8.09 8.39
8.87 9.70 10.32 10.79 11.12
6.95 7.55 8.08 8.54 8.88
4.88 5.25 5.48 5.74 5.85
5.79 6.31 6.78 7.29 7.63
5.85 6.41 6.92 7.31 7.59
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8.57 8.76 8.98 9.28 9.66
11.98 12.46 12.54 12.80 13.26
12.32 12.48 12.71 13.08 13.54
9.54 9.73 9.91 10.19 10.48
10.09 10.28 10.43 10.71 11.01
8.72 8.95 9.19 9.45 9.75
11.40 11.70 12.03 12.24 12.57
9.15 9.34 9.59 9.98 10.39
5.94 6.03 6.12 6.31 6.53
7.94 8.36 8.73 9.06 9.53
7.90 8.18 8.49 8.88 9.38
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.01 10.32 10.57 10.83 11.12
13.68 14.19 14.54 14.60 14.88
13.77 14.00 14.15 14.38 14.73
10.83 11.18 11.46 11.74 12.07
11.35 11.75 12.02 12.33 12.68
10.12 10.44 10.73 10.98 11.24
12.92 13.20 13.43 13.55 13.78
10.79 11.15 11.39 11.74 12.06
6.75 6.94 7.12 7.29 7.49
9.97 10.39 10.82 11.35 11.83
9.83 10.23 10.54 10.78 11.04
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
11.43 11.82 12.28 12.78 13.24
15.30 15.62 16.15 16.91 17.05
15.09 15.47 16.04 16.61 17.19
12.37 12.77 13.17 13.49 13.90
12.94 13.33 13.73 13.98 14.36
11.58 11.97 12.34 12.76 13.21
14.13 14.45 14.92 15.31 15.69
12.43 12.87 13.45 14.07 14.59
7.69 7.99 8.33 8.74 9.09
12.32 12.80 13.34 14.07 14.62
11.39 11.79 12.28 12.84 13.37
2000 ......................................................
13.75
17.24
17.88
14.38
14.82
13.69
16.22
15.20
9.46
15.07
13.91
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
182
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-12. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 (Dollars.) Durable goods Primary metal industries Year Total
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total
Blast furnaces and basic steel products
Transportation equipment Industrial Fabricatmachinery ed metal and products equipment
Electronic and other electrical equipment
Total
Motor vehicles and equipment
MiscellaInstruneous ments and manufacrelated turing products industries
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
1.28 1.39 1.45
1.09 1.19 1.23
1.10 1.19 1.23
1.19 1.31 1.37
1.39 1.52 1.59
1.44 1.59 1.65
1.27 1.39 1.45
1.34 1.46 1.52
... ... ...
1.44 1.57 1.64
1.47 1.61 1.70
... ... ...
1.11 1.18 1.22
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1.45 1.65 1.74 1.85 1.89
1.30 1.41 1.49 1.56 1.57
1.28 1.39 1.47 1.54 1.57
1.44 1.54 1.61 1.72 1.77
1.65 1.81 1.90 2.06 2.10
1.70 1.90 2.00 2.18 2.22
1.52 1.64 1.72 1.83 1.88
1.60 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.00
... ... ... ... ...
1.72 1.84 1.95 2.05 2.11
1.78 1.91 2.05 2.14 2.20
... ... ... ... ...
1.28 1.36 1.45 1.52 1.56
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1.98 2.08 2.18 2.25 2.35
1.62 1.69 1.74 1.80 1.87
1.62 1.69 1.75 1.78 1.83
1.86 1.96 2.05 2.12 2.22
2.24 2.37 2.50 2.64 2.77
2.39 2.54 2.70 2.88 3.06
1.96 2.05 2.16 2.26 2.35
2.08 2.20 2.29 2.37 2.48
... ... ... ... ...
2.21 2.29 2.39 2.51 2.64
2.29 2.35 2.46 2.55 2.71
... ... ... ... ...
1.61 1.69 1.75 1.79 1.84
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.42 2.48 2.55 2.63 2.70
1.90 1.95 1.99 2.05 2.12
1.88 1.91 1.95 2.00 2.05
2.28 2.34 2.41 2.48 2.53
2.81 2.90 2.98 3.04 3.11
3.04 3.16 3.25 3.31 3.36
2.43 2.49 2.55 2.61 2.68
2.55 2.62 2.71 2.78 2.87
... ... ... ... ...
2.74 2.80 2.91 3.01 3.09
2.81 2.86 2.99 3.10 3.21
... ... ... ... ...
1.89 1.92 1.98 2.03 2.08
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.78 2.89 2.99 3.18 3.38
2.18 2.26 2.38 2.58 2.75
2.12 2.21 2.33 2.47 2.62
2.62 2.72 2.82 2.99 3.19
3.18 3.28 3.34 3.55 3.79
3.42 3.53 3.57 3.76 4.02
2.76 2.88 2.98 3.16 3.34
2.95 3.08 3.19 3.36 3.58
... ... ... ... ...
3.21 3.33 3.44 3.69 3.89
3.34 3.44 3.55 3.89 4.10
... ... ... ... ...
2.14 2.22 2.35 2.50 2.66
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.55 3.79 4.07 4.35 4.70
2.97 3.18 3.34 3.62 3.90
2.77 2.90 3.08 3.29 3.53
3.40 3.67 3.94 4.22 4.54
3.93 4.23 4.66 5.04 5.60
4.16 4.49 5.08 5.51 6.27
3.53 3.77 4.05 4.29 4.61
3.77 4.02 4.32 4.60 4.94
... ... ... ... ...
4.06 4.45 4.81 5.15 5.54
4.22 4.72 5.13 5.46 5.87
... ... ... ... ...
2.83 2.97 3.11 3.29 3.53
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5.15 5.57 6.06 6.58 7.12
4.28 4.74 5.11 5.62 6.08
3.78 3.99 4.34 4.68 5.06
4.92 5.33 5.81 6.32 6.85
6.18 6.77 7.40 8.20 8.98
6.94 7.59 8.36 9.39 10.41
5.05 5.50 5.91 6.35 6.85
5.37 5.79 6.26 6.78 7.32
... ... ... ... ...
6.07 6.62 7.29 7.91 8.53
6.44 7.09 7.85 8.50 9.06
... ... ... ... ...
3.81 4.04 4.36 4.69 5.03
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7.75 8.53 9.03 9.38 9.73
6.57 7.02 7.46 7.82 8.05
5.49 5.91 6.31 6.62 6.84
7.50 8.27 8.87 9.27 9.57
9.77 10.81 11.33 11.35 11.47
11.39 12.60 13.35 12.89 12.98
7.45 8.20 8.77 9.12 9.40
8.00 8.81 9.26 9.56 9.97
... ... ... ... ...
9.35 10.39 11.11 11.67 12.20
9.85 11.02 11.62 12.14 12.73
... ... ... ... ...
5.46 5.97 6.42 6.81 7.05
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.09 10.28 10.43 10.71 11.01
8.25 8.37 8.43 8.59 8.84
7.17 7.46 7.67 7.95 8.25
9.84 10.04 10.25 10.56 10.82
11.67 11.86 11.94 12.16 12.43
13.33 13.73 13.77 13.98 14.25
9.71 9.89 10.01 10.29 10.57
10.30 10.58 10.73 11.08 11.40
... ... ... 9.79 10.05
12.71 12.81 12.94 13.29 13.67
13.39 13.45 13.53 13.99 14.25
... ... ... 10.60 10.83
7.30 7.55 7.76 8.00 8.29
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
11.35 11.75 12.02 12.33 12.68
9.08 9.24 9.44 9.61 9.84
8.52 8.76 9.01 9.27 9.55
11.12 11.36 11.60 11.85 12.13
12.92 13.33 13.66 13.99 14.34
14.82 15.36 15.87 16.36 16.85
10.83 11.19 11.42 11.69 11.93
11.77 12.15 12.41 12.73 13.00
10.30 10.70 11.00 11.24 11.50
14.08 14.75 15.20 15.80 16.51
14.56 15.23 15.45 16.10 17.02
11.29 11.64 11.89 12.23 12.47
8.61 8.85 9.15 9.39 9.67
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
12.94 13.33 13.73 13.98 14.36
10.12 10.44 10.76 11.10 11.51
9.82 10.15 10.55 10.90 11.29
12.41 12.82 13.18 13.59 13.97
14.62 14.97 15.22 15.48 15.80
17.33 17.80 18.03 18.42 18.84
12.13 12.50 12.78 13.07 13.50
13.24 13.59 14.07 14.47 15.03
11.69 12.18 12.70 13.10 13.43
16.74 17.19 17.55 17.51 17.79
17.34 17.74 18.04 17.84 18.10
12.71 13.13 13.52 13.81 14.08
10.05 10.38 10.60 10.88 11.26
2000 ......................................................
14.82
11.93
11.73
14.53
16.42
19.82
13.87
15.55
13.80
18.45
18.79
14.43
11.63
See Note at end of table.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
183
Table 2-12. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000—Continued (Dollars.) Nondurable goods
Year Total
Food and kindred products
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and Leather and miscellaneleather ous plastics products products
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
1.15 1.25 1.30
1.06 1.15 1.21
0.90 0.96 1.00
1.04 1.16 1.18
1.16 1.22 1.21
1.15 1.28 1.33
1.48 1.65 1.77
1.22 1.34 1.42
1.50 1.71 1.80
1.29 1.36 1.41
1.04 1.11 1.12
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1.30 1.45 1.51 1.58 1.62
1.26 1.35 1.44 1.53 1.59
1.08 1.14 1.18 1.25 1.30
1.23 1.32 1.34 1.36 1.36
1.24 1.31 1.32 1.35 1.37
1.40 1.51 1.59 1.67 1.73
1.83 1.91 2.02 2.11 2.18
1.50 1.62 1.69 1.81 1.89
1.84 1.99 2.10 2.22 2.29
1.47 1.58 1.70 1.79 1.83
1.17 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.36
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1.68 1.77 1.85 1.92 1.98
1.66 1.76 1.85 1.94 2.02
1.34 1.45 1.53 1.59 1.65
1.38 1.44 1.49 1.49 1.56
1.37 1.47 1.51 1.54 1.56
1.81 1.92 2.02 2.10 2.18
2.26 2.33 2.40 2.49 2.59
1.97 2.09 2.20 2.29 2.40
2.37 2.54 2.66 2.73 2.85
1.95 2.02 2.11 2.18 2.27
1.39 1.48 1.52 1.56 1.59
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.05 2.11 2.17 2.22 2.29
2.11 2.17 2.24 2.30 2.37
1.70 1.78 1.85 1.91 1.95
1.61 1.63 1.68 1.71 1.79
1.59 1.64 1.69 1.73 1.79
2.26 2.34 2.40 2.48 2.56
2.68 2.75 2.82 2.89 2.97
2.50 2.58 2.65 2.72 2.80
2.89 3.01 3.05 3.16 3.20
2.32 2.38 2.44 2.47 2.54
1.64 1.68 1.72 1.76 1.83
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2.36 2.45 2.57 2.74 2.91
2.44 2.52 2.64 2.80 2.96
2.09 2.19 2.27 2.48 2.62
1.87 1.96 2.06 2.21 2.35
1.83 1.89 2.03 2.21 2.31
2.65 2.75 2.87 3.05 3.24
3.06 3.16 3.28 3.48 3.69
2.89 2.98 3.10 3.26 3.47
3.28 3.41 3.58 3.75 4.00
2.61 2.68 2.75 2.93 3.08
1.88 1.94 2.07 2.23 2.36
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3.08 3.27 3.48 3.70 4.01
3.16 3.38 3.60 3.85 4.19
2.91 3.16 3.47 3.76 4.12
2.45 2.57 2.75 2.95 3.20
2.39 2.49 2.60 2.76 2.97
3.44 3.67 3.95 4.20 4.53
3.92 4.20 4.51 4.75 5.03
3.69 3.97 4.26 4.51 4.88
4.28 4.57 4.96 5.28 5.68
3.21 3.41 3.63 3.84 4.09
2.49 2.59 2.68 2.79 2.99
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4.37 4.71 5.11 5.54 6.01
4.61 4.98 5.37 5.80 6.27
4.55 4.98 5.54 6.13 6.67
3.42 3.69 3.99 4.30 4.66
3.17 3.40 3.62 3.94 4.23
5.01 5.47 5.96 6.52 7.13
5.38 5.71 6.12 6.51 6.94
5.39 5.91 6.43 7.02 7.60
6.48 7.21 7.83 8.63 9.36
4.42 4.71 5.21 5.57 6.02
3.21 3.40 3.61 3.89 4.22
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6.56 7.19 7.75 8.09 8.39
6.85 7.44 7.92 8.19 8.39
7.74 8.88 9.79 10.38 11.22
5.07 5.52 5.83 6.18 6.46
4.56 4.97 5.20 5.38 5.55
7.84 8.60 9.32 9.93 10.41
7.53 8.19 8.74 9.11 9.41
8.30 9.12 9.96 10.58 11.07
10.10 11.38 12.46 13.28 13.44
6.58 7.22 7.70 8.06 8.35
4.58 4.99 5.33 5.54 5.71
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8.72 8.95 9.19 9.45 9.75
8.57 8.75 8.93 9.12 9.38
11.96 12.88 14.07 14.67 15.31
6.70 6.93 7.17 7.38 7.67
5.73 5.84 5.94 6.12 6.35
10.83 11.18 11.43 11.69 11.96
9.71 9.99 10.28 10.53 10.88
11.56 11.98 12.37 12.71 13.09
14.06 14.19 14.58 14.97 15.41
8.60 8.79 8.98 9.19 9.46
5.83 5.92 6.08 6.28 6.59
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10.12 10.44 10.73 10.98 11.24
9.62 9.90 10.20 10.45 10.66
16.23 16.77 16.92 16.89 19.07
8.02 8.30 8.60 8.88 9.13
6.57 6.77 6.95 7.09 7.34
12.31 12.72 13.07 13.42 13.77
11.24 11.48 11.74 11.93 12.14
13.54 14.04 14.51 14.82 15.13
16.24 17.04 17.90 18.53 19.07
9.76 10.07 10.36 10.57 10.70
6.91 7.18 7.42 7.63 7.97
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
11.58 11.97 12.34 12.76 13.21
10.93 11.20 11.48 11.80 12.11
19.41 19.35 19.24 18.56 19.87
9.41 9.69 10.03 10.39 10.81
7.64 7.96 8.25 8.52 8.92
14.23 14.67 15.05 15.50 15.88
12.33 12.65 13.06 13.46 13.96
15.62 16.17 16.57 17.09 17.42
19.36 19.32 20.20 20.91 21.43
10.91 11.24 11.57 11.89 12.40
8.17 8.57 8.97 9.35 9.71
2000 ......................................................
13.69
12.50
21.57
11.16
9.30
16.25
14.40
18.15
22.00
12.85
10.18
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
184
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-13. Average Weekly Earnings of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry in Current and Constant Dollars, 1947–2000
Total private
Mining
Construction
Transportation and public utilities
Manufacturing
Year Current dollars
1982 dollars
Current dollars
1982 dollars
Current dollars
1982 dollars
Current dollars
1982 dollars
Current dollars
1982 dollars
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
45.58 49.00 50.24
196.47 196.00 202.58
59.89 65.52 62.33
258.15 262.08 251.33
58.83 65.23 67.56
253.58 260.92 272.42
49.13 53.08 53.80
211.77 212.32 216.94
... ... ...
... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53.13 57.86 60.65 63.76 64.52
212.52 215.09 219.75 229.35 231.25
67.16 74.11 77.59 83.03 82.60
268.64 275.50 281.12 298.67 296.06
69.68 76.96 82.86 86.41 88.54
278.72 286.10 300.22 310.83 317.35
58.28 63.34 66.75 70.47 70.49
233.12 235.46 241.85 253.49 252.65
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
67.72 70.74 73.33 75.08 78.78
243.60 250.85 251.13 250.27 260.86
89.54 95.06 98.25 96.08 103.68
322.09 337.09 336.47 320.27 343.31
90.90 96.38 100.27 103.78 108.41
326.98 341.77 343.39 345.93 358.97
75.30 78.78 81.19 82.32 88.26
270.86 279.36 278.05 274.40 292.25
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
80.67 82.60 85.91 88.46 91.33
261.92 265.59 273.60 278.18 283.63
105.04 106.92 110.70 114.40 117.74
341.04 343.79 352.55 359.75 365.65
112.67 118.08 122.47 127.19 132.06
365.81 379.68 390.03 399.97 410.12
89.72 92.34 96.56 99.23 102.97
291.30 296.91 307.52 312.04 319.78
... ... ... ... 118.78
... ... ... ... 368.88
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
95.45 98.82 101.84 107.73 114.61
291.90 294.11 293.49 298.42 300.81
123.52 130.24 135.89 142.71 154.80
377.74 387.62 391.61 395.32 406.30
138.38 146.26 154.95 164.49 181.54
423.18 435.30 446.54 455.65 476.48
107.53 112.19 114.49 122.51 129.51
328.84 333.90 329.94 339.36 339.92
125.14 128.13 130.82 138.85 147.74
382.69 381.34 377.00 384.63 387.77
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
119.83 127.31 136.90 145.39 154.76
298.08 303.12 315.44 315.38 302.27
164.40 172.14 189.14 201.40 219.14
408.96 409.86 435.81 436.88 428.01
195.45 211.67 221.19 235.89 249.25
486.19 503.98 509.65 511.69 486.82
133.33 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80
331.67 339.14 356.47 361.08 345.31
155.93 168.82 187.86 203.31 217.48
387.89 401.95 432.86 441.02 424.77
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
163.53 175.45 189.00 203.70 219.91
293.06 297.37 300.96 300.89 291.66
249.31 273.90 301.20 332.88 365.07
446.79 464.24 479.62 491.70 484.18
266.08 283.73 295.65 318.69 342.99
476.85 480.90 470.78 470.74 454.89
190.79 209.32 228.90 249.27 269.34
341.92 354.78 364.49 368.20 357.21
233.44 256.71 278.90 302.80 325.58
418.35 435.10 444.11 447.27 431.80
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
235.10 255.20 267.26 280.70 292.86
274.65 270.63 267.26 272.52 274.73
397.06 438.75 459.88 479.40 503.58
463.86 465.27 459.88 465.44 472.40
367.78 399.26 426.82 442.97 458.51
429.65 423.39 426.82 430.07 430.12
288.62 318.00 330.26 354.08 374.03
337.17 337.22 330.26 343.77 350.87
351.25 382.18 402.48 420.81 438.13
410.34 405.28 402.48 408.55 411.00
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
299.09 304.85 312.50 322.02 334.24
271.16 271.94 269.16 266.79 264.22
519.93 525.81 531.70 541.44 570.18
471.38 469.05 457.97 448.58 450.74
464.46 466.75 480.44 495.73 513.17
421.09 416.37 413.82 410.71 405.67
386.37 396.01 406.31 418.81 429.68
350.29 353.26 349.97 346.98 339.67
450.30 458.64 471.58 467.57 481.43
408.25 409.13 406.18 387.38 380.58
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
345.35 353.98 363.61 373.64 385.86
259.47 255.40 254.99 254.87 256.73
603.29 630.04 638.31 646.78 666.62
453.26 454.57 447.62 441.19 443.53
526.01 533.40 537.70 553.63 573.00
395.20 384.85 377.07 377.65 381.24
441.86 455.03 469.86 486.04 506.94
331.98 328.30 329.50 331.54 337.29
496.13 502.92 514.37 532.52 547.07
372.75 362.86 360.71 363.25 363.99
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
394.34 406.61 424.89 442.19 456.78
255.07 255.73 261.31 268.32 271.25
683.91 707.59 733.21 742.35 736.56
442.37 445.03 450.93 450.46 437.39
587.00 603.33 625.56 646.13 672.13
379.69 379.45 384.72 392.07 399.13
514.59 531.23 553.14 562.53 579.63
332.85 334.11 340.18 341.34 344.20
556.72 572.22 592.32 604.75 607.20
360.10 359.89 364.28 366.96 360.57
2000 ......................................................
474.38
272.16
743.04
426.30
702.68
403.14
598.21
343.21
626.09
359.20
See Note at end of table.
185
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
Table 2-13. Average Weekly Earnings of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry in Current and Constant Dollars, 1947–2000—Continued
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
Year Current dollars
1982 dollars
Current dollars
1982 dollars
Current dollars
1982 dollars
Current dollars
1982 dollars
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
50.06 53.59 55.45
215.95 214.12 223.59
33.77 36.22 38.42
145.56 144.88 154.92
43.21 45.48 47.63
186.25 181.92 192.06
... ... ...
... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
55.31 62.02 65.53 68.61 71.28
232.40 230.93 237.17 246.94 255.02
39.71 42.82 43.38 45.36 47.04
158.84 159.18 157.17 163.17 168.60
47.50 54.67 57.08 59.57 62.04
202.08 203.20 206.81 214.28 222.37
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
74.48 78.17 81.41 84.02 88.51
268.02 277.77 278.73 280.47 292.78
48.75 50.18 52.20 54.10 56.15
175.36 177.94 178.77 180.33 185.93
63.92 65.68 67.53 70.12 72.74
229.93 232.91 231.27 233.73 240.83
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
90.72 93.56 96.22 99.47 102.56
293.93 299.87 306.43 312.61 317.89
57.76 58.66 60.96 62.66 64.75
187.53 188.62 194.14 197.04 201.27
75.14 77.12 80.94 84.38 85.79
243.96 247.97 257.77 265.35 266.37
... ... ... ... 70.03
... ... ... ... 217.55
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
106.08 111.11 115.66 121.90 129.85
324.98 330.60 333.86 337.65 340.52
66.61 68.57 70.95 74.95 78.66
203.82 203.87 204.21 207.56 206.48
88.91 92.13 95.72 101.75 108.70
271.71 274.43 275.79 281.72 284.93
73.60 77.04 80.38 83.97 90.57
225.08 228.93 231.41 232.91 237.85
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
136.86 143.42 151.69 159.54 169.94
340.57 342.10 348.89 346.51 332.25
82.47 87.62 91.85 96.32 102.68
204.75 208.36 212.05 209.22 200.29
112.67 117.85 122.98 129.20 137.61
280.57 281.00 283.27 280.56 268.91
96.66 103.06 110.85 117.29 126.00
240.10 245.33 254.88 254.86 246.52
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
182.19 194.27 209.13 228.14 247.93
326.92 329.07 332.42 336.59 328.45
108.86 114.60 121.66 130.20 138.62
194.68 194.17 193.54 192.23 184.12
148.19 155.43 165.26 178.00 190.77
265.04 263.58 263.41 262.97 253.21
134.67 143.52 153.45 163.67 175.27
241.45 243.27 244.57 242.08 232.57
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
266.88 290.68 309.46 328.79 341.88
312.07 308.25 309.46 319.21 320.71
147.38 158.03 163.85 171.05 174.33
172.01 167.58 163.85 166.07 163.54
209.60 229.05 245.44 263.90 278.50
244.95 242.90 245.44 256.21 261.26
190.71 208.97 225.59 239.04 247.43
223.11 221.60 225.59 232.08 232.11
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
351.36 357.72 365.38 380.24 394.82
318.55 319.11 314.71 315.03 312.11
174.64 176.08 178.70 183.62 188.72
158.33 157.07 153.92 152.13 149.19
289.02 304.30 316.90 325.25 341.17
262.03 271.45 272.95 269.47 269.70
256.75 265.85 275.93 289.49 305.79
232.77 237.15 237.67 239.84 241.73
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
411.10 424.82 435.10 448.47 463.10
308.87 306.51 305.12 305.91 308.12
194.40 198.48 205.06 209.95 216.46
146.06 143.20 143.80 143.21 144.02
356.93 370.92 387.36 406.33 423.51
268.17 267.62 271.64 277.17 281.78
319.48 331.45 342.55 350.35 358.80
240.03 239.14 240.22 238.98 238.72
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
476.07 492.92 516.48 538.88 558.80
307.94 310.01 317.64 326.99 331.83
221.47 230.11 240.74 253.46 263.61
143.25 144.72 148.06 153.80 156.54
442.29 459.52 481.57 512.15 529.24
286.09 289.01 296.17 310.77 314.28
369.04 382.00 400.33 418.58 435.86
238.71 240.25 246.21 253.99 258.82
2000 ......................................................
585.20
335.74
273.39
156.85
547.04
313.85
454.86
260.96
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
186
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-14. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000 (Dollars.) Durable goods
Year
Total manufacturing
Primary metal industries Total
Lumber Stone, Furniture and clay, and and wood glass fixtures products products
Total
Fabricated Blast metal furnaces and basic products steel products
ElectronIndustrial ic and machinother ery and electrical equipequipment ment
Transportation equipment
Total
Motor vehicles and equipment
Instru- Miscellaments neous and manufacrelated turing products industries
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
49.13 53.08 53.80
51.64 56.24 57.13
43.93 47.64 48.10
45.53 48.83 49.36
48.95 53.20 54.27
55.38 61.14 60.90
56.51 62.84 63.34
51.74 56.37 57.45
55.78 60.38 60.27
... ... ...
56.97 61.70 65.10
58.63 63.15 67.33
... ... ...
44.75 48.03 48.23
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
58.28 63.34 66.75 70.47 70.49
59.60 68.48 72.04 76.22 75.79
51.31 55.41 59.15 61.31 61.39
53.55 57.13 60.86 62.99 62.80
59.06 63.76 66.17 70.18 71.69
67.36 75.30 77.52 84.46 81.48
67.95 77.71 80.00 88.29 83.92
63.04 68.55 71.72 76.49 76.70
67.04 76.13 79.55 82.68 81.40
... ... ... ... ...
71.29 75.81 81.51 85.28 86.30
74.85 77.16 84.87 89.88 91.30
... ... ... ... ...
52.02 55.08 59.02 61.56 61.78
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
75.30 78.78 81.19 82.32 88.26
81.77 85.28 87.85 88.88 95.65
63.99 65.74 66.82 69.48 74.24
67.07 68.78 69.83 69.95 74.48
77.00 80.56 82.82 84.80 91.46
92.51 97.17 99.00 101.11 112.19
96.80 102.87 105.57 108.00 122.71
81.73 84.67 88.34 90.17 96.12
87.15 93.06 94.12 94.33 102.92
... ... ... ... ...
93.48 94.81 97.51 100.40 107.45
99.84 96.82 100.61 101.24 111.38
... ... ... ... ...
64.88 67.60 69.48 70.17 73.42
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
89.72 92.34 96.56 99.23 102.97
97.04 99.70 104.30 108.09 112.05
74.29 77.03 79.20 82.41 85.65
75.20 76.40 79.37 81.80 84.46
92.57 95.24 98.81 102.67 105.50
109.59 114.55 119.80 124.64 129.69
116.13 122.92 127.40 133.06 138.43
98.42 100.85 104.81 107.79 111.76
104.55 107.16 113.01 116.20 121.69
... ... ... ... ...
111.52 113.40 122.22 126.42 130.09
115.21 114.69 127.67 132.68 138.03
... ... ... ... ...
74.28 75.84 78.61 80.39 82.37
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
107.53 112.19 114.49 122.51 129.51
116.76 121.67 123.19 131.65 139.59
89.16 92.21 95.91 104.75 110.55
87.98 91.72 94.13 100.28 105.85
110.04 114.24 117.31 124.98 133.66
133.88 138.09 137.27 147.68 158.42
140.90 144.73 143.51 154.16 166.03
116.20 122.11 123.67 131.77 138.94
127.15 134.90 135.58 141.12 152.15
... ... ... ... ...
137.71 141.86 142.42 155.72 161.44
147.63 147.23 144.84 167.66 170.97
... ... ... ... ...
85.39 88.80 92.59 98.50 103.74
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
133.33 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80
143.07 152.74 167.68 180.09 190.82
117.61 126.56 134.94 144.80 152.88
108.58 115.42 123.82 131.60 138.02
140.08 152.67 165.48 176.82 187.50
158.77 169.62 192.92 213.19 232.96
166.40 177.80 206.25 229.77 258.95
143.67 152.31 166.86 178.46 188.09
154.95 163.21 181.87 196.88 207.97
... ... ... ... ...
163.62 181.12 200.58 216.82 224.37
170.07 194.46 220.59 237.51 238.32
... ... ... ... ...
109.52 115.53 122.85 128.31 136.61
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
190.79 209.32 228.90 249.27 269.34
205.49 226.14 248.46 270.44 290.50
166.06 189.13 203.89 223.68 240.16
143.64 154.81 169.26 183.92 195.82
198.77 219.06 239.95 262.91 284.28
247.20 276.22 305.62 342.76 371.77
274.13 305.88 338.58 389.69 428.89
202.51 224.40 242.31 260.35 278.80
219.10 238.55 259.79 284.76 305.24
... ... ... ... ...
245.23 276.05 309.83 333.80 350.58
259.53 304.16 345.40 368.05 372.37
... ... ... ... ...
146.69 156.75 169.17 181.97 195.16
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
288.62 318.00 330.26 354.08 374.03
310.78 342.91 354.88 381.77 402.82
253.60 271.67 284.23 313.58 321.20
209.17 226.94 234.73 260.83 271.55
306.00 335.76 355.69 384.71 401.94
391.78 437.81 437.34 459.68 478.30
448.77 509.04 505.97 509.16 528.29
300.98 330.46 343.78 370.27 389.16
328.00 360.33 367.62 387.18 417.74
... ... ... ... ...
379.61 424.95 449.96 491.31 520.94
394.00 450.72 470.61 525.66 557.57
... ... ... ... ...
211.30 231.64 246.53 266.27 277.77
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
386.37 396.01 406.31 418.81 429.68
415.71 424.56 432.85 447.68 458.02
329.18 338.15 342.26 344.46 354.48
282.50 296.91 306.80 313.23 325.88
412.30 423.69 433.58 446.69 457.69
484.31 496.93 514.61 528.96 534.49
547.86 572.54 597.62 615.12 618.45
401.02 408.46 416.42 431.15 439.71
427.45 440.13 452.81 473.12 483.36
... ... ... 401.39 410.04
541.45 541.86 543.48 567.48 579.61
582.47 572.97 570.97 608.57 614.18
... ... ... 438.84 445.11
287.62 298.98 305.74 313.60 326.63
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
441.86 455.03 469.86 486.04 506.94
468.76 482.93 498.83 519.09 543.97
365.02 369.60 383.26 392.09 405.41
333.13 340.76 357.70 371.73 385.82
467.04 473.71 489.52 506.00 526.44
551.68 562.53 587.38 611.36 641.00
643.19 655.87 690.35 721.48 756.57
447.28 461.03 475.07 492.15 511.80
493.16 506.66 523.70 547.39 568.10
420.24 435.49 453.20 469.83 485.30
591.36 618.03 635.36 679.40 731.39
617.34 644.23 655.08 713.23 782.92
464.02 477.24 488.68 502.65 520.00
340.10 351.35 365.09 373.72 386.80
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
514.59 531.23 553.14 562.53 579.63
548.66 565.19 587.64 591.35 605.99
410.87 425.95 441.16 456.21 473.06
388.87 399.91 424.11 441.45 454.99
533.63 555.11 569.38 591.17 606.30
643.28 661.67 683.38 684.22 703.10
769.45 792.10 809.55 821.53 851.57
514.31 530.00 544.43 552.86 572.40
574.62 585.73 613.45 619.32 632.76
486.30 505.47 533.40 542.34 553.32
733.21 756.36 780.98 759.93 779.20
778.57 796.53 811.80 776.04 814.50
526.19 547.52 567.84 570.35 581.50
401.00 412.09 428.24 434.11 448.15
2000 ......................................................
598.21
623.92
489.13
469.20
626.24
737.26
911.72
590.86
656.21
567.18
800.73
834.28
595.96
453.57
See Note at end of table.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
187
Table 2-14. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by Industry, 1947–2000—Continued (Dollars.) Nondurable goods
Year Total
Food and kindred products
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and miscellaLeather and leather neous plastics products products
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
46.03 49.54 50.41
45.92 48.84 50.49
35.17 36.58 37.26
40.99 45.28 44.52
41.80 43.68 42.76
49.69 54.70 55.42
59.30 65.13 68.60
50.26 55.29 57.67
60.94 69.30 72.42
51.60 53.29 54.13
40.07 41.11 41.03
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
51.45 57.42 59.95 62.57 63.18
52.88 56.84 60.34 63.50 65.67
41.00 43.89 45.31 47.63 48.88
48.59 51.22 52.39 53.18 52.09
44.60 46.64 47.92 48.74 48.36
60.53 65.08 68.05 71.81 73.18
71.23 74.30 78.58 82.29 83.93
61.64 66.91 69.12 74.21 77.11
75.11 81.19 85.05 90.35 93.20
60.27 64.46 69.53 72.32 72.83
43.95 46.13 49.92 50.90 50.18
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
67.03 70.09 72.52 74.50 78.61
68.89 72.69 75.48 79.15 82.82
51.86 56.26 58.75 62.17 64.52
55.34 57.17 57.96 57.51 63.02
49.73 52.92 53.91 54.05 56.63
78.01 82.18 85.45 87.99 93.30
87.91 90.64 92.64 94.62 99.72
80.97 85.90 89.98 93.20 99.36
96.93 104.14 108.53 111.66 117.42
81.32 81.61 85.67 85.67 93.75
52.68 55.65 56.85 57.25 60.26
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
80.36 82.92 86.15 87.91 90.91
86.09 88.75 91.84 94.30 97.17
64.94 69.42 71.41 73.92 75.66
63.60 65.04 68.21 69.43 73.39
56.45 58.06 61.18 62.45 64.26
95.15 99.45 102.24 105.90 109.57
102.91 105.05 108.01 110.69 114.35
103.25 106.81 110.24 113.15 116.48
118.78 124.01 126.88 131.77 133.76
92.80 96.15 100.04 101.02 104.90
60.52 62.83 64.67 66.00 69.36
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
94.64 98.49 102.03 109.05 115.53
100.28 103.82 107.98 114.24 120.77
79.21 85.19 87.62 93.99 97.99
77.98 82.12 84.25 91.05 95.88
66.61 68.80 73.08 79.78 82.93
114.22 119.35 122.84 130.85 139.32
118.12 122.61 125.95 133.28 141.33
121.09 125.16 128.96 136.27 145.05
138.42 144.58 152.87 159.38 170.40
109.62 112.56 113.85 121.60 126.90
71.82 74.88 79.07 85.41 87.79
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
120.43 128.51 138.16 146.52 156.79
127.98 136.21 145.80 155.54 169.28
110.00 119.45 130.47 145.14 157.80
97.76 104.34 113.58 120.66 126.40
84.37 88.64 93.60 99.08 104.54
144.14 154.51 169.06 180.18 191.17
147.78 157.50 170.03 179.08 188.63
153.50 165.15 177.64 188.52 202.52
183.18 195.60 211.79 223.87 239.13
129.36 137.76 149.56 158.21 166.05
92.63 97.64 102.64 105.46 110.33
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
169.56 185.57 201.33 218.28 236.19
185.78 201.69 214.80 230.26 250.17
173.81 186.75 209.41 233.55 253.46
134.41 147.97 161.20 173.72 188.26
111.58 121.72 128.87 140.26 149.32
208.42 232.48 255.68 279.71 303.74
198.52 214.13 230.72 244.78 260.25
220.99 245.86 268.13 294.14 318.44
266.98 303.54 334.34 376.27 409.97
176.36 191.70 214.13 227.81 244.41
119.09 127.16 133.21 144.32 154.03
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
255.84 281.85 297.60 318.75 333.08
271.95 295.37 312.05 323.51 333.92
294.89 344.54 370.06 388.21 436.46
203.31 218.59 218.63 249.67 257.75
161.42 177.43 180.44 194.76 202.02
330.85 365.50 389.58 423.02 448.67
279.36 305.49 324.25 342.54 356.64
344.45 379.39 407.36 440.13 463.83
422.18 491.62 546.99 582.99 587.33
263.20 290.97 304.92 332.07 348.20
168.09 183.13 189.75 203.87 210.13
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
345.31 357.11 369.44 379.89 391.95
342.80 350.00 358.99 367.54 381.77
444.91 481.71 548.73 583.87 590.97
265.99 284.82 299.71 302.58 313.70
208.57 214.33 219.78 226.44 234.32
466.77 482.98 496.06 506.18 517.87
367.04 379.62 390.64 400.14 412.35
484.36 501.96 523.25 536.36 555.02
604.58 621.52 641.52 664.67 682.66
353.46 363.91 373.57 383.22 391.64
216.88 218.45 232.26 235.50 249.76
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
404.80 419.69 433.49 445.79 459.72
392.50 401.94 414.12 425.32 440.26
636.22 655.71 653.11 631.69 749.45
320.00 336.98 353.46 367.63 379.81
239.15 250.49 258.54 263.75 275.25
533.02 550.78 569.85 585.11 604.50
426.00 432.80 447.29 456.92 468.60
576.80 602.32 625.38 638.74 653.62
724.30 751.46 784.02 819.03 846.71
401.14 413.88 432.01 441.83 451.54
258.43 269.25 281.96 294.52 306.85
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
468.99 484.79 504.71 521.88 540.29
449.22 459.20 474.12 492.06 506.20
768.64 774.00 748.44 710.85 763.01
383.93 393.41 415.24 425.99 442.13
282.68 294.52 307.73 317.80 334.50
613.31 635.21 657.69 672.70 689.19
471.01 483.23 502.81 515.52 531.88
674.78 698.54 715.82 738.29 749.06
846.03 842.35 870.62 911.68 908.63
452.77 466.46 483.63 495.81 517.08
310.46 326.52 344.45 351.56 363.15
2000 ......................................................
558.55
521.25
877.90
459.79
351.54
690.63
551.52
771.38
932.80
531.99
381.75
Note: Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
188
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-15. Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls by State, 1962–2000 (Thousands of persons.) State
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Alabama ..................................... Alaska ......................................... Arizona ....................................... Arkansas ..................................... California ....................................
791.8 58.9 364.8 399.7 5 217.7
812.5 62.1 377.2 416.3 5 412.3
843.8 65.4 389.1 431.8 5 606.5
886.5 70.5 403.7 458.8 5 800.3
935.6 73.1 434.8 489.8 6 145.2
951.8 76.9 445.6 501.0 6 367.6
970.1 79.9 473.4 514.6 6 642.1
1 000.2 86.8 517.2 533.8 6 931.5
1 010.5 93.1 547.4 536.2 6 946.2
1 021.9 97.8 581.4 551.0 6 917.0
1 072.3 103.5 646.3 581.5 7 209.9
1 135.5 110.0 714.5 614.5 7 621.9
1 169.8 127.9 746.0 640.7 7 834.3
Colorado ..................................... Connecticut ................................. Delaware .................................... District of Columbia .................... Florida .........................................
557.5 949.8 156.4 527.2 1 387.8
571.7 969.3 163.6 542.5 1 447.4
583.2 991.2 170.8 551.5 1 526.5
598.9 1 032.9 184.1 572.5 1 619.1
631.2 1 095.4 193.2 587.0 1 726.8
655.8 1 130.1 197.4 594.7 1 816.4
686.6 1 158.0 202.9 582.8 1 932.3
720.7 1 194.1 211.9 575.0 2 069.9
750.2 1 197.5 216.8 566.7 2 152.1
787.0 1 164.3 224.9 566.6 2 276.4
869.4 1 190.4 232.4 572.0 2 513.1
936.0 1 238.7 239.4 573.7 2 778.6
959.7 1 264.0 233.1 580.1 2 863.8
Georgia ....................................... Hawaii ......................................... Idaho ........................................... Illinois .......................................... Indiana ........................................
1 092.7 195.2 164.6 3 572.5 1 461.3
1 139.7 199.6 164.7 3 614.4 1 498.7
1 186.7 207.8 168.6 3 712.2 1 545.7
1 257.1 219.4 177.6 3 880.4 1 631.1
1 337.9 232.1 184.8 4 095.3 1 737.2
1 394.7 241.7 187.7 4 209.7 1 777.0
1 455.6 255.3 192.9 4 284.9 1 817.4
1 531.7 275.9 201.4 4 376.1 1 880.3
1 557.5 293.7 207.8 4 345.6 1 849.0
1 602.9 301.5 217.1 4 296.4 1 841.1
1 695.2 312.7 236.5 4 314.8 1 921.9
1 802.5 327.5 251.7 4 466.9 2 028.1
1 827.5 335.9 266.8 4 545.7 2 031.4
Iowa ............................................ Kansas ........................................ Kentucky ..................................... Louisiana .................................... Maine ..........................................
685.2 573.5 673.7 790.1 279.5
699.8 574.2 702.9 810.3 279.6
718.3 587.2 721.7 849.4 285.1
752.2 600.4 758.9 898.4 295.4
803.8 634.3 803.8 957.9 309.2
832.8 652.8 836.5 997.3 316.9
852.1 672.1 868.6 1 020.5 323.2
873.4 686.4 895.5 1 032.7 330.0
876.9 678.8 910.1 1 033.6 332.2
882.7 677.8 931.5 1 055.9 332.3
912.3 717.5 988.3 1 128.6 343.7
961.3 763.3 1 038.6 1 176.1 354.8
999.0 790.0 1 065.9 1 220.8 361.5
Maryland ..................................... Massachusetts ............................ Michigan ..................................... Minnesota ................................... Mississippi ..................................
946.7 1 942.7 2 334.9 984.5 425.7
978.6 1 943.2 2 410.4 1 001.7 443.7
1 009.7 1 958.1 2 512.9 1 028.0 460.2
1 057.6 2 015.8 2 685.3 1 080.6 486.6
1 132.0 2 097.4 2 861.0 1 148.3 521.6
1 178.6 2 147.9 2 900.5 1 199.8 535.1
1 223.9 2 187.9 2 959.7 1 243.5 551.9
1 272.4 2 249.4 3 081.1 1 299.8 573.0
1 349.2 2 243.5 2 999.0 1 315.3 583.9
1 371.5 2 211.4 2 995.0 1 310.2 602.2
1 415.0 2 251.7 3 118.9 1 357.1 649.3
1 471.5 2 333.5 3 284.3 1 436.1 693.2
1 493.6 2 353.7 3 277.6 1 481.0 710.8
Missouri ...................................... Montana ...................................... Nebraska .................................... Nevada ....................................... New Hampshire ..........................
1 357.2 169.7 396.4 126.9 207.9
1 383.5 172.6 401.9 142.8 208.8
1 418.3 174.2 408.9 149.3 212.8
1 478.3 179.2 418.7 157.4 220.8
1 554.1 184.6 434.1 162.0 235.2
1 595.5 188.0 449.3 166.1 244.0
1 631.3 192.5 458.8 177.3 251.8
1 672.1 195.5 474.4 193.5 259.2
1 668.0 199.1 484.3 203.3 258.5
1 660.8 204.8 490.8 210.5 259.9
1 700.1 215.3 517.0 223.4 278.5
1 770.6 224.2 541.3 244.6 297.8
1 789.5 234.0 562.1 256.1 300.3
New Jersey ................................. New Mexico ................................ New York .................................... North Carolina ............................ North Dakota ..............................
2 095.8 242.6 6 261.3 1 258.5 131.3
2 129.4 248.6 6 273.7 1 298.6 136.7
2 168.7 255.7 6 370.7 1 353.7 142.6
2 259.0 262.5 6 518.7 1 431.2 146.1
2 359.1 271.7 6 709.5 1 534.2 148.3
2 421.5 272.6 6 858.3 1 600.9 151.5
2 485.2 276.6 7 001.7 1 678.5 155.6
2 569.6 287.5 7 182.0 1 747.0 157.8
2 606.2 292.6 7 156.4 1 782.7 163.6
2 607.6 305.7 7 011.4 1 813.8 167.0
2 672.5 327.5 7 038.5 1 911.9 176.1
2 759.7 346.0 7 132.2 2 018.1 183.9
2 783.0 360.2 7 077.1 2 048.2 193.8
Ohio ............................................ Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ........................................ Pennsylvania .............................. Rhode Island ..............................
3 099.2 596.7 529.0 3 694.9 298.3
3 145.2 606.7 549.5 3 694.8 298.1
3 216.3 619.3 573.9 3 777.1 303.9
3 364.3 642.5 608.4 3 917.5 316.3
3 537.3 676.0 640.4 4 077.1 330.0
3 619.8 699.7 652.1 4 171.3 338.3
3 750.8 720.4 679.2 4 263.5 343.0
3 887.3 748.3 708.5 4 374.9 346.4
3 880.7 762.6 710.5 4 351.6 344.1
3 839.6 774.4 729.1 4 291.3 342.8
3 938.4 811.9 774.7 4 400.0 358.1
4 112.9 851.9 816.2 4 506.5 365.9
4 169.4 886.9 838.2 4 514.6 367.0
South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee .................................. Texas .......................................... Utah ............................................
609.8 153.9 969.4 2 631.2 286.1
630.6 152.6 1 002.5 2 706.5 293.7
651.4 152.2 1 045.5 2 808.0 293.2
686.0 155.5 1 108.5 2 932.4 299.8
734.9 160.1 1 184.4 3 108.7 317.4
754.4 163.9 1 218.8 3 259.4 326.6
782.9 167.8 1 264.0 3 424.3 335.1
819.8 172.9 1 309.8 3 597.1 348.2
842.0 175.4 1 327.6 3 624.9 357.0
862.6 179.0 1 356.8 3 683.5 369.3
920.3 189.9 1 450.1 3 884.4 393.0
984.0 199.1 1 531.1 4 141.7 414.8
1 015.8 206.6 1 558.2 4 360.2 434.1
Vermont ...................................... Virginia ........................................ Washington ................................. West Virginia .............................. Wisconsin ...................................
110.5 1 081.8 856.8 447.5 1 207.2
111.5 1 123.8 850.6 449.9 1 233.5
113.7 1 163.0 854.7 460.9 1 270.9
121.3 1 218.9 896.4 476.6 1 331.7
130.8 1 285.3 988.4 495.1 1 394.1
136.3 1 330.2 1 045.3 503.6 1 430.5
140.3 1 385.1 1 099.4 508.4 1 472.1
145.5 1 436.4 1 120.1 512.3 1 525.1
147.9 1 518.9 1 079.4 516.5 1 530.4
148.1 1 567.2 1 064.5 520.0 1 525.4
153.6 1 655.2 1 100.1 540.5 1 580.8
161.3 1 753.4 1 152.3 561.6 1 660.5
162.8 1 804.3 1 199.1 572.4 1 703.4
Wyoming .....................................
95.5
96.2
97.2
96.6
97.2
99.0
102.9
106.9
108.3
111.0
117.3
126.1
136.5
Puerto Rico ................................. Virgin Islands ..............................
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
See footnote at end of table.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
189
Table 2-15. Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls by State, 1962–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) State
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
Alabama ..................................... Alaska ......................................... Arizona ....................................... Arkansas ..................................... California ....................................
1 155.4 161.8 729.1 623.8 7 847.2
1 207.0 171.7 758.7 660.0 8 154.2
1 269.2 163.3 809.3 695.6 8 599.7
1 336.5 163.5 895.4 732.7 9 199.8
1 362.0 166.9 979.9 749.4 9 664.6
1 356.1 169.4 1 014.0 742.3 9 848.8
1 347.6 186.1 1 040.8 740.1 9 985.3
1 312.5 200.4 1 029.8 720.1 9 810.3
1 328.8 214.3 1 077.8 741.3 9 917.8
1 387.7 225.7 1 181.9 780.2 10 390.0
1 427.1 230.7 1 278.6 797.1 10 769.8
1 463.3 220.7 1 337.8 813.8 11 085.5
1 507.7 210.1 1 385.8 836.6 11 472.6
Colorado ..................................... Connecticut ................................. Delaware .................................... District of Columbia .................... Florida .........................................
963.5 1 223.4 229.9 576.5 2 746.4
1 003.4 1 239.7 236.7 575.8 2 784.3
1 058.1 1 282.3 238.8 578.7 2 933.2
1 150.0 1 346.1 247.8 596.3 3 180.6
1 218.0 1 398.0 256.7 612.5 3 381.2
1 251.1 1 426.8 259.2 616.1 3 576.2
1 295.2 1 438.3 259.2 611.0 3 736.0
1 316.6 1 428.5 259.2 597.9 3 761.9
1 327.2 1 444.2 266.1 596.6 3 905.4
1 402.3 1 517.3 280.0 613.8 4 204.2
1 418.7 1 558.2 293.4 629.0 4 410.0
1 408.3 1 598.4 303.2 640.0 4 599.4
1 412.6 1 638.2 320.7 655.6 4 848.1
Georgia ....................................... Hawaii ......................................... Idaho ........................................... Illinois .......................................... Indiana ........................................
1 755.7 342.8 273.0 4 418.9 1 941.7
1 839.1 349.2 291.0 4 565.7 2 023.8
1 926.4 359.4 307.4 4 655.5 2 114.0
2 050.1 377.3 331.3 4 788.8 2 205.5
2 127.5 394.0 338.0 4 880.0 2 236.3
2 159.4 404.1 330.0 4 850.3 2 129.5
2 198.6 404.8 327.8 4 732.3 2 114.4
2 201.5 399.4 312.2 4 593.3 2 028.0
2 279.5 406.2 317.9 4 530.6 2 029.5
2 448.7 412.7 330.5 4 672.3 2 122.3
2 569.8 425.7 336.0 4 755.3 2 168.6
2 672.4 438.6 328.2 4 790.7 2 221.8
2 782.0 460.0 333.4 4 928.3 2 304.9
Iowa ............................................ Kansas ........................................ Kentucky ..................................... Louisiana .................................... Maine ..........................................
998.7 801.2 1 057.6 1 249.5 356.9
1 036.9 834.8 1 103.1 1 314.4 375.3
1 079.2 871.0 1 148.3 1 364.6 387.8
1 119.2 912.5 1 209.9 1 463.5 405.6
1 131.7 946.8 1 245.4 1 517.4 415.9
1 109.9 944.7 1 210.0 1 578.9 418.3
1 088.6 949.7 1 196.0 1 630.5 419.2
1 041.9 921.4 1 160.7 1 607.0 415.5
1 040.4 921.6 1 152.3 1 565.2 425.0
1 074.7 960.8 1 213.8 1 601.5 445.7
1 074.2 967.9 1 250.3 1 591.2 458.4
1 073.8 984.8 1 274.1 1 518.5 477.4
1 109.1 1 005.1 1 328.2 1 483.6 501.1
Maryland ..................................... Massachusetts ............................ Michigan ..................................... Minnesota ................................... Mississippi ..................................
1 479.3 2 273.1 3 136.6 1 474.4 692.3
1 498.3 2 323.5 3 283.0 1 520.9 727.5
1 545.6 2 416.0 3 442.3 1 597.3 765.9
1 625.8 2 526.3 3 609.4 1 689.3 813.7
1 691.3 2 603.5 3 637.1 1 767.0 838.1
1 711.8 2 654.3 3 442.8 1 770.2 829.3
1 715.8 2 671.8 3 364.4 1 761.3 819.1
1 675.8 2 642.0 3 193.3 1 707.3 790.9
1 724.1 2 696.5 3 223.1 1 718.4 792.8
1 814.0 2 855.8 3 381.0 1 819.8 820.8
1 887.8 2 930.0 3 561.5 1 865.5 838.9
1 952.0 2 988.8 3 657.3 1 892.5 848.2
2 028.0 3 065.8 3 735.8 1 962.5 864.4
Missouri ...................................... Montana ...................................... Nebraska .................................... Nevada ....................................... New Hampshire ..........................
1 740.6 238.1 557.8 263.1 292.8
1 797.8 251.1 572.1 279.8 313.4
1 861.8 264.8 593.7 308.2 337.1
1 953.1 280.4 609.9 350.3 359.6
2 011.1 283.8 631.2 383.7 1378.5
1 969.8 280.4 627.6 399.9 385.4
1 956.3 281.8 623.2 411.2 394.6
1 922.4 273.7 609.8 401.1 394.4
1 937.0 276.0 610.8 402.8 409.5
2 032.7 281.1 635.4 426.0 441.5
2 094.7 279.1 650.5 446.4 466.0
2 142.6 275.4 652.5 468.1 490.1
2 197.8 274.1 667.2 500.2 512.8
New Jersey ................................. New Mexico ................................ New York .................................... North Carolina ............................ North Dakota ..............................
2 699.9 370.2 6 829.9 1 979.9 203.6
2 753.7 390.0 6 789.5 2 082.7 215.0
2 836.9 415.4 6 857.6 2 170.4 221.1
2 961.9 444.3 7 044.5 2 277.4 234.0
3 027.2 461.0 7 179.4 2 373.0 244.2
3 060.4 465.4 7 207.1 2 380.0 245.2
3 098.9 475.5 7 287.3 2 391.6 249.4
3 092.7 473.6 7 254.6 2 347.0 249.7
3 165.1 479.5 7 313.3 2 419.2 250.6
3 329.2 502.8 7 570.4 2 565.2 252.5
3 414.1 520.2 7 751.3 2 651.2 252.0
3 488.1 525.9 7 907.9 2 744.1 249.9
3 576.3 529.3 8 059.4 2 862.6 252.8
Ohio ............................................ Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ........................................ Pennsylvania .............................. Rhode Island ..............................
4 016.2 899.7 837.4 4 435.8 349.2
4 094.6 931.1 878.5 4 512.8 366.7
4 230.1 971.5 936.9 4 565.2 381.7
4 394.9 1 035.7 1 009.2 4 716.2 395.8
4 484.8 1 087.9 1 056.0 4 806.1 400.0
4 367.4 1 138.1 1 044.6 4 753.1 398.3
4 317.7 1 201.2 1 018.7 4 728.9 401.4
4 124.3 1 216.9 961.1 4 580.1 390.5
4 092.5 1 170.6 966.7 4 524.3 396.3
4 260.2 1 180.3 1 006.9 4 654.8 416.4
4 372.9 1 165.3 1 030.0 4 730.3 429.2
4 471.4 1 124.4 1 058.5 4 790.9 442.5
4 582.6 1 108.5 1 100.1 4 915.1 451.9
South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee .................................. Texas .......................................... Utah ............................................
982.6 209.3 1 505.7 4 462.9 440.3
1 038.1 218.6 1 575.4 4 683.7 462.8
1 081.7 226.6 1 648.1 4 906.8 488.7
1 137.5 236.6 1 737.0 5 271.6 525.4
1 176.0 241.4 1 777.3 5 601.8 548.4
1 188.8 238.0 1 746.6 5 851.2 550.8
1 196.4 236.0 1 755.4 6 180.0 558.0
1 162.3 230.2 1 703.0 6 263.4 560.9
1 189.0 235.3 1 719.0 6 193.6 566.9
1 262.5 247.0 1 812.0 6 492.4 601.2
1 296.2 249.4 1 867.8 6 663.1 624.3
1 338.0 251.9 1 929.8 6 564.2 634.1
1 392.2 256.9 2 011.6 6 516.9 640.0
Vermont ...................................... Virginia ........................................ Washington ................................. West Virginia .............................. Wisconsin ...................................
162.1 1 778.7 1 225.7 574.7 1 676.8
168.4 1 848.1 1 282.9 596.3 1 725.9
178.4 1 930.4 1 367.0 611.6 1 798.9
190.6 2 033.5 1 485.4 633.1 1 887.0
197.9 2 115.0 1 581.2 658.6 1 960.2
200.1 2 157.2 1 608.3 645.9 1 938.1
204.3 2 160.8 1 612.0 628.5 1 923.2
202.9 2 146.4 1 568.6 607.8 1 866.7
206.4 2 206.9 1 586.1 582.3 1 867.3
214.9 2 333.3 1 659.6 596.6 1 949.2
224.7 2 454.7 1 710.4 597.2 1 983.1
234.4 2 557.7 1 769.9 597.5 2 023.9
245.6 2 680.4 1 851.8 599.0 2 089.6
Wyoming .....................................
146.0
156.5
170.5
187.4
200.7
210.2
223.5
217.7
202.5
204.3
206.9
196.3
182.6
Puerto Rico ................................. Virgin Islands ..............................
... 33.1
... 31.3
... 32.2
... 33.8
... 36.1
693.1 37.3
679.7 37.7
641.6 36.5
645.6 36.4
684.2 36.6
692.5 36.9
728.0 37.7
763.8 39.6
See footnote at end of table.
190
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-15. Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls by State, 1962–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) State
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Alabama ..................................... Alaska ......................................... Arizona ....................................... Arkansas ..................................... California ....................................
1 558.7 213.7 1 419.3 865.4 11 911.5
1 601.2 227.0 1 454.5 893.4 12 238.5
1 635.7 238.1 1 483.0 923.5 12 499.9
1 642.0 242.8 1 491.4 936.4 12 359.0
1 674.5 247.2 1 517.0 963.1 12 153.5
1 716.8 252.9 1 584.4 994.0 12 045.3
1 758.5 259.3 1 692.1 1 034.1 12 159.5
1 803.6 262.0 1 795.7 1 069.4 12 422.2
1 828.6 263.6 1 892.3 1 086.0 12 743.4
1 866.3 268.7 1 984.6 1 104.0 13 129.7
1 898.1 275.0 2 074.7 1 122.2 13 596.1
1 919.5 277.8 2 163.1 1 141.7 13 991.8
1 933.6 284.0 2 248.0 1 161.6 14 518.6
Colorado ..................................... Connecticut ................................. Delaware .................................... District of Columbia .................... Florida .........................................
1 436.1 1 667.4 334.2 673.6 5 066.6
1 482.3 1 665.6 344.5 680.6 5 260.9
1 520.9 1 623.5 347.6 686.1 5 387.4
1 545.0 1 555.2 341.8 677.3 5 294.3
1 596.9 1 526.2 341.3 673.6 5 358.7
1 670.7 1 531.1 348.6 670.3 5 571.4
1 755.9 1 543.7 356.0 658.8 5 799.4
1 834.4 1 561.5 366.4 642.6 15 996.1
1 900.4 1 583.6 376.4 623.1 6 183.3
1 979.5 1 612.6 387.9 618.4 6 414.4
2 057.0 1 643.4 400.2 613.6 6 636.5
2 131.8 1 669.1 412.9 627.4 6 827.0
2 214.8 1 693.4 420.9 646.8 7 076.4
Georgia ....................................... Hawaii ......................................... Idaho ........................................... Illinois .......................................... Indiana ........................................
2 875.9 478.1 348.5 5 097.5 2 395.6
2 941.1 505.5 365.8 5 213.9 2 479.3
2 991.8 528.4 384.9 5 288.3 2 521.9
2 937.5 539.1 398.1 5 231.5 2 507.3
2 987.2 542.8 416.4 5 234.9 2 554.2
3 109.2 538.8 436.5 5 330.5 2 626.9
3 265.9 536.2 460.9 5 462.9 2 712.7
3 402.3 532.8 477.3 5 593.1 2 786.5
3 527.4 530.7 492.9 5 684.7 2 814.4
3 614.4 531.6 509.9 5 772.1 2 858.6
3 740.8 531.3 521.8 5 898.5 2 917.3
3 883.1 535.0 538.9 5 958.3 2 969.9
3 993.3 551.5 560.0 6 029.0 3 010.3
Iowa ............................................ Kansas ........................................ Kentucky ..................................... Louisiana .................................... Maine ..........................................
1 156.2 1 035.4 1 381.9 1 511.6 527.1
1 200.1 1 064.2 1 433.0 1 538.5 541.8
1 226.3 1 088.5 1 470.5 1 589.9 534.9
1 238.1 1 095.4 1 474.7 1 613.0 513.4
1 252.6 1 115.0 1 508.5 1 626.9 511.9
1 278.6 1 133.3 1 547.9 1 658.6 519.4
1 319.9 1 165.8 1 597.2 1 722.1 531.6
1 358.1 1 198.0 1 642.8 1 772.4 538.2
1 383.4 1 226.7 1 671.7 1 809.7 542.5
1 407.0 1 268.2 1 711.2 1 849.9 553.7
1 442.8 1 312.2 1 752.8 1 889.5 569.2
1 468.6 1 327.0 1 795.5 1 896.2 586.3
1 478.4 1 345.7 1 824.7 1 931.3 604.1
Maryland ..................................... Massachusetts ............................ Michigan ..................................... Minnesota ................................... Mississippi ..................................
2 102.3 3 130.8 3 819.2 2 028.1 896.2
2 155.2 3 108.6 3 922.3 2 086.8 919.3
2 171.2 2 984.8 3 969.6 2 126.7 936.6
2 099.8 2 821.2 3 891.1 2 136.8 937.5
2 081.3 2 795.1 3 927.4 2 184.9 960.3
2 102.4 2 840.2 4 005.8 2 242.7 1 002.3
2 145.8 2 903.8 4 146.8 2 310.4 1 055.5
2 182.7 2 976.6 4 273.9 2 378.6 1 074.5
2 211.2 3 035.4 4 360.7 2 433.3 1 088.9
2 267.1 3 109.2 4 448.2 2 490.8 1 107.1
2 324.4 3 178.6 4 510.1 2 555.1 1 133.7
2 386.5 3 236.8 4 582.0 2 613.0 1 153.2
2 449.1 3 319.2 4 679.3 2 669.0 1 157.1
Missouri ...................................... Montana ...................................... Nebraska .................................... Nevada ....................................... New Hampshire ..........................
2 258.9 282.9 688.1 537.6 529.0
2 315.0 291.0 708.0 581.2 529.1
2 345.0 297.3 730.1 620.9 508.0
2 309.1 303.7 739.2 628.7 482.1
2 333.7 316.6 750.1 638.7 487.0
2 394.5 325.6 767.2 671.4 502.4
2 470.5 340.2 796.1 738.0 523.1
2 520.9 350.8 816.4 786.1 539.7
2 567.4 360.3 834.8 843.0 553.6
2 639.4 364.9 854.3 890.7 570.2
2 684.0 373.0 876.3 925.9 589.0
2 726.6 380.4 892.7 982.9 605.8
2 757.6 389.1 909.5 1 028.7 620.7
New Jersey ................................. New Mexico ................................ New York .................................... North Carolina ............................ North Dakota ..............................
3 651.0 547.5 8 186.9 2 986.6 256.7
3 689.8 562.2 8 246.8 3 073.9 260.4
3 635.1 580.4 8 212.4 3 117.7 265.9
3 498.7 585.4 7 886.7 3 072.2 270.6
3 457.9 601.5 7 730.3 3 125.5 277.2
3 493.1 626.2 7 759.8 3 244.7 284.8
3 552.8 657.2 7 831.4 3 358.9 294.9
3 600.7 682.4 7 892.2 3 459.5 301.8
3 638.9 694.6 7 938.7 3 546.5 308.7
3 724.6 708.5 8 067.1 3 663.2 314.1
3 801.3 720.0 8 236.7 3 773.8 319.5
3 901.1 729.6 8 455.4 3 870.4 323.9
3 996.2 743.9 8 632.3 3 946.8 327.3
Ohio ............................................ Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ........................................ Pennsylvania .............................. Rhode Island ..............................
4 700.6 1 131.5 1 152.8 5 041.7 459.4
4 817.4 1 163.8 1 205.8 5 138.5 461.9
4 882.3 1 195.9 1 247.1 5 170.1 451.2
4 818.6 1 211.0 1 244.7 5 083.7 421.5
4 847.7 1 221.7 1 267.6 5 075.5 424.8
4 918.3 1 247.0 1 308.4 5 122.8 430.0
5 076.0 1 279.5 1 362.9 5 192.4 434.2
5 221.0 1 316.1 1 418.4 5 253.1 440.1
5 296.4 1 353.5 1 474.6 5 306.2 441.6
5 392.4 1 392.5 1 526.4 5 406.5 450.0
5 482.2 1 441.2 1 551.8 5 494.9 458.0
5 563.5 1 461.9 1 575.0 5 586.1 465.5
5 642.1 1 484.9 1 603.3 5 698.4 475.7
South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee .................................. Texas .......................................... Utah ............................................
1 449.0 266.1 2 092.1 6 677.8 660.0
1 499.7 276.0 2 167.2 6 840.0 691.1
1 545.0 288.7 2 193.2 7 095.4 723.6
1 513.4 296.4 2 183.6 7 174.7 745.2
1 527.7 308.7 2 245.0 7 269.1 768.7
1 570.1 318.7 2 328.5 7 481.5 809.8
1 607.2 332.0 2 423.0 7 750.9 859.7
1 646.1 343.5 2 499.0 8 022.5 907.7
1 675.2 348.7 2 533.4 8 256.1 954.5
1 720.2 354.9 2 584.0 8 608.0 993.8
1 783.3 363.2 2 638.5 8 940.1 1 023.3
1 830.6 373.2 2 685.4 9 159.2 1 048.6
1 876.7 379.1 2 737.5 9 444.3 1 077.1
Vermont ...................................... Virginia ........................................ Washington ................................. West Virginia .............................. Wisconsin ...................................
256.1 2 772.5 1 941.4 609.8 2 168.5
261.8 2 861.9 2 046.8 614.7 2 236.4
257.5 2 896.3 2 143.0 630.1 2 291.5
248.9 2 828.9 2 177.4 629.1 2 302.0
251.0 2 848.4 2 222.4 640.0 2 357.9
257.2 2 918.9 2 253.0 652.6 2 412.7
263.8 3 003.6 2 304.3 674.6 2 490.8
270.0 3 069.7 2 346.9 687.8 2 558.5
274.9 3 136.0 2 415.6 698.6 2 600.5
279.2 3 231.8 2 514.2 707.8 2 655.7
284.8 3 320.0 2 594.9 719.2 2 718.0
291.3 3 412.4 2 648.7 726.0 2 783.9
298.2 3 507.2 2 716.8 735.6 2 834.2
Wyoming .....................................
189.0
192.8
198.5
203.1
205.6
210.3
216.8
219.4
221.1
224.5
228.3
233.0
239.3
Puerto Rico ................................. Virgin Islands ..............................
817.8 41.5
837.4 42.0
843.8 43.1
835.6 43.8
855.8 44.8
869.4 48.6
895.8 44.6
927.3 42.1
970.6 41.3
986.8 41.5
994.4 41.7
1 009.0 41.1
1 012.4 42.1
1. Data not continuous.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
191
Table 2-16. Employees on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1962–2000 (Thousands of persons.) State
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Alabama ..................................... Alaska ......................................... Arizona ....................................... Arkansas ..................................... California ....................................
242.2 5.5 55.2 114.0 1 382.5
249.4 5.7 58.0 119.4 1 394.3
259.2 5.6 59.5 126.7 1 389.4
279.2 6.3 64.9 135.9 1 411.2
296.9 6.6 77.7 149.7 1 531.3
300.6 6.6 79.1 153.4 1 594.0
310.0 6.9 84.9 159.0 1 639.7
327.3 7.3 94.2 169.1 1 661.3
327.2 8.6 91.2 168.6 1 558.0
322.7 7.8 89.2 172.5 1 473.2
333.4 8.1 98.7 185.2 1 542.7
350.9 9.5 110.2 200.4 1 660.7
353.7 9.7 112.9 203.9 1 701.3
Colorado ..................................... Connecticut ................................. Delaware .................................... District of Columbia .................... Florida .........................................
96.1 418.3 56.1 20.6 223.1
96.4 420.8 59.1 20.6 229.3
93.5 421.0 61.9 20.7 237.9
92.6 436.1 67.8 21.1 252.6
102.7 471.4 71.0 21.7 276.1
106.1 479.5 71.7 22.0 293.8
110.5 474.3 72.9 21.4 311.4
118.3 471.7 73.6 20.8 329.2
120.8 441.9 71.1 19.3 322.5
123.5 399.0 68.8 18.5 322.7
131.5 400.1 69.4 17.8 351.3
143.3 420.2 73.7 17.4 380.6
146.6 430.9 70.8 17.0 375.9
Georgia ....................................... Hawaii ......................................... Idaho ........................................... Illinois .......................................... Indiana ........................................
350.5 25.0 30.5 1 214.0 601.8
363.8 25.0 30.4 1 218.6 614.5
378.9 25.2 31.8 1 253.3 630.9
403.9 24.5 33.3 1 318.4 673.6
431.5 24.2 35.6 1 410.5 719.7
438.9 24.7 35.3 1 409.6 716.0
452.9 23.8 37.9 1 404.0 722.9
477.6 25.2 39.9 1 417.4 752.3
467.1 25.6 40.3 1 358.6 710.2
461.7 25.2 41.2 1 282.4 683.4
476.6 24.9 43.6 1 284.2 709.4
494.5 23.8 46.9 1 353.5 758.2
483.7 22.7 48.0 1 345.1 737.2
Iowa ............................................ Kansas ........................................ Kentucky ..................................... Louisiana .................................... Maine ..........................................
174.8 120.4 176.4 141.9 104.3
179.0 117.9 184.7 148.9 102.8
183.5 123.1 194.0 155.4 104.0
192.9 124.7 207.8 161.1 108.0
212.1 142.3 228.6 168.3 115.0
219.3 149.3 234.2 176.7 116.3
223.1 151.0 242.9 181.9 118.0
225.4 150.6 250.4 184.6 115.7
216.0 137.2 255.4 179.0 110.4
209.8 132.5 253.3 177.7 102.7
222.9 145.7 268.3 183.2 102.4
241.3 164.5 288.3 190.5 104.5
249.9 169.2 290.9 192.5 105.1
Maryland ..................................... Massachusetts ............................ Michigan ..................................... Minnesota ................................... Mississippi ..................................
258.6 687.6 952.2 239.1 128.0
260.4 663.5 989.6 242.1 134.5
258.2 649.9 1 032.0 246.4 140.4
264.8 668.2 1 112.4 261.6 153.0
279.8 699.1 1 179.6 287.4 166.6
283.3 700.8 1 148.8 302.2 167.4
280.6 689.5 1 172.5 314.7 175.5
281.7 681.5 1 203.8 331.4 182.5
271.4 648.2 1 081.1 318.7 182.1
252.4 605.7 1 059.2 298.8 189.5
248.8 610.2 1 097.4 310.2 207.7
257.0 634.7 1 178.8 331.2 221.0
254.5 639.3 1 114.0 340.7 220.0
Missouri ...................................... Montana ...................................... Nebraska .................................... Nevada ....................................... New Hampshire ..........................
390.3 21.9 67.6 6.0 88.6
396.8 22.3 66.2 6.8 85.9
405.7 21.4 67.2 6.9 85.6
420.1 22.1 68.7 7.1 89.8
448.7 22.9 74.7 7.1 96.0
457.4 22.4 79.7 6.8 97.6
462.7 23.2 82.8 7.1 99.7
465.7 24.1 86.2 8.2 97.9
449.4 23.9 84.5 8.6 91.6
430.3 23.9 82.6 8.8 86.3
441.5 24.5 85.0 9.8 90.8
459.7 24.8 90.5 11.8 96.0
451.6 24.5 93.4 12.3 94.2
New Jersey ................................. New Mexico ................................ New York .................................... North Carolina ............................ North Dakota ..............................
812.8 17.6 1 837.9 525.6 7.0
809.4 17.2 1 804.1 537.0 7.8
806.7 17.9 1 794.8 557.1 8.4
837.5 17.6 1 838.1 590.6 8.7
879.3 18.6 1 894.5 638.1 8.9
882.8 18.3 1 885.7 657.5 8.6
893.7 18.5 1 879.0 686.1 8.9
892.5 20.7 1 870.8 714.0 9.0
860.7 21.4 1 760.6 713.0 9.9
818.3 22.6 1 633.5 716.2 10.2
823.3 26.1 1 602.2 756.8 10.8
842.6 28.9 1 619.1 796.9 12.6
825.9 29.6 1 574.6 789.6 14.7
Ohio ............................................ Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ........................................ Pennsylvania .............................. Rhode Island ..............................
1 218.2 90.4 143.4 1 403.9 118.9
1 236.6 90.9 145.1 1 401.0 115.5
1 259.1 96.6 151.7 1 434.8 116.0
1 326.0 103.0 158.2 1 494.1 121.0
1 404.4 113.3 167.2 1 565.3 127.6
1 401.4 116.4 165.4 1 562.4 127.4
1 433.5 121.7 173.7 1 570.0 127.4
1 471.0 129.9 180.5 1 588.9 127.9
1 409.9 134.1 172.3 1 528.8 120.9
1 333.8 132.7 174.3 1 438.1 115.2
1 346.8 141.1 184.2 1 444.0 121.0
1 426.3 151.9 196.9 1 480.1 125.6
1 416.6 156.7 197.1 1 464.5 126.0
South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee .................................. Texas .......................................... Utah ............................................
260.1 14.0 331.6 502.1 54.3
269.6 14.8 344.7 516.5 55.5
277.7 13.3 361.5 540.5 52.5
293.0 13.5 386.6 572.1 50.0
313.7 14.3 424.2 622.1 51.2
319.0 15.4 434.8 661.9 50.9
327.3 15.9 454.3 709.4 51.9
341.5 15.9 469.0 750.2 54.8
340.3 15.8 463.8 734.3 56.0
337.2 16.5 459.5 710.5 56.5
354.3 18.4 489.2 738.7 60.5
374.9 19.8 519.4 790.2 65.1
375.9 20.9 513.3 831.3 70.4
Vermont ...................................... Virginia ........................................ Washington ................................. West Virginia .............................. Wisconsin ...................................
35.6 292.4 232.6 122.6 455.9
34.9 297.5 224.0 124.2 461.4
34.7 308.6 219.3 126.2 469.6
38.6 322.5 227.0 129.2 491.9
43.4 340.0 265.2 133.0 508.6
44.2 346.0 277.1 133.2 508.7
43.7 362.7 286.9 132.4 510.3
43.4 371.0 278.5 131.0 520.9
40.5 366.0 239.5 126.5 500.9
37.9 366.2 214.7 122.9 479.6
38.5 387.8 224.1 123.3 495.4
41.6 401.8 244.2 129.0 531.7
42.8 401.9 253.6 132.1 546.1
Wyoming .....................................
7.5
7.2
7.7
7.1
6.8
7.1
6.8
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.9
8.4
8.4
Puerto Rico ................................. Virgin Islands ..............................
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
See footnote at end of table.
192
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-16. Employees on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1962–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) State
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
Alabama ..................................... Alaska ......................................... Arizona ....................................... Arkansas ..................................... California ....................................
321.9 9.6 99.8 179.2 1 593.7
340.2 10.3 105.6 195.1 1 659.8
354.3 10.9 113.9 209.3 1 737.8
368.9 11.6 126.9 217.5 1 884.6
374.9 12.7 144.1 217.8 2 012.7
363.1 13.4 154.4 209.1 2 018.2
362.0 14.0 160.6 209.7 2 032.3
337.8 12.6 154.5 195.2 1 957.7
340.9 11.9 155.8 200.3 1 927.0
359.8 11.3 172.8 213.0 2 004.1
358.1 12.1 181.6 209.6 2 024.2
358.6 12.6 184.6 211.8 2 039.1
368.8 12.9 187.4 219.6 2 060.1
Colorado ..................................... Connecticut ................................. Delaware .................................... District of Columbia .................... Florida .........................................
137.2 389.8 65.7 15.5 339.4
144.5 397.0 68.2 15.3 354.0
152.8 406.7 67.6 14.8 380.9
168.2 419.6 69.0 15.0 415.5
180.6 436.5 70.2 15.3 443.6
180.4 440.8 70.9 15.4 456.4
186.2 439.0 71.0 14.5 472.2
183.3 418.7 67.9 13.7 456.7
180.7 403.2 68.2 14.2 464.3
195.3 415.1 70.6 14.5 501.9
192.2 408.0 72.2 14.8 514.4
185.3 394.0 68.7 15.7 517.2
184.5 384.2 70.5 16.1 531.0
Georgia ....................................... Hawaii ......................................... Idaho ........................................... Illinois .......................................... Indiana ........................................
439.3 23.7 47.8 1 199.8 647.2
476.3 23.4 52.0 1 215.2 685.1
494.1 23.2 54.1 1 241.3 713.2
515.8 23.7 58.1 1 276.0 741.5
528.5 24.0 58.3 1 271.6 733.2
519.2 23.3 53.3 1 208.2 657.0
524.6 23.0 52.7 1 131.4 652.6
500.3 22.4 47.8 1 013.4 589.0
511.1 22.4 51.4 955.8 581.6
546.5 21.9 54.8 997.0 620.5
557.1 21.9 54.7 970.7 609.8
564.6 22.0 52.1 925.8 604.0
571.2 21.9 54.3 940.2 616.6
Iowa ............................................ Kansas ........................................ Kentucky ..................................... Louisiana .................................... Maine ..........................................
230.4 164.2 259.7 186.2 96.3
234.0 166.6 273.3 195.4 102.5
245.6 172.9 284.9 203.3 105.9
252.5 185.9 292.2 209.5 111.3
259.8 198.9 297.2 213.6 114.6
244.8 190.5 276.2 214.2 113.2
236.5 188.6 270.5 222.1 113.5
209.8 168.8 244.8 202.6 108.6
202.3 164.7 242.5 180.1 109.2
211.9 176.4 257.4 182.4 110.6
204.7 174.4 255.3 178.0 105.9
201.7 175.7 253.8 166.0 103.6
213.5 176.2 262.5 164.5 104.1
Maryland ..................................... Massachusetts ............................ Michigan ..................................... Minnesota ................................... Mississippi ..................................
230.0 577.8 983.7 313.0 201.8
232.4 593.6 1 061.7 321.7 218.9
235.1 621.0 1 128.4 339.3 230.1
241.5 652.1 1 179.6 360.4 235.3
246.9 672.8 1 160.2 381.6 235.2
236.7 673.3 998.9 371.2 221.8
231.7 668.0 979.0 364.0 220.3
215.3 636.5 876.9 346.8 203.2
214.1 629.0 880.5 346.4 204.7
219.4 667.6 962.8 373.8 218.7
217.2 649.7 1 002.4 375.4 221.6
210.2 614.4 1 000.4 369.1 223.7
208.4 599.1 972.5 376.4 228.6
Missouri ...................................... Montana ...................................... Nebraska .................................... Nevada ....................................... New Hampshire ..........................
405.3 22.1 85.4 12.2 85.1
424.9 23.7 87.9 13.0 94.5
439.6 25.1 90.6 15.1 101.4
456.8 26.3 94.1 17.8 109.8
464.4 27.0 99.6 19.4 116.5
437.0 24.2 96.4 19.2 116.6
427.5 23.2 94.9 20.1 116.6
406.8 20.6 87.9 18.8 111.7
405.4 22.1 84.7 19.1 113.3
433.8 22.5 90.5 21.0 123.4
430.3 21.8 88.4 21.9 122.5
424.7 21.1 86.0 22.3 118.1
424.0 20.8 88.6 23.3 117.5
New Jersey ................................. New Mexico ................................ New York .................................... North Carolina ............................ North Dakota ..............................
747.9 28.6 1 421.9 715.5 16.2
756.2 30.3 1 438.9 756.3 16.2
767.4 32.2 1 459.6 780.9 15.3
786.8 33.4 1 481.2 807.2 15.7
799.1 34.8 1 492.8 826.8 16.7
781.0 34.4 1 445.1 820.0 15.6
771.1 34.3 1 433.3 820.7 15.3
729.6 34.1 1 352.5 782.2 14.9
715.1 34.4 1 302.4 796.1 14.8
726.7 36.5 1 326.3 835.6 15.5
712.8 37.3 1 293.1 828.6 15.4
689.7 37.4 1 251.6 832.8 15.3
672.2 38.3 1 217.9 856.0 15.8
Ohio ............................................ Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ........................................ Pennsylvania .............................. Rhode Island ..............................
1 267.5 150.7 182.3 1 334.8 112.7
1 295.3 156.1 193.7 1 335.2 122.9
1 344.1 163.2 206.1 1 341.9 128.8
1 377.2 172.7 219.1 1 367.8 134.4
1 382.3 184.4 228.3 1 386.8 132.6
1 264.3 191.3 215.1 1 328.2 128.2
1 232.6 200.0 202.7 1 299.0 127.7
1 099.9 180.6 185.7 1 170.5 116.6
1 066.0 166.2 188.8 1 095.8 116.2
1 127.0 175.0 201.1 1 121.9 121.7
1 124.2 172.0 199.3 1 089.5 119.2
1 109.8 160.4 198.4 1 048.9 118.9
1 098.9 156.8 206.2 1 044.0 116.3
South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee .................................. Texas .......................................... Utah ............................................
339.9 19.8 459.0 815.9 67.5
371.0 22.2 486.1 862.3 70.7
380.2 23.4 507.5 893.5 74.5
391.1 24.9 526.0 962.8 80.3
399.5 27.5 524.7 1 021.9 86.8
391.9 26.1 502.1 1 056.9 87.7
390.2 25.9 506.9 1 115.3 89.6
364.3 24.8 466.7 1 045.2 85.7
362.4 25.9 468.6 963.7 85.5
377.6 29.2 497.1 1 004.3 94.0
365.4 27.5 492.4 998.6 94.0
365.2 28.2 490.5 951.1 92.0
374.0 29.3 497.4 932.0 92.1
Vermont ...................................... Virginia ........................................ Washington ................................. West Virginia .............................. Wisconsin ...................................
39.5 371.5 244.0 121.1 507.0
41.0 387.7 247.4 124.4 519.4
43.4 400.8 260.0 123.8 540.4
47.7 409.4 284.7 126.6 569.7
50.8 413.8 309.6 126.1 591.3
50.9 413.8 308.7 117.2 558.0
51.3 414.0 305.2 111.5 543.5
48.6 397.2 289.0 98.1 498.2
47.6 403.6 278.4 89.8 486.7
49.0 421.3 288.1 91.5 518.9
49.8 423.4 295.6 89.5 513.9
49.5 424.7 305.0 86.8 514.5
49.6 428.9 318.4 86.2 528.7
Wyoming .....................................
8.3
8.4
9.0
9.6
10.1
9.6
9.9
9.1
8.2
8.0
8.0
7.9
8.2
Puerto Rico ................................. Virgin Islands ..............................
... 3.1
... 3.1
... 3.1
... 2.9
... 3.2
154.6 3.2
153.1 3.1
142.7 2.7
143.7 2.5
150.1 2.3
147.5 2.2
148.8 1.8
151.3 2.1
See footnote at end of table.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
193
Table 2-16. Employees on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1962–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) State
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Alabama ..................................... Alaska ......................................... Arizona ....................................... Arkansas ..................................... California ....................................
380.6 15.0 189.0 226.3 2 096.7
385.6 15.7 188.2 231.0 2 107.0
384.5 17.2 185.3 232.8 2 068.8
379.3 18.0 176.1 233.7 1 970.9
380.7 18.0 173.2 237.0 1 890.5
384.2 17.1 176.5 244.3 1 805.1
386.4 16.6 186.4 254.0 1 777.3
391.8 16.9 194.0 259.3 1 794.2
382.6 15.9 199.9 253.8 1 851.8
380.5 15.2 207.4 252.9 1 914.0
377.8 14.4 216.0 253.5 1 951.0
367.6 14.4 211.7 252.1 1 923.0
360.9 13.8 214.9 251.3 1 944.1
Colorado ..................................... Connecticut ................................. Delaware .................................... District of Columbia .................... Florida .........................................
189.6 372.3 70.3 16.3 539.6
193.4 359.3 73.1 15.8 537.9
193.2 341.0 71.8 15.7 522.1
185.6 322.5 70.1 14.6 492.8
185.9 305.7 67.4 14.0 482.9
188.1 294.1 65.6 13.8 485.2
190.9 285.1 63.5 13.0 484.0
192.4 279.0 61.5 13.0 486.5
197.1 274.8 57.9 13.0 489.7
204.0 276.1 57.8 12.7 492.0
207.4 276.9 59.7 12.2 493.5
204.6 268.4 59.8 11.6 487.7
205.2 262.3 58.6 11.4 486.6
Georgia ....................................... Hawaii ......................................... Idaho ........................................... Illinois .......................................... Indiana ........................................
574.3 22.0 57.9 975.2 636.7
568.3 21.5 60.5 986.6 646.3
561.1 21.1 62.9 982.7 638.0
541.0 20.5 63.3 940.8 618.7
545.2 19.7 65.7 919.3 628.6
558.2 19.2 69.2 933.1 642.9
577.3 17.8 71.9 952.1 664.4
586.9 17.0 71.0 962.2 683.8
585.4 16.7 72.9 969.7 676.0
588.6 16.6 74.6 973.1 676.7
594.6 16.4 76.1 974.8 684.9
596.7 16.5 76.3 954.9 690.2
587.3 17.2 76.8 944.4 687.8
Iowa ............................................ Kansas ........................................ Kentucky ..................................... Louisiana .................................... Maine ..........................................
226.4 181.6 274.1 171.5 108.0
234.8 184.4 284.2 176.3 105.5
236.4 186.0 287.5 184.4 101.9
232.5 183.9 281.4 186.4 95.2
230.2 182.7 286.9 185.0 92.2
236.1 183.5 294.6 185.4 90.9
244.9 187.9 305.1 186.5 91.4
250.3 191.4 313.8 188.0 91.1
248.7 196.7 311.7 188.6 88.3
253.3 206.6 316.8 191.1 87.8
261.3 214.1 320.3 191.0 87.1
261.0 213.1 320.7 187.1 86.2
261.1 210.1 321.8 183.5 85.2
Maryland ..................................... Massachusetts ............................ Michigan ..................................... Minnesota ................................... Mississippi ..................................
210.2 584.7 955.4 394.1 238.8
209.8 561.1 971.3 399.8 243.6
205.9 521.3 943.6 400.8 246.5
191.7 485.0 896.7 395.2 246.9
183.7 465.7 900.6 397.1 251.9
180.2 454.8 908.3 406.5 255.7
178.2 447.2 951.5 414.7 261.0
176.0 446.1 979.7 425.8 257.8
175.0 444.7 971.7 429.6 245.6
176.9 447.9 966.3 435.0 241.8
178.2 448.2 969.7 441.2 245.5
177.9 433.6 981.8 439.0 243.9
179.7 435.7 979.8 439.9 233.9
Missouri ...................................... Montana ...................................... Nebraska .................................... Nevada ....................................... New Hampshire ..........................
433.9 21.3 93.6 24.9 117.9
440.6 22.3 94.7 25.4 113.6
438.1 22.3 97.8 26.2 105.6
415.6 21.7 99.6 25.9 98.2
412.0 22.5 100.7 26.1 97.4
411.1 23.0 103.8 29.5 97.6
414.1 23.0 108.8 33.7 100.3
420.8 23.4 112.2 36.6 102.6
416.6 23.9 113.6 38.7 104.4
418.0 24.1 116.4 40.7 107.2
418.4 24.2 118.9 41.9 108.6
411.8 24.5 118.2 42.6 106.6
403.4 24.8 119.9 44.4 105.7
New Jersey ................................. New Mexico ................................ New York .................................... North Carolina ............................ North Dakota ..............................
662.1 40.4 1 212.5 867.5 16.4
639.6 42.6 1 189.0 871.1 16.5
596.6 43.4 1 131.4 861.5 17.4
558.4 41.8 1 059.6 826.1 17.9
530.3 41.0 1 014.4 834.4 18.3
516.6 42.7 980.5 847.8 19.5
509.3 44.7 956.1 859.9 21.4
499.2 45.1 941.7 864.2 21.3
483.5 46.0 924.4 844.9 21.6
481.9 46.2 920.8 833.7 23.4
476.6 44.7 911.7 824.2 24.0
466.7 42.4 890.3 801.9 24.1
462.4 42.8 874.2 782.1 25.0
Ohio ............................................ Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ........................................ Pennsylvania .............................. Rhode Island ..............................
1 110.6 161.4 214.2 1 055.2 112.4
1 122.6 164.4 218.4 1 047.0 108.3
1 112.3 168.8 220.3 1 019.0 99.7
1 066.9 168.8 211.7 973.0 91.7
1 050.6 163.8 209.0 953.0 89.5
1 049.7 168.6 211.7 943.1 88.1
1 070.2 169.8 221.3 942.0 86.8
1 102.3 170.7 229.3 940.7 84.9
1 093.9 174.1 235.8 929.6 82.1
1 091.8 180.9 243.6 938.1 79.8
1 096.6 185.9 246.1 943.2 78.0
1 090.4 183.8 242.2 930.4 74.8
1 085.4 182.2 243.0 926.0 72.9
South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee .................................. Texas .......................................... Utah ............................................
385.0 31.6 511.9 962.6 99.0
389.6 32.3 524.5 979.1 103.1
383.3 34.4 520.3 997.4 107.3
369.2 35.0 502.7 981.0 105.8
371.0 37.0 514.5 969.6 106.9
374.8 39.6 528.4 987.6 110.7
377.4 43.5 538.9 1 009.0 116.7
377.2 46.6 538.9 1 032.8 124.2
366.0 47.8 519.3 1 056.2 129.5
362.7 49.4 517.6 1 083.9 133.0
362.1 49.7 514.7 1 107.2 132.5
344.6 50.1 511.0 1 084.4 132.0
347.2 50.0 508.4 1 086.1 131.2
Vermont ...................................... Virginia ........................................ Washington ................................. West Virginia .............................. Wisconsin ...................................
49.7 427.4 341.6 87.0 551.5
48.6 429.6 361.6 87.8 558.5
46.4 426.4 369.4 87.5 558.6
44.2 412.0 351.9 83.2 546.2
43.7 407.4 347.7 82.2 549.6
43.6 405.1 340.8 82.9 561.8
43.9 404.3 336.9 81.6 583.9
45.1 402.9 332.4 82.4 601.6
45.9 400.0 344.7 81.9 601.1
46.6 405.2 370.0 81.6 608.8
47.9 403.4 379.5 82.4 618.6
47.9 395.7 364.2 81.6 617.6
48.9 388.8 350.3 80.7 616.6
Wyoming .....................................
8.7
8.9
9.5
9.3
9.3
9.6
9.9
9.7
110.8
10.8
11.0
11.1
11.4
Puerto Rico ................................. Virgin Islands ..............................
154.5 2.4
157.3 2.3
154.9 2.4
151.6 2.7
151.7 2.8
150.2 2.8
151.0 2.9
153.7 2.5
153.3 2.3
152.3 2.2
147.6 2.4
143.4 2.4
140.9 2.5
1. Data not continuous.
194
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-17. Employees on Government Payrolls by State, 1962–2000 (Thousands of persons.) State
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Alabama ..................................... Alaska ......................................... Arizona ....................................... Arkansas ..................................... California ....................................
167.8 25.0 77.7 76.1 962.8
170.0 27.1 81.6 74.6 1 001.6
173.3 28.1 85.3 76.5 1 043.5
179.1 29.7 92.2 84.9 1 105.4
191.6 30.8 98.9 91.6 1 196.7
197.7 31.8 104.7 93.4 1 274.3
201.4 32.2 110.0 97.0 1 335.8
204.7 33.3 113.4 100.9 1 391.7
209.5 35.6 119.5 102.7 1 424.7
213.6 37.9 129.5 104.9 1 446.3
220.9 40.5 139.2 108.5 1 492.7
225.7 41.5 147.6 110.1 1 524.8
235.1 43.8 161.0 115.6 1 586.0
Colorado ..................................... Connecticut ................................. Delaware .................................... District of Columbia .................... Florida .........................................
123.5 98.7 20.9 240.8 247.4
128.6 103.3 22.6 249.5 262.5
132.0 109.0 23.9 251.3 278.7
137.7 115.9 25.0 262.7 301.2
148.2 122.5 26.3 274.6 326.2
157.7 131.5 27.9 278.0 342.3
162.4 140.0 29.3 264.6 361.8
166.9 150.9 31.9 254.4 377.9
177.2 157.9 35.0 249.7 397.8
184.7 160.9 36.8 256.7 419.1
190.8 165.2 39.0 260.2 437.9
197.2 167.7 39.2 259.6 469.9
204.0 171.0 39.1 265.3 510.5
Georgia ....................................... Hawaii ......................................... Idaho ........................................... Illinois .......................................... Indiana ........................................
197.2 51.2 36.4 447.0 201.3
204.0 52.9 37.8 459.3 209.7
210.8 54.4 38.1 475.0 219.2
222.8 57.8 39.6 502.4 232.2
243.9 62.6 41.9 536.5 254.1
263.0 66.3 44.3 572.0 271.4
275.3 69.1 45.2 593.4 285.3
286.1 71.1 46.8 615.6 280.9
297.5 73.7 49.1 638.9 286.4
309.6 78.2 51.3 648.6 296.3
320.9 79.4 54.5 654.3 301.4
328.2 78.0 56.2 666.5 303.8
340.5 78.8 59.7 680.9 308.0
Iowa ............................................ Kansas ........................................ Kentucky ..................................... Louisiana .................................... Maine ..........................................
125.4 118.9 120.2 154.4 50.3
129.5 120.6 125.2 158.3 51.5
133.1 126.2 128.4 163.4 52.9
138.8 130.2 135.2 171.7 54.3
148.8 137.0 145.2 185.4 57.4
157.1 143.2 155.5 197.4 59.5
163.8 146.0 163.3 201.8 61.6
171.7 149.6 166.1 208.2 64.3
176.0 153.3 172.1 213.2 66.4
178.3 155.1 180.5 216.0 68.7
180.2 162.8 188.5 227.9 69.4
182.8 166.5 194.3 233.2 70.7
186.7 164.0 198.5 241.6 72.9
Maryland ..................................... Massachusetts ............................ Michigan ..................................... Minnesota ................................... Mississippi ..................................
159.4 261.7 343.2 162.2 94.2
166.0 267.5 359.8 171.8 97.2
174.1 272.7 373.3 179.3 99.5
183.8 278.5 395.4 189.9 105.2
201.9 286.2 433.0 201.6 114.3
218.2 297.1 455.0 214.1 120.6
232.3 302.5 471.3 215.4 125.1
243.2 310.7 494.5 224.1 128.0
301.0 319.9 506.6 234.9 131.2
314.9 330.6 509.4 239.7 133.7
327.0 343.1 526.8 246.2 139.4
338.1 351.6 534.4 256.6 145.0
349.1 354.3 562.5 263.8 150.4
Missouri ...................................... Montana ...................................... Nebraska .................................... Nevada ....................................... New Hampshire ..........................
198.0 41.1 85.4 22.0 27.0
202.9 43.0 87.7 24.2 28.0
210.6 44.7 89.1 26.4 29.0
225.4 45.9 92.5 28.6 30.1
244.7 48.1 93.3 30.3 31.4
260.3 51.8 97.6 32.3 33.4
269.1 53.3 97.4 34.1 34.4
276.1 52.1 100.9 35.8 35.5
284.1 52.6 104.7 36.9 37.3
292.9 54.3 109.1 38.1 38.8
297.5 55.4 114.3 39.7 41.2
306.9 55.4 116.9 41.4 43.4
312.9 58.2 121.4 43.0 45.6
New Jersey ................................. New Mexico ................................ New York .................................... North Carolina ............................ North Dakota ..............................
262.8 67.7 875.7 178.8 33.9
272.1 70.3 897.2 185.6 36.4
280.0 71.8 924.1 192.7 38.8
295.4 75.4 958.6 201.6 40.3
312.0 81.0 1 012.4 217.4 42.1
329.2 83.4 1 073.1 231.6 44.4
344.4 85.0 1 123.8 244.4 47.2
360.1 86.3 1 176.0 254.3 48.4
374.8 89.2 1 218.1 264.2 49.3
388.0 92.3 1 239.8 268.4 49.3
405.3 96.0 1 243.9 275.3 51.3
417.1 99.5 1 268.6 281.8 52.2
439.9 102.5 1 301.9 303.2 53.3
Ohio ............................................ Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ........................................ Pennsylvania .............................. Rhode Island ..............................
424.2 131.0 103.4 465.1 41.9
431.7 134.9 107.9 474.8 42.4
440.3 136.9 111.3 488.6 43.4
458.6 145.8 118.2 508.4 46.1
483.0 158.8 125.3 536.1 48.7
509.5 168.2 132.4 567.2 51.2
528.3 171.9 136.1 588.1 52.3
544.8 175.5 140.8 609.4 52.8
565.5 176.7 146.7 618.7 53.6
577.2 179.0 152.0 629.2 55.9
589.1 184.9 157.5 651.9 56.8
597.8 192.2 160.3 658.7 55.5
613.1 199.0 168.5 682.0 55.1
South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee .................................. Texas .......................................... Utah ............................................
99.5 42.2 157.4 461.2 68.6
103.1 43.0 163.5 480.7 71.6
106.8 44.4 173.3 500.0 73.7
111.1 46.6 185.1 525.6 79.4
121.0 48.2 195.3 567.1 90.7
128.4 49.3 201.8 607.1 98.0
134.0 50.3 208.2 630.1 98.8
140.8 53.0 214.2 651.4 99.6
149.9 53.1 225.9 662.3 100.1
156.7 52.6 231.9 684.2 103.2
165.6 53.7 240.6 714.8 105.5
170.7 53.8 246.2 745.3 105.7
182.2 54.9 256.4 776.0 108.2
Vermont ...................................... Virginia ........................................ Washington ................................. West Virginia .............................. Wisconsin ...................................
18.2 207.7 175.4 71.4 174.6
18.9 215.7 179.9 72.1 181.7
19.5 221.2 184.6 75.3 190.4
20.3 232.2 193.1 81.7 201.0
21.2 251.2 206.2 88.5 215.2
22.3 270.5 218.5 92.1 230.3
23.4 283.6 230.1 94.9 244.6
24.4 292.4 237.4 95.0 255.3
26.2 355.1 244.5 95.9 265.5
27.2 371.9 252.4 98.0 270.2
28.2 380.0 258.7 99.4 275.8
28.7 391.2 259.0 104.2 276.3
29.3 405.9 269.3 106.4 276.9
Wyoming .....................................
22.8
23.8
24.6
25.6
26.9
28.4
28.1
28.1
28.4
29.4
30.5
31.3
32.4
Puerto Rico ................................. Virgin Islands ..............................
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
See footnote at end of table.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
195
Table 2-17. Employees on Government Payrolls by State, 1962–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) State
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
Alabama ..................................... Alaska ......................................... Arizona ....................................... Arkansas ..................................... California ....................................
247.5 47.7 169.7 120.9 1 670.6
252.9 48.2 177.3 125.3 1 695.6
266.3 50.1 181.9 128.6 1 740.7
285.9 51.6 194.8 135.9 1 753.1
291.6 54.4 196.2 139.1 1 735.0
297.4 55.0 201.8 141.1 1 763.9
291.3 57.1 199.5 138.1 1 756.4
290.1 59.6 199.9 136.0 1 735.2
292.7 63.0 203.1 137.3 1 724.3
293.4 66.5 207.5 139.5 1 747.4
295.9 68.3 218.1 143.0 1 792.8
298.0 68.0 225.0 145.1 1 838.8
300.6 65.8 232.0 146.1 1 883.7
Colorado ..................................... Connecticut ................................. Delaware .................................... District of Columbia .................... Florida .........................................
216.6 178.7 40.3 269.7 546.0
219.5 175.1 40.6 275.9 542.8
221.1 175.6 41.4 275.6 565.7
234.0 179.2 42.8 281.6 601.8
238.8 181.3 44.4 284.5 600.5
243.6 45.2 282.2 618.8
241.7 182.4 44.5 273.2 620.1
238.6 179.6 43.8 260.8 632.5
240.7 181.9 43.4 258.8 639.3
244.4 185.2 43.7 260.6 649.5
248.9 188.8 44.8 265.0 674.4
256.0 195.3 46.1 266.9 701.9
262.2 201.2 46.6 270.6 731.8
Georgia ....................................... Hawaii ......................................... Idaho ........................................... Illinois .......................................... Indiana ........................................
354.8 82.0 62.3 714.5 323.3
366.1 84.8 64.5 717.2 332.5
384.0 85.7 67.3 717.8 342.0
407.9 87.1 69.8 728.0 349.1
418.7 86.5 69.6 739.8 347.6
429.2 89.0 70.5 749.4 346.6
431.1 89.0 69.2 734.5 339.7
434.0 90.3 67.8 717.9 328.7
437.6 91.3 67.8 701.6 327.0
442.0 91.8 68.9 687.9 328.1
448.7 93.3 70.2 697.8 332.9
462.2 93.9 70.9 714.8 339.7
476.6 96.1 73.3 724.5 347.2
Iowa ............................................ Kansas ........................................ Kentucky ..................................... Louisiana .................................... Maine ..........................................
192.0 168.7 208.3 248.7 74.8
197.0 171.6 213.0 253.0 75.2
202.5 176.9 212.0 257.4 77.7
208.2 180.0 220.3 280.3 81.5
204.5 183.3 230.4 289.7 82.6
207.4 187.4 230.9 300.8 83.3
203.1 185.9 224.3 303.8 82.6
202.0 183.8 218.9 307.3 82.1
203.4 182.9 216.6 315.0 83.1
204.5 185.2 223.0 318.6 83.9
206.8 188.7 230.0 322.4 84.9
207.3 194.1 236.0 319.3 86.7
210.2 199.0 240.2 313.1 88.4
Maryland ..................................... Massachusetts ............................ Michigan ..................................... Minnesota ................................... Mississippi ..................................
366.1 365.1 583.1 271.5 153.5
372.1 375.8 594.5 276.0 156.2
378.1 407.9 596.7 286.3 163.9
401.9 429.2 611.4 292.8 181.8
418.7 416.7 621.0 295.6 192.2
434.8 412.3 627.8 300.6 194.5
415.9 394.6 598.4 299.0 185.9
393.2 374.7 577.8 289.6 180.0
379.6 375.4 569.8 286.6 181.1
387.9 375.4 567.2 293.7 183.2
393.6 385.3 580.7 301.2 188.5
391.6 393.0 598.6 307.9 189.5
392.9 401.2 611.6 313.8 191.1
Missouri ...................................... Montana ...................................... Nebraska .................................... Nevada ....................................... New Hampshire ..........................
316.0 64.9 124.7 45.6 48.0
316.5 65.7 124.3 46.8 49.9
321.5 70.0 129.2 49.2 153.8
335.6 71.7 130.3 52.2 54.3
338.5 70.1 130.6 54.7 155.1
339.2 70.2 130.8 57.0 57.3
326.6 69.3 129.7 57.1 56.7
328.2 67.4 129.3 58.2 55.9
323.2 68.4 130.2 58.0 56.1
321.8 68.7 131.1 58.9 57.5
334.1 69.9 133.8 60.5 60.0
338.5 70.2 134.9 61.6 62.0
344.0 69.4 135.3 64.1 65.4
New Jersey ................................. New Mexico ................................ New York .................................... North Carolina ............................ North Dakota ..............................
470.2 104.8 1 328.7 328.3 54.5
480.5 108.0 1 273.6 347.9 56.2
504.0 111.0 1 270.8 367.6 57.5
523.0 116.6 1 315.1 386.4 60.0
517.8 120.5 1 311.3 397.2 60.6
529.7 125.0 1 314.4 409.9 60.9
529.0 125.8 1 300.3 403.7 60.5
528.6 125.6 1 293.7 400.3 60.3
525.9 127.2 1 299.6 407.1 61.3
526.6 129.7 1 318.2 413.7 62.2
536.0 132.8 1 353.6 420.5 63.6
540.8 135.9 1 382.3 430.9 64.4
547.1 137.6 1 402.1 442.3 64.6
Ohio ............................................ Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ........................................ Pennsylvania .............................. Rhode Island ..............................
626.4 206.3 177.1 721.4 56.6
632.2 207.0 181.6 722.1 57.0
642.3 212.4 186.8 710.9 58.2
667.5 218.4 197.1 720.7 59.8
674.0 224.0 200.7 720.7 59.3
689.9 228.5 203.2 723.3 59.2
676.0 235.7 202.6 703.4 58.5
659.6 237.2 195.5 682.5 57.8
656.1 245.2 192.3 673.7 56.9
655.2 241.4 194.1 672.9 57.4
665.2 245.7 197.7 680.2 57.7
678.9 246.8 200.2 679.8 58.0
687.3 245.4 205.6 688.7 58.2
South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee .................................. Texas .......................................... Utah ............................................
199.8 55.7 271.3 815.8 110.3
203.3 55.9 283.1 847.0 112.2
213.7 56.6 291.2 875.5 115.8
223.8 58.1 305.6 923.7 121.0
228.8 58.3 313.9 953.2 123.2
236.4 58.6 317.2 978.1 125.0
233.0 57.8 311.7 1 000.8 125.1
228.1 56.6 297.5 1 023.6 126.4
230.3 56.9 294.1 1 042.0 128.8
237.3 57.2 296.1 1 063.5 131.5
244.8 57.9 304.2 1 088.9 137.8
251.4 58.8 312.4 1 118.8 141.2
258.0 58.9 321.2 1 142.7 141.5
Vermont ...................................... Virginia ........................................ Washington ................................. West Virginia .............................. Wisconsin ...................................
30.5 422.8 280.5 108.1 285.4
30.9 436.6 284.8 109.6 288.6
134.3 453.6 294.9 111.0 287.1
35.1 482.7 308.0 120.3 298.2
35.8 493.5 315.5 130.1 310.1
37.0 511.2 330.8 133.1 321.1
36.2 506.6 326.4 130.2 318.0
36.0 500.1 318.5 126.8 314.1
36.3 500.9 1324.0
127.8 312.5
36.5 505.0 334.5 130.7 314.7
37.4 515.6 342.8 127.5 320.6
38.2 519.9 348.9 128.9 325.6
39.0 530.3 357.2 128.2 325.0
Wyoming .....................................
34.5
36.1
38.0
39.1
40.8
43.0
44.5
46.0
48.9
50.9
52.2
53.1
50.5
Puerto Rico ................................. Virgin Islands ..............................
... 11.7
... 11.3
... 11.9
... 12.8
246.0 13.5
254.4 13.4
244.6 13.9
236.7 13.5
240.1 14.0
253.2 13.8
255.4 13.5
267.7 13.1
281.2 12.8
See footnote at end of table.
1185.2
196
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-17. Employees on Government Payrolls by State, 1962–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) State
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Alabama ..................................... Alaska ......................................... Arizona ....................................... Arkansas ..................................... California ....................................
309.5 66.5 237.2 150.0 1 934.1
317.9 68.7 246.4 154.2 1 998.7
326.7 71.0 258.9 159.3 2 074.8
332.6 71.6 271.1 163.2 2 090.6
337.9 73.3 276.7 167.1 2 095.6
340.7 74.6 1286.6 169.8 2 080.6
346.0 73.9 294.3 173.0 2 093.2
343.2 72.8 1310.5 177.1 2 107.0
342.9 73.1 317.9 180.3 2 113.3
346.2 73.2 328.2 183.4 2 140.7
347.1 73.7 341.5 185.2 2 166.1
350.7 73.6 354.1 187.4 2 239.3
352.7 74.5 366.6 191.2 2 321.2
Colorado ..................................... Connecticut ................................. Delaware .................................... District of Columbia .................... Florida .........................................
266.7 206.3 47.5 276.1 773.0
271.4 207.7 47.1 276.8 800.1
276.8 210.4 47.9 277.3 846.7
283.3 207.6 48.0 281.2 859.3
291.1 207.4 48.6 285.8 870.1
296.7 210.7 49.7 285.3 881.6
299.3 217.2 50.4 270.5 910.6
303.7 220.9 50.8 254.9 1918.4
308.7 222.8 52.4 240.5 928.4
315.6 225.7 53.2 233.2 942.2
322.3 227.8 54.4 225.8 954.8
328.3 235.1 55.1 222.5 965.6
339.4 242.2 56.6 224.3 994.0
Georgia ....................................... Hawaii ......................................... Idaho ........................................... Illinois .......................................... Indiana ........................................
494.1 99.5 76.0 738.8 354.5
512.2 101.6 77.9 744.4 366.6
531.9 105.6 81.3 766.0 378.6
536.6 108.9 84.3 770.6 379.9
537.1 111.1 88.1 773.9 387.6
548.1 111.5 90.4 774.4 391.3
564.0 111.8 92.9 786.0 390.7
570.3 111.4 95.7 798.7 391.7
569.5 110.6 97.0 809.4 391.0
577.3 111.7 100.0 808.3 392.0
586.0 112.2 102.6 816.1 399.2
592.4 112.7 105.2 825.6 402.6
603.3 114.6 108.5 833.8 412.2
Iowa ............................................ Kansas ........................................ Kentucky ..................................... Louisiana .................................... Maine ..........................................
212.1 204.4 246.1 312.6 91.6
216.7 209.1 253.3 315.7 94.1
219.0 214.4 260.2 326.2 95.8
220.6 219.0 267.3 332.3 95.9
221.0 225.7 273.3 339.5 95.7
222.5 229.5 276.6 342.0 95.4
226.9 233.4 280.6 351.5 94.1
230.3 236.7 286.9 358.3 93.2
232.9 233.5 288.8 361.8 92.8
234.6 235.5 290.9 364.2 93.0
236.2 239.8 294.7 367.3 94.6
239.4 239.6 301.1 370.3 96.7
242.1 245.3 308.7 374.8 99.9
Maryland ..................................... Massachusetts ............................ Michigan ..................................... Minnesota ................................... Mississippi ..................................
399.1 411.3 623.5 320.8 196.0
411.3 408.8 623.2 328.7 199.8
419.3 402.2 633.9 337.7 203.4
416.3 389.9 635.8 341.8 203.9
414.8 382.6 639.0 346.1 207.9
417.4 387.5 639.4 352.1 210.1
420.1 390.0 638.9 359.5 213.7
421.8 395.1 640.9 377.9 214.7
420.6 400.0 643.8 379.5 216.8
420.8 404.6 647.4 379.6 219.0
431.8 411.6 656.0 381.3 223.4
439.0 417.4 667.6 387.4 227.0
445.2 424.2 683.9 396.4 234.4
Missouri ...................................... Montana ...................................... Nebraska .................................... Nevada ....................................... New Hampshire ..........................
351.8 70.7 137.8 67.0 68.7
359.3 70.3 139.7 70.8 71.2
369.7 71.4 143.4 75.6 72.7
370.7 71.9 145.6 81.3 72.4
370.7 74.2 147.6 86.0 73.1
376.8 74.1 149.0 88.6 74.4
384.9 76.3 151.6 92.3 76.2
390.0 76.9 150.8 96.5 76.2
400.8 77.0 151.4 101.2 77.9
412.8 77.4 152.2 106.5 78.8
414.1 78.6 150.9 111.8 79.8
421.3 78.8 151.4 117.4 81.5
425.7 80.6 154.2 121.4 82.9
New Jersey ................................. New Mexico ................................ New York .................................... North Carolina ............................ North Dakota ..............................
556.2 141.6 1 433.2 458.7 64.8
564.2 144.9 1 447.6 477.2 65.6
576.7 149.7 1 473.4 492.0 65.4
571.6 152.3 1 445.1 501.7 65.7
571.9 156.1 1 428.0 502.5 66.8
570.7 159.1 1 433.3 527.1 67.1
573.4 163.1 1 436.0 538.6 67.2
573.4 166.5 1 416.4 550.6 71.1
570.6 171.5 1 400.6 561.4 70.8
570.3 177.0 1 406.9 576.3 70.8
571.7 178.5 1 424.0 593.6 71.1
577.6 180.2 1 445.3 604.2 71.8
588.8 183.1 1 463.5 625.5 72.9
Ohio ............................................ Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ........................................ Pennsylvania .............................. Rhode Island ..............................
693.8 248.5 211.2 694.6 58.9
706.4 257.2 215.6 697.9 59.1
722.2 261.9 223.5 706.3 62.5
727.9 264.9 226.4 701.9 60.9
735.1 270.1 231.0 699.9 61.2
735.6 269.8 232.6 709.0 61.4
741.0 270.2 234.7 713.6 61.7
748.7 269.7 240.2 719.2 61.3
752.3 271.4 246.6 719.8 61.3
757.9 276.2 249.5 711.8 63.2
763.4 278.2 255.3 706.0 62.9
772.2 282.6 261.3 710.1 63.3
784.3 288.1 266.0 726.9 64.3
South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee .................................. Texas .......................................... Utah ............................................
261.5 60.1 328.4 1 175.5 142.7
273.1 61.6 344.3 1 206.6 146.3
282.2 62.7 351.4 1 263.4 150.5
285.7 63.4 353.2 1 287.5 153.9
291.9 65.4 356.9 1 334.3 156.9
295.8 66.6 362.0 1 376.0 159.5
295.3 67.1 370.7 1 413.7 161.4
294.2 71.0 373.1 1 445.7 163.6
294.6 70.4 381.6 1 457.7 166.8
298.9 70.5 380.3 1 483.3 172.3
309.5 71.0 385.5 1 504.2 176.7
315.3 71.8 390.1 1 534.8 179.5
323.4 170.3 399.3 1 566.3 185.1
Vermont ...................................... Virginia ........................................ Washington ................................. West Virginia .............................. Wisconsin ...................................
40.9 544.4 368.8 129.3 327.8
42.0 562.6 379.9 125.9 335.0
43.5 578.4 397.6 127.4 342.9
43.8 580.5 411.6 127.7 346.4
43.7 589.4 423.6 132.3 356.9
44.0 597.8 430.0 132.8 361.5
44.7 603.2 437.2 136.5 367.1
45.1 597.6 444.4 136.4 378.7
45.4 596.2 450.6 138.7 383.5
45.7 596.6 458.0 139.1 386.7
46.2 602.0 465.9 140.8 393.2
47.6 611.3 474.3 140.9 398.8
49.6 622.8 483.5 143.3 404.7
Wyoming .....................................
154.1
54.3
55.3
55.8
56.8
57.2
58.2
57.8
58.1
58.1
58.5
59.4
60.8
Puerto Rico ................................. Virgin Islands ..............................
298.5 13.2
298.1 13.6
294.6 13.6
290.6 13.4
295.8 13.9
289.9 13.9
300.1 13.8
304.6 13.6
316.5 14.1
310.1 13.7
307.5 13.8
291.3 13.4
286.2 13.1
1. Data not continuous.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
197
Table 2-18. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1972–2000 (Thousands of persons.) State
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Alabama ....................................... Alaska .......................................... Arizona ......................................... Arkansas ...................................... California ......................................
41.0 40.1 40.5 40.2 40.1
41.0 36.6 39.8 39.9 40.3
40.5 40.5 39.2 39.2 39.7
39.5 36.6 39.0 38.8 39.4
40.6 40.5 39.5 39.6 39.7
40.5 43.3 40.1 39.7 40.1
40.6 42.4 40.3 39.3 40.1
40.7 43.9 40.6 39.6 39.9
40.1 42.7 40.1 39.3 39.5
39.9 40.0 39.6 39.4 39.6
38.5 38.6 38.9 38.6 39.2
40.7 36.2 40.5 40.1 40.0
41.0 39.3 40.8 40.5 40.3
Colorado ...................................... Connecticut .................................. Delaware ...................................... Florida .......................................... Georgia ........................................
... 41.5 40.1 41.2 41.0
... 42.1 40.3 41.0 40.5
... 41.4 39.4 40.2 39.8
... 40.5 39.3 40.0 39.5
... 40.8 40.0 40.4 40.1
39.4 41.5 39.6 40.7 40.5
39.3 42.0 40.0 40.9 40.1
39.5 42.0 39.5 40.5 40.4
39.8 41.8 40.5 40.8 40.2
39.8 41.6 40.3 40.6 40.1
39.2 40.5 39.2 39.9 38.6
139.9
41.3 40.6 40.7 41.1
40.9 42.5 41.5 41.2 41.0
40.2 41.9 41.1 41.3 40.6
Hawaii .......................................... Idaho ............................................ Illinois ........................................... Indiana ......................................... Iowa .............................................
39.5 39.4 41.0 ... ...
39.9 38.8 41.2 ... ...
39.4 39.0 40.4 ... ...
39.1 38.8 39.7 ... ...
39.0 38.7 40.4 ... 39.9
38.0 39.3 40.6 ... 40.1
38.6 38.8 40.1 ... 40.1
38.3 38.3 40.7 ... 40.5
37.8 37.1 39.8 ... 39.6
38.5 37.8 40.0 ... 39.5
37.9 36.7 39.2 ... 38.7
38.6 37.4 40.6 ... 39.8
38.1 37.6 40.6 ... 40.2
37.4 37.8 40.6 ... 40.2
Kansas ......................................... Kentucky ...................................... Louisiana ..................................... Maine ........................................... Maryland ......................................
... 40.4 42.3 40.7 40.2
... 40.3 41.4 40.8 40.5
... 39.6 40.1 40.3 39.9
... 38.7 42.8 39.9 39.1
... 39.4 41.3 39.9 39.6
... 39.5 41.8 39.8 39.9
... 39.6 41.6 40.2 39.9
40.7 39.4 41.3 40.1 40.0
40.4 39.1 41.2 40.0 39.6
40.4 39.3 42.2 40.4 39.9
39.2 38.4 41.0 40.0 39.2
39.1 39.2 40.0 39.9 40.0
40.1 39.2 41.6 39.9 41.0
39.5 38.9 41.7 40.0 40.3
Massachusetts ............................. Michigan ...................................... Minnesota .................................... Mississippi ................................... Missouri .......................................
40.1 ... 40.7 41.1 39.8
40.5 ... 41.0 40.3 39.8
39.9 ... 39.9 39.3 39.3
39.1 ... 39.2 39.3 39.0
39.7 42.7 39.8 40.0 39.8
39.9 43.3 40.0 40.1 40.2
40.2 43.0 40.2 39.9 40.0
40.1 41.2 40.0 39.6 39.5
39.6 40.1 39.4 39.3 39.2
40.0 40.5 39.4 39.3 39.2
39.2 40.2 39.1 38.1 38.6
39.9 42.5 39.7 40.1 39.9
40.1 43.2 40.3 40.6 40.5
40.7 43.1 40.3 40.6 40.2
Montana ....................................... Nebraska ..................................... Nevada ........................................ New Hampshire ........................... New Jersey ..................................
40.3 41.7 40.2 39.8 40.9
39.3 41.8 40.0 39.8 41.4
38.8 41.2 38.8 39.3 40.7
38.0 40.5 38.2 39.1 39.9
39.8 41.1 38.9 39.6 40.4
41.8 40.8 38.8 40.0 41.1
42.7 41.1 38.5 40.3 40.8
42.9 41.3 38.5 40.1 41.2
43.2 40.6 38.2 139.8 40.7
41.0 40.3 38.6 39.9 40.6
39.3 39.9 37.3 39.6 39.9
39.7 40.3 38.8 40.5 40.6
39.2 40.5 39.8 41.0 41.1
39.1 40.3 40.4 40.7 40.8
New Mexico ................................. New York ..................................... North Carolina .............................. North Dakota ................................ Ohio .............................................
40.1 39.6 40.7 40.2 41.6
39.4 39.9 40.1 40.4 42.3
38.4 39.4 39.1 40.2 41.2
39.0 38.9 38.4 39.9 40.3
39.5 39.4 39.4 39.1 41.4
38.8 39.6 39.6 38.6 42.0
39.2 39.8 39.8 39.7 42.1
39.5 39.6 39.6 39.1 41.5
39.8 39.4 39.3 37.5 40.6
39.5 39.4 39.1 38.1 40.9
39.2 38.8 37.3 37.6 40.1
39.7 39.3 40.0 38.0 41.4
39.9 39.8 39.9 38.4 42.3
39.8 39.8 39.6 38.6 42.0
Oklahoma .................................... Oregon ......................................... Pennsylvania ............................... Rhode Island ................................ South Carolina .............................
40.5 39.4 39.8 39.5 41.4
40.6 39.3 40.2 39.3 40.5
40.5 38.8 39.6 39.2 39.8
40.0 38.4 38.8 38.9 39.4
40.3 38.9 39.2 39.5 40.4
40.4 38.6 139.5
39.1 40.6
40.2 39.0 40.0 38.9 40.8
40.5 38.5 39.9 39.1 40.8
40.1 38.1 38.8 39.3 40.3
40.1 37.5 39.2 39.3 40.4
39.5 37.9 38.4 38.6 38.2
40.5 38.9 39.2 39.0 40.6
41.6 39.2 40.2 40.9 40.8
41.3 38.7 39.9 40.2 40.4
South Dakota ............................... Tennessee ................................... Texas ........................................... Utah ............................................. Vermont .......................................
43.3 40.6 ... 38.5 41.5
42.6 40.4 ... 38.8 41.5
41.7 39.9 ... 38.7 41.1
40.7 39.8 ... 38.1 40.4
39.9 40.3 40.9 39.2 41.0
39.3 40.2 41.1 40.0 40.8
41.7 39.6 41.3 39.5 41.0
41.9 39.7 41.1 39.0 40.8
40.9 39.7 41.2 39.1 40.6
41.6 39.9 41.3 39.7 40.0
41.1 38.6 40.0 38.5 39.0
41.6 40.5 40.9 39.4 40.0
42.1 40.9 41.7 39.9 40.6
41.8 41.0 41.2 40.1 40.7
Virginia ......................................... Washington .................................. West Virginia ................................ Wisconsin .................................... Wyoming ......................................
40.8 39.6 40.0 41.3 38.6
40.6 39.2 40.0 41.4 38.6
39.8 38.9 39.6 41.1 38.0
39.2 38.7 39.0 40.4 38.6
39.9 39.1 39.2 40.6 40.2
39.9 39.2 39.5 40.6 39.8
39.8 39.3 39.6 41.0 38.6
39.7 38.6 39.6 40.9 37.6
39.3 38.4 39.2 40.2 38.9
39.7 38.8 39.4 40.1 40.0
38.4 38.5 38.8 39.6 38.2
39.7 38.9 39.6 40.7 36.9
40.3 38.8 40.3 41.1 39.5
40.1 39.0 39.9 41.1 40.9
Puerto Rico .................................. Virgin Islands ...............................
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... 40.9
... 40.9
38.0 41.1
38.2 42.3
37.5 42.3
38.7 41.4
38.7 42.7
38.5 41.7
See footnote at end of table.
40.8 140.7 140.9
40.2 40.2
198
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-18. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1972–2000—Continued (Thousands of persons.) State
1986
1987
Alabama ....................................... Alaska .......................................... Arizona ......................................... Arkansas ...................................... California ......................................
41.1 41.1 41.0 40.4 40.3
41.4 42.7 40.6 41.0 40.3
Colorado ...................................... Connecticut .................................. Delaware ...................................... Florida .......................................... Georgia ........................................
39.9 41.8 41.3 40.8 40.9
Hawaii .......................................... Idaho ............................................ Illinois ........................................... Indiana ......................................... Iowa .............................................
1988
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
41.1 40.9 40.7
41.2 44.4 41.2 40.8 40.7
41.0 44.9 40.7 41.0 40.6
40.8 46.4 40.7 41.2 40.6
41.2 45.5 40.8 41.4 40.6
41.2 45.0 40.7 41.4 40.9
41.9 47.4 42.3 41.8 41.4
41.6 47.8 42.5 41.0 41.2
41.7 46.5 42.8 41.5 41.5
41.9 46.7 41.4 41.4 41.9
42.2 49.9 40.4 41.7 41.8
42.1 45.3 40.4 41.7 41.7
41.9 44.3 40.4 41.0 41.7
40.2 42.1 40.7 40.8 41.6
40.4 42.2 40.0 40.7 41.4
40.2 42.2 41.5 40.9 41.1
41.2 42.0 41.3 40.7 40.9
40.4 41.8 40.8 40.7 41.0
40.5 41.7 40.8 40.9 41.4
41.2 42.1 42.1 41.2 41.7
41.3 42.8 42.8 41.4 42.4
41.0 42.8 41.0 41.4 42.3
41.2 42.5 40.5 41.5 42.3
41.8 42.6 41.9 41.8 42.4
41.5 42.7 42.3 41.7 41.8
41.5 42.4 43.0 41.8 41.7
41.7 42.6 43.4 41.9 41.2
38.9 38.2 40.9 ... 40.6
39.4 38.1 41.6 ... 41.3
40.0 38.1 42.3 ... 41.4
40.0 38.9 41.9 41.6 40.8
40.3 38.9 41.4 41.3 40.5
39.8 39.1 41.2 41.2 40.5
40.0 39.2 41.0 42.0 41.3
39.8 40.1 41.5 42.7 41.6
38.3 40.0 41.9 43.3 42.4
37.5 39.3 41.7 42.2 41.9
38.1 39.5 41.7 42.8 42.0
37.9 40.1 42.2 43.2 42.6
37.3 38.3 41.8 42.9 41.9
39.3 39.4 41.9 42.9 41.4
38.3 39.2 41.5 42.1 41.6
Kansas ......................................... Kentucky ...................................... Louisiana ..................................... Maine ........................................... Maryland ......................................
40.3 39.2 41.8 40.6 40.5
40.8 40.5 41.8 41.5 40.8
40.7 40.5 42.5 41.0 41.5
40.2 40.0 42.6 40.2 41.1
40.3 40.1 42.9 40.1 40.8
40.3 40.3 42.7 40.0 40.6
40.9 40.3 42.6 40.2 40.8
41.6 40.5 42.5 40.8 41.1
41.6 41.3 43.4 40.6 41.5
41.1 41.3 43.2 39.8 41.5
42.4 41.1 44.2 39.9 41.0
42.3 41.8 44.1 40.6 41.4
41.9 41.5 44.0 40.6 41.6
41.1 41.7 43.3 40.8 41.4
40.6 42.1 42.8 41.3 40.8
Massachusetts ............................. Michigan ...................................... Minnesota .................................... Mississippi ................................... Missouri .......................................
41.3 42.6 40.6 40.2 40.5
41.0 42.2 40.9 40.3 40.6
40.7 43.3 40.8 40.3 40.8
40.7 42.9 40.5 40.0 40.7
40.7 41.8 40.3 39.4 40.7
41.0 41.5 40.4 39.7 40.4
41.0 41.8 40.8 40.3 40.6
41.3 43.1 41.1 41.0 41.4
41.6 44.9 41.6 41.7 42.0
41.7 44.3 41.5 41.0 41.3
41.8 43.9 41.4 41.3 41.5
42.3 44.1 41.5 41.5 41.6
42.0 43.3 41.3 41.4 41.5
42.0 44.2 41.2 41.3 41.5
41.9 43.6 40.8 40.7 41.4
Montana ....................................... Nebraska ..................................... Nevada ........................................ New Hampshire ........................... New Jersey ..................................
39.4 40.4 40.2 41.2 41.2
38.6 40.5 40.3 41.2 41.2
38.7 41.1 39.7 40.7 41.0
39.2 40.7 40.9 41.2 141.0
39.0 40.8 40.7 40.8 41.4
39.1 40.4 40.6 41.2 41.4
38.9 41.1 40.7 41.6 41.5
38.6 41.5 41.4 42.1 41.5
39.3 42.1 41.1 42.3 41.8
39.4 41.5 41.4 41.6 41.8
39.1 41.6 41.6 41.8 41.8
39.9 41.3 42.9 42.0 42.0
39.3 41.9 42.0 41.3 41.8
39.0 41.9 41.3 40.6 41.7
38.5 41.4 42.4 40.8 41.9
New Mexico ................................. New York ..................................... North Carolina .............................. North Dakota ................................ Ohio .............................................
39.5 39.9 40.7 38.2 42.1
39.7 39.9 41.2 38.7 42.6
40.5 39.9 40.5 38.7 43.0
40.0 40.0 40.3 39.8 42.7
40.7 39.6 39.9 39.8 42.4
40.1 39.8 40.1 39.8 42.2
40.0 40.0 40.7 40.4 42.2
40.9 40.4 40.8 41.2 43.0
40.9 41.0 41.1 42.3 43.9
39.9 40.9 40.6 40.7 43.4
40.2 40.8 40.4 42.2 43.3
39.8 41.2 41.2 40.5 43.6
38.6 41.1 41.1 39.9 42.9
39.0 41.2 41.0 40.0 42.9
38.2 41.0 41.4 40.2 42.9
Oklahoma .................................... Oregon ......................................... Pennsylvania ............................... Rhode Island ................................ South Carolina .............................
41.3 39.0 40.2 40.4 41.1
41.2 39.2 40.9 40.0 41.7
41.1 39.3 41.1 39.7 41.1
41.6 39.4 41.0 39.3 41.3
41.1 39.3 40.7 39.7 41.0
41.0 39.4 40.4 40.0 41.3
41.2 39.5 40.8 40.1 41.7
41.9 39.5 41.2 39.8 41.6
43.1 40.4 41.6 40.3 41.8
41.9 40.1 41.3 40.5 41.9
42.0 40.2 141.2
40.0 41.8
42.4 40.9 42.0 40.9 42.2
41.5 40.7 41.9 40.6 42.6
41.3 40.4 41.8 39.9 42.6
40.9 40.0 42.1 40.4 42.5
South Dakota ............................... Tennessee ................................... Texas ........................................... Utah ............................................. Vermont .......................................
42.1 41.2 41.4 40.0 40.7
41.7 41.6 41.6 39.5 40.6
42.5 41.6 41.7 40.3 40.4
41.8 40.8 41.8 40.0 40.9
40.6 38.6 41.8 39.8 40.8
41.2 39.6 42.1 39.9 40.8
41.2 40.3 42.5 40.3 41.0
41.3 40.8 42.8 39.6 41.5
42.0 40.9 43.1 40.6 40.9
41.8 40.4 42.8 39.8 40.5
41.5 40.6 43.0 40.3 40.5
41.9 41.2 43.5 40.2 40.7
42.6 40.5 43.7 40.4 39.6
42.9 40.6 43.5 40.0 39.5
43.1 40.2 43.3 39.8 40.3
Virginia ......................................... Washington .................................. West Virginia ................................ Wisconsin .................................... Wyoming ......................................
40.4 39.4 40.3 41.3 39.0
41.1 39.9 40.6 41.4 38.8
40.8 40.1 40.6 41.8 38.5
40.9 39.4 40.7 41.5 39.8
40.4 40.6 40.7 41.4 39.9
40.5 39.9 40.6 41.4 38.6
41.0 40.0 40.6 41.8 38.6
41.0 40.2 40.9 42.0 38.9
41.7 40.5 41.3 42.7 40.0
41.6 40.8 41.8 42.1 39.4
41.5 40.8 41.2 42.2 40.1
42.2 40.6 41.7 42.4 40.3
42.3 40.8 41.6 41.8 40.4
42.4 40.9 41.6 41.9 39.3
42.3 40.7 41.3 41.5 39.2
Puerto Rico .................................. Virgin Islands ...............................
39.0 41.9
38.9 42.2
39.1 40.4
39.5 41.7
39.1 42.4
39.0 41.4
39.6 42.0
39.5 43.5
39.9 42.7
39.6 41.7
38.6 41.5
39.6 42.7
40.0 40.1
41.0 43.8
40.6 44.0
1. Data not continuous.
41.4
1989
142.1
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
199
Table 2-19. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1972–2000 (Dollars.) State
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Alabama ....................................... Alaska .......................................... Arizona ......................................... Arkansas ...................................... California ......................................
3.25 5.92 3.85 2.79 4.25
3.42 5.97 4.03 2.99 4.44
3.73 7.10 4.40 3.30 4.76
4.10 8.09 4.85 3.69 5.22
4.46 7.82 5.19 3.91 5.59
4.89 9.12 5.55 4.30 6.00
5.40 8.86 6.03 4.72 6.43
5.95 9.14 6.62 5.19 7.03
6.49 10.22 7.29 5.71 7.70
7.01 11.42 8.02 6.26 8.56
7.33 11.74 8.73 6.69 9.24
7.58 12.33 8.99 7.05 9.52
7.97 12.25 9.09 7.31 9.77
Colorado ...................................... Connecticut .................................. Delaware ...................................... Florida .......................................... Georgia ........................................
... 3.87 4.04 3.20 3.04
... 4.14 4.29 3.45 3.25
... 4.42 4.62 3.76 3.50
... 4.78 5.02 4.11 3.80
... 5.12 5.51 4.36 4.10
5.80 5.56 5.94 4.63 4.46
6.21 5.96 6.58 5.07 4.88
6.93 6.43 7.04 5.48 5.30
7.63 7.08 7.58 5.98 5.77
8.28 7.67 8.28 6.53 6.37
8.63 8.23 8.64 7.02 6.75
18.97
8.76 9.19 7.33 7.13
9.24 9.22 9.28 7.62 7.58
9.52 9.57 9.86 7.86 8.10
Hawaii .......................................... Idaho ............................................ Illinois ........................................... Indiana ......................................... Iowa .............................................
3.59 3.69 4.28 ... ...
3.93 4.05 4.57 ... ...
4.24 4.41 4.97 ... ...
4.68 4.77 5.53 ... ...
5.14 5.29 5.85 ... 5.85
5.51 5.82 6.28 ... 6.43
5.90 6.53 6.76 ... 7.02
6.38 6.92 7.30 ... 7.75
6.83 7.55 8.02 ... 8.67
7.53 8.23 8.91 ... 9.60
7.97 8.62 9.31 ... 10.01
8.23 8.98 9.70 ... 10.09
8.35 9.34 10.08 ... 10.24
8.65 9.41 10.37 ... 10.32
Kansas ......................................... Kentucky ...................................... Louisiana ..................................... Maine ........................................... Maryland ......................................
... 3.70 3.68 3.03 3.92
... 4.00 3.98 3.23 4.22
... 4.36 4.40 3.51 4.62
... 4.77 4.88 3.81 5.04
... 5.15 5.33 4.16 5.52
... 5.69 5.75 4.52 6.05
... 6.26 6.42 4.91 6.46
6.71 6.77 6.97 5.42 7.09
7.37 7.34 7.74 6.00 7.61
8.05 7.86 8.58 6.66 8.39
8.80 8.38 9.38 7.22 8.78
9.23 8.79 9.79 7.61 9.02
9.38 9.28 10.06 8.05 9.45
9.45 9.53 10.43 8.40 9.73
Massachusetts ............................. Michigan ...................................... Minnesota .................................... Mississippi ................................... Missouri .......................................
3.65 ... 4.00 2.75 3.78
3.89 ... 4.22 2.95 4.05
4.16 ... 4.67 3.19 4.39
4.48 ... 5.10 3.58 4.80
4.79 6.81 5.53 3.83 5.20
5.13 7.54 5.97 4.15 5.75
5.54 8.13 6.44 4.56 6.21
5.98 8.73 6.93 4.95 6.70
6.51 9.52 7.61 5.44 7.26
7.01 10.53 8.40 6.01 7.90
7.58 11.18 9.11 6.41 8.46
8.01 11.62 9.56 6.70 8.89
8.50 12.18 9.75 6.95 9.31
9.00 12.64 10.05 7.22 9.57
Montana ....................................... Nebraska ..................................... Nevada ........................................ New Hampshire ........................... New Jersey ..................................
4.11 3.55 4.46 3.20 3.99
4.53 3.75 4.71 3.39 4.26
5.05 4.15 4.89 3.65 4.57
5.53 4.63 5.26 3.97 4.99
5.93 4.93 5.61 4.26 5.33
6.53 5.39 6.10 4.56 5.82
7.81 5.83 6.54 4.94 6.28
8.44 6.53 6.95 5.37 6.71
8.78 7.38 7.72 15.87 7.31
9.09 8.01 8.42 6.41 8.05
9.86 8.47 8.80 6.94 8.66
10.44 8.76 9.02 7.42 9.11
10.76 8.93 9.12 7.86 9.50
10.95 9.02 9.15 8.39 9.86
New Mexico ................................. New York ..................................... North Carolina .............................. North Dakota ................................ Ohio .............................................
2.88 3.98 2.77 3.31 4.45
3.08 4.20 2.99 3.55 4.76
3.31 4.53 3.28 3.83 5.13
3.63 4.91 3.52 4.31 5.57
4.07 5.27 3.79 4.75 6.10
4.43 5.67 4.10 5.19 6.74
4.79 6.08 4.47 5.55 7.29
5.36 6.57 4.87 5.98 7.84
5.79 7.18 5.37 6.56 8.57
6.54 7.84 5.94 7.12 9.53
7.22 8.35 6.35 7.50 10.07
7.60 8.84 6.68 7.73 10.56
7.97 9.22 7.01 7.86 10.96
8.41 9.67 7.29 8.05 11.38
Oklahoma .................................... Oregon ......................................... Pennsylvania ............................... Rhode Island ................................ South Carolina .............................
3.49 4.30 3.88 3.15 2.80
3.69 4.60 4.16 3.37 3.03
4.01 5.01 4.57 3.62 3.32
4.45 5.53 4.98 3.84 3.59
4.83 6.07 5.36 4.15 3.91
5.31 6.67 15.85
4.39 4.28
5.81 7.23 6.37 4.71 4.66
6.53 7.92 6.97 5.10 5.10
7.36 8.65 7.59 5.59 5.59
8.20 9.47 8.30 6.10 6.18
8.69 10.02 8.63 6.61 6.68
9.21 10.25 8.95 6.92 7.03
9.64 10.44 9.28 7.33 7.28
9.86 10.50 9.57 7.59 7.61
South Dakota ............................... Tennessee ................................... Texas ........................................... Utah ............................................. Vermont .......................................
3.17 3.07 ... 3.62 3.28
3.37 3.29 ... 3.83 3.50
3.77 3.62 ... 4.19 3.78
4.21 3.93 ... 4.61 4.07
4.51 4.24 4.98 4.89 4.40
4.84 4.68 5.42 5.18 4.70
5.19 5.13 5.88 5.68 5.10
5.70 5.56 6.46 6.29 5.53
6.50 6.08 7.15 7.02 6.14
7.12 6.72 7.95 7.74 6.79
7.36 7.16 8.60 8.40 7.35
7.31 7.49 8.88 8.69 7.66
7.14 7.93 9.04 8.92 8.03
7.43 8.29 9.41 9.64 8.41
Virginia ......................................... Washington .................................. West Virginia ................................ Wisconsin .................................... Wyoming ......................................
3.10 4.54 3.87 4.15 3.45
3.34 4.83 4.14 4.45 4.03
3.65 5.24 4.53 4.81 4.52
3.99 5.82 4.93 5.26 4.92
4.30 6.36 5.42 5.69 5.43
4.69 6.83 6.06 6.16 5.70
5.11 7.56 6.68 6.69 6.18
5.58 8.39 7.41 7.27 6.68
6.22 9.41 8.08 8.03 7.01
6.84 10.44 8.80 8.80 7.89
7.37 11.23 9.40 9.37 8.62
7.79 11.42 9.74 9.78 8.73
8.10 11.57 9.93 10.03 9.14
8.51 11.63 10.24 10.26 9.64
Puerto Rico .................................. Virgin Islands ...............................
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... 6.12
... 6.70
4.02 7.18
4.39 8.50
4.64 9.76
4.83 10.03
5.02 9.51
5.19 9.44
See footnote at end of table.
8.48 112.19 19.48
7.57 10.12
200
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-19. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1972–2000—Continued (Dollars.) State
1986
1987
1988
Alabama ....................................... Alaska .......................................... Arizona ......................................... Arkansas ...................................... California ......................................
8.64 11.62 9.88 7.76 10.36
8.76 11.79 9.97 7.88 10.75
Colorado ...................................... Connecticut .................................. Delaware ...................................... Florida .......................................... Georgia ........................................
9.82 10.07 10.05 8.02 8.35
10.05 10.46 10.67 8.16 8.49
111.49
Hawaii .......................................... Idaho ............................................ Illinois ........................................... Indiana ......................................... Iowa .............................................
8.86 9.66 10.67 ... 10.35
Kansas ......................................... Kentucky ...................................... Louisiana ..................................... Maine ........................................... Maryland ......................................
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
9.10 12.01 9.92 8.26 11.16
9.39 12.46 10.21 8.51 11.48
9.72 11.40 10.70 8.81 11.87
9.99 10.75 10.96 9.05 12.19
10.35 11.14 11.06 9.36 12.38
10.75 10.96 11.17 9.65 12.44
11.14 11.00 11.16 10.05 12.55
11.55 11.14 11.49 10.41 12.84
11.86 11.78 11.67 10.78 13.24
12.11 11.09 12.17 11.12 13.66
12.54 12.16 12.70 11.55 13.95
12.94 12.45 12.77 11.98 14.25
8.39 8.65
10.44 11.21 12.36 8.67 8.87
10.94 11.53 12.39 8.98 9.17
11.33 11.99 12.20 9.30 9.56
11.32 12.46 12.35 9.59 9.86
12.01 13.01 13.29 9.76 10.09
12.26 13.53 13.92 9.97 10.34
12.51 13.71 14.20 10.18 10.71
12.83 14.01 14.02 10.55 11.19
13.31 14.46 14.81 10.95 11.64
13.74 14.83 15.36 11.43 12.03
14.19 15.33 15.91 11.83 12.51
14.76 15.69 16.54 12.28 13.01
9.30 9.75 10.85 ... 10.62
9.84 10.00 10.98 ... 10.56
10.37 10.21 11.21 11.70 10.82
10.99 10.60 11.44 12.03 11.27
11.39 11.11 11.68 12.43 11.62
11.61 11.42 11.84 12.79 11.92
11.98 11.88 12.04 13.17 12.22
12.22 11.88 12.25 13.55 12.45
12.82 11.46 12.64 13.91 12.73
12.79 12.15 13.03 14.33 13.13
13.11 12.46 13.35 14.79 13.57
13.16 12.80 13.75 14.97 13.91
13.49 13.42 14.05 15.26 14.20
13.58 14.17 14.39 15.83 14.66
9.76 9.86 10.60 8.65 9.91
9.97 10.02 10.90 8.77 10.11
10.24 10.16 10.94 9.31 10.71
10.68 10.37 11.13 9.92 11.19
10.94 10.70 11.61 10.59 11.57
11.24 11.00 11.86 11.08 11.92
11.60 11.28 12.19 11.40 12.50
11.99 11.47 12.66 11.63 12.83
12.15 11.81 13.11 11.91 13.15
12.39 12.22 13.43 12.39 13.49
12.88 12.70 13.65 12.71 13.73
13.45 13.17 14.14 13.12 14.14
13.84 13.82 14.63 13.49 14.31
14.44 14.27 15.18 13.94 14.62
14.98 14.82 15.57 14.28 14.99
Massachusetts ............................. Michigan ...................................... Minnesota .................................... Mississippi ................................... Missouri .......................................
9.24 12.80 10.20 7.46 9.83
9.77 12.97 10.37 7.59 10.00
10.40 13.31 10.59 7.83 10.24
10.87 13.51 10.95 8.03 10.49
11.39 13.86 11.23 8.37 10.74
11.81 14.52 11.52 8.67 10.86
12.15 14.81 11.92 8.91 11.24
12.36 15.36 12.23 9.16 11.55
12.59 16.13 12.58 9.41 11.77
12.79 16.31 12.79 9.76 12.17
13.05 16.67 13.16 10.18 12.57
13.42 17.18 13.63 10.41 12.98
13.80 17.61 13.92 10.73 13.38
14.24 18.38 14.34 11.17 13.93
14.65 19.20 14.99 11.64 14.40
Montana ....................................... Nebraska ..................................... Nevada ........................................ New Hampshire ........................... New Jersey ..................................
10.94 9.26 9.36 8.77 10.12
10.61 9.33 9.76 9.29 10.40
10.68 9.38 10.08 9.97 10.86
11.15 9.53 10.33 10.37 111.2
11.51 9.66 11.05 10.83 11.76
11.57 9.84 11.04 10.84 12.17
12.18 10.22 11.55 11.22 12.57
12.40 10.46 11.65 11.62 12.98
12.49 10.94 11.83 11.74 13.36
12.94 11.19 12.62 11.94 13.56
13.00 11.51 13.59 12.23 13.85
13.29 12.10 14.17 12.55 14.24
13.76 12.32 14.42 12.79 14.58
14.17 12.77 13.92 13.17 15.11
14.34 12.93 13.84 13.41 15.47
New Mexico ................................. New York ..................................... North Carolina .............................. North Dakota ................................ Ohio .............................................
8.75 9.92 7.54 8.19 11.56
8.74 10.09 7.84 8.43 11.73
8.87 10.43 8.12 8.36 12.00
8.74 10.67 8.42 8.80 12.26
9.04 11.11 8.79 9.27 12.64
9.40 11.43 9.19 9.25 13.12
9.68 11.72 9.49 9.60 13.49
9.74 11.97 9.81 9.86 14.05
10.13 12.19 10.19 10.19 14.40
10.68 12.50 10.56 10.75 14.42
10.99 12.78 10.97 10.95 14.70
11.74 13.19 11.41 11.29 15.30
12.47 13.47 11.84 11.40 15.79
12.53 13.87 12.32 11.94 16.26
13.34 14.24 12.79 12.66 16.72
Oklahoma .................................... Oregon ......................................... Pennsylvania ............................... Rhode Island ................................ South Carolina .............................
9.80 10.57 9.74 7.90 7.92
10.14 10.56 9.98 8.20 8.10
10.35 10.60 10.33 8.64 8.30
10.48 10.81 10.66 9.06 8.54
10.73 11.15 11.04 9.45 8.84
11.09 11.53 11.46 9.73 9.17
11.38 11.97 11.78 9.92 9.48
11.42 12.18 12.11 10.20 9.80
11.42 12.31 12.49 10.35 10.00
11.52 12.75 12.81 10.62 10.16
11.78 13.01 113.40
10.95 10.25
12.36 13.39 13.78 11.31 10.35
12.61 14.07 14.06 11.61 10.52
12.70 14.61 14.19 11.98 10.67
13.17 15.08 14.60 12.18 10.96
South Dakota ............................... Tennessee ................................... Texas ........................................... Utah ............................................. Vermont .......................................
7.75 8.58 9.65 9.98 8.83
7.92 8.78 9.85 9.96 9.12
8.09 8.96 9.97 10.11 9.47
8.30 9.22 10.25 10.14 9.99
8.48 9.55 10.47 10.32 10.52
8.79 9.92 10.84 10.77 11.00
8.84 10.13 10.92 11.09 10.62
8.89 10.33 11.02 11.10 12.09
9.19 10.50 11.13 11.28 11.96
9.36 10.78 11.47 11.62 12.21
9.59 11.30 11.81 12.21 12.42
9.96 11.71 12.03 12.85 12.70
10.22 12.06 12.14 13.07 13.03
10.58 12.50 12.25 13.39 13.65
10.71 12.92 12.37 13.69 14.23
Virginia ......................................... Washington .................................. West Virginia ................................ Wisconsin .................................... Wyoming ......................................
8.83 11.65 10.38 10.35 9.68
9.14 11.73 10.55 10.55 9.75
9.37 11.90 10.81 10.61 110.27
9.69 12.12 11.17 10.77 10.58
10.07 12.61 11.53 11.11 10.83
10.43 13.13 11.77 11.47 10.98
11.52 13.59 12.11 11.85 11.10
10.85 14.01 12.27 12.17 11.53
11.24 14.86 12.60 12.41 11.79
11.72 14.73 12.64 12.76 11.96
12.19 14.73 12.96 13.14 13.17
12.51 15.16 13.17 13.66 14.54
12.90 15.76 13.72 14.02 14.93
13.37 16.14 14.09 14.50 15.40
13.82 16.76 14.60 14.85 15.76
Puerto Rico .................................. Virgin Islands ...............................
5.31 9.60
5.43 9.40
5.56 9.86
5.77 10.87
6.04 11.85
6.32 12.52
6.63 13.68
6.98 14.97
7.22 15.16
7.41 15.82
7.70 17.00
7.99 18.09
8.41 18.60
8.93 18.89
9.37 22.08
1. Data not continuous.
8.95
1989
111.98
9.85 8.07 10.80 10.38 10.78
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS—NONFARM PAYROLLS
201
Table 2-20. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1972–2000 (Dollars.) State
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
Alabama ....................................... Alaska .......................................... Arizona ......................................... Arkansas ...................................... California ......................................
133.25 237.39 155.92 112.16 170.43
140.22 239.40 160.39 119.30 178.93
151.06 287.55 172.48 129.36 188.97
161.95 296.09 189.15 143.17 205.67
181.08 316.71 205.00 154.84 221.92
198.04 394.90 222.56 170.71 240.60
219.24 375.66 243.01 185.50 257.84
242.16 401.25 268.77 205.52 280.50
260.25 436.49 292.33 224.40 304.15
279.70 456.80 317.59 246.64 338.98
282.20 453.16 339.60 258.23 362.21
308.51 446.35 364.10 282.71 380.80
326.77 481.42 370.87 296.06 393.73
Colorado ...................................... Connecticut .................................. Delaware ...................................... Florida .......................................... Georgia ........................................
... 160.61 162.00 131.84 124.64
... 174.29 172.89 141.45 131.63
... 182.99 182.03 151.15 139.30
... 193.59 197.29 164.40 150.10
... 208.90 220.40 176.14 164.41
228.52 230.74 235.22 188.44 180.63
244.05 250.32 263.20 207.36 195.69
273.74 270.06 278.08 221.94 214.12
303.67 295.94 306.99 243.98 231.95
329.54 319.07 333.68 265.12 255.44
338.30 333.32 338.69 280.10 260.55
1357.90
361.79 373.11 298.33 293.04
377.92 391.85 385.12 313.94 310.78
382.70 400.98 405.25 324.62 328.86
Hawaii .......................................... Idaho ............................................ Illinois ........................................... Indiana ......................................... Iowa .............................................
141.81 145.39 175.55 ... ...
156.81 157.14 187.85 ... ...
167.06 171.99 200.69 ... ...
182.99 185.08 219.13 ... ...
200.46 204.72 236.11 ... 233.42
209.38 228.73 254.91 ... 257.84
227.74 253.36 271.42 ... 281.50
244.35 265.04 296.66 ... 313.88
258.17 280.11 319.20 ... 343.33
289.90 311.09 356.23 ... 379.20
302.06 316.35 364.86 ... 387.39
317.68 335.85 393.59 ... 401.58
318.14 351.18 409.35 ... 411.65
323.51 355.70 421.02 ... 414.86
Kansas ......................................... Kentucky ...................................... Louisiana ..................................... Maine ........................................... Maryland ......................................
... 149.48 155.66 123.32 157.58
... 161.20 164.77 131.78 170.91
... 172.66 176.44 141.45 184.34
... 184.60 208.86 152.02 197.06
... 202.91 220.13 165.98 218.59
... 224.75 240.35 179.90 241.40
... 247.90 267.07 197.38 257.75
273.10 266.74 287.86 217.34 283.60
297.75 286.99 318.89 240.00 301.36
325.22 308.90 362.08 269.06 334.76
344.96 321.79 384.58 288.80 344.18
360.89 344.57 391.60 303.64 360.80
376.14 363.78 418.50 321.20 387.45
373.28 370.72 434.93 336.00 392.12
Massachusetts ............................. Michigan ...................................... Minnesota .................................... Mississippi ................................... Missouri .......................................
146.37 ... 162.80 113.03 150.44
157.55 ... 173.02 118.89 161.19
165.98 ... 186.33 125.37 172.53
175.17 ... 199.92 140.69 187.20
190.16 290.97 220.09 153.20 206.96
204.69 326.27 238.80 166.42 231.15
222.71 349.50 258.89 181.94 248.40
239.80 359.72 277.20 196.02 264.65
257.80 381.87 299.83 213.79 284.59
280.40 426.27 330.96 236.19 318.37
297.14 449.33 356.20 244.22 326.56
319.60 494.02 379.53 268.67 354.71
340.85 526.18 392.93 282.17 377.06
366.30 544.78 405.02 293.13 384.71
Montana ....................................... Nebraska ..................................... Nevada ........................................ New Hampshire ........................... New Jersey ..................................
165.63 148.07 179.29 127.36 163.35
178.03 156.78 188.40 134.92 176.41
195.94 170.98 189.73 143.44 186.11
210.14 187.66 200.93 155.23 199.68
236.01 202.57 218.23 168.70 215.71
272.95 219.91 236.68 182.40 239.20
333.49 239.61 251.79 199.08 256.22
362.08 269.69 267.58 215.34 276.45
379.30 299.63 294.90 1233.63 297.07
372.69 322.80 325.01 255.76 327.16
387.50 337.95 328.24 274.82 345.53
414.47 353.03 349.98 300.51 369.87
421.79 361.67 362.98 322.26 390.45
428.15 363.51 369.66 341.47 402.29
New Mexico ................................. New York ..................................... North Carolina .............................. North Dakota ................................ Ohio .............................................
115.49 157.61 112.74 133.06 185.12
121.35 167.58 119.90 143.42 201.35
127.10 178.48 128.25 153.97 211.36
141.57 191.00 135.17 171.97 224.47
160.77 207.64 149.33 185.73 252.54
171.88 224.53 162.36 200.33 283.08
187.77 241.98 177.91 220.34 306.91
211.72 260.17 192.85 233.82 325.36
230.44 282.89 211.04 246.00 347.94
258.33 308.90 232.25 271.27 389.78
283.02 323.98 236.86 282.00 403.81
301.72 347.41 267.20 293.74 437.18
318.00 366.96 279.70 301.82 463.61
334.72 384.87 288.68 310.73 477.96
Oklahoma .................................... Oregon ......................................... Pennsylvania ............................... Rhode Island ................................ South Carolina .............................
141.34 169.42 154.42 124.43 115.92
149.81 180.78 167.23 132.44 122.72
162.40 194.39 180.97 141.90 132.14
178.00 212.35 193.22 149.04 141.45
194.65 236.12 210.11 163.93 157.96
214.52 257.46 1231.08
171.65 173.77
233.56 281.97 254.80 183.22 190.13
264.46 304.92 278.10 199.41 208.08
295.14 329.57 294.49 219.69 225.28
328.82 355.13 325.36 239.73 249.67
343.26 379.76 331.39 255.16 255.18
373.01 398.73 350.84 269.88 285.30
401.02 409.25 373.06 299.80 297.07
407.22 406.35 381.84 305.11 307.44
South Dakota ............................... Tennessee ................................... Texas ........................................... Utah ............................................. Vermont .......................................
137.26 124.64 ... 139.56 136.12
143.56 132.92 ... 148.62 145.25
157.21 144.44 ... 162.02 155.36
171.35 156.41 ... 175.77 164.43
179.95 170.87 203.68 191.69 180.40
190.21 188.14 222.76 207.15 191.76
216.42 203.15 242.84 224.36 209.10
238.83 220.73 265.51 245.31 225.62
265.85 241.38 294.58 274.48 249.28
296.19 268.13 328.34 307.28 271.60
302.50 276.38 344.00 323.40 286.65
304.10 303.34 363.19 342.39 306.40
300.59 324.34 376.97 355.91 326.02
310.57 339.72 387.69 386.56 342.29
Virginia ......................................... Washington .................................. West Virginia ................................ Wisconsin .................................... Wyoming ......................................
126.48 179.78 154.80 171.04 133.10
135.60 189.34 165.60 183.99 155.58
145.27 203.84 179.39 197.43 171.71
156.41 225.23 192.27 212.25 190.36
171.57 248.68 212.46 230.91 218.11
187.13 267.74 239.37 250.06 226.82
203.38 297.11 264.53 274.21 238.55
221.53 323.85 293.44 297.00 251.17
244.45 361.34 316.74 323.10 272.69
271.55 405.07 346.72 352.55 315.60
283.01 432.36 364.72 370.87 329.28
309.26 444.24 385.70 398.05 322.21
326.43 448.92 400.18 412.23 361.03
341.25 453.57 408.58 421.69 394.28
Puerto Rico .................................. Virgin Islands ...............................
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... 250.31
... 274.03
152.76 295.10
167.77 359.55
174.00 412.85
186.92 415.24
194.27 405.41
199.82 393.65
See footnote at end of table.
1985
345.98 1496.13 1387.73
304.31 406.82
202
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 2-20. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls by State, 1972–2000—Continued (Dollars.) State
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Alabama ....................................... Alaska .......................................... Arizona ......................................... Arkansas ...................................... California ......................................
355.10 477.58 405.08 313.50 417.51
362.66 503.43 404.78 323.08 433.23
370.53 404.84 330.06 439.56
374.92 533.24 408.70 337.01 454.21
384.99 559.45 415.55 348.91 466.09
396.58 528.96 435.49 362.97 481.92
411.59 489.13 447.17 374.67 494.91
426.42 501.30 450.14 387.50 506.34
450.43 519.50 472.49 403.37 515.02
463.42 525.80 474.30 412.05 517.06
481.64 518.01 491.77 432.02 532.86
496.93 550.13 483.14 446.29 554.76
511.04 553.39 491.67 463.70 570.99
527.93 550.85 513.08 481.64 581.72
542.19 551.54 515.91 491.18 594.23
Colorado ...................................... Connecticut .................................. Delaware ...................................... Florida .......................................... Georgia ........................................
391.82 420.93 415.07 327.22 341.52
404.01 440.37 434.27 332.93 353.18
419.35 454.92 459.60 341.47 358.11
419.69 473.06 512.94 354.60 364.56
450.73 484.26 511.71 365.49 375.05
457.73 501.18 497.76 378.51 391.96
458.46 519.58 503.88 392.23 408.20
494.81 547.72 559.50 402.11 420.75
506.34 579.08 595.78 412.76 438.42
512.91 586.79 582.20 421.45 453.03
528.60 595.43 567.81 437.83 473.34
556.36 616.00 620.54 457.71 493.54
570.21 633.24 649.73 476.63 502.85
588.89 649.99 684.13 494.49 521.67
615.49 668.39 717.84 514.53 536.01
Hawaii .......................................... Idaho ............................................ Illinois ........................................... Indiana ......................................... Iowa .............................................
344.65 369.01 436.40 ... 420.21
366.42 371.48 451.36 ... 438.61
393.60 381.00 464.45 ... 437.18
414.80 397.16 469.70 486.72 441.46
442.90 412.34 473.62 496.84 456.44
453.32 434.40 481.22 512.12 470.61
464.40 447.66 485.44 537.18 492.30
476.80 476.39 499.66 562.36 508.35
468.03 475.20 513.28 586.72 527.88
480.75 450.38 527.09 587.00 533.39
487.30 479.93 543.35 613.32 551.46
496.87 499.65 563.37 638.93 578.08
490.87 490.24 574.75 642.21 582.83
530.16 528.75 588.70 654.65 587.88
520.11 555.46 597.19 666.44 609.86
Kansas ......................................... Kentucky ...................................... Louisiana ..................................... Maine ........................................... Maryland ......................................
393.33 386.51 443.08 351.19 401.36
406.78 405.81 455.62 363.96 412.49
416.77 411.48 464.95 381.71 444.47
429.34 414.80 474.14 398.78 459.91
440.88 429.07 498.07 424.66 472.06
452.97 443.30 506.42 443.20 483.95
474.44 454.58 519.29 458.28 510.00
498.78 464.54 538.05 474.50 527.31
505.44 487.75 568.97 483.55 545.73
509.23 504.69 580.18 493.12 559.84
546.11 521.97 603.33 507.13 562.93
568.94 550.51 623.57 532.67 585.40
579.90 573.53 643.72 547.69 595.30
593.48 595.06 657.29 568.75 605.27
608.19 623.92 666.40 589.76 611.59
Massachusetts ............................. Michigan ...................................... Minnesota .................................... Mississippi ................................... Missouri .......................................
381.61 545.28 414.12 299.89 398.12
400.57 547.33 424.13 305.88 406.00
423.28 576.32 432.07 315.55 417.79
442.41 579.58 443.48 321.20 426.94
463.57 579.35 452.57 329.78 437.12
484.21 602.58 465.41 344.20 438.74
498.15 619.06 486.34 359.07 456.34
510.47 662.02 502.65 375.56 478.17
523.74 724.24 523.33 392.40 494.34
533.34 722.53 530.79 400.16 502.62
545.49 731.81 544.82 420.43 521.66
567.67 757.64 565.65 432.02 539.97
579.60 762.51 574.90 444.22 555.27
598.08 812.40 590.81 461.32 578.10
613.84 837.12 611.59 473.75 596.16
Montana ....................................... Nebraska ..................................... Nevada ........................................ New Hampshire ........................... New Jersey ..................................
431.04 374.10 376.27 361.32 416.94
409.55 377.87 393.33 382.75 428.48
413.32 385.52 400.18 405.78 445.26
437.08 387.87 422.50 427.24 1458.0
448.89 394.13 449.74 441.86 486.86
452.39 397.54 448.22 446.61 503.84
473.80 420.04 470.09 466.75 521.66
478.64 434.09 482.31 489.20 538.67
490.86 460.57 486.21 496.60 558.45
509.84 464.39 522.47 496.70 566.81
508.30 478.82 565.34 511.21 578.93
530.27 499.73 607.89 527.10 598.08
540.77 516.21 605.64 528.23 609.44
552.63 535.06 574.90 534.70 630.09
552.09 535.30 586.82 547.13 648.19
New Mexico ................................. New York ..................................... North Carolina .............................. North Dakota ................................ Ohio .............................................
345.63 395.81 306.88 312.86 486.68
346.98 402.59 323.01 326.24 499.70
359.24 416.16 328.86 323.53 516.00
349.60 426.80 339.33 350.24 523.50
367.93 439.96 350.72 368.95 535.94
376.94 454.91 368.52 368.15 553.66
387.20 468.80 386.24 387.84 569.28
398.37 483.59 400.25 406.23 604.15
414.32 499.79 418.81 431.04 632.16
426.13 511.25 428.74 437.53 625.83
441.80 521.42 443.19 462.09 636.51
467.25 543.43 470.09 457.25 667.08
481.34 553.62 486.62 454.86 677.39
488.67 571.44 505.12 477.60 697.55
509.59 583.84 529.51 508.93 717.29
Oklahoma .................................... Oregon ......................................... Pennsylvania ............................... Rhode Island ................................ South Carolina .............................
404.74 412.23 391.55 319.16 325.51
417.77 413.95 408.18 328.00 337.77
425.39 416.58 424.56 343.01 341.13
435.97 425.91 437.06 356.06 352.70
441.00 438.20 449.33 375.17 362.44
454.69 454.28 462.98 389.20 378.72
468.86 472.82 480.62 397.79 395.32
478.50 481.11 498.93 405.96 407.68
492.20 497.32 519.58 417.11 418.00
482.69 511.28 529.05 430.11 425.70
494.76 523.00 1552.08
438.00 428.45
524.06 547.65 578.76 462.58 436.77
523.32 572.65 589.11 471.37 448.15
524.51 590.24 593.14 478.00 454.54
538.65 603.20 614.66 492.07 465.80
South Dakota ............................... Tennessee ................................... Texas ........................................... Utah ............................................. Vermont .......................................
326.28 353.50 399.51 399.20 359.38
330.26 365.25 409.76 393.42 370.27
343.83 372.74 415.75 407.43 382.59
346.94 376.18 428.45 405.60 408.59
344.29 368.63 437.65 410.74 429.22
362.15 392.83 456.36 429.72 448.80
364.21 408.24 464.10 446.93 472.32
367.16 421.46 471.66 439.56 501.74
385.98 429.45 479.70 457.97 489.16
391.25 435.51 490.92 462.48 494.51
397.99 458.78 507.83 492.06 503.01
417.32 482.45 523.31 516.57 516.89
435.37 488.43 530.52 528.03 515.99
453.88 507.50 532.88 535.60 539.18
461.60 519.38 535.62 544.86 573.47
Virginia ......................................... Washington .................................. West Virginia ................................ Wisconsin .................................... Wyoming ......................................
356.73 459.01 418.31 427.46 377.52
375.65 468.03 428.33 436.77 378.30
382.30 477.19 438.89 443.50 1395.40
396.32 477.53 454.62 446.96 421.08
406.83 511.97 469.27 459.95 432.12
422.42 523.89 477.86 474.86 423.83
435.42 543.60 491.67 495.33 428.46
444.85 563.20 501.84 511.14 448.52
468.71 601.83 520.38 529.91 471.60
487.55 600.98 528.35 537.20 471.22
505.89 600.98 533.95 554.51 528.12
527.92 615.50 549.19 579.18 585.96
545.67 643.01 570.75 586.04 603.17
566.89 660.13 586.14 607.55 605.22
584.59 682.13 602.98 616.28 617.79
Puerto Rico .................................. Virgin Islands ...............................
207.09 402.24
211.23 396.68
217.40 398.34
227.92 453.28
236.16 502.44
246.48 518.33
262.55 574.56
275.71 651.20
288.08 647.33
293.44 659.69
297.22 705.50
316.40 772.44
336.40 745.86
366.13 827.38
380.42 971.52
1. Data not continuous.
1504.36
PART THREE PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION
PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION HIGHLIGHTS This is the latest in a series of projections published every 2 years for the U.S. economy, providing information on future job growth by industry and occupation. The projections for 2008 result from the application of a set of assumptions about the demographics of the future population, economic trends, both domestic and international, and changes in the structure of industry.
Total Job Openings: Replacement and Growth Needs by Major Occupational Groups, Projected 1998–2008 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Related Occupations Technicians and Related Support Precision Production, Craft, and Repair Executive, Administrative, and Managerial Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers Marketing and Sales Administrative Support, Including Clerical Professional Specialty Service 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Millions of Job Openings Growth
Replacement Needs
Job openings occur as a result of growth and replacement needs. The relative importance of the two factors varies by occupational group. “Professional specialties,” which includes teachers as well as computer occupations, is the only group where growth is expected to exceed replacement. For the services sector, replacement needs are projected to be almost twice that generated by growth. Replacement needs are generally greatest in those occupations with relatively low pay. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: •
•
• •
The total labor force is projected to grow 1.2 percent per year between 1998 and 2008, the same as 1988–1998 but slower than in earlier decades. However, the labor force of Hispanic origin is expected to grow 3.2 percent per year, constituting almost one-third of the total labor force increase. (Table 3-1) Service industries are projected to grow the fastest by 2008, accounting for over one-half of the employment increase. Within service industries, health services, social services, and business services constitute 70 percent of these new jobs. Within business services, computer and data processing services is projected to be the fastest growing industry at an 8 percent annual rate of employment growth. (Table 3-2) The industries with the most rapidly declining employment are projected to be crude petroleum, apparel, and coal mining at annual rate of -6.0 percent, -4.4 percent and -4.2 percent respectively. (Table 3-2) From 1998 to 2008, professional specialty occupations are projected to increase the fastest at 27 percent, and add the most jobs (5.3 million). On the other hand, the agriculture, forestry, fishing and related occupations group is projected to grow the least (1.6 percent), and add 0.1 million new jobs over the period. (Table 3-3)
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Concepts, Definitions, and Procedures Long-term projections of likely employment conditions in the U.S. economy have been developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics since 1957. These projections cover the future size and composition of the labor force, the aggregate economy, detailed estimates of industrial production, and industrial and occupational employment. The resulting data serve many users who need information on likely patterns of economic growth and their effects on employment. Beginning with the projections for 1996–2006, projections have been developed for a 10-year period and published every 2 years. To carry out the projection process, the BLS makes many underlying assumptions concerning general economic and social conditions and sets ranges of acceptability for the key results of the various stages of the projection process. Projecting employment in industry and occupational detail requires an integrated projection of the total economy and its various sectors. BLS projections are developed in a series of six steps, each of which is based on separate projections procedures and models and various related assumptions. The six steps or analytical phases are (1) labor force, (2) aggregate economy, (3) final demand (GDP) by sector and product, (4) inter-industry relationships (input-output), (5) industry output and employment, and (6) occupational employment. Each phase is solved separately, with the results of each used as input for the next phase, and with some results feeding back to earlier steps. In each phase, many iterations are made to ensure internal consistency as assumptions and results are reviewed and revised.
to the population projections. The results are again reviewed for consistency. Aggregate economic performance—the second phase of the BLS projections process—develops projections of the gross domestic product (GDP) and major categories of demand and income. These results provide control totals that are consistent with each other and with the various assumptions and conditions of the projection scenario. The values generated for each demand sector and subsector are then used in the next phase in developing detailed projections for personal consumption, business investment, foreign trade, and government. These projections are accomplished using a macroeconomic model. The model basically consists of sets of equations that correlate various aspects of the economy with each other. It provides internally consistent, moderately detailed projections for each set of given assumptions and goals. Employment Outlook 1998–2008 projections were based upon a long-term macro model developed by Data Resources, Inc. This model has approximately 400 equations that determine those factors affecting growth in the U.S. economy. This model is driven by a set of over 200 exogenous variables, the values of which are specified by BLS. Final demand. The BLS projection then proceeds from the aggregate to the industrial level. For the industry output projections, the economy is disaggregated into about 190 producing sectors that cover the U.S. industrial structure, both public and private. The framework for this procedure is an input-output model. The initial input-output data used by BLS are prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Labor force projections are determined by projections of the future age, sex, and racial composition of the population and by trends in labor force participation rates—the percent of the specified group in the population who will be working or seeking work. The population projections, prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, are based on trends in birth rates, death rates, and net migration. With the population projections in hand, BLS analyzes and projects changes in labor force participation rates for more than 100 age, sex, and race or Hispanic origin groups.
The development of projections of industry output begins with aggregate demand projections from the Data Resources model. In this model, projections are made for seven major categories of consumption, six categories of investment, 13 end-use categories of foreign trade, and three categories of government spending. A further disaggregation of the values from the model is then undertaken. For example, personal consumption expenditures are estimated for approximately 90 detailed categories.
Projections of labor force participation rates for each group are developed by first estimating a trend rate of change based on participation rate behavior during the prior 15-year period. Second, the rate is modified when the time-series projections for the specific group appear inconsistent with the results of cross-sectional and cohort analyses. This second step ensures consistency in the projections across various groups. Finally, the size of the labor force is derived by applying the participation rates
Provision is made to allow for shifts in the commodity makeup of a given demand category. This is accomplished by projecting “bridge tables” relating individual types of demand to the actual industries supplying the goods. The bridge table is a percent distribution for each given demand category, such as the personal consumption or investment category, among each of the sectors in the BLS input-output model. In projecting changes in these bridge tables, expected changes in technology, consumer
PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION
tastes or buying patterns, the commodity pattern of exports and imports, the future composition of business investment, and other structural factors are considered. Input-output. The next stage in the projections process is the estimation of the intermediate flows of goods and services required to produce the projected GDP. Only final sales are counted in the GDP to avoid repeated counting of intermediate inputs. An industry’s total employment, however, depends on its total output, whether sold to another industry, or used as a final good. The total output of each industry is projected using an inter-industry or input-output model. This model mathematically solves for all levels of intermediate inputs given industry relationships and final demand.
207
private household data are based on the Current Population Survey (household survey), which counts workers. In these projections, there were additional secondary jobs as self-employed and unpaid family workers were included for the first time. Job totals for historical periods, therefore, differ from the official employment estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment by Occupation. The model used to develop the occupational employment projections is an industryoccupation matrix showing the distribution of employment for 264 industries and for more than 520 detailed occupations. Occupational staffing patterns for the industries are based on data collected by state employment security agencies and analyzed by the BLS.
The BLS input-output model consists of two basic matrices for each year, a “use” and a “make” table. The principal table is the “use” table. This table shows the purchase of commodities by each industry as inputs into its production process. Projecting this table must take into account changes in the input pattern or the way in which goods or services are produced by each industry. In general, two types of changes in these input patterns are made in developing a future input-output table: (a) Those made to the inputs of a specific industry (as, for example, the changes in inputs in the publishing industry); and, (b) those made to the inputs of a specific commodity in all or most industries (as for example increased use of business services across a wide spectrum of industries). The “make” table shows the commodity output of each industry. It allocates commodity output to the industry to which it is primary and to all other industries where the commodity is produced as a secondary product. The “use” table is the basis for the direct requirements table of coefficients showing the inputs required to produce one dollar of that industry’s output. The “make” table is used to create a “market shares” table, which shows the values of the “make” table as coefficients. The coefficient tables are used to calculate the total requirements tables that show the direct and indirect requirements to produce a dollar’s worth of final demand. Projection tables are based on historical tables and on studies of specific industries.
Staffing patterns of industries in the base-year industryoccupation matrix are projected to the target year to account for changes expected to occur in technology, shifts in production mix, and other factors. For example, one would expect greater employment of computer specialists as computer technology spreads across industries. In projecting the staffing patterns, the changes introduced into the input-output model for expected change are also analyzed to account for the impact of that technological change on future occupational staffing patterns of industries. The projected industry total employment data are applied to the projected industry staffing patterns, yielding employment by occupation for each industry. These data are aggregated across all industries to yield total occupational employment for the projected year.
Industry Employment. The projected level of industry employment is based on the projected levels of industry output as well as other factors such as expected technological changes and their impact on labor productivity. After the initial industry output is calculated, employment is derived from a model of the industry-level employment requirements. The employment projections by industry are constrained by the requirement that they sum to the aggregate employment level as determined by the aggregate projections. Employment for wage and salary workers is based on the Current Employment Statistics (payroll) survey, which counts jobs, whereas self-employed, unpaid family worker, agricultural, and
Sources of Additional Information
Final Review. An important element of the projection system is its comprehensive structure. To ensure the internal consistency of this large structure, the BLS procedure encompasses detailed review and analysis of the results at each stage for reasonableness and for consistency with the results from other stages of the BLS projections. The final results reflect innumerable interactions among staff members who focus on particular variables in the model. Because of this review, the projection process at BLS converges to an internally consistent set of employment projections across a substantial number of industries and occupations.
A complete presentation of the projections including analysis of results and additional tables and a comprehensive description of the methodology is found in the Monthly Labor Review, November 1999. A more detailed description of methods is contained in the BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2490, April 1997, Chapter 13 and BLS Bulletin 2521, Occupational Projections and Training Data, May 2000. Once the target year is reached, BLS evaluates the projections and these evaluations generally appear in articles in the Monthly Labor Review.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 3-1. Civilian Labor Force by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1978, 1988, 1998, and Projected 2008 Level (thousands)
Sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 1978
TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER ..................................... 102 251
Change (thousands)
Percent change
19781988
19881998
19982008
154 576
19 418
16 004
1988
1998
2008
121 669
137 673
Percent distribution
Annual growth rate (percent)
19781988
19881998
19982008
1978
1988
1998
2008
19781988
19881998
19982008
16 903
19.0
13.2
12.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.8
1.2
1.2
16 to 24 ................................... 16 to 19 .............................. 20 to 24 .............................. 25 to 54 ................................... 25 to 34 ............................... 35 to 44 ............................... 45 to 54 ............................... 55 and over ............................ 55 to 64 ............................... 65 and over ......................... 65 to 74 ........................... 75 and over .....................
25 022 9 652 15 370 62 414 26 703 18 821 16 891 14 814 11 744 3 070 2 627 444
22 536 8 031 14 505 84 041 35 503 29 435 19 104 15 092 11 808 3 284 2 814 471
21 894 8 256 13 638 98 718 32 813 37 536 28 368 17 062 13 215 3 847 3 179 668
25 210 9 396 15 814 104 133 32 398 34 945 36 790 25 233 20 588 4 645 3 849 796
-2 486 -1 621 -865 21 627 8 800 10 614 2 213 278 64 214 187 27
-642 225 -867 14 677 -2 690 8 101 9 264 1 970 1 407 563 365 197
3 316 1 140 2 176 5 415 -415 -2 591 8 422 8 171 7 373 798 670 128
-9.9 -16.8 -5.6 34.7 33.0 56.4 13.1 1.9 0.5 7.0 7.1 6.1
-2.8 2.8 -6.0 17.5 -7.6 27.5 48.5 13.1 11.9 17.1 13.0 41.9
15.1 13.8 16.0 5.5 -1.3 -6.9 29.7 47.9 55.8 20.7 21.1 19.1
24.5 9.4 15.0 61.0 26.1 18.4 16.5 14.5 11.5 3.0 2.6 0.4
18.5 6.6 11.9 69.1 29.2 24.2 15.7 12.4 9.7 2.7 2.3 0.4
15.9 6.0 9.9 71.7 23.8 27.3 20.6 12.4 9.6 2.8 2.3 0.5
16.3 6.1 10.2 67.4 21.0 22.6 23.8 16.3 13.3 3.0 2.5 0.5
-1.0 -1.8 -0.6 3.0 2.9 4.6 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.6
-0.3 0.3 -0.6 1.6 -0.8 2.5 4.0 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.2 3.6
1.4 1.3 1.5 0.5 -0.1 -0.7 2.6 4.0 4.5 1.9 1.9 1.8
Men, 16 Years And Over ...... 16 to 24 ................................... 16 to 19 ............................... 20 to 24 ............................... 25 to 54 ................................... 25 to 34 ............................... 35 to 44 ............................... 45 to 54 ............................... 55 and over ............................. 55 to 64 ............................... 65 and over ......................... 65 to 74 ........................... 75 and over .....................
59 620 13 476 5 149 8 327 37 057 15 814 11 159 10 083 9 088 7 151 1 936 1 634 302
66 927 11 752 4 159 7 594 46 382 19 742 16 074 10 566 8 793 6 831 1 960 1 657 304
73 959 11 464 4 244 7 221 53 002 17 796 20 242 14 963 9 493 7 253 2 240 1 826 413
81 132 13 049 4 769 8 279 54 496 17 145 18 345 19 006 13 587 10 797 2 790 2 287 503
7 307 -1 724 -990 -733 9 325 3 928 4 915 483 -295 -320 24 23 2
7 032 -288 85 -373 6 620 -1 946 4 168 4 397 700 422 280 169 109
7 173 1 585 525 1 059 1 494 -651 -1 897 4 043 4 095 3 544 551 461 90
12.3 -12.8 -19.2 -8.8 25.2 24.8 44.0 4.8 -3.2 -4.5 1.2 1.4 0.7
10.5 -2.5 2.0 -4.9 14.3 -9.9 25.9 41.6 8.0 6.2 14.3 10.2 35.9
9.7 13.8 12.4 14.7 2.8 -3.7 -9.4 27.0 43.1 48.9 24.6 25.2 21.8
58.3 13.2 5.0 8.1 36.2 15.5 10.9 9.9 8.9 7.0 1.9 1.6 0.3
55.0 9.7 3.4 6.2 38.1 16.2 13.2 8.7 7.2 5.6 1.6 1.4 0.2
53.7 8.3 3.1 5.2 38.5 12.9 14.7 10.9 6.9 5.3 1.6 1.3 0.3
52.5 8.4 3.1 5.4 35.3 11.1 11.9 12.3 8.8 7.0 1.8 1.5 0.3
1.2 -1.4 -2.1 -0.9 2.3 2.2 3.7 0.5 -0.3 -0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1
1.0 -0.2 0.2 -0.5 1.3 -1.0 2.3 3.5 0.8 0.6 1.3 1.0 3.1
0.9 1.3 1.2 1.4 0.3 -0.4 -1.0 2.4 3.7 4.1 2.2 2.3 2.0
Women, 16 Years And Over ....................................... 16 to 24 ................................... 16 to 19 ............................... 20 to 24 ............................... 25 to 54 ................................... 25 to 34 ............................... 35 to 44 ............................... 45 to 54 ............................... 55 and over ............................. 55 to 64 ............................... 65 and over ......................... 65 to 74 ........................... 75 and over .....................
42 631 11 546 4 503 7 043 25 358 10 888 7 662 6 807 5 727 4 593 1 134 993 141
54 742 10 783 3 872 6 910 37 659 15 761 13 361 8 537 6 301 4 977 1 324 1 157 167
63 714 10 430 4 012 6 418 45 716 15 017 17 294 13 405 7 569 5 962 1 607 1 352 255
73 444 12 161 4 627 7 535 49 637 15 253 16 600 17 784 11 645 9 791 1 854 1 562 293
12 111 -763 -631 -133 12 301 4 873 5 699 1 730 574 384 190 164 26
8 972 -353 140 -492 8 057 -744 3 933 4 868 1 268 985 283 195 88
9 729 1 732 615 1 117 3 921 236 -694 4 379 4 077 3 829 247 209 38
28.4 -6.6 -14.0 -1.9 48.5 44.8 74.4 25.4 10.0 8.4 16.8 16.5 18.4
16.4 -3.3 3.6 -7.1 21.4 -4.7 29.4 57.0 20.1 19.8 21.4 16.9 52.7
15.3 16.6 15.3 17.4 8.6 1.6 -4.0 32.7 53.9 64.2 15.4 15.5 14.8
41.7 11.3 4.4 6.9 24.8 10.6 7.5 6.7 5.6 4.5 1.1 1.0 0.1
45.0 8.9 3.2 5.7 31.0 13.0 11.0 7.0 5.2 4.1 1.1 1.0 0.1
46.3 7.6 2.9 4.7 33.2 10.9 12.6 9.7 5.5 4.3 1.2 1.0 0.2
47.5 7.9 3.0 4.9 32.1 9.9 10.7 11.5 7.5 6.3 1.2 1.0 0.2
2.5 -0.7 -1.5 -0.2 4.0 3.8 5.7 2.3 1.0 0.8 1.6 1.5 1.7
1.5 -0.3 0.4 -0.7 2.0 -0.5 2.6 4.6 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.6 4.3
1.4 1.5 1.4 1.6 0.8 0.2 -0.4 2.9 4.4 5.1 1.4 1.4 1.4
White, 16 Years And Over .... Men ......................................... Women ..................................
89 634 52 955 36 679
104 756 58 317 46 439
115 415 63 034 52 380
126 665 67 664 59 001
15 122 5 362 9 760
10 659 4 717 5 941
11 251 4 630 6 621
16.9 10.1 26.6
10.2 8.1 12.8
9.7 7.3 12.6
87.7 51.8 35.9
86.1 47.9 38.2
83.8 45.8 38.0
81.9 43.8 38.2
1.6 1.0 2.4
1.0 0.8 1.2
0.9 0.7 1.2
Black, 16 Years And Over .... Men ........................................ Women ..................................
10 432 5 435 4 997
13 205 6 596 6 609
15 982 7 542 8 441
19 101 8 877 10 224
2 773 1 161 1 612
2 777 946 1 832
3 119 1 335 1 783
26.6 21.4 32.3
21.0 14.3 27.7
19.5 17.7 21.1
10.2 5.3 4.9
10.9 5.4 5.4
11.6 5.5 6.1
12.4 5.7 6.6
2.4 2.0 2.8
1.9 1.3 2.5
1.8 1.6 1.9
Asian And Other, 16 Years And Over 1 ............................. Men ......................................... Women ..................................
2 190 1 237 953
3 721 2 019 1 702
6 278 3 383 2 895
8 809 4 591 4 219
1 531 782 749
2 557 1 364 1 193
2 531 1 208 1 323
69.9 63.2 78.6
68.7 67.5 70.1
40.3 35.7 45.7
2.1 1.2 0.9
3.1 1.7 1.4
4.6 2.5 2.1
5.7 3.0 2.7
5.4 5.0 6.0
5.4 5.3 5.5
3.4 3.1 3.8
Hispanic Origin, 16 Years And Over 2 ............................. Men ........................................ Women ..................................
... ... ...
8 982 5 409 3 573
14 317 8 571 5 746
19 585 11 033 8 552
... ... ...
5 335 3 162 2 173
5 268 2 462 2 806
... ... ...
59.4 58.5 60.8
36.8 28.7 48.8
... ... ...
7.4 4.4 2.9
10.4 6.2 4.2
12.7 7.1 5.5
... ... ...
4.8 4.7 4.9
3.2 2.6 4.1
Other Than Hispanic Origin, 16 Years And Over 2 ............. Men ........................................ Women ..................................
... ... ...
112 687 61 518 51 169
123 356 65 388 57 968
134 991 70 099 64 892
... ... ...
10 669 3 870 6 799
11 635 4 711 6 924
... ... ...
9.5 6.3 13.3
9.4 7.2 11.9
... ... ...
92.6 50.6 42.1
89.6 47.5 42.1
87.3 45.3 42.0
... ... ...
0.9 0.6 1.3
0.9 0.7 1.1
White Non-Hispanic, 16 Years And Over 2 .................. Men ........................................ Women ..................................
... ... ...
96 141 53 122 43 018
101 767 54 833 46 935
109 216 57 756 51 459
... ... ...
5 626 1 710 3 916
7 449 2 924 4 525
... ... ...
5.9 3.2 9.1
7.3 5.3 9.6
... ... ...
79.0 43.7 35.4
73.9 39.8 34.1
70.7 37.4 33.3
... ... ...
0.6 0.3 0.9
0.7 0.5 0.9
1. The "Asian and Other" group includes Asians and Pacific Islanders and American Indians and Alaska Natives. The historical data are derived by subtracting "Black" from the "Black and Other" group; projections are made directly, not by subtraction. 2. Data by Hispanic origin are not available before 1980.
209
PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION
Table 3-2. Employment and Output by Industry, 1988, 1998, and Projected 2008
Employment Jobs (thousands)
Industry
Output
Change (thousands)
Average annual rate of change (percent)
19982008
160 795
20 503
20 281
1.6
1.4
10 204
13 322
18 241
2.7
3.2
144 526
20 316
19 640
1.8
1.5
9 558
12 420
17 145
2.7
3.3
475 37 59 77 205 96
-123 1 -59 -58 -3 -3
-115 -13 -32 -66 9 -13
-1.9 0.1 -4.9 -3.4 -0.2 -0.3
-2.1 -3.0 -4.2 -6.0 0.5 -1.2
183 9 26 117 18 15
175 11 29 99 19 17
197 15 31 109 21 20
-0.4 2.3 1.2 -1.6 0.7 1.3
1.2 3.7 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.5
1998
2008
TOTAL 1, 2, 3 ..........................................................................
120 010
140 514
NONFARM WAGE AND SALARY 4 .....................................
104 570
124 887
Mining ................................................................................... Metal mining .......................................................................... Coal mining ........................................................................... Crude petroleum, natural gas, and gas liquids ...................... Oil and gas field services ...................................................... Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels ........................................
713 50 151 201 199 112
590 50 92 143 196 109
19982008
Average annual rate of change (percent)
19881998
1988
19881998
Billions of chained (1992) dollars 1988
1998
2008
19881998
19982008
Construction ........................................................................
5 098
5 985
6 535
887
550
1.6
0.9
661
697
792
0.5
1.3
Manufacturing ..................................................................... Durable manufacturing .......................................................... Lumber and wood products ............................................... Logging ......................................................................... Sawmills and planing mills ............................................ Millwork, plywood, and structural members .................. Wood containers and miscellaneous wood products .... Wood buildings and mobile homes ............................... Furniture and fixtures ........................................................ Household furniture ....................................................... Partitions and fixtures .................................................... Office and miscellaneous furniture and fixtures ............ Glass and glass products .............................................. Hydraulic cement .......................................................... Stone, clay, and miscellaneous mineral products ......... Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products ...................... Primary metal industries .................................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products ........................ Iron and steel foundries ................................................. Primary nonferrous smelting and refining ..................... All other primary metals ................................................ Nonferrous rolling and drawing ..................................... Nonferrous foundries ..................................................... Fabricated metal products ................................................. Metal cans and shipping containers .............................. Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware ................................ Plumbing and nonelectric heating equipment ............... Fabricated structural metal products ............................. Screw machine products, bolts, rivets, etc. ................... Metal forgings and stampings ....................................... Metal coating, engraving, and allied services ............... Ordanance and ammunition .......................................... Miscellaneous fabricated metal products ...................... Industrial machinery and equipment ................................. Engines and turbines .................................................... Farm and garden machinery ......................................... Construction and related machinery ............................. Metalworking machinery and equipment ....................... Special industry machinery ........................................... General industrial machinery and equipment ................ Computer and office equipment .................................... Refrigeration and service industry machinery ............... Industrial machinery, n.e.c. ........................................... Electronic and other electronic equipment ........................ Electric distribution equipment ...................................... Electrical industrial apparatus ....................................... Household appliances ................................................... Electric lighting and wiring equipment ........................... Household audio and video equipment ......................... Communications equipment .......................................... Electronic components and accessories ....................... Miscellaneous electrical equipment .............................. Transportation equipment ................................................. Motor vehicles and equipment ...................................... Aerospace ..................................................................... Ship and boat building and repairing ............................. Railroad equipment ....................................................... Miscellaneous transportation equipment .......................
19 314 11 363 767 88 204 273 134 68 527 308 79 140 157 20 176 214 770 278 136 44 45 179 88 1 428 53 139 62 423 99 227 119 77 230 2 089 92 102 222 327 159 232 459 186 309 1 764 101 178 137 198 84 275 622 170 2 036 856 892 196 31 62
18 772 11 170 813 79 183 308 144 99 530 283 93 155 151 17 166 229 712 232 131 39 47 170 93 1 501 37 126 58 464 107 257 144 41 268 2 203 84 104 253 352 179 269 379 200 382 1 704 82 153 117 183 82 282 660 146 1 884 990 615 166 37 76
18 684 11 277 811 82 162 315 147 105 546 266 109 170 140 14 147 230 643 177 134 32 46 157 98 1 519 25 108 57 500 105 250 165 34 275 2 197 69 95 270 324 187 273 369 216 393 1 773 70 122 96 157 67 302 820 139 1 988 940 750 160 42 96
-542 -193 46 -9 -21 34 10 31 4 -25 13 15 -6 -2 -11 15 -59 -47 -5 -5 3 -9 5 72 -16 -13 -5 41 7 30 25 -36 38 114 -9 2 31 25 20 37 -80 14 73 -60 -18 -25 -21 -15 -2 7 38 -24 -152 133 -276 -30 6 14
-89 107 -2 2 -21 7 4 6 15 -16 16 15 -11 -4 -18 1 -69 -55 3 -8 -2 -13 6 18 -12 -18 -1 36 -2 -7 21 -7 7 -6 -15 -9 17 -28 8 4 -11 16 11 69 -13 -31 -20 -26 -14 21 160 -7 104 -50 135 -6 5 20
-0.3 -0.2 0.6 -1.0 -1.1 1.2 0.7 3.8 0.1 -0.8 1.6 1.0 -0.4 -1.1 -0.6 0.7 -0.8 -1.8 -0.4 -1.2 0.6 -0.5 0.5 0.5 -3.6 0.9 -0.8 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.9 -6.1 1.6 0.5 -1.0 0.2 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.5 -1.9 0.7 2.2 -0.3 -2.0 -1.5 -1.6 -0.8 -0.2 0.3 0.6 -1.5 -0.8 1.5 -3.6 -1.6 1.8 2.1
(5)
2 904 1 506 94 22 24 28 13 7 46 22 7 17 18 4 19 26 145 64 13 12 9 39 8 172 13 16 7 46 10 32 10 9 30 238 19 15 30 26 21 30 50 28 24 193 11 19 17 21 9 38 55 25 392 238 126 17 4 7
3 861 2 241 100 18 27 30 16 10 63 29 9 25 22 5 20 29 162 69 15 12 11 44 10 217 14 20 8 56 14 44 16 5 41 574 24 22 41 33 33 38 446 40 41 401 13 27 19 24 16 78 203 27 480 324 120 16 8 13
5 650 3 813 104 20 25 30 18 11 71 28 11 32 26 4 22 33 216 91 21 15 17 60 14 260 16 23 8 60 14 51 27 6 55 1 541 29 28 52 40 51 53 1 723 49 58 870 17 37 21 28 20 169 571 31 603 375 179 18 10 21
2.9 4.1 0.7 -2.1 1.1 0.7 2.2 3.4 3.3 2.7 2.7 4.2 2.1 0.9 0.6 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.4 -0.3 2.4 1.1 3.1 2.4 0.7 2.4 1.1 2.1 3.5 3.1 4.8 -6.3 3.2 9.2 2.2 3.9 3.2 2.4 4.8 2.5 24.6 3.3 5.7 7.6 1.5 3.6 1.6 1.2 6.3 7.6 13.9 1.0 2.1 3.2 -0.5 -0.7 6.8 6.2
3.9 5.5 0.4 1.2 -0.7 -0.1 1.3 1.4 1.2 -0.4 2.6 2.3 1.7 -1.2 0.8 1.1 3.0 2.7 3.4 2.1 3.9 3.2 2.8 1.8 0.8 1.3 0.1 0.7 0.6 1.4 5.3 2.9 3.1 10.4 1.8 2.5 2.5 2.0 4.3 3.4 14.5 2.1 3.6 8.1 2.7 3.2 0.8 1.6 2.4 8.1 10.9 1.3 2.3 1.5 4.1 1.0 3.1 5.2
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
0.1 (5)
0.3 -1.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 -0.6 1.6 0.9 -0.8 -2.3 -1.2 (5)
-1.0 -2.7 0.2 -2.1 -0.4 -0.8 0.6 0.1 -3.8 -1.5 -0.1 0.8 -0.2 -0.3 1.3 -1.8 0.3 (5)
-1.9 -0.9 0.6 -0.8 0.4 0.1 -0.3 0.8 0.3 0.4 -1.7 -2.3 -1.9 -1.5 -1.9 0.7 2.2 -0.5 0.5 -0.5 2.0 -0.4 1.3 2.3
210
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 3-2. Employment and Output by Industry, 1988, 1998, and Projected 2008—Continued
Employment Jobs (thousands)
Industry 1988
1998
Output
Change (thousands) 2008
19881998
Average annual rate of change (percent)
19982008
Instruments and related products ...................................... Search and navigation equipment ................................. Measuring and controlling devices ................................ Medical equipment, instruments, and supplies ............. Opthalmic goods ........................................................... Photographic equipment and supplies .......................... Watches, clocks and parts ............................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ........................... Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware ............................ Toys and sporting goods ............................................... Manufactured products, n.e.c. ....................................... Nondurable manufacturing .................................................... Food and kindred products ............................................... Meat products ............................................................... Dairy products ............................................................... Preserved fruits and vegetables .................................... Grain mill products and fats and oils ............................. Bakery products ............................................................ Sugar and confectionery products ................................ Beverages ..................................................................... Miscellaneous food and kindred products ..................... Tobacco products .............................................................. Textile mill products .......................................................... Weaving, finishing, yarn, and thread mills ..................... Knitting mills .................................................................. Carpets and rugs ........................................................... Miscellaneous textile goods .......................................... Apparel and other textile products .................................... Apparel .......................................................................... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products ..................... Paper and allied products ................................................. Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills ................................ Paperboard containers and boxes ................................ Converted paper products except containers ............... Printing and publishing ...................................................... Newspapers .................................................................. Periodicals ..................................................................... Books ............................................................................ Miscellaneous publishing .............................................. Commercial printing and business forms ...................... Greeting cards ............................................................... Blankbooks and bookbinding ........................................ Service industries for the printing trade ......................... Chemicals and allied products .......................................... Industrial chemicals ....................................................... Plastic materials and synthetics .................................... Drugs ............................................................................. Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods ................................... Paints and allied products ............................................. Agricultural chemicals ................................................... Miscellaneous chemical products ................................. Petroleum and coal products ............................................ Petroleum refining ......................................................... Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products ................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products ...................... Tires and inner tubes .................................................... Rubber products and plastic hose and footwear ........... Miscellaneous plastic products, n.e.c. ........................... Leather and leather products ............................................ Footwear, except rubber and plastic ............................. Luggage, handbags, and leather products, n.e.c. .........
1 031 316 324 231 39 109 12 383 53 103 226 7 951 1 626 399 158 236 156 212 100 199 166 54 728 400 215 61 53 1 085 888 197 689 244 206 239 1 543 473 127 115 79 589 24 75 62 1 057 279 177 228 159 63 52 100 160 121 39 866 84 76 606 143 89 54
868 162 304 279 35 81 7 393 50 106 237 7 602 1 686 494 140 229 158 206 97 182 178 41 598 320 159 64 55 763 547 216 675 215 219 241 1 565 443 138 127 91 623 29 64 50 1 043 253 157 279 156 52 52 94 140 96 44 1 009 79 189 740 83 38 45
887 143 300 335 36 69 5 382 42 95 246 7 406 1 721 570 124 217 159 197 93 165 197 30 501 251 128 74 49 586 350 236 674 187 236 252 1 545 401 150 139 97 624 32 62 41 1 043 236 141 309 165 45 49 98 117 75 42 1 130 66 199 865 59 25 34
-164 -155 -20 48 -4 -28 -5 10 -3 2 11 -349 60 95 -18 -7 3 -5 -3 -17 11 -14 -130 -80 -55 3 2 -322 -341 19 -14 -29 13 2 22 -30 12 12 13 34 5 -11 -12 -15 -25 -20 51 -4 -11 -6 -20 -25 5 143 -5 13 135 -60 -51 -8
-17 -16 30 10 -7 -3 4 -23 -21 -2 121 -13 9 125 -24 -13 -11
Transportation, Communications, And Utilities ............... Transportation ....................................................................... Railroad transportation ...................................................... Local and interurban passenger transit ............................. Trucking and warehousing ................................................ Trucking and courier services, except air transportation ... Warehousing and storage ................................................. Water transportation .......................................................... Air transportation ............................................................... Pipelines, except natural gas ............................................ Transportation services ..................................................... Passenger transportation arrangement ......................... Miscellaneous transportation services ..........................
5 512 3 301 298 309 1 351 1 240 111 171 850 19 302 171 131
6 600 4 276 231 468 1 745 1 579 166 180 1 183 14 455 219 236
7 541 4 951 185 622 1 944 1 744 200 190 1 400 13 597 268 329
1 088 975 -67 159 394 338 55 9 333 -5 153 48 105
941 675 -46 154 199 166 34 10 217 -1 142 48 94
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
(5)
19 -19 -4 56 1 -12 -2 -10 -8 -11 9 -196 35 76 -16 -13 1 -10 -4 -18 19 -11 -97 -69 -32 10 -6 -177 -197 20 (5)
-28 17 11 -20 -42 12 12 6 1 3 -2 -9 (5)
19881998
-1.7 -6.5 -0.6 1.9 -1.1 -2.9 -5.4 0.3 -0.6 0.2 0.5 -0.4 0.4 2.2 -1.2 -0.3 0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.9 0.7 -2.9 -1.9 -2.2 -2.9 0.5 0.4 -3.5 -4.7 0.9 -0.2 -1.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 -0.7 0.9 1.0 1.5 0.6 1.9 -1.6 -2.1 -0.1 -1.0 -1.2 2.1 -0.2 -1.9
19982008
1988
1998
-0.7 -1.3 -2.3 1.2 1.5 -0.6 0.7 2.0 -5.3 -8.3 -1.6
-0.7 -1.1 1.0 0.6 -1.5 -0.6 0.4 -1.8 -2.5 -0.5 1.1 -1.8 0.5 1.6 -3.3 -4.1 -2.7
123 41 31 28 2 21 2 38 6 11 21 1 398 373 84 50 42 54 27 21 63 32 41 68 36 14 12 7 67 52 16 128 54 29 44 170 42 23 21 10 61 3 5 5 284 88 47 54 43 16 16 20 158 145 14 100 12 17 72 10 5 5
154 33 45 51 3 20 1 50 8 15 28 1 633 442 102 54 49 61 29 26 80 41 41 85 40 21 14 10 76 55 21 146 55 36 55 181 32 25 24 12 72 4 6 6 332 78 56 84 56 18 19 23 169 153 16 151 14 22 114 9 3 5
1.8 2.6 -2.5 4.2 2.6 2.4 4.1 0.5 3.4 -2.8 4.2 2.5 6.0
1.3 1.5 -2.2 2.9 1.1 1.0 1.9 0.5 1.7 -1.0 2.7 2.0 3.4
837 339 35 17 142 134 8 32 80 8 25 10 15
1 115 493 44 21 230 216 14 30 128 7 33 16 17
(5)
0.2 -1.2 -0.1 1.8 0.3 -1.6 -3.7 -0.3 -1.8 -1.1 0.4 -0.3 0.2 1.4 -1.2 -0.6 0.1 -0.5 -0.4 -1.0 1.0 -3.1 -1.7 -2.4 -2.2 1.4 -1.1 -2.6 -4.4 0.9
Billions of chained (1992) dollars
(5)
-1.4 0.7 0.4 -0.1 -1.0 0.8 0.9 0.7 (5)
0.9 -0.3 -2.0 (5)
Average annual rate of change (percent)
2008
222 41 73 80 5 24
19881998
19982008
61 8 17 36 1 909 497 121 57 54 71 29 28 93 45 45 95 42 26 17 12 78 52 26 172 64 44 64 197 28 27 28 16 83 4 5 5 415 83 78 117 64 19 23 32 183 165 19 221 17 33 171 8 3 4
2.2 -2.1 3.9 6.3 5.6 -0.1 -3.2 2.8 1.9 3.3 2.8 1.6 1.7 2.0 0.7 1.5 1.2 0.8 2.0 2.4 2.6 0.1 2.2 1.2 4.4 1.5 3.2 1.2 0.6 2.8 1.3 0.3 1.9 2.1 0.7 -2.7 0.7 1.5 2.5 1.7 3.1 2.6 1.3 1.6 -1.2 1.8 4.6 2.6 1.2 1.9 1.3 0.6 0.5 1.6 4.2 2.0 2.9 4.8 -2.0 -4.8 0.1
3.7 2.1 4.8 4.5 5.1 1.6 -11.7 2.0
1 502 729 53 27 353 331 22 36 203 9 48 22 26
2.9 3.8 2.5 2.1 4.9 4.9 5.1 -0.8 4.8 -0.6 2.8 4.8 1.2
3.0 4.0 1.8 2.7 4.4 4.4 4.5 1.9 4.7 1.5 3.9 3.2 4.5
(5)
(5)
1.6 2.7 1.6 1.2 1.7 0.6 0.9 1.5 -0.1 0.6 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.4 2.1 2.0 1.4 0.3 -0.6 2.2 1.7 1.4 2.1 1.6 0.8 -1.4 0.7 1.7 2.6 1.5 0.1 -1.9 -0.7 2.2 0.6 3.4 3.3 1.3 0.7 1.8 3.5 0.8 0.8 1.4 3.9 1.9 3.9 4.1 -1.2 0.4 -2.2
211
PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION
Table 3-2. Employment and Output by Industry, 1988, 1998, and Projected 2008—Continued
Employment Jobs (thousands)
Industry 1988
Communications ................................................................... Telephone and telegraph communications and communication service .................................................. Cable and pay television services ..................................... Radio and television broadcasting .................................... Utilities ................................................................................... Electric utilities .................................................................. Gas utilities ........................................................................ Combined utilities .............................................................. Water and sanitation .........................................................
1998
Output
Change (thousands) 2008
19881998
Average annual rate of change (percent)
19982008
19881998
19982008
Billions of chained (1992) dollars 1988
1998
2008
Average annual rate of change (percent) 19881998
19982008
1 280
1 470
1 768
190
299
1.4
1.9
218
329
519
4.2
4.6
942 111 227 931 452 164 194 121
1 042 181 247 855 364 136 159 196
1 285 230 253 822 311 117 131 263
100 70 20 -76 -87 -28 -36 74
244 49 6 -33 -53 -20 -27 67
1.0 5.0 0.8 -0.9 -2.1 -1.8 -2.0 4.9
2.1 2.4 0.2 -0.4 -1.6 -1.5 -1.9 3.0
166 23 29 280 164 67 30 19
264 32 34 292 191 52 28 21
434 48 39 268 209 52 31 24
4.7 3.6 1.4 0.4 1.6 -2.5 -0.8 1.0
5.1 4.1 1.5 -0.9 0.9 -0.1 0.9 1.2
Wholesale Trade ..................................................................
6 030
6 831
7 330
802
499
1.3
0.7
497
820
1 178
5.1
3.7
Retail Trade .......................................................................... Retail trade, excluding eating and drinking places ................ Eating and drinking places ....................................................
19 023 12 765 6 258
22 296 14 536 7 760
25 363 16 281 9 082
3 273 1 771 1 502
3 067 1 745 1 321
1.6 1.3 2.2
1.3 1.1 1.6
793 578 215
1 065 813 253
1 393 1 098 297
3.0 3.5 1.6
2.7 3.1 1.6
Finance, Insurance And Real Estate ................................. Depository institutions ........................................................... Nondepository institutions; holding and investment offices ... Security and commodity brokers ........................................... Insurance carriers ................................................................. Insurance agents, brokers and service ................................. Real estate ............................................................................ Royalties ............................................................................... Owner-occupied dwellings ....................................................
6 629 2 255 573 447 1 435 640 1 280 ... ...
7 408 2 042 906 645 1 597 746 1 471 ... ...
8 367 2 100 1 141 900 1 751 825 1 650 ... ...
778 -213 334 198 162 107 190 ... ...
960 58 235 255 154 79 179 ... ...
1.1 -1.0 4.7 3.7 1.1 1.6 1.4 ... ...
1.2 0.3 2.3 3.4 0.9 1.0 1.2 ... ...
1 079 275 63 57 158 73 458 43 420
1 330 273 86 176 180 46 569 81 528
1 788 382 146 361 207 41 707 150 633
2.1 -0.1 3.1 12.0 1.3 -4.6 2.2 6.6 2.3
3.0 3.4 5.4 7.5 1.4 -1.0 2.2 6.3 1.8
Services 4 ............................................................................. Hotels .................................................................................... Other lodging places ............................................................. Personal services .................................................................. Laundry, cleaning, and shoe repair ................................... Personal services, n.e.c. ................................................... Beauty and barber shops .................................................. Funeral service and crematories ....................................... Business services ................................................................. Advertising ........................................................................ Service to buildings ........................................................... Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing .................... Personnel supply services ................................................ Computer and data processing services ........................... Miscellaneous business services ...................................... Auto repair, services and garages ........................................ Automotive rentals, without drivers ................................... Automobile parking, repair, and services .......................... Miscellaneous repair shops ............................................... Electrical repair shops ........................................................... Watch, jewelry, and furniture repair .................................. Miscellaneous repair shops and related services ............. Motion pictures ...................................................................... Motion pictures .................................................................. Video tape rental ............................................................... Amusement and recreation services ..................................... Producers, orchestras, and entertainers ........................... Bowling centers ................................................................. Commercial sports ............................................................ Amusement and recreation services, n.e.c. ...................... Health services ...................................................................... Offices of health practitioners ............................................ Nursing and personal care facilities .................................. Hospitals, private ............................................................... Health services, n.e.c. ....................................................... Legal services ....................................................................... Educational services ............................................................. Social services ...................................................................... Individual and miscellaneous social services .................... Job training and related services ...................................... Child day care services ..................................................... Residential care ................................................................ Museums, botanical, and zoological gardens ....................... Membership organizations .................................................... Engineering, management, and other services ..................... Engineering and architectural services ............................. Research and testing services .......................................... Management and public relations ..................................... Accounting, auditing, and other services ..........................
24 866 1 494 46 1 056 420 175 381 79 4 638 229 780 180 1 350 673 1 426 834 161 672 350 108 29 213 341 238 103 977 122 92 91 671 7 106 1 937 1 311 3 294 564 845 1 567 1 552 565 241 356 389 58 1 740 2 263 730 492 508 532
37 1 719 57 1 195 440 234 421 99 8 584 268 950 258 3 230 1 599 2 278 1 144 200 944 382 113 29 240 573 408 165 1 601 176 82 127 1 217 9 846 2 949 1 762 3 926 1 209 973 2 177 2 644 923 369 605 747 93 2 361 3 237 905 614 1 034 684
48 543 2 030 58 1 317 467 266 474 110 13 146 323 1 187 369 4 623 3 472 3 172 1 550 250 1 300 406 127 26 253 636 451 185 2 108 225 70 160 1 653 12 667 4 098 2 213 4 337 2 018 1 200 2 690 3 678 1 223 484 800 1 171 131 2 600 4 328 1 140 861 1 500 827
11 720 225 11 139 20 59 40 20 3 946 39 170 79 1 879 926 853 311 39 272 32 5
11 957 311 1 122 27 32 53 11 4 562 55 237 111 1 393 1 872 893 406 50 356 24 13 -3 13 62 43 20 507 49 -12 34 436 2 821 1 150 451 411 809 228 513 1 034 300 114 196 424 39 239 1 091 235 247 466 143
3.9 1.4 2.2 1.2 0.5 2.9 1.0 2.3 6.3 1.6 2.0 3.7 9.1 9.0 4.8 3.2 2.2 3.5 0.9 0.5
2.9 1.7 0.2 1.0 0.6 1.3 1.2 1.0 4.4 1.9 2.3 3.6 3.7 8.1 3.4 3.1 2.3 3.2 0.6 1.1 -1.1 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.1 2.8 2.5 -1.5 2.4 3.1 2.6 3.3 2.3 1.0 5.3 2.1 2.1 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.8 4.6 3.6 1.0 2.9 2.3 3.4 3.8 1.9
1 702 87 5 66 20 20 19 7 273 23 24 23 30 77 95 90 16 75 38 12 2 24 37 33 4 63 14 4 12 33 503 211 41 210 42 112 72 60 25 7 16 13 3 67 230 81 30 63 56
2 413 85 5 77 23 25 22 8 559 34 37 32 78 219 158 140 50 89 37 14 2 21 42 35 7 102 22 3 13 65 637 249 62 254 72 126 100 95 42 11 21 21 5 87 326 100 53 114 61
3 556 93 6 96 28 34 25 10 1 093 47 50 52 129 584 229 240 122 116 38 16 2 20 68 58 10 150 33 2 13 102 795 313 74 312 96 154 136 137 63 16 27 30 7 104 464 142 101 157 69
3.6 -0.3 0.9 1.6 1.2 2.1 1.5 1.9 7.4 4.0 4.4 3.2 10.2 11.1 5.2 4.4 12.4 1.7 -0.2 1.2 1.1 -1.1 1.5 0.7 6.8 4.9 4.5 -2.7 0.5 6.8 2.4 1.7 4.3 1.9 5.7 1.2 3.4 4.7 5.4 4.6 2.9 5.4 5.2 2.6 3.6 2.1 5.9 6.0 1.0
4.0 1.0 1.5 2.2 2.0 3.1 1.4 1.9 6.9 3.2 3.0 5.0 5.1 10.3 3.8 5.6 9.3 2.7 0.2 1.7 -0.1 -0.5 4.9 5.1 3.2 3.9 4.2 -2.2 0.6 4.7 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.8 2.1 3.1 3.7 4.2 3.8 2.5 3.7 3.7 1.9 3.6 3.6 6.7 3.3 1.2
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
(5)
27 233 171 62 624 54 -10 35 545 2 741 1 012 451 632 645 128 610 1 092 358 129 248 357 35 621 975 175 122 526 153
(5)
1.2 5.3 5.6 4.8 5.1 3.7 -1.2 3.3 6.1 3.3 4.3 3.0 1.8 7.9 1.4 3.3 5.5 5.0 4.4 5.4 6.7 4.8 3.1 3.6 2.2 2.2 7.4 2.6
212
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 3-2. Employment and Output by Industry, 1988, 1998, and Projected 2008—Continued
Employment Jobs (thousands)
Industry
Output
Change (thousands) 19881998
Average annual rate of change (percent)
19982008
19881998
19982008
Billions of chained (1992) dollars 1998
2008
19881998
19982008
1988
1998
2008
Government ......................................................................... Federal Government ............................................................. Federal enterprises ........................................................... U.S. Postal Service ....................................................... Federal electric utilities .................................................. Federal government enterprises, n.e.c. ........................ Federal general government ............................................. Federal government capital services ................................ State and local government .................................................. State and local enterprises ................................................ Local government passenger transit ............................. State and local electric utilities ...................................... State and local government enterprises, n.e.c. ............. State and local general government ................................. State and local government hospitals ........................... State and local government education .......................... State and local general government, n.e.c. ................... State and local government capital services .................
17 386 2 971 1 024 831 38 156 1 947 ... 14 415 880 201 82 597 13 535 1 065 7 343 5 127 ...
19 819 2 686 987 867 30 90 1 699 ... 17 133 910 212 86 612 16 223 983 8 998 6 242 ...
21 688 2 550 993 895 20 78 1 557 ... 19 138 958 214 90 654 18 181 948 10 195 7 038 ...
2 433 -285 -37 36 -8 -66 -248 ... 2 718 30 11 4 15 2 688 -82 1 655 1 115 ...
1 869 -136 6 28 -10 -12 -142 ... 2 005 48 2 4 42 1 958 -35 1 197 796 ...
1.3 -1.0 -0.4 0.4 -2.3 -5.3 -1.4 ... 1.7 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 1.8 -0.8 2.1 2.0 ...
0.9 -0.5 0.1 0.3 -4.1 -1.4 -0.9 ... 1.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.7 1.1 -0.4 1.3 1.2 ...
891 333 59 46 6 7 216 58 558 91 6 19 66 467 34 222 171 40
979 307 74 58 7 10 172 61 673 110 6 23 82 563 40 263 203 57
1 111 310 91 72 8 11 162 58 801 131 7 26 98 670 47 305 236 83
1.0 -0.8 2.4 2.3 2.0 3.0 -2.3 0.5 1.9 1.9 0.2 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 3.6
1.3 0.1 2.0 2.2 1.7 0.7 -0.6 -0.5 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.8
AGRICULTURE 6 ..................................................................
3 355
3 576
3 526
221
-51
0.6
-0.1
212
267
308
2.3
1.4
Agricultural production .......................................................... Agricultural services .............................................................. Veterinary services ............................................................ Landscape and horticultural services ................................ Agricultural services, n.e.c. ............................................... Forestry, fishing, hunting and trapping ..................................
2 292 960 126 506 328 103
2 106 1 385 217 768 400 86
1 729 1 724 282 993 450 73
-186 425 91 262 72 -17
-377 340 65 224 51 -13
-0.8 3.7 5.6 4.3 2.0 -1.8
-2.0 2.2 2.7 2.6 1.2 -1.6
170 34 8 17 10 9
219 36 9 17 10 12
255 42 11 19 12 12
2.6 0.4 1.8 -0.1 0.2 2.7
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 -0.7
PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WAGE AND SALARY .................. NONAGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYED AND UNPAID FAMILY 7, 8 ........................................................................... SECONDARY WAGE AND SALARY JOBS IN AGRICULTURE (EXCEPT AGRICULTURAL SERVICES); FORESTRY, FISHING, HUNTING, AND TRAPPING; PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS 8, 9 ............................................... SECONDARY JOB AS A SELF-EMPLOYED WORKER OR UNPAID FAMILY WORKER 8, 10 ....................................
1988
Average annual rate of change (percent)
1 153
962
759
-191
-203
-1.8
-2.3
10
11
10
0.9
-0.8
8 731
9 029
9 925
298
896
0.3
1.0
...
...
...
...
...
211
163
158
-48
-0.5
-2.5
-0.3
...
...
...
...
...
1 990
1 897
1 901
-94
5
-0.5
(5)
...
...
...
...
...
Note: n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. 1. Differs from historical employment totals. See "Notes and Definitions." 2. Output subcategories do not necessarily add to higher categories as a by-product of chain-weighting. 3. This is the first time the Total category includes second jobs: wage and salary and second jobs: self-employed and unpaid family. 4. Excludes SIC 074, 075, 078 (agricultural services) and 99 (nonclassifiable establishments). The data therefore are not exactly comparable with data published in ’Employment and Earnings’. 5. Value less than 0.05. 6. Excludes government wage and salary workers, and includes private sector for SIC 08 and 09 (forestry, fishing, hunting, and trapping). 7. Excludes SIC 08, 09 (forestry, fishing, hunting, and trapping). 8. Comparable estimate of output growth is not available. 9. Workers who hold a secondary wage and salary job in agriculture (except agricultural services); forestry, fishing, hunting, and trapping; and private households. 10. Wage and salary workers who hold a secondary wage and salary job as a self-employed or unpaid family worker.
PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION
213
Table 3-3. Employment by Occupation, 1998 and Projected 2008 (Thousands of jobs, percent.) Employment Number
Occupation
Change 1998–2008
Percent distribution Number 1998
Percent
2008
Total job openings due to growth and replacement 1998–2008
1998
2008
TOTAL, ALL OCCUPATIONS ...........................................................................................................
140 514
160 795
100.0
100.0
20 281
14.4
54 622
Executive, Administrative, And Managerial Occupations ............................................................
14 770
17 196
10.5
10.7
2 426
16.4
5 107
Managerial and administrative occupations ....................................................................................... Administrative services managers .................................................................................................. Advertising, marketing, promotions, public relations, and sales managers .................................... Communication, transportation, and utilities operations managers ................................................ Construction managers .................................................................................................................. Education administrators ................................................................................................................ Engineering, natural science, and computer and information systems managers ......................... Financial managers ........................................................................................................................ Food service and lodging managers .............................................................................................. Funeral directors and morticians .................................................................................................... General managers and top executives ........................................................................................... Government chief executives and legislators ................................................................................. Human resources managers .......................................................................................................... Industrial production managers ...................................................................................................... Medical and health services managers .......................................................................................... Postmasters and mail superintendents .......................................................................................... Property, real estate, and community association managers ......................................................... Purchasing managers ..................................................................................................................... All other managers and administrators ...........................................................................................
10 139 364 485 196 270 447 326 693 595 28 3 362 80 230 208 222 26 315 176 2 114
11 823 430 597 234 308 505 468 791 691 32 3 913 82 274 207 297 27 359 188 2 420
7.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4
7.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4
1 684 66 112 38 38 58 142 97 97 4 551 2 45 -2 74 1 43 13 305
16.6 18.1 23.0 19.3 14.0 13.0 43.5 14.0 16.3 16.1 16.4 2.8 19.4 -0.9 33.3 3.0 13.7 7.1 14.4
3 484 130 179 72 85 171 199 207 201 9 1 140 22 98 36 114 5 86 52 678
Management support occupations ..................................................................................................... Accountants and auditors ............................................................................................................... Assessors and real estate appraisers ............................................................................................ Assessors ....................................................................................................................................... Real estate appraisers .................................................................................................................... Budget analysts .............................................................................................................................. Buyers and purchasing agents ....................................................................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, farm .............................................................................................. Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products ................................................... Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products ........................................................................ Construction and building inspectors .............................................................................................. Cost estimators ............................................................................................................................... Credit analysts ................................................................................................................................ Employment interviewers, private or public employment service ................................................... Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists ............................................................ Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction ............................................................... Insurance claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators .......................................... Insurance claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators ............................................................. Claims examiners, property and casualty insurance ...................................................................... Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators ........................................................................ Insurance appraisers, auto damage ............................................................................................... Insurance underwriters ................................................................................................................... Loan counselors and officers .......................................................................................................... Management analysts .................................................................................................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents ............................................................................. Tax preparers ................................................................................................................................. All other management support workers ..........................................................................................
4 631 1 080 70 22 48 59 371 29 224 118 68 152 42 66 367 176 239 229 49 180 10 97 227 344 62 79 1 130
5 374 1 202 78 25 53 67 396 30 248 118 79 171 50 74 433 195 284 272 55 217 12 100 276 442 66 95 1 366
743 122 8 3 5 8 25 1 24
16.0 11.3 11.4 11.8 11.2 13.7 6.8 5.0 10.8 -0.4 15.7 13.0 19.9 12.9 17.9 10.5 18.6 18.7 12.5 20.4 16.0 2.7 21.2 28.4 5.4 19.3 20.9
1 623 289 23 8 15 21 120 9 82 29 28 38 18 26 163 51 84 81 14 67 3 30 98 125 17 33 459
(2)
(2)
2.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
2.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
(2)
(2)
0.2 0.1 1.5
0.2 0.1 1.5
3.3 0.8 0.1
3.3 0.7
(2) (2) (2)
0.3
(2) (2) (2) (2)
0.2
(2)
(2)
0.2 0.1
0.2 0.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.1 0.8
0.1 0.8
11 20 8 8 66 19 45 43 6 37 2 3 48 98 3 15 236
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2
0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.1 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2 0.3
Professional Specialty Occupations ..............................................................................................
19 802
25 145
14.1
15.6
5 343
27.0
9 148
Engineers ........................................................................................................................................... Aerospace engineers ...................................................................................................................... Chemical engineers ........................................................................................................................ Civil engineers ................................................................................................................................ Electrical and electronics engineers ............................................................................................... Industrial engineers, except safety engineers ................................................................................ Materials engineers ........................................................................................................................ Mechanical engineers ..................................................................................................................... Mining engineers, including mine safety engineers ........................................................................ Nuclear engineers .......................................................................................................................... Petroleum engineers ...................................................................................................................... All other engineers ..........................................................................................................................
1 462 53 48 195 357 126 20 220 4 12 12 415
1 752 58 53 236 450 142 21 256 4 12 12 509
1.0
1.1
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.1 0.3 0.1
0.1 0.3 0.1
290 5 5 41 93 16 2 36 -1 1
610 13 15 78 169 34 6 79 1 3 3 208
Architects and surveyors .................................................................................................................... Architects, except landscape and naval ......................................................................................... Landscape architects ...................................................................................................................... Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists ........................................................................
163 99 22 41
Life scientists ...................................................................................................................................... Agricultural and food scientists ....................................................................................................... Biological scientists ........................................................................................................................ Conservation scientists and foresters ............................................................................................. Medical scientists ........................................................................................................................... All other life scientists .....................................................................................................................
173 21 81 39 31 1
See footnotes at end of table.
(2)
(2)
0.2
0.2
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
0.3
0.3
94
19.9 8.8 9.5 20.9 25.9 12.8 9.0 16.4 -12.6 5.8 -3.6 22.6
185 118 25 42
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
23 19 3 1
13.8 18.9 14.5 1.4
50 33 6 10
219 24 109 46 39 1
0.1
0.1
45 2 28 7 8
26.2 10.9 35.0 17.9 24.6 16.5
87 8 45 17 17
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
214
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 3-3. Employment by Occupation, 1998 and Projected 2008—Continued (Thousands of jobs, percent.) Employment Number
Occupation
Change 1998–2008
Percent distribution Number
1998
2008
Computer, mathematical, and operations research occupations ....................................................... Actuaries ......................................................................................................................................... Computer systems analysts, engineers, and scientists .................................................................. Computer engineers and scientists ............................................................................................ Computer engineers ............................................................................................................... Computer support specialists ................................................................................................. Database administrators ......................................................................................................... All other computer scientists ................................................................................................... Systems analysts ........................................................................................................................ Statisticians .................................................................................................................................... Mathematicians and all other mathematical scientists ................................................................... Operations research analysts .........................................................................................................
1 653 16 1 530 914 299 429 87 97 617 17 14 76
3 182 17 3 052 1 858 622 869 155 212 1 194 17 13 83
Physical scientists .............................................................................................................................. Atmospheric scientists .................................................................................................................... Chemists ......................................................................................................................................... Geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers ............................................................................ Physicists and astronomers ............................................................................................................ All other physical scientists .............................................................................................................
200 8 96 44 18 33
229 10 110 51 18 41
Religious workers ............................................................................................................................... Clergy ............................................................................................................................................. Directors, religious activities and education ................................................................................... All other religious workers ..............................................................................................................
304 149 112 43
Social scientists .................................................................................................................................. Economists and marketing research analysts ................................................................................ Psychologists .................................................................................................................................. Urban and regional planners .......................................................................................................... All other social scientists ................................................................................................................
1998
Percent
2008
1.2
2.0
(2)
(2)
1.1 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4
1.9 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1 529 1 1 522 944 323 439 67 115 577
Total job openings due to growth and replacement 1998–2008
92.5 7.1 99.4 103.4 107.9 102.3 77.2 117.5 93.6 2.3 -5.5 8.7
1 664 3 1 625 1 010 341 466 82 121 616 3 2 32
8
14.7 14.6 13.9 15.5 2.2 22.7
77 3 35 18 5 16
53 20 28 5
17.3 13.4 25.1 10.7
106 49 46 11
13.8 18.4 11.4 17.4 12.7
107 27 49 13 17
(2)
-1 7 29 1 13 7
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
356 169 140 48
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.1
(2)
(2)
321 70 166 35 50
365 83 185 41 56
0.2 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.1
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
44 13 19 6 6
Social and recreation workers ............................................................................................................ Recreation worker .......................................................................................................................... Residential counselors ................................................................................................................... Social and human service assistants ............................................................................................. Social workers ................................................................................................................................
1 303 241 190 268 604
1 797 287 278 410 822
0.9 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4
1.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5
494 46 88 141 218
37.9 19.2 46.3 52.7 36.1
749 110 131 211 296
Lawyers and judicial workers .............................................................................................................. Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers ............................................................................. Lawyers ..........................................................................................................................................
752 71 681
871 73 798
0.5 0.1 0.5
0.5 0.5
119 2 117
15.8 2.9 17.2
205 13 192
Teachers, librarians, and counselors .................................................................................................. Teachers, preschool and kindergarten ........................................................................................... Teachers, preschool ................................................................................................................... Teachers, kindergarten ............................................................................................................... Teachers, elementary school ......................................................................................................... Teachers, secondary school ........................................................................................................... Teachers, special education ........................................................................................................... College and university faculty ......................................................................................................... Other teachers and instructors ....................................................................................................... Farm and home management advisors ...................................................................................... Instructors and coaches, sports and physical training ................................................................ Adult and vocational education teachers .................................................................................... Instructors, adult (nonvocational) education ........................................................................... Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training… .............................................. All other teachers and instructors ................................................................................................... Librarians, archivists, curators, and related workers ...................................................................... Archivists, curators, museum technicians, and conservators ..................................................... Librarians .................................................................................................................................... Counselors .....................................................................................................................................
6 939 529 346 184 1 754 1 426 406 865 956 10 359 588 168 420 644 175 23 152 182
8 248 645 437 208 1 959 1 749 543 1 061 1 139 10 460 669 203 466 739 186 26 159 228
4.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.7
5.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.2 1.1 0.3 0.7 0.7
1 309 116 92 25 205 322 137 195 183
2 832 229 165 64 610 778 172 435 284 1 140 143 53 90 183 55 9 46 87
Health diagnosing occupations ........................................................................................................... Chiropractors .................................................................................................................................. Dentists ........................................................................................................................................... Optometrists ................................................................................................................................... Physicians ...................................................................................................................................... Podiatrists ....................................................................................................................................... Veterinarians ..................................................................................................................................
892 46 160 38 577 14 57
1 049 57 165 42 699 15 71
Health assessment and treating occupations ..................................................................................... Dietitians and nutritionists ............................................................................................................... Pharmacists .................................................................................................................................... Physician assistants ....................................................................................................................... Registered nurses .......................................................................................................................... Therapists ....................................................................................................................................... Occupational therapists .............................................................................................................. Physical therapists ...................................................................................................................... Radiation therapists .................................................................................................................... Recreational therapists ............................................................................................................... Respiratory therapists ................................................................................................................. Speech-language pathologists and audiologists ........................................................................ All other therapists ......................................................................................................................
2 860 54 185 66 2 079 476 73 120 12 39 86 105 40
3 531 64 199 98 2 530 640 98 161 14 44 123 145 54
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.3 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1
0.3 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1
102 81 35 46 95 10 3 7 46
18.9 22.0 26.5 13.4 11.7 22.6 33.8 22.6 19.1 -2.2 28.4 13.8 20.9 11.0 14.7 5.8 12.6 4.8 25.0
157 11 5 4 122 1 14
17.6 22.8 3.1 10.6 21.2 10.5 24.7
312 20 38 12 212 4 26
671 10 14 32 451 164 25 41 2 5 37 40 14
23.5 19.1 7.3 48.0 21.7 34.6 34.2 34.0 16.7 13.4 42.6 38.5 35.7
1 158 21 64 43 794 236 36 59 4 11 50 56 20
(2)
(2)
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.6
0.7
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.4
0.4
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
2.0
2.2
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1 0.1 1.6 0.4 0.1 0.1
(2)
1.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 (2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
(2)
(2)
PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION
215
Table 3-3. Employment by Occupation, 1998 and Projected 2008—Continued (Thousands of jobs, percent.) Employment Number
Occupation
Change 1998–2008
Percent distribution Number
1998
Writers, artists, and entertainers ......................................................................................................... Actors, directors, and producers ..................................................................................................... Announcers .................................................................................................................................... Artists and commercial artists ......................................................................................................... Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers ........................................................................... Dancers and choreographers ......................................................................................................... Designers ....................................................................................................................................... Designers, except interior designers .......................................................................................... Interior designers ........................................................................................................................ Merchandise displayers and window dressers ............................................................................... Musicians, singers, and related workers ........................................................................................ News analysts, reporters, and correspondents .............................................................................. Photographers and camera operators ............................................................................................ Camera operators, television, motion picture, video .................................................................. Photographers ............................................................................................................................ Public relations specialists .............................................................................................................. Writers and editors, including technical writers ..............................................................................
2008
1 996 160 60 308 52 29 423 335 53 34 273 67 161 11 149 122 341
1998
2 409 198 58 388 66 33 532 426 68 38 314 68 176 15 161 152 424
Percent
2008
1.4 0.1
1.5 0.1
(2)
(2)
0.2
0.2
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.3 0.2
0.3 0.3
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.2
0.2
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.1 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.3
413 38 -3 79 14 4 110 91 15 4 41 2 15 3 12 30 83
20.7 23.8 -4.3 25.7 27.9 13.6 25.9 27.1 27.2 12.7 14.8 2.8 9.2 29.0 7.7 24.6 24.4
Total job openings due to growth and replacement 1998–2008
834 74 14 143 33 10 171 140 22 9 93 22 39 5 34 62 173
All other professional workers ............................................................................................................
785
952
0.6
(2)
166
21.2
355
Technicians And Related Support Occupations ...........................................................................
4 949
6 048
3.5
3.8
1 098
22.2
2 202
Health technicians and technologists ................................................................................................. Cardiovascular technologists and technicians ................................................................................ Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ........................................................................... Dental hygienists ............................................................................................................................ EKG technicians ............................................................................................................................. Electroneurodiagnostic technologists ............................................................................................. Emergency medical technicians and paramedics .......................................................................... Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses ......................................................................... Medical records and health information technicians ....................................................................... Nuclear medicine technologists ...................................................................................................... Opticians, dispensing ..................................................................................................................... Pharmacy technicians .................................................................................................................... Psychiatric technicians ................................................................................................................... Radiologic technologists and technicians ....................................................................................... Surgical technologists ..................................................................................................................... Veterinary technologists and technicians ....................................................................................... All other health professionals and paraprofessionals .....................................................................
2 447 21 313 143 12 5 150 692 92 14 71 109 66 162 54 32 510
3 063 29 366 201 10 6 197 828 133 16 81 126 73 194 77 37 688
1.7
1.9
616 8 53 58 -3
0.4
0.4
47 136 41 2 10 17 7 32 23 5 178
25.2 39.4 17.0 40.5 -23.1 5.9 31.6 19.7 43.9 11.6 13.8 15.7 10.9 20.1 41.8 16.2 35.0
1 122 13 93 90 3 2 84 284 63 4 19 44 16 55 36 12 302
Engineering and science technicians and technologists .................................................................... Engineering technicians ................................................................................................................. Electrical and electronic technicians and technologists .............................................................. All other engineering technicians and technologists ................................................................... Drafters ........................................................................................................................................... Science and mathematics technicians ........................................................................................... Surveying and mapping technicians ...............................................................................................
1 351 771 335 437 283 227 69
1 525 897 391 506 301 243 84
1.0 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 (2)
0.9 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1
175 126 56 70 18 16 15
12.9 16.3 16.8 15.9 6.4 7.0 21.8
485 301 125 176 86 68 31
Technicians, except health and engineering and science .................................................................. Aircraft pilots and flight engineers .................................................................................................. Air traffic controllers ........................................................................................................................ Broadcast and sound technicians ................................................................................................... Computer programmers ................................................................................................................. Legal assistants and technicians, except clerical ........................................................................... Paralegals and legal assistants .................................................................................................. Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers ............................................................................... All other legal assistants, including law clerks ............................................................................ Library technicians .......................................................................................................................... All other technicians .......................................................................................................................
1 152 94 30 37 648 252 136 30 86 72 20
1 460 99 30 39 839 346 220 29 96 85 21
0.8 0.1
0.9 0.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2)
308 6 1 2 191 94 84
26.7 5.9 2.3 6.0 29.5 37.4 62.0 -0.6 11.6 18.2 4.1
595 26 9 12 392 117 96 2 18 33 6
(2)
(2)
0.2 0.1
0.2 0.1
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.1 0.5 0.1
0.1 0.5 0.1
(2)
(2)
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.2 0.1
0.5 0.2 0.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
(2)
(2)
10 13 1
Marketing And Sales Occupations .................................................................................................
15 341
17 627
10.9
11.0
2 287
14.9
6 810
Cashiers .............................................................................................................................................
3 198
3 754
2.3
2.3
556
17.4
1 950
Counter and rental clerks ...................................................................................................................
469
577
0.3
0.4
108
23.1
311
Insurance sales agents .......................................................................................................................
387
396
0.3
0.2
9
2.2
97
Marketing and sales worker supervisors ............................................................................................
2 584
2 847
1.8
1.8
263
10.2
601
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters .................................................................................
92
121
0.1
0.1
30
32.3
54
Parts salespersons .............................................................................................................................
300
303
0.2
0.2
4
1.2
90
Real estate agents and brokers .......................................................................................................... Brokers, real estate ........................................................................................................................ Sales agents, real estate ................................................................................................................
347 63 285
382 71 310
0.2
0.2
(2)
(2)
0.2
0.2
34 8 26
9.8 13.5 9.0
104 21 83
Retail salespersons ............................................................................................................................
4 056
4 620
2.9
2.9
563
13.9
1 938
Sales engineers ..................................................................................................................................
79
92
0.1
0.1
12
15.7
28
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents ............................................................
303
427
0.2
0.3
124
41.0
147
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
216
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 3-3. Employment by Occupation, 1998 and Projected 2008—Continued (Thousands of jobs, percent.) Employment Number
Occupation
Change 1998–2008
Percent distribution Number
1998
Travel agents ......................................................................................................................................
138
2008
163
1998
Percent
2008
0.1
0.1
25
18.4
Total job openings due to growth and replacement 1998–2008
54
All other sales and related workers ....................................................................................................
3 388
3 945
2.4
2.5
558
16.5
1 436
Administrative Support Occupations, Including Clerical .............................................................
24 461
26 659
17.4
16.6
2 198
9.0
7 463
Adjusters, investigators, and collectors .............................................................................................. Adjustment clerks ........................................................................................................................... Bill and account collectors .............................................................................................................. Insurance claims, examining and policy processing clerks ............................................................ Insurance claims clerks .............................................................................................................. Insurance examining clerks ........................................................................................................ Insurance policy processing clerks ............................................................................................. Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers ....................................................................................
1 237 479 311 339 160 10 170 109
1 540 642 420 377 183 11 183 100
0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1
1.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
(2)
(2)
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
302 163 110 38 23 2 13 -8
24.4 34.0 35.3 11.3 14.5 17.3 7.9 -7.6
497 194 192 88 50 3 35 23
Communications equipment operators ............................................................................................... Telephone operators ...................................................................................................................... Central office operators .............................................................................................................. Directory assistance operators ................................................................................................... Switchboard operators ................................................................................................................ All other communications equipment operators .............................................................................
297 261 23 23 214 36
252 220 19 16 185 32
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.1
-46 -41 -4 -7 -30 -5
-15.4 -15.6 -16.6 -31.1 -13.9 -13.6
65 57 5 5 47 8
Computer operators ............................................................................................................................ Peripheral equipment operators ..................................................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment ........................................................................
251 27 224
187 17 170
0.2 (2)
(2) (2)
0.2
0.1
-64 -10 -54
-25.5 -37.6 -24.1
36 4 32
Information clerks ............................................................................................................................... Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks ............................................................................................... Interviewing clerks, except personnel and social welfare ............................................................... New accounts clerks, banking ........................................................................................................ Receptionists and information clerks .............................................................................................. Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks ......................................................
1 910 159 128 111 1 293 219
2 296 180 158 127 1 599 232
1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.2
1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.1
386 21 30 16 305 13
20.2 13.5 23.3 14.7 23.6 6.0
817 82 71 52 553 59
Mail clerks and messengers ............................................................................................................... Couriers and messengers .............................................................................................................. Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service ......................................................
247 120 128
270 130 140
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.1
23 11 12
9.2 8.8 9.5
81 39 42
Postal clerks and mail carriers ............................................................................................................ Postal mail carriers ......................................................................................................................... Postal service clerks .......................................................................................................................
405 332 73
434 357 78
0.3 0.2 0.1
0.3 0.2 (2)
30 25 5
7.3 7.4 6.8
135 118 17
Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing occupations ......................................... Dispatchers ..................................................................................................................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance ........................................................................ Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance .................................................................................... Meter readers, utilities .................................................................................................................... Procurement clerks ......................................................................................................................... Production, planning, and expediting clerks ................................................................................... Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks ............................................................................................. Stock clerks and order fillers .......................................................................................................... Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, record keeping .................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distribution workers .................................................
4 183 248 163 85 50 58 248 1 000 2 331 51 196
4 382 278 186 92 51 49 249 1 031 2 462 51 210
3.0 0.2 0.1 0.1
2.7 0.2 0.1 0.1
199 30 23 7
(2) (2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
-9 1 31 131 1 13
4.8 12.2 14.4 8.0 0.4 -14.8 0.4 3.1 5.6 1.5 6.8
895 70 50 21 13 9 30 198 504 14 58
Records processing occupations ........................................................................................................ Advertising clerks ........................................................................................................................... Brokerage clerks ............................................................................................................................. Correspondence clerks ................................................................................................................... File clerks ....................................................................................................................................... Financial records processing occupations ...................................................................................... Billing, cost, and rate clerks ........................................................................................................ Billing and posting clerks and machine operators ...................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks ........................................................................... Payroll and time keeping clerks .................................................................................................. Library assistants and bookmobile drivers ..................................................................................... Order clerks .................................................................................................................................... Human resources assistants, except payroll and time keeping ...................................................... Statement clerks .............................................................................................................................
3 731 14 77 25 272 2 698 342 107 2 078 172 127 362 142 16
3 775 14 98 28 298 2 653 392 104 1 997 161 148 378 145 12
2.7
2.3
(2)
(2)
44 1 22 3 26 -44 50 -3 -81 -11 21 17 3 -3
1.2 4.4 28.4 12.2 9.6 -1.6 14.6 -2.6 -3.9 -6.2 16.5 4.6 2.0 -22.3
943 4 32 9 121 561 118 21 388 34 82 103 30 2
Secretaries, stenographers, and typists ............................................................................................. Court reporters, medical transcriptionists, and stenographers ....................................................... Secretaries ..................................................................................................................................... Legal secretaries ........................................................................................................................ Medical secretaries ..................................................................................................................... Secretaries, except legal and medical ........................................................................................ Word processors and typists ..........................................................................................................
3 764 110 3 195 285 219 2 690 459
3 744 121 3 258 322 246 2 691 365
-19 11 63 37 26
-0.5 9.7 2.0 13.0 12.0
703 29 585 83 62 439 89
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.2
0.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2) 0.2 0.7 1.7
0.1
0.2 0.6 1.5
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.2 1.9 0.2 0.1 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1
0.2 1.7 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
(2)
(2)
2.7 0.1 2.3 0.2 0.2 1.9 0.3
2.3 0.1 2.0 0.2 0.2 1.7 0.2
(2)
(2)
-93
-20.4
PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION
217
Table 3-3. Employment by Occupation, 1998 and Projected 2008—Continued (Thousands of jobs, percent.) Employment Number
Occupation
Change 1998–2008
Percent distribution Number
1998
2008
Other clerical and administrative support workers .............................................................................. Bank tellers ..................................................................................................................................... Court, municipal, and license clerks ............................................................................................... Court clerks ................................................................................................................................ License clerks ............................................................................................................................. Municipal clerks .......................................................................................................................... Credit and loan authorizers, checkers, and clerks .......................................................................... Credit authorizers ....................................................................................................................... Credit checkers ........................................................................................................................... Loan and credit clerks ................................................................................................................ Loan interviewers ....................................................................................................................... Data entry keyers ........................................................................................................................... Duplicating, mail, and other office machine operators .................................................................... Office and administrative support supervisors and managers ........................................................ Office clerks, general ...................................................................................................................... Proofreaders and copy markers ..................................................................................................... Statistical clerks .............................................................................................................................. Teacher assistants ......................................................................................................................... All other clerical and administrative support workers .....................................................................
8 436 560 100 51 24 25 254 17 41 179 16 435 197 1 611 3 021 41 72 1 192 953
9 780 529 112 57 27 28 271 15 42 200 14 474 201 1 924 3 484 34 69 1 567 1 116
1998
Percent
2008
6.0 0.4 0.1
6.1 0.3 0.1
0.1 0.8 0.7
1.0 0.7
1 344 -31 12 6 3 3 17 -2 1 21 -3 39 4 313 463 -7 -3 375 162
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
0.2
0.2
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.3 0.1 1.1 2.1
0.3 0.1 1.2 2.2
(2)
(2) (2)
Total job openings due to growth and replacement 1998–2008
15.9 -5.5 11.6 10.8 13.1 11.9 6.7 -10.7 1.5 11.8 -17.0 9.0 1.9 19.4 15.3 -17.1 -4.5 31.5 17.0
3 290 240 28 14 7 7 47 2 3 40 2 72 62 675 1 300 13 10 512 332
Service Occupations ........................................................................................................................
22 548
26 401
16.0
16.4
3 853
17.1
11 112
Cleaning and building service occupations, except private household .............................................. Institutional cleaning supervisors .................................................................................................... Janitors and cleaners, including maids and housekeeping cleaners .............................................. Pest control workers ....................................................................................................................... All other cleaning and building service workers ..............................................................................
3 623 87 3 184 52 300
4 031 97 3 549 65 320
2.6 0.1 2.3
2.5 0.1 2.2
(2)
(2)
0.2
0.2
408 9 365 13 20
11.3 10.5 11.5 25.4 6.7
1 164 30 1 027 25 83
Food preparation and service occupations ......................................................................................... Chefs, cooks, and other kitchen workers ........................................................................................ Cooks, except short order .......................................................................................................... Bakers, bread and pastry ....................................................................................................... Cooks, institution or cafeteria ................................................................................................. Cooks, restaurant ................................................................................................................... Cooks, short order and fast food ................................................................................................ Food preparation workers ........................................................................................................... Food and beverage service occupations ........................................................................................ Bartenders .................................................................................................................................. Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bar helpers ............................................................... Food counter, fountain, and related workers .............................................................................. Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, or coffee shop .......................................................... Waiters and waitresses .............................................................................................................. All other food preparation and service workers ..............................................................................
8 735 3 306 1 373 171 418 783 677 1 256 5 150 404 405 2 025 297 2 019 280
9 831 3 748 1 560 200 431 929 801 1 387 5 778 412 422 2 272 351 2 322 306
6.2 2.4 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 3.7 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.2 1.4 0.2
6.1 2.3 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 3.6 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.2 1.4 0.2
1 096 442 187 28 12 146 124 131 628 8 16 247 54 303 26
12.6 13.4 13.6 16.6 2.9 18.7 18.4 10.4 12.2 1.9 4.0 12.2 18.2 15.0 9.4
5 159 1 669 545 73 121 351 301 823 3 356 181 140 1 476 145 1 415 134
Health service occupations ................................................................................................................. Ambulance drivers and attendants, EMTs ...................................................................................... Dental assistants ............................................................................................................................ Medical assistants .......................................................................................................................... Nursing and psychiatric aides ......................................................................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants .................................................................................... Psychiatric aides ......................................................................................................................... Occupational therapy assistants and aides .................................................................................... Pharmacy aides .............................................................................................................................. Physical therapy assistants and aides ............................................................................................ All other health service workers ......................................................................................................
2 309 19 229 252 1 461 1 367 95 19 61 82 185
2 984 26 325 398 1 794 1 692 102 26 71 118 226
1.6 (2) 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.1
1.9
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
676 7 97 146 332 325 7 7 10 36 41
29.3 35.0 42.2 57.8 22.7 23.8 7.7 39.8 15.9 43.7 22.3
1 064 11 131 208 536 515 20 12 25 56 85
Personal service occupations ............................................................................................................. Amusement and recreation attendants ........................................................................................... Baggage porters and bellhops ........................................................................................................ Child care workers .......................................................................................................................... Barbers, cosmetologists, and related workers ................................................................................ Barbers ....................................................................................................................................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists ............................................................................ Manicurists ................................................................................................................................. Shampooers ............................................................................................................................... Flight attendants ............................................................................................................................. Personal care and home health aides ............................................................................................ Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers ....................................................................................
2 934 337 40 905 723 54 605 49 15 99 746 84
3 828 439 45 1 141 796 50 667 62 17 129 1 179 99
2.1 0.2
2.4 0.3
894 102 5 236 73 -4 62 13 2 30 433 15
30.5 30.2 13.7 26.1 10.0 -7.3 10.2 26.0 14.5 30.1 58.1 17.6
1 413 163 13 325 264 15 218 25 6 51 567 30
Private household workers ................................................................................................................. Child care workers, private household ........................................................................................... Cleaners and servants, private household ..................................................................................... Cooks, private household ............................................................................................................... Housekeepers and butlers ..............................................................................................................
928 306 600 5 17
751 209 530 2 10
-178 -97 -71 -2 -7
-19.1 -31.7 -11.8 -51.3 -42.4
276 140 131 1 4
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
(2)
0.2 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.1
(2)
(2)
0.6 0.5
0.7 0.5
(2)
(2)
0.4
0.4
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.1 0.5 0.1
0.1 0.7 0.1
0.7 0.2 0.4
0.5 0.1 0.3
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
218
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 3-3. Employment by Occupation, 1998 and Projected 2008—Continued (Thousands of jobs, percent.) Employment Number
Occupation
Change 1998–2008
Percent distribution Number
1998
2008
1998
Protective service occupations ........................................................................................................... Fire fighting occupations ................................................................................................................. Firefighters .................................................................................................................................. Firefighting and prevention supervisors ...................................................................................... Fire inspection occupations ........................................................................................................ Law enforcement occupations ........................................................................................................ Correctional officers .................................................................................................................... Police and detectives .................................................................................................................. Detectives and criminal investigators ..................................................................................... Police and detective supervisors ............................................................................................ Police patrol officers ............................................................................................................... Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs .................................................................................................... Other law enforcement occupations ....................................................................................... Other protective service workers .................................................................................................... Crossing guards ......................................................................................................................... Guards ........................................................................................................................................ Private detectives and investigators ........................................................................................... All other protective service workers ............................................................................................ All other service workers ................................................................................................................
2 769 314 239 60 15 1 147 383 727 79 111 446 91 37 1 308 54 1 027 61 166 1 249
3 486 334 251 66 17 1 501 532 929 96 124 586 123 40 1 651 57 1 321 76 198 1 490
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, And Related Occupations ...........................................................
4 435
Farm operators and managers ........................................................................................................... Farmers .......................................................................................................................................... Farm managers ..............................................................................................................................
1 483 1 308 175
Farm workers ...................................................................................................................................... Fishers and fishing vessel operators .................................................................................................. Captains and other officers, fishing vessels ................................................................................... Fishers ............................................................................................................................................
Percent
2008
2.0 0.2 0.2
2.2 0.2 0.2
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.8 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1
0.9 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1
(2)
(2)
0.9
1.0
(2)
(2)
0.7
0.8
717 20 11 6 2 354 148 202 17 13 141 31 3 343 2 294 15 32 241
Total job openings due to growth and replacement 1998–2008
25.9 6.4 4.7 10.7 17.2 30.8 38.7 27.8 21.0 12.0 31.6 34.2 9.4 26.2 4.0 28.6 24.3 19.0 19.3
1 490 103 70 26 6 643 253 382 38 45 260 40 8 743 18 550 30 145 546
(2)
(2)
0.1 0.9
0.1 0.9
4 506
3.2
2.8
71
1.6
1 356
1 309 1 135 174
1.1 0.9 0.1
0.8 0.7 0.1
-174 -173 -1
-11.7 -13.2 -0.8
232 203 29
851
794
0.6
0.5
-57
-6.6
262
51 11 40
40 9 31
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
-11 -2 -9
-21.8 -18.6 -22.7
10 2 8
Forestry, conservation, and logging occupations ............................................................................... Forest and conservation workers ................................................................................................... Timber cutting and logging occupations ......................................................................................... Fallers and buckers .................................................................................................................... Logging equipment operators ..................................................................................................... All other timber cutting and related logging workers ...................................................................
120 33 87 18 56 13
116 33 83 16 55 12
0.1
Landscaping, grounds keeping, nursery, greenhouse, and lawn service occupations ....................... Laborers, landscaping and grounds keeping .................................................................................. Lawn service managers .................................................................................................................. Nursery and greenhouse managers ............................................................................................... Pruners ........................................................................................................................................... Sprayers/applicators .......................................................................................................................
1 285 1 130 86 5 45 19
0.1
-4
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
-4 -2 -1 -1
-3.1 0.7 -4.6 -11.5 -2.0 -6.0
27 7 20 5 12 3
1 548 1 364 104 6 50 23
0.9 0.8 0.1
1.0 0.8 0.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
262 234 17 1 5 4
20.4 20.7 20.0 15.1 12.1 23.6
626 572 24 1 19 10
Supervisors, farming, forestry, and agricultural related occupations ..................................................
92
97
0.1
0.1
6
6.2
18
Veterinary assistants and nonfarm animal caretakers ........................................................................ Animal caretakers, except farm ...................................................................................................... Veterinary assistants ......................................................................................................................
181 137 45
223 166 57
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
(2)
(2)
42 30 12
23.2 21.6 28.0
68 49 19
All other agricultural, forestry, fishing and related workers .................................................................
373
379
0.3
0.2
6
1.7
113
Precision Production, Craft, And Repair Occupations .................................................................
15 619
16 871
11.1
10.5
1 252
8.0
5 051
Blue-collar worker supervisors ...........................................................................................................
2 198
2 394
1.6
1.5
196
8.9
803
Construction trades ............................................................................................................................ Boilermakers ................................................................................................................................... Bricklayers, block masons, and stonemasons ................................................................................ Carpenters ...................................................................................................................................... Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers .................................................................................. Carpet installers .......................................................................................................................... Hard tile setters .......................................................................................................................... All other carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers ................................................................ Ceiling tile installers and acoustical carpenters .............................................................................. Concrete finishers, cement masons, and terrazzo workers ............................................................ Construction equipment operators ................................................................................................. Grader, bulldozer, and scraper operators ................................................................................... Operating engineers ................................................................................................................... Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators ................................................................ Drywall installers and finishers ....................................................................................................... Electricians ..................................................................................................................................... Elevator installers and repairers ..................................................................................................... Glaziers .......................................................................................................................................... Hazardous materials removal workers ........................................................................................... Highway maintenance workers ....................................................................................................... Insulation workers ........................................................................................................................... Painters and paperhangers ............................................................................................................ Pipe layers and pipe laying fitters ................................................................................................... Plasterers and stucco masons ....................................................................................................... Plumbers, pipe fitters, and steam fitters ......................................................................................... Roofers ........................................................................................................................................... Sheet metal workers and duct installers ......................................................................................... Structural and reinforcing metal workers ........................................................................................ All other construction trades workers .............................................................................................
4 628 18 157 1 071 138 85 29 25 16 139 321 122 126 74 163 656 30 44 38 155 67 476 57 40 426 158 230 81 146
5 018 19 176 1 145 147 88 31 28 17 148 346 129 135 82 175 724 33 46 45 173 72 517 60 47 449 177 262 87 155
3.3
3.1
390
8.4 1.6 12.3 6.9 6.0 3.6 8.7 11.0 8.9 6.1 7.7 5.7 7.9 10.6 7.5 10.3 12.2 3.9 19.3 11.1 7.5 8.6 4.9 17.1 5.3 12.0 14.1 8.0 5.7
1 425 5 51 361 40 21 10 9 6 25 76 17 32 27 34 202 11 13 16 54 26 162 16 17 76 73 89 28 43
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.7 0.1
19 74 8 3 3 3 1 9 25 7 10 8 12 68 4 2 7 17 5 41 3 7 22 19 32 6 8
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2)
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.3
0.3
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION
219
Table 3-3. Employment by Occupation, 1998 and Projected 2008—Continued (Thousands of jobs, percent.) Employment Number
Occupation
Change 1998–2008
Percent distribution Number
1998
2008
Extractive and related workers, including blasters ............................................................................. Oil and gas extraction occupations ................................................................................................. Roustabouts, oil and gas ............................................................................................................ All other oil and gas extraction occupations ............................................................................... Mining, quarrying, and tunneling occupations ................................................................................ All other extraction and related workers .........................................................................................
244 69 30 40 23 152
255 63 23 40 18 173
Mechanics, installers, and repairers ................................................................................................... Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ...................................... Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers ......................................................... Data processing equipment repairers ......................................................................................... Office machine and cash register servicers ................................................................................ Telecommunications equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ........................................... Radio mechanics ........................................................................................................................ Telephone equipment installers and repairers ........................................................................... Central office and PBX installers and repairers ...................................................................... Station installers and repairers, telephone ............................................................................. All other telecommunications equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers .......................... Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ............... Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers .................................................................. Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment ...................................................... All other electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers .................... Machinery mechanics, installers, and repairers ............................................................................. Industrial machinery mechanics ................................................................................................. Maintenance repairers, general utility ......................................................................................... Millwrights ................................................................................................................................... Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers ............................................................... Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ................................................................................ Automotive body and related repairers ....................................................................................... Automotive mechanics and service technicians ......................................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ............................................................. Farm equipment mechanics ....................................................................................................... Mobile heavy equipment mechanics .......................................................................................... Motorcycle, boat, and small engine mechanics .......................................................................... Motorcycle mechanic .............................................................................................................. Small engine mechanics ......................................................................................................... Other mechanics, installers, and repairers ..................................................................................... Bicycle repairers ......................................................................................................................... Camera and photographic equipment repairers ......................................................................... Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers .............................................. Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ........................................ Home appliance and power tool repairers .................................................................................. Line installers and repairers ....................................................................................................... Electrical power line installers and repairers .......................................................................... Telephone and cable TV line installers and repairers ............................................................ Locksmiths and safe repairers .................................................................................................... Medical equipment repairers ...................................................................................................... Musical instrument repairers and tuners .................................................................................... Precision instrument repairers .................................................................................................... Riggers ....................................................................................................................................... Tire repairers and changers ....................................................................................................... Watch repairers .......................................................................................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers .............................................................................
5 176 409 138 79 58 125 7 69 44 24 49 146 36 72 39 1 850 535 1 232 82 1 612 133 227 790 255 49 106 52 14 38 1 305 11 9 27 286 51 279 99 180 27 11 13 33 11 83 8 455
Production occupations, precision ...................................................................................................... Assemblers, precision .................................................................................................................... Aircraft assemblers, precision .................................................................................................... Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers, precision ........................................................ Electromechanical equipment assemblers, precision ................................................................. Fitters, structural metal, precision ............................................................................................... Machine builders and other precision machine assemblers ....................................................... All other precision assemblers .................................................................................................... Food workers, precision ................................................................................................................. Bakers, manufacturing ................................................................................................................ Butchers and meat cutters .......................................................................................................... All other precision food and tobacco workers ............................................................................. Inspectors, testers, and graders, precision ..................................................................................... Metal workers, precision ................................................................................................................. Jewelers and precious stone and metalworkers ......................................................................... Machinists ................................................................................................................................... Numerical control machine tool programmers ............................................................................ Ship fitters ................................................................................................................................... Tool and die makers ................................................................................................................... All other precision metal workers ................................................................................................ Printing workers, precision ............................................................................................................. Bookbinders ................................................................................................................................ Prepress printing workers, precision .......................................................................................... Camera operators ................................................................................................................... Compositors and type setters, precision ................................................................................ Desktop publishing specialists ................................................................................................ Film strippers, printing ............................................................................................................ Job printers ............................................................................................................................. Paste-up workers .................................................................................................................... Photoengravers ...................................................................................................................... Plate makers ........................................................................................................................... All other printing workers, precision ............................................................................................
2 971 422 17 201 50 17 74 64 310 55 216 39 689 707 30 426 8 9 138 97 138 7 115 9 14 26 23 17 9 3 15 17
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
1998
Percent
2008
0.2
0.2
(2) (2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2)
0.1
0.1
5 763 472 184 117 67 138 7 75 59 16 56 150 31 81 38 1 967 559 1 327 81 1 828 147 263 922 280 47 116 54 14 40 1 496 13 10 31 334 54 335 100 235 30 12 13 32 11 92 8 520
3.7 0.3 0.1 0.1
3.6 0.3 0.1 0.1
3 010 442 20 213 52 15 76 66 303 60 201 42 667 734 28 452 9 8 136 101 137 6 114 6 11 44 15 18 4 1 14 17
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2)
1.3 0.4 0.9 0.1 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2
1.2 0.3 0.8 0.1 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
0.9
0.9
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
0.2
0.2
11 -6 -6 (2)
(2)
-4 21
-19.1 14.1
83 17 7 10 6 60
588 63 46 37 9 13
11.4 15.4 33.7 47.0 15.6 10.0 -1.4 8.8 32.3 -33.8 13.3 2.7 -11.9 12.7 -2.4 6.3 4.4 7.7 -1.9 13.4 10.4 15.8 16.7 9.8 -5.2 9.3 4.7 3.9 5.0 14.7 22.6 8.2 15.6 16.9 5.6 19.9 1.1 30.3 10.0 13.5 6.5 -4.0 0.5 10.4 -4.2 14.3
1 842 180 70 49 22 60 2 37 29 8 21 50 10 29 10 537 144 370 22 618 40 102 328 81 13 38 16 4 12 507 5 3 10 101 18 137 24 113 10 4 4 8 3 45 2 157
1.3 4.6 19.3 6.0 5.7 -13.0 1.7 3.7 -2.4 8.5 -7.1 8.5 -3.2 3.8 -6.0 6.2 6.1 -4.5 -1.5 4.0 -1.0 -15.2 -0.4 -31.4 -18.9 72.6 -33.0 4.3 -51.2 -51.5 -5.2 0.2
774 118 7 56 14 4 19 18 78 12 51 15 153 176 7 111 3 2 26 27 44 2 39 2 2 23 4 4 2
(2)
6 14 -8 7 4 -4 9 -1 117 24 95 -2 216 14 36 132 25 -3 10 2 1 2 191 2 1 4 48 3 56 1 55 3 1 1 -1
(2)
(2)
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.1
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.3
0.3
65
2.1 0.3
1.9 0.3
39 20 3 12 3 -2 1 2 -7 5 -15 3 -22 27 -2 26 1
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2)
0.2
0.2
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.2
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.5
(2)
(2)
0.3
0.3
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1
(2)
9
(2)
(2)
(2)
-2 4 -1 -1
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
-3 -3 19 -8 1 -5 -1 -1 (2)
4.5 -9.0 -21.1
Total job openings due to growth and replacement 1998–2008
(2)
2 3
220
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 3-3. Employment by Occupation, 1998 and Projected 2008—Continued (Thousands of jobs, percent.) Employment Number
Occupation
Change 1998–2008
Percent distribution Number
1998
2008
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, precision ....................................................................... Custom tailors and sewers ......................................................................................................... Patternmakers and layout workers, fabric and apparel .............................................................. Shoe and leather workers and repairers, precision .................................................................... Upholsterers ............................................................................................................................... All other precision textile, apparel, and furnishings workers ....................................................... Woodworkers, precision ................................................................................................................. Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ........................................................................................ Furniture finishers ....................................................................................................................... Wood machinists ........................................................................................................................ All other precision wood workers ................................................................................................ Other precision workers .................................................................................................................. Dental laboratory technicians, precision ..................................................................................... Ophthalmic laboratory technicians ............................................................................................. Photographic process workers, precision ................................................................................... All other precision workers ......................................................................................................... Plant and system occupations ............................................................................................................ Chemical plant and system operators ............................................................................................ Electric power generating plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers ....................................... Power distributors and dispatchers ............................................................................................ Power generating and reactor plant operators ........................................................................... Gas and petroleum plant and system occupations ......................................................................... Stationary engineers ....................................................................................................................... Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators ....................................................... All other plant and system operators ..............................................................................................
234 74 16 23 66 55 229 123 38 40 27 242 44 23 18 157 403 43 45 14 31 38 31 98 148
226 67 15 19 67 58 236 129 38 41 27 266 44 24 19 179 431 48 44 12 32 33 29 112 164
Operators, Fabricators, And Laborers ...........................................................................................
18 588
Machine setters, set-up operators, operators, and tenders ................................................................ Numerical control machine tool operators and tenders, metal and plastic ..................................... Combination machine tool setters, set-up operators, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ... Machine tool cut and form setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................... Drilling and boring machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic ...................... Grinding, lapping, and buffing machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic .... Lathe and turning machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic ....................... Machine forming operators and tenders, metal and plastic ........................................................ Machine tool cutting operators and tenders, metal and plastic .................................................. Punching machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic ........................................... All other machine tool setters, set-up operators, metal and plastic ............................................
5 139 88 107 726 42 75 72 163 109 47 218
Metal fabricating machine setters, operators, and related workers .................................................... Metal fabricators, structural metal products .................................................................................... Soldering and brazing machine operators and tenders .................................................................. Welding machine setters, operators, and tenders ..........................................................................
167 46 12 110
Metal and plastic processing machine setters, operators, and related workers ................................. Electrolytic plating machine setters, set-up operators, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Foundry mold assembly and shake out workers ............................................................................ Furnace operators and tenders ...................................................................................................... Heat treating, annealing, and tempering machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic ......... Metal molding machine setters, set-up operators, operators, and tenders .................................... Plastic molding machine setters, set-up operators, operators, and tenders ................................... All other metal and plastic machine setters, operators, and related workers .................................
1998
Percent
2008
0.2 0.1
0.1
0.1 0.1
1 1 22 28 5 -1 -2 1 -5 -2 14 16
-3.3 -8.4 -3.8 -17.6 0.9 4.4 2.9 5.2 -1.0 3.2 -2.5 10.2 1.0 4.7 7.0 14.0 6.9 11.0 -1.6 -12.2 3.1 -12.6 -5.7 14.2 11.1
49 14 3 5 14 13 42 20 9 6 7 85 9 4 8 64 153 18 15 4 11 12 7 37 64
13.2
12.7
1 753
9.4
6 374
3.7 0.1 0.1 0.5
3.3 0.1 0.1 0.4
(2)
(2) (2) (2)
91 20 15 -36 -8 -7 -6 -6 -22 -4 17
1.8 22.6 13.8 -4.9 -18.3 -9.6 -8.4 -3.9 -19.9 -7.5 7.7
1 456 39 38 188 9 20 16 41 28 9 65
10 3 1 6
6.2 7.5 8.2 5.4
51 14 4 34
50 4
10.5 9.6 2.5 -5.0 -4.1 9.0 14.7 11.9
169 16 3 4 6 20 68 55 106 26 3 1 2 61 2 14 43 2 7 10
(2) (2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
0.2 0.1
0.1 0.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
0.2
0.2
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
0.1 0.3
0.1 0.3
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
0.1 0.1
20 341 5 230 108 122 690 34 68 66 157 88 44 235
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
-8 -6 -1 -4 1 2 7 6
Total job openings due to growth and replacement 1998–2008
(2)
1 -1 25 (2)
(2)
(2)
0.2
0.1
178 49 13 116
0.1
0.1
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.1
0.1
478 45 9 23 23 58 171 148
528 49 10 22 22 63 196 166
0.3
0.3
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
Printing, binding, and related workers ................................................................................................ Bindery machine operators and set-up operators .......................................................................... Prepress printing workers, production ............................................................................................ Photoengraving and lithographic machine operators and tenders ............................................. Type setting and composing machine operators and tenders .................................................... Printing press operators ................................................................................................................. Letterpress operators ................................................................................................................. Offset lithographic press operators ............................................................................................. Printing press machine setters, operators and tenders .............................................................. All other printing press setters and set-up operators .................................................................. Screen printing machine setters and set-up operators ................................................................... All other printing, binding, and related workers ..............................................................................
406 90 20 7 13 225 10 63 142 10 28 43
410 100 11 6 5 225 8 54 154 9 29 45
0.3 0.1
0.3 0.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
0.2
0.1
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.1
0.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
(2)
1 2
1.1 11.5 -44.7 -15.0 -59.8 0.2 -18.2 -14.7 8.3 -4.5 3.0 4.1
Textile and related setters, operators, and related workers ............................................................... Extruding and forming machine operators and tenders, synthetic or glass fibers .......................... Pressing machine operators and tenders, textile, garment, and related materials ......................... Sewing machine operators, garment .............................................................................................. Sewing machine operators, nongarment ........................................................................................ Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders ....................................................... Textile draw-out and winding machine operators and tenders ....................................................... Textile machine setters and set-up operators ................................................................................
851 33 69 369 137 24 192 28
687 35 66 257 140 22 141 26
0.6
0.4
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
0.3 0.1
0.2 0.1
-164 3 -3 -112 3 -2 -50 -3
-19.3 7.9 -4.0 -30.3 2.5 -9.0 -26.3 -9.6
133 8 11 50 22 4 32 5
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and other related workers ............................................... Head sawyers and sawing machine operators and tenders, setters and set-up operators ............ Woodworking machine operators and tenders, setters and set-up operators ................................
143 64 79
130 61 69
-14 -4 -10
-9.4 -5.7 -12.5
37 19 18
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2) (2)
0.1
(2)
-1 -1 5 25 18 4 10 -9 -1 (2) (2)
-2 -9 12
PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION
221
Table 3-3. Employment by Occupation, 1998 and Projected 2008—Continued (Thousands of jobs, percent.) Employment Number
Occupation
Change 1998–2008
Percent distribution Number
1998
2008
1998
Other machine setters, set-up operators, operators, and tenders ...................................................... Boiler operators and tenders, low pressure .................................................................................... Cement and gluing machine operators and tenders ....................................................................... Chemical equipment controllers, operators and tenders ................................................................ Cooking and roasting machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco ..................................... Crushing, grinding, mixing, and blending machine operators and tenders ..................................... Cutting and slicing machine setters, perators and tenders ............................................................. Dairy processing equipment operators, including setters ............................................................... Electronic semiconductor processors ............................................................................................. Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders .................................................... Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, or kettle operators and tenders ............................................................. Laundry and dry-cleaning machine operators and tenders, except pressing ................................. Motion picture projectionists ........................................................................................................... Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders .................................................................... Painting and coating machine operators ........................................................................................ Coating, painting, and spraying machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators ..... Painters, transportation equipment ............................................................................................. Paper goods machine setters and set-up operators ....................................................................... Photographic processing machine operators and tenders ............................................................. Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine operators and tenders .................. Shoe sewing machine operators and tenders ................................................................................ Tire building machine operators ..................................................................................................... All other machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators ..............................................
2 172 16 32 100 31 150 96 15 63 126 25 167 9 377 171 129 42 62 46 28 7 18 635
2 377 14 27 111 28 154 102 12 92 132 24 184 7 425 186 140 46 59 41 26 4 17 732
Hand workers, including assemblers and fabricators ......................................................................... Cannery workers ............................................................................................................................ Coil winders, tapers, and finishers .................................................................................................. Cutters and trimmers, hand ............................................................................................................ Electrical and electronic assemblers .............................................................................................. Grinder sand polishers, hand ......................................................................................................... Machine assemblers ....................................................................................................................... Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers, hand ........................................................................ Painting, coating, and decorating workers, hand ............................................................................ Pressers, hand ............................................................................................................................... Sewers, hand .................................................................................................................................. Solderers and brazers .................................................................................................................... Welders and cutters ........................................................................................................................ All other assemblers, fabricators, and hand workers ......................................................................
3 092 50 22 42 246 81 67 143 39 13 10 35 368 1 976
3 382 44 22 39 265 84 71 178 46 12 8 40 398 2 175
Transportation and material moving machine and vehicle operators ................................................. Motor vehicle operators .................................................................................................................. Bus drivers .................................................................................................................................. Bus drivers, transit and intercity ............................................................................................. Bus drivers, school ................................................................................................................. Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ........................................................................................................ Truck drivers ............................................................................................................................... Driver/sales workers ............................................................................................................... Truck drivers light and heavy .................................................................................................. All other motor vehicle operators ................................................................................................ Rail transportation workers ............................................................................................................. Locomotive engineers ................................................................................................................ Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators .............................................................................. Railroad conductors and yard masters ....................................................................................... Subway and streetcar operators ................................................................................................. All other rail transportation workers ............................................................................................ Water transportation and related workers ...................................................................................... Able seamen, ordinary seamen, and marine oilers .................................................................... Captains and pilots, water vessels ............................................................................................. Mates, ship, boat, and barge ...................................................................................................... Ship engineers ............................................................................................................................ Material moving equipment operators ............................................................................................ Crane and tower operators ......................................................................................................... Excavation and loading machine operators ................................................................................ Hoist and winch operators .......................................................................................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators .......................................................................................... All other material moving equipment operators .......................................................................... All other transportation and material moving equipment operators ................................................
5 215 4 084 638 203 435 132 3 274 305 2 970 40 85 33 14 25 3 8 56 23 19 8 6 808 49 106 11 415 228 183
5 960 4 723
Helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand .................................................................................... Cleaners of vehicles and equipment .............................................................................................. Freight, stock, and material movers, hand ..................................................................................... Hand packers and packagers ......................................................................................................... Helpers, construction trades ........................................................................................................... Machine feeders and offbearers ..................................................................................................... Parking lot attendants ..................................................................................................................... Refuse and recyclable material collectors ...................................................................................... Service station attendants .............................................................................................................. All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand ..................................................................
5 142 288 822 984 576 213 86 99 141 1 934
5 768 360 834 1 197 618 211 113 103 139 2 194
(2)
235 511 158 3 782 319 3 463 37 75 35 7 24 4 5 58 24 19 9 7 883 49 122 11 454 247 222
Percent
2008
1.5
1.5
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
(2)
(2)
0.3 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.1
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
0.5
0.5
97
9.4 -11.0 -15.6 11.4 -8.5 2.8 6.4 -20.4 45.2 5.0 -5.6 9.8 -21.8 12.9 8.8 8.7 9.0 -4.1 -11.4 -7.2 -35.8 -1.4 15.2
2.2
2.1
(2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
0.2 0.1
0.2 0.1
290 -6 1 -4 19 3 4 35 7 -2 -1 5 31 198
9.4 -12.0 2.5 -8.3 7.7 4.3 5.5 24.2 17.7 -11.4 -14.8 14.4 8.3 10.0
967 13 4 10 63 25 16 63 16 4 2 13 124 610
745 639 108 32 76 26 507 14 493 -3 -10 2 -7 -2
1 609 1 272 223 69 154 48 994 75 919 7 31 13 5 9 1 3 24 10 8 4 3 208 11 36 3 87 71 75 2 342 163 314 456 307 64 42 42 62 893
0.1
0.1
(2)
(2)
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
(2) (2)
0.1
(2)
0.1 0.1
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
205 -2 -5 11 -3 4 6 -3 29 6 -0.1 16 -2 49 15 11 4 -3 -5 -2 -2
Total job openings due to growth and replacement 1998–2008
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
(2) (2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2)
0.3 1.4
0.2 1.4
3.7 2.9 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 2.3 0.2 2.1
3.7 2.9 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 2.4 0.2 2.2
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
0.6
0.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.1
0.1
14.3 15.6 17.0 15.8 17.6 20.0 15.5 4.7 16.6 -8.5 -11.4 4.8 -47.8 -6.7 7.1 -35.6 4.7 5.1 3.0 7.9 4.3 9.2 0.5 15.3 6.0 9.2 8.3 21.5 12.2 25.0 1.5 21.7 7.3 -0.9 31.2 3.9 -1.2 13.4
0.1
(2)
-3 3 1 1 1 (2)
74
(2)
(2)
0.3 0.2 0.1
0.3 0.2 0.1
16 1 38 19 39
3.7 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.4
3.6 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.4
626 72 12 213 42 -2 27 4 -2 260
Note: Detail may not equal total or 100 percent due to rounding. 1. Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements. 2. Value less than 0.05 percent.
693 3 8 35 6 39 29 4 38 36 4 57 2 147 52 39 13 13 18 7 1 3 191
PART FOUR PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS HIGHLIGHTS This part covers the two kinds of productivity measures produced by BLS, output per hour or labor productivity and multifactor productivity. Multifactor productivity is designed to measure the joint influence on economic growth of technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale and other factors. For some measures there is a lag in available data.
Indexes of Output Per Hour and Unit Labor Costs, 1990–2000 (1992=100) 140
140
Business
Manufacturing
130
130
120
120
110
110
100
100
90
90 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Output per hour
1990 19911992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Output per hour
Unit labor costs
Unit labor costs
In 2000, the increase in output per hour in the manufacturing sector continued to exceed that in the business sector, (6.9 and 4.2 percent respectively). However, the increase in unit labor costs in the business sector slowed somewhat while unit costs in manufacturing continued to decline. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: • • • •
During the period 1995 to 2000, the increase in manufacturing productivity reflected a 27 percent increase in output, while hours worked actually declined 0.8 percent. (Table 4-1) In the period from 1990 to 1999, the largest increases by far in output per hour in the manufacturing sector were recorded by computer equipment (33.3 percent), electronic components (26 percent) and communications equipment (11.4 percent). (Table 4-2) From 1996 to 1999, the increase in multifactor productivity for durable goods was much higher (14.6 percent) than nondurable (2.5 percent). Industrial machinery and electronics industries led the growth of durables. (Table 4-5) For the period 1996–1999, output increases for manufacturing and total private business were similar, but multifactor productivity in manufacturing rose 9.4 percent compared with 3.5 percent for business. (Table 4-4)
225
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Concepts and Definitions The measures of output per hour for the business, nonfarm business, and manufacturing sectors describe the relationship between real output and the labor time involved in its production. The output measures for the business sectors and nonfinancial corporations are based on series prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce as part of the national income and product accounts (NIPA). The BLS derives manufacturing output indexes by combining data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the BEA, and the Federal Reserve Board. All of the output measures are chain-type annual-weighted indexes. This means that the relative prices (weights) used to combine output changes into an aggregate output measure are changed each year, minimizing the bias that arises from using fixed weights over long periods of time. Business sector output is constructed by excluding from gross domestic product (GDP) the following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owneroccupied dwellings. Corresponding exclusions also are made in labor inputs. These activities are excluded because theoretical or practical difficulties make the computation of meaningful productivity measures based on them impossible. Business output accounted for about 77 percent of GDP in 1996 and nonfinancial corporations about 53 percent. Manufacturing indexes are constructed by deflating current-dollar industry value of production data with deflators from the BEA. These deflators are based on data from the BLS producer price program and other sources. To avoid duplication, intrasector transactions are removed when industry shipments are aggregated. Productivity measures show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although these measures relate output to hours of persons engaged in a sector, they do not measure only the specific contributions of labor, capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and effort of the work force. Measures of labor input are based mainly on the monthly BLS survey of nonagricultural establishments. From this are drawn measures of employment and average weekly hours paid for employees of these establishments. Weekly hours paid are adjusted to hours at work using the BLS Hours at Work survey, conducted for this purpose.
Supplementary information for farm workers, the selfemployed, and unpaid family workers is obtained from the monthly survey of households, the Current Population Survey. Without these supplementary data, labor input would be seriously understated in the business sectors. The indexes of hourly compensation are based mainly on the BLS hours data, discussed above, and employee compensation data from the NIPA. Compensation includes wages and salaries and supplemental payments such as contributions by employers to Social Security and private health and pension funds. The all persons’ compensation data include measures of proprietors’ salaries and contributions for supplementary benefits. Real compensation per hour is derived by adjusting the compensation data to reflect changes in purchasing power, based on the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS). The indexes of unit labor costs are computed by dividing compensation per hour by output per hour. Nonlabor payments are calculated by subtracting total compensation from current dollar output, and thus include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes. The implicit deflator reflects changes in all of the costs of production and distribution (unit labor costs plus unit nonlabor payments). To construct the implicit price deflator, the current-dollar measure of output in a sector is divided by the real output series. Multifactor Productivity The measures of output per unit of combined labor and capital input (multifactor productivity) and related measures are produced for the private business and private nonfarm business sectors. The private business and private nonfarm business sectors for which multifactor productivity indexes are prepared exclude government enterprises, and thus differ from the business and nonfarm business sectors described above. Multifactor productivity measures refer to the ratio of an output index to an index of combined labor and capital services inputs. Multifactor productivity growth reflects the amount of output growth that cannot be accounted for by the growth of weighted labor and capital inputs as they have been measured. The weights are associated cost shares; labor’s share is the ratio of compensation to current-dollar output. Capital’s share is equal to the ratio of capital cost to current-dollar output. As is the case with the output measures, the weights are updated annually.
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
Capital services measure the services derived from the stock of physical assets and software. Physical assets included are fixed business equipment, structures, inventories, and land. Structures include nonresidential structures and residential capital that is rented out by profitmaking firms or persons. Software includes pre-packaged, custom and own-account software. Financial assets are excluded, as are owner-occupied residential structures. The aggregate capital measures are obtained by weighting the capital stocks for each asset type within each of 53 industries using estimated rental prices for each asset type. Data on investments in physical assets and gross product originating by industry, used in measuring the rental prices, are obtained from BEA. Labor input in private business and private nonfarm business is obtained by weighting the hours worked by all persons, classified by education, work experience, and gender, by their shares of labor compensation. Additional information concerning data sources and methods of measuring labor composition can be found in BLS Bulletin 2426 (December 1993), “Labor Composition and U.S. Productivity Growth, 1948–90.” The manufacturing multifactor productivity index is derived by dividing an output index by a weighted index of combined hours, capital services, energy, materials and purchased business services. Weights (shares of total costs) are updated annually. The labor hours for the manufacturing measure are directly added and thus do not include the effect of changing labor composition, unlike those used for business multifactor productivity. The manufacturing sector coverage is the same in the multifactor and labor productivity series. Output per Hour and Related Series in Selected Industries The BLS industry productivity program produces annual indexes of labor productivity, labor compensation, and unit labor costs for selected 2-, 3- and 4-digit industries. These data series cover 54 percent of employment in the private, non-farm business sector, and 100 percent of manufacturing and retail trade. The data sources used in the industry measures differ from those used in the productivity and cost measures for the major sectors. Output per hour and related indexes for manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries are updated annually and published in a news release and on the BLS World Wide Web site at http://stats.bls.gov. Output per hour indexes are obtained by dividing an output index by an index of aggregate hours. Although the measures relate output to one input—labor time—they do not measure the specific contribution of labor or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint
227
effect of a number of interrelated influences, such as changes in technology, capital investment per worker, and capacity utilization. Caution is necessary when analyzing year-to-year changes in output per hour; the annual changes can be irregular and therefore not necessarily indicative of long-term trends. Conversely, long-term trends are not necessarily applicable to any 1 year or period in the future. An output index for an industry is calculated with a Tornqvist index formula that aggregates the growth rates of the industry products between two periods with weights based on the products’ shares in industry value of production. The weight for each product equals its average value share in the two periods. The formula yields the ratio of output in a given period to that in the previous period. The ratios for successive years must be chained together to form a time series. The quantities of products used in the output index are measured either with deflated values of production or with actual quantities. For most industries, output indexes are developed in two stages. First, comprehensive data from the economic censuses conducted by the Bureau of the Census every 5 years are used to develop benchmark indexes for the census years. Second, less comprehensive data are used to prepare annual indexes. The latter indexes are adjusted to the benchmark indexes by means of linear interpolation. For the period following the last census year, annual indexes are linked to the most recent benchmark index. Indexes of labor input are employee hours indexes or all person hours indexes. In manufacturing industries, employee hours are used. In nonmanufacturing industries where self-employed workers play a significant role, all person hours are used. For most industries, the hours series are based on hours paid. Total hours are calculated by multiplying the number of workers by average weekly hours. Employee hours are treated as homogenous and additive with no distinction made between hours of different groups. Annual indexes are developed by dividing the aggregate hours for each year by the base period aggregate. Indexes of unit labor costs are calculated as the ratio of total labor compensation to real output, or equivalently, as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity (output per hour). Unit labor costs measure the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output. Indexes of total compensation measure the change in the total costs to the employer of securing the services of labor. Compensation is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments. Payroll includes salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. Supplemental payments are divided into legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required expenditures include employers’ contributions to Social
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Security, unemployment insurance taxes, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans.
Sources of Additional Information Productivity concepts and methodology are described in the BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2490, April 1997. Additional information on industry productivity is found in BLS news release USDL 01-40 for output per hour, and 01-82 for multifactor productivity.
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
229
Table 4-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2000 (1992=100.) Business Year
Output per hour of all persons
Output
Hours of all persons
Compensation per hour
Real compensation per hour
Unit labor costs
Unit nonlabor payments
Implicit price deflator
Employment
Output per person
Compensation in current dollars
Nonlabor payments in current dollars
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
31.8 33.3 34.0
20.7 21.8 21.6
65.0 65.5 63.3
6.8 7.4 7.5
39.6 39.8 40.9
21.4 22.2 22.0
18.9 21.0 20.8
20.5 21.7 21.5
54.7 55.4 54.1
37.8 39.3 39.8
4.4 4.8 4.7
3.9 4.6 4.5
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
36.9 38.0 39.2 40.7 41.6
23.7 25.2 26.0 27.2 26.9
64.1 66.1 66.2 67.0 64.6
8.0 8.8 9.4 10.0 10.3
43.3 44.0 45.9 48.5 49.8
21.8 23.2 23.9 24.5 24.8
21.8 24.0 23.4 22.9 22.8
21.8 23.5 23.7 23.9 24.1
54.7 56.3 56.7 57.6 56.1
43.3 44.6 45.8 47.3 47.9
5.2 5.8 6.2 6.7 6.7
5.2 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.1
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
43.3 43.4 44.7 46.0 47.9
29.0 29.5 30.0 29.4 31.9
67.0 68.0 67.0 63.9 66.6
10.6 11.3 12.0 12.6 13.1
51.3 53.9 55.6 56.5 58.4
24.4 26.0 26.9 27.3 27.4
24.3 23.7 24.4 25.0 25.5
24.4 25.2 26.0 26.5 26.7
57.8 59.0 59.0 56.7 58.5
50.2 49.9 50.8 51.9 54.5
7.1 7.7 8.1 8.0 8.7
7.0 7.0 7.3 7.4 8.1
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
48.8 50.6 52.9 55.0 57.5
32.5 33.1 35.2 36.8 39.2
66.6 65.5 66.6 67.0 68.1
13.7 14.2 14.9 15.4 16.2
59.9 61.8 63.9 65.4 67.9
28.0 28.1 28.1 28.0 28.2
25.2 25.5 26.3 26.9 27.5
27.0 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.9
58.8 58.1 58.9 59.2 60.3
55.2 57.0 59.9 62.2 64.9
9.1 9.3 9.9 10.3 11.0
8.2 8.5 9.3 9.9 10.8
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
59.6 62.0 63.4 65.4 65.7
41.9 44.8 45.6 47.9 49.4
70.4 72.3 72.0 73.4 75.2
16.8 17.9 19.0 20.4 21.9
69.3 71.9 73.7 76.2 77.4
28.2 28.9 29.9 31.3 33.3
28.6 29.3 29.7 30.6 30.9
28.4 29.1 29.9 31.0 32.4
62.1 64.0 64.9 66.5 68.6
67.5 70.0 70.3 72.1 72.0
11.8 13.0 13.7 15.0 16.4
12.0 13.1 13.6 14.7 15.3
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
67.0 69.9 72.2 74.5 73.2
49.4 51.3 54.7 58.5 57.6
73.7 73.3 75.7 78.5 78.6
23.5 25.0 26.6 28.9 31.7
78.8 80.3 82.7 84.5 83.4
35.1 35.8 36.8 38.8 43.2
31.6 34.4 35.8 37.7 40.0
33.9 35.3 36.5 38.4 42.1
68.4 68.4 70.7 73.6 74.8
72.1 75.0 77.4 79.5 77.0
17.3 18.4 20.1 22.7 24.9
15.6 17.6 19.6 22.0 23.1
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
75.8 78.5 79.8 80.7 80.7
57.0 60.9 64.3 68.3 70.6
75.2 77.6 80.6 84.7 87.5
34.9 38.0 41.0 44.6 48.9
84.3 86.8 87.9 89.4 89.7
46.1 48.4 51.4 55.3 60.7
46.1 48.6 51.5 54.8 58.3
46.1 48.5 51.4 55.1 59.8
72.5 74.7 77.9 82.1 85.3
78.6 81.5 82.6 83.2 82.8
26.3 29.5 33.1 37.8 42.8
26.3 29.6 33.2 37.5 41.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
80.4 82.0 81.7 84.6 87.0
69.8 71.7 69.6 73.3 79.7
86.8 87.4 85.2 86.6 91.6
54.2 59.4 63.8 66.5 69.5
89.4 89.5 90.9 91.0 91.3
67.4 72.4 78.2 78.6 79.8
61.5 69.2 70.3 76.4 80.4
65.2 71.2 75.3 77.8 80.0
85.5 86.4 84.9 85.7 90.0
81.6 82.9 81.9 85.6 88.6
47.0 51.9 54.4 57.6 63.6
42.9 49.6 48.9 56.0 64.1
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
88.7 91.4 91.9 93.0 93.9
83.1 86.1 89.2 92.9 96.2
93.6 94.2 97.0 100.0 102.4
72.9 76.7 79.7 83.5 85.8
92.7 95.8 96.3 97.3 95.9
82.1 83.9 86.7 89.8 91.3
82.2 82.8 83.6 85.7 91.8
82.2 83.5 85.6 88.3 91.5
92.3 93.8 96.2 99.1 101.2
90.0 91.9 92.7 93.8 95.1
68.2 72.2 77.3 83.4 87.9
68.3 71.3 74.5 79.6 88.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
95.2 96.3 100.0 100.5 101.9
97.6 96.5 100.0 103.1 108.1
102.6 100.2 100.0 102.6 106.2
90.7 95.0 100.0 102.5 104.5
96.5 97.5 100.0 99.9 99.7
95.3 98.7 100.0 101.9 102.6
93.9 97.0 100.0 102.5 106.4
94.8 98.1 100.0 102.2 104.0
102.0 100.5 100.0 102.0 105.1
95.7 96.0 100.0 101.1 102.8
93.0 95.2 100.0 105.1 111.0
91.7 93.6 100.0 105.7 115.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
102.6 105.4 107.8 110.8 113.8
111.5 116.4 122.5 128.6 134.8
108.7 110.4 113.6 116.1 118.4
106.7 110.1 113.5 119.6 125.1
99.3 99.8 100.7 104.6 107.1
104.1 104.5 105.3 108.0 109.9
109.4 113.3 117.1 115.1 115.1
106.0 107.7 109.7 110.6 111.8
107.7 109.9 112.4 115.0 117.0
103.5 105.9 109.0 111.9 115.2
116.0 121.6 129.0 138.9 148.1
122.0 131.8 143.4 148.0 155.2
2000 ......................................................
118.6
142.4
120.0
131.4
108.9
110.7
119.1
113.8
118.9
119.7
157.7
169.6
230
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 4-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2000—Continued (1992=100.) Nonfarm business Year
Output per hour of all persons
Output
Hours of all persons
Compensation per hour
Real compensation per hour
Unit labor costs
Unit nonlabor payments
Implicit price deflator
Employment
Output per person
Compensation in current dollars
Nonlabor payments in current dollars
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
36.7 37.7 39.0
20.3 21.2 21.0
55.3 56.2 53.9
7.3 7.9 8.2
42.5 42.7 44.6
19.9 21.0 21.0
18.0 19.6 20.2
19.2 20.5 20.7
47.3 48.3 46.8
42.9 43.9 44.9
4.0 4.5 4.4
3.7 4.1 4.2
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
41.7 42.7 43.6 44.6 45.5
23.1 24.9 25.6 26.9 26.4
55.6 58.2 58.8 60.2 58.1
8.7 9.4 10.0 10.5 10.9
46.7 47.1 48.8 51.2 52.5
20.8 22.1 22.8 23.6 23.9
21.1 22.7 22.4 22.4 22.5
20.9 22.3 22.7 23.2 23.4
48.0 50.2 50.9 52.5 50.9
48.2 49.5 50.4 51.3 51.9
4.8 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.3
4.9 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.9
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
47.4 47.0 48.2 49.3 51.3
28.6 29.1 29.7 29.1 31.6
60.4 61.9 61.6 58.9 61.6
11.3 12.0 12.7 13.2 13.7
54.7 57.1 58.5 59.2 61.1
23.8 25.5 26.3 26.7 26.7
23.9 23.3 24.0 24.4 25.2
23.8 24.7 25.4 25.9 26.2
52.5 54.0 54.3 52.3 54.2
54.5 53.9 54.7 55.6 58.3
6.8 7.4 7.8 7.8 8.4
6.8 6.8 7.1 7.1 8.0
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
51.9 53.7 56.1 58.1 60.6
32.1 32.8 35.0 36.6 39.1
61.9 61.1 62.4 63.1 64.6
14.3 14.8 15.4 16.0 16.7
62.8 64.4 66.3 67.7 69.9
27.5 27.6 27.5 27.5 27.6
24.6 25.0 26.0 26.5 27.3
26.5 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.5
54.7 54.2 55.2 55.9 57.2
58.7 60.5 63.4 65.6 68.4
8.9 9.1 9.6 10.1 10.8
7.9 8.2 9.1 9.7 10.7
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62.4 64.6 65.8 67.8 67.9
41.9 44.9 45.7 48.1 49.5
67.1 69.5 69.4 70.9 73.0
17.2 18.2 19.3 20.7 22.2
71.1 73.1 75.1 77.4 78.4
27.6 28.2 29.4 30.6 32.6
28.2 28.9 29.4 30.4 30.5
27.8 28.5 29.4 30.5 31.9
59.2 61.6 62.6 64.3 66.6
70.8 72.9 73.0 74.8 74.3
11.6 12.7 13.4 14.7 16.2
11.8 13.0 13.4 14.6 15.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
68.9 71.8 74.2 76.6 75.3
49.5 51.4 54.9 58.9 58.0
71.8 71.5 74.0 76.9 77.0
23.7 25.3 26.9 29.1 32.0
79.5 81.1 83.5 85.1 84.2
34.4 35.2 36.2 38.0 42.4
31.3 33.9 34.9 35.3 38.0
33.3 34.7 35.8 37.0 40.8
66.7 66.8 69.0 72.0 73.2
74.2 76.9 79.6 81.7 79.2
17.0 18.1 19.9 22.4 24.6
15.5 17.4 19.2 20.8 22.1
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
77.4 80.3 81.5 82.6 82.2
57.0 61.1 64.6 68.8 70.9
73.7 76.1 79.2 83.3 86.3
35.2 38.2 41.3 45.0 49.3
84.9 87.2 88.5 90.2 90.3
45.5 47.6 50.7 54.5 59.9
44.6 47.5 50.6 53.4 56.5
45.1 47.6 50.6 54.1 58.7
71.0 73.4 76.6 80.9 84.3
80.2 83.3 84.2 85.0 84.2
25.9 29.1 32.7 37.5 42.5
25.4 29.0 32.7 36.7 40.1
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
82.0 83.0 82.5 86.3 88.1
70.2 71.6 69.4 73.8 80.0
85.6 86.2 84.1 85.6 90.7
54.6 59.9 64.3 67.1 70.0
90.0 90.2 91.6 91.7 92.0
66.5 72.1 77.9 77.8 79.4
60.5 67.7 69.4 76.2 79.3
64.3 70.5 74.8 77.2 79.4
84.6 85.5 84.0 84.8 89.3
83.0 83.8 82.6 87.1 89.6
46.7 51.6 54.1 57.4 63.5
42.5 48.5 48.1 56.2 63.4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
89.3 92.0 92.3 93.5 94.2
83.0 86.2 89.3 93.3 96.5
93.0 93.8 96.7 99.8 102.4
73.2 77.0 80.0 83.6 85.8
93.1 96.3 96.6 97.5 95.9
82.0 83.7 86.6 89.4 91.1
81.6 82.4 83.2 85.4 91.3
81.9 83.2 85.4 87.9 91.2
91.8 93.4 96.0 99.0 101.2
90.4 92.3 93.0 94.3 95.4
68.1 72.2 77.3 83.4 87.9
67.8 71.1 74.2 79.7 88.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
95.3 96.4 100.0 100.5 101.8
97.8 96.6 100.0 103.3 108.2
102.7 100.2 100.0 102.9 106.2
90.5 95.0 100.0 102.2 104.3
96.3 97.5 100.0 99.6 99.5
95.0 98.5 100.0 101.7 102.5
93.6 97.1 100.0 103.0 106.9
94.5 98.0 100.0 102.2 104.1
102.1 100.5 100.0 102.2 105.2
95.8 96.1 100.0 101.2 102.8
92.9 95.1 100.0 105.1 110.9
91.5 93.8 100.0 106.4 115.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
102.8 105.4 107.5 110.4 113.2
111.8 116.7 122.7 129.0 135.1
108.8 110.7 114.1 116.8 119.3
106.6 109.8 113.1 119.0 124.2
99.2 99.5 100.3 104.0 106.4
103.7 104.2 105.2 107.7 109.7
110.4 113.5 118.0 116.3 116.8
106.1 107.6 109.8 110.8 112.3
107.8 110.2 112.8 115.6 117.8
103.7 105.9 108.7 111.6 114.7
116.0 121.6 129.0 139.0 148.2
123.5 132.5 144.7 150.0 157.8
2000 ......................................................
118.1
142.8
120.9
130.5
108.1
110.5
121.0
114.3
119.8
119.2
157.8
172.8
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
231
Table 4-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2000—Continued (1992=100.) Nonfinancial corporations Year
Output per employee hour
Output
Employee hours
Compensation per hour
Real compensation per hour
Unit labor costs
Unit nonlabor costs
Unit profits
Implicit price deflator
Employment
Output per employee
Compen- Nonlabor sation in payments current in current dollars dollars
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
... ... ... 51.8 54.4
... ... ... 25.5 28.4
... ... ... 49.3 52.3
... ... ... 14.4 14.9
... ... ... 64.7 66.7
... ... ... 27.8 27.5
... ... ... 23.5 22.6
... ... ... 47.3 55.1
... ... ... 28.4 28.6
... ... ... 44.1 46.2
... ... ... 57.9 61.6
... ... ... 7.1 7.8
... ... ... 7.5 8.8
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
55.4 57.3 59.7 61.7 64.1
29.4 30.0 32.5 34.4 36.9
53.0 52.4 54.5 55.8 57.5
15.6 16.1 16.7 17.2 18.0
68.3 70.0 71.9 73.1 75.2
28.1 28.1 28.0 27.9 28.0
23.3 23.8 23.4 23.3 23.3
50.2 50.3 54.6 57.8 60.2
28.8 28.9 29.1 29.3 29.6
47.2 46.7 48.3 49.4 50.8
62.3 64.3 67.3 69.7 72.5
8.2 8.4 9.1 9.6 10.3
8.9 9.2 10.2 11.1 12.0
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
65.8 66.7 67.7 70.0 70.0
39.9 42.7 43.8 46.6 48.4
60.7 64.0 64.7 66.5 69.2
18.5 19.5 20.6 22.1 23.6
76.3 78.1 80.0 82.6 83.6
28.1 29.2 30.4 31.6 33.7
23.1 23.2 24.6 26.2 28.3
64.8 64.7 60.5 60.3 54.4
30.0 30.7 31.5 32.7 34.1
53.4 56.4 58.1 60.1 62.9
74.8 75.6 75.4 77.5 77.0
11.2 12.5 13.3 14.7 16.3
13.5 14.4 14.8 16.3 16.9
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
70.4 73.3 75.3 76.1 74.4
48.0 49.9 53.8 57.0 56.0
68.2 68.0 71.5 74.9 75.2
25.3 26.9 28.4 30.7 33.6
84.6 86.2 88.3 89.8 88.6
35.9 36.7 37.8 40.4 45.2
31.9 33.4 33.5 35.1 40.5
44.4 50.2 54.1 55.5 49.2
35.6 37.0 38.1 40.3 44.4
63.1 63.3 66.2 69.7 71.1
76.0 78.8 81.2 81.7 78.7
17.2 18.3 20.3 23.0 25.3
16.8 18.8 20.8 23.0 23.9
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
77.2 79.7 81.6 82.1 81.5
55.1 59.5 63.8 68.1 70.2
71.3 74.6 78.2 82.9 86.1
37.0 40.0 43.1 46.8 51.1
89.3 91.4 92.5 93.8 93.7
47.9 50.2 52.9 57.0 62.7
45.9 45.9 47.4 50.0 55.1
64.1 72.3 79.4 82.5 76.7
48.8 51.0 53.8 57.4 62.0
68.4 71.5 75.2 80.2 83.8
80.5 83.2 84.8 84.8 83.7
26.4 29.8 33.7 38.8 44.0
27.8 31.3 35.5 39.7 42.5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
81.1 82.6 83.4 85.9 88.2
69.2 71.5 70.0 73.3 80.2
85.3 86.5 83.9 85.3 91.0
56.4 61.6 66.0 68.4 71.2
93.1 92.9 94.1 93.5 93.6
69.6 74.6 79.2 79.6 80.7
65.1 74.8 82.3 81.5 81.1
68.8 82.4 75.0 91.2 108.6
68.4 75.3 79.6 81.1 83.2
84.0 85.4 83.5 84.1 89.3
82.3 83.7 83.8 87.1 89.9
48.2 53.3 55.4 58.3 64.8
45.7 54.9 56.2 61.6 70.7
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
89.9 91.7 94.7 95.9 94.7
83.8 85.9 90.7 95.8 97.4
93.2 93.7 95.8 99.9 102.8
74.4 78.0 81.7 84.2 86.3
94.6 97.5 98.7 98.1 96.5
82.7 85.1 86.2 87.7 91.1
82.4 85.7 85.3 87.4 94.6
104.2 88.0 98.1 108.0 97.3
84.5 85.5 87.0 89.4 92.5
92.1 93.6 95.2 99.0 101.6
91.1 91.7 95.3 96.7 95.9
69.4 73.1 78.2 84.0 88.7
73.8 74.1 80.4 88.7 92.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
95.4 97.7 100.0 100.7 103.1
98.3 97.5 100.0 103.0 109.6
103.0 99.8 100.0 102.3 106.3
90.8 95.3 100.0 102.0 104.2
96.7 97.8 100.0 99.5 99.4
95.2 97.5 100.0 101.3 101.0
98.0 102.1 100.0 100.2 101.3
94.3 93.0 100.0 113.2 131.7
95.8 98.3 100.0 102.1 103.7
102.5 100.3 100.0 101.8 105.3
95.9 97.2 100.0 101.2 104.1
93.5 95.1 100.0 104.4 110.8
95.4 97.3 100.0 106.7 119.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
104.2 107.5 108.4 112.3 116.2
114.2 119.9 127.0 134.9 142.9
109.6 111.5 117.1 120.2 123.0
106.2 109.0 110.3 115.9 121.1
98.8 98.7 97.8 101.3 103.7
101.9 101.4 101.8 103.2 104.2
102.2 100.6 100.9 101.2 102.5
139.0 152.2 156.9 148.9 147.6
105.1 105.5 106.2 106.6 107.4
108.6 111.2 116.1 119.2 121.9
105.1 107.9 109.4 113.2 117.2
116.3 121.5 129.2 139.2 148.9
127.4 136.4 146.3 153.0 162.9
2000 ......................................................
121.1
151.6
125.2
126.8
105.1
104.8
105.6
149.2
108.8
124.5
121.8
158.8
177.0
232
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 4-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2000—Continued (1992=100.) Manufacturing Year
Output per hour of all persons
Output
Hours of all persons
Compensation per hour
Real compensation per hour
Unit labor costs
Unit nonlabor payments
Implicit price deflator
Employment
Output per person
Compensation in current dollars
Nonlabor payments in current dollars
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
... ... 33.5
... ... 26.5
... ... 79.1
... ... 8.3
... ... 45.1
... ... 24.6
... ... 23.5
... ... 24.0
... ... 80.1
... ... 33.1
... ... 6.5
... ... 6.2
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
34.0 33.8 35.2 36.4 37.3
29.1 31.1 32.9 35.7 33.4
85.5 92.1 93.3 98.1 89.6
8.7 9.5 10.2 10.7 11.2
46.8 47.7 49.9 52.2 54.2
25.5 28.3 28.9 29.5 30.1
23.9 25.8 25.3 24.7 25.0
24.5 26.8 26.7 26.6 27.0
84.3 90.6 91.8 96.8 90.1
34.5 34.3 35.8 36.8 37.1
7.4 8.8 9.5 10.5 10.1
7.0 8.0 8.3 8.8 8.3
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
38.8 38.6 39.4 40.0 40.9
36.7 37.1 37.2 34.7 37.8
94.6 96.0 94.5 86.6 92.5
11.7 12.4 13.2 13.8 14.3
56.5 59.3 60.8 61.8 63.7
30.1 32.1 33.4 34.4 34.9
25.4 25.6 26.5 27.0 27.4
27.2 28.1 29.2 29.9 30.3
93.1 95.0 94.7 87.9 91.9
39.4 39.0 39.3 39.4 41.1
11.0 11.9 12.4 11.9 13.2
9.3 9.5 9.9 9.4 10.3
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
41.8 42.8 44.2 45.7 47.4
38.5 38.4 41.3 43.1 45.7
92.1 89.7 93.4 94.4 96.4
14.9 15.3 15.9 16.4 17.0
65.2 66.5 68.3 69.4 71.4
35.6 35.7 36.0 35.8 36.0
26.8 26.8 26.7 26.8 26.8
30.2 30.3 30.3 30.3 30.3
92.6 90.0 92.8 93.5 94.9
41.5 42.6 44.4 46.1 48.2
13.7 13.7 14.8 15.4 16.4
10.3 10.3 11.0 11.6 12.2
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
48.5 49.1 50.9 52.7 53.5
49.5 53.3 54.9 57.7 59.4
102.0 108.6 108.0 109.6 110.9
17.4 18.2 19.2 20.7 22.2
71.8 73.0 74.6 77.1 78.5
35.9 37.1 37.7 39.2 41.4
27.4 28.0 28.4 28.6 29.0
30.7 31.5 32.0 32.7 33.8
99.3 105.4 106.7 108.5 110.6
49.8 50.6 51.5 53.2 53.7
17.8 19.8 20.7 22.6 24.6
13.6 14.9 15.6 16.5 17.2
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
54.2 57.8 60.3 61.4 61.2
56.5 58.2 63.3 67.8 66.1
104.4 100.5 105.1 110.4 107.9
23.7 25.2 26.5 28.5 31.6
79.4 80.7 82.3 83.4 83.4
43.8 43.5 43.9 46.4 51.7
29.3 31.6 33.4 36.5 44.6
35.0 36.2 37.4 40.3 47.3
106.3 102.2 105.0 110.5 110.1
53.2 56.9 60.3 61.4 60.0
24.8 25.3 27.8 31.5 34.2
16.6 18.4 21.1 24.8 29.5
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
64.3 67.0 69.7 70.4 69.8
62.5 68.2 73.9 77.8 78.7
97.2 101.9 106.1 110.6 112.7
35.5 38.4 41.8 45.2 49.6
85.6 87.7 89.6 90.6 90.9
55.2 57.4 60.0 64.2 71.1
51.6 53.9 57.8 61.7 69.1
53.0 55.3 58.7 62.7 69.8
100.6 104.2 108.2 112.7 115.6
62.1 65.4 68.4 69.0 68.1
34.5 39.2 44.4 50.0 55.9
32.2 36.8 42.8 48.0 54.3
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
70.1 70.7 74.2 76.7 79.5
75.3 75.6 72.7 75.9 83.7
107.5 107.0 97.9 98.9 105.3
55.6 61.1 67.0 68.8 71.2
91.6 92.1 95.4 94.1 93.6
79.3 86.3 90.2 89.7 89.6
80.2 87.7 89.3 90.2 92.7
79.9 87.1 89.6 90.0 91.5
111.6 111.0 103.5 101.8 106.8
67.5 68.1 70.2 74.6 78.4
59.7 65.3 65.6 68.1 75.0
60.4 66.3 64.9 68.5 77.6
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
82.3 85.9 88.3 90.2 90.3
86.0 88.5 91.6 96.1 96.6
104.6 103.0 103.8 106.6 107.1
75.1 78.5 80.7 84.0 86.6
95.5 98.1 97.5 97.9 96.8
91.3 91.3 91.4 93.1 96.0
90.8 85.0 87.8 90.9 95.3
91.0 87.5 89.2 91.8 95.6
106.0 104.5 104.7 106.6 107.0
81.2 84.7 87.5 90.2 90.3
78.5 80.8 83.8 89.5 92.8
78.1 75.2 80.5 87.4 92.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
92.9 95.0 100.0 101.9 105.0
97.3 95.4 100.0 103.3 108.7
104.8 100.4 100.0 101.4 103.6
90.8 95.6 100.0 102.7 105.6
96.6 98.1 100.0 100.2 100.8
97.8 100.6 100.0 100.8 100.7
99.8 99.0 100.0 100.9 102.8
99.0 99.6 100.0 100.9 102.0
105.4 101.8 100.0 100.1 101.3
92.3 93.8 100.0 103.2 107.3
95.1 96.0 100.0 104.2 109.4
97.1 94.4 100.0 104.2 111.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
109.0 112.8 117.6 124.0 129.6
113.4 117.0 124.1 130.4 135.2
104.0 103.7 105.5 105.2 104.3
107.9 109.3 111.4 117.3 122.0
100.4 99.0 98.8 102.6 104.5
99.0 96.9 94.7 94.6 94.1
106.9 109.9 110.0 104.2 105.5
103.9 104.9 104.1 100.5 101.1
102.5 102.2 103.2 104.0 102.3
110.7 114.5 120.2 125.4 132.1
112.2 113.4 117.5 123.4 127.3
121.2 128.5 136.5 135.9 142.6
2000 ......................................................
138.5
142.9
103.2
128.4
106.4
92.7
...
...
101.6
140.7
132.5
...
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
233
Table 4-2. Average Annual Percent Change in Output per Hour and Related Series: Manufacturing Industries, 1990–1999
Industry
Meat products .............................................................................. Dairy products .............................................................................. Preserved fruits and vegetables ................................................... Grain mill products ....................................................................... Bakery products ........................................................................... Sugar and confectionery products ............................................... Fats and oils ................................................................................. Beverages .................................................................................... Miscellaneous food and kindred products ....................................
SIC Code
201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209
1999 Employment 1 (thousands)
504 143 226 125 202 92 29 183 174
Average annual percent change, 1990–1999 Output per hour
Employee hours
Output
Total compensation
0.6 0.7 2.6 2.4 1.7 2.6 3.1 1.4 1.8
3.0 0.2 1.6 2.1 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.4
2.4 -0.5 -0.9 -0.3 -0.3 -0.9 -1.2 0.2 -0.4
5.3 2.2 2.7 2.6 3.8 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.9
Unit labor costs
2.2 2.0 1.0 0.5 2.4 0.8 0.5 0.7 1.5
Cigarettes .....................................................................................
211
26
2.0
-1.5
-3.5
-0.4
1.1
Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton ................................................... Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade ............................................. Narrow fabric mills ........................................................................ Knitting mills ................................................................................. Textile finishing, except wool ....................................................... Carpets and rugs .......................................................................... Yarn and thread mills ................................................................... Miscellaneous textile goods .........................................................
221 222 224 225 226 227 228 229
66 58 20 141 61 65 84 55
3.4 5.0 2.7 3.4 2.1 0.5 4.9 1.7
0.1 2.0 0.9 -0.6 1.9 1.2 3.0 2.7
-3.1 -2.8 -1.8 -3.9 -0.3 0.6 -1.8 1.0
-0.6 1.1 3.0 -0.6 3.1 2.7 1.3 4.1
-0.7 -0.9 2.1 0.1 1.2 1.5 -1.7 1.4
Men’s and boys’ furnishings ......................................................... Women’s and misses’ outerwear ................................................. Women’s and children’s undergarments ...................................... Hats, caps, and millinery .............................................................. Miscellaneous apparel and accessories ...................................... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products ....................................
232 233 234 235 238 239
157 205 26 14 31 215
7.0 5.9 12.4 2.2 1.7 2.9
0.6 1.0 1.9 0.8 -2.2 3.7
-6.0 -4.7 -9.4 -1.4 -3.8 0.8
-1.5 -1.7 -5.8 3.5 -1.6 5.7
-2.0 -2.7 -7.6 2.8 0.6 1.9
Sawmills and planing mills ........................................................... Millwork, plywood, and structural members ................................. Wood containers .......................................................................... Wood buildings and mobile homes .............................................. Miscellaneous wood products ......................................................
242 243 244 245 249
182 323 57 103 85
2.6 -0.9 -0.6 -0.7 3.1
2.0 1.9 1.9 5.5 3.2
-0.6 2.8 2.5 6.3 0.1
3.8 5.4 5.3 9.2 4.0
1.8 3.4 3.4 3.5 0.8
Household furniture ...................................................................... Office furniture .............................................................................. Public building and related furniture ............................................. Partitions and fixtures ................................................................... Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures .............................................
251 252 253 254 259
290 75 52 90 41
2.3 1.6 6.5 3.2 1.9
2.6 3.3 12.0 5.1 3.1
0.2 1.6 5.2 1.9 1.2
3.7 3.4 10.4 6.9 4.6
1.1 0.1 -1.5 1.7 1.4
Pulp mills ...................................................................................... Paper mills ................................................................................... Paperboard mills .......................................................................... Paperboard containers and boxes ............................................... Miscellaneous converted paper products .....................................
261 262 263 265 267
12 146 48 219 243
-3.0 2.0 3.0 1.3 2.6
-4.7 -0.2 1.8 2.0 2.7
-1.8 -2.2 -1.1 0.7 0.1
-5.9 0.8 3.2 4.0 3.9
-1.2 1.0 1.3 2.0 1.2
Newspapers ................................................................................. Periodicals .................................................................................... Books ........................................................................................... Miscellaneous publishing ............................................................. Commercial printing ..................................................................... Manifold business forms .............................................................. Greeting cards .............................................................................. Blankbooks and bookbinding ....................................................... Printing trade services ..................................................................
271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279
442 144 125 91 570 43 26 63 49
-0.5 2.3 1.0 3.7 1.3 -2.6 0.4 2.4 2.2
-1.3 3.4 1.5 4.7 1.7 -4.2 0.7 1.2 -0.6
-0.8 1.1 0.6 1.0 0.4 -1.7 0.3 -1.2 -2.7
2.5 7.9 5.2 10.3 3.7 -1.1 0.7 1.7 -0.4
3.8 4.4 3.6 5.3 1.9 3.3
Industrial inorganic chemicals ...................................................... Plastics materials and synthetics ................................................. Drugs ............................................................................................ Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods ................................................ Paints and allied products ............................................................ Industrial organic chemicals ......................................................... Agricultural chemicals .................................................................. Miscellaneous chemical products ................................................
281 282 283 284 285 286 287 289
72 155 295 160 52 127 55 91
5.3 4.2 0.1 1.3 1.9 1.0 0.2 3.1
2.3 2.6 2.6 1.5 0.2 -1.1 0.3 2.2
-2.9 -1.5 2.5 0.2 -1.6 -2.1 0.1 -0.9
0.6 1.6 5.7 2.8 3.1 2.5 1.5 3.2
-1.6 -1.0 3.0 1.2 2.9 3.6 1.2 1.0
Petroleum refining ........................................................................ Asphalt paving and roofing materials ........................................... Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products ................................
291 295 299
89 31 14
5.0 1.9 -0.5
1.3 3.3 1.4
-3.5 1.4 1.9
2.5 2.9 2.8
1.2 -0.4 1.4
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
(2)
0.5 0.2
234
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 4-2. Average Annual Percent Change in Output per Hour and Related Series: Manufacturing Industries, 1990–1999—Continued
Industry
SIC Code
1999 Employment 1 (thousands)
Average annual percent change, 1990–1999 Output per hour
Employee hours
Output
Total compensation
Unit labor costs
Tires and inner tubes ................................................................... Hose and belting and gaskets and packing ................................. Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. ............................................... Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. ........................................
301 305 306 308
80 74 107 740
3.9 1.9 2.9 3.3
3.2 4.3 3.4 5.3
-0.7 2.3 0.5 2.0
3.1 4.9 3.8 5.6
Footwear, except rubber ..............................................................
314
33
3.0
-5.8
-8.5
-4.3
1.7
Flat glass ...................................................................................... Glass and glassware, pressed or blown ...................................... Products of purchased glass ........................................................ Cement, hydraulic ........................................................................ Structural clay products ................................................................ Pottery and related products ........................................................ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products ..................................... Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products ................................
321 322 323 324 325 326 327 229
16 64 64 17 32 38 240 73
4.7 3.6 4.2 2.4 1.4 2.3 1.3 2.1
3.6 0.7 5.5 2.4 0.6 2.6 3.3 1.8
-1.1 -2.8 1.3
0.6 0.7 5.4 3.4 1.4 2.9 5.4 3.0
-2.9
Blast furnace and basic steel products ........................................ Iron and steel foundries ................................................................ Primary nonferrous metals ........................................................... Nonferrous rolling and drawing .................................................... Nonferrous foundries (castings) ................................................... Miscellaneous primary metal products .........................................
331 332 333 335 336 339
228 128 37 168 95 28
3.5 1.9 2.8 3.2 2.6 3.2
1.6 2.0 0.5 3.1 4.7 3.6
-1.8 0.1 -2.2
Metal cans and shipping containers ............................................. Cutlery, handtools, and hardware ................................................ Plumbing and heating, except electric ......................................... Fabricated structural metal products ............................................ Metal forgings and stampings ...................................................... Metal services, n.e.c. ................................................................... Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. ................................................ Miscellaneous fabricated metal products .....................................
341 342 343 344 346 347 348 349
36 122 59 484 254 143 41 271
3.5 2.7 2.4 1.5 3.5 2.3 1.3 1.4
Engines and turbines ................................................................... Farm and garden machinery ........................................................ Construction and related machinery ............................................ Metalworking machinery .............................................................. Special industry machinery .......................................................... General industrial machinery ....................................................... Computer and office equipment ................................................... Refrigeration and service machinery ............................................ Industrial machinery, n.e.c. ..........................................................
351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359
86 99 244 338 169 255 370 214 367
4.0 0.8 2.8 2.3 2.9 1.0 33.3 1.9 2.5
3.6 2.6 3.5 1.4 30.8 4.5 4.2
Electric distribution equipment ..................................................... Electrical industrial apparatus ...................................................... Household appliances .................................................................. Electric lighting and wiring equipment .......................................... Communications equipment ......................................................... Electronic components and accessories ...................................... Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies ........................
361 362 363 364 366 367 369
83 151 118 183 267 636 151
3.6 4.7 4.0 3.2 11.4 26.0 5.0
Motor vehicles and equipment ..................................................... Aircraft and parts .......................................................................... Ship and boat building and repairing ............................................ Railroad equipment ...................................................................... Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts .................................................. Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts ........................................
371 372 373 374 375 376
1 019 495 166 37 20 88
Search and navigation equipment ................................................ Measuring and controlling devices ............................................... Medical instruments and supplies ................................................ Ophthalmic goods ........................................................................ Photographic equipment and supplies .........................................
381 382 384 385 386
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware ........................................... Musical instruments ..................................................................... Toys and sporting goods .............................................................. Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies .......................................... Costume jewelry and notions ....................................................... Miscellaneous manufactures ........................................................
391 393 394 395 396 399
(2)
-0.8 0.3 2.1 -0.3
(2)
0.6 0.4 0.3
(2)
-0.1 1.0 0.8 0.3 2.0 1.2
2.1 0.5
0.5 2.5 -0.1 3.1 4.7 3.2
-0.5
0.1 2.1 2.8 3.1 5.2 4.4 -5.1 3.0
-3.3 -0.6 0.4 1.6 1.7 2.1 -6.3 1.6
-1.2 2.8 4.1 4.5 3.5 4.9 -6.0 4.2
-1.2 0.6 1.2 1.3 -1.7 0.4 -1.0 1.1
3.9
-0.1 -0.8 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.4 -1.9 2.5 1.6
1.6 2.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.2 1.7 4.4 4.7
-2.2 2.5
2.0 3.4 3.7 3.2 11.4 27.5 4.1
-1.6 -1.3 -0.3
1.2 -0.8
2.6 3.5 3.6 2.9 5.5 5.1 2.0
0.6 0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -5.3 -17.6 -2.0
3.2 3.9 0.9 4.2 2.9 3.5
6.4 -0.1 -0.3 5.5 7.7 -4.8
3.1 -3.9 -1.2 1.2 4.6 -8.0
5.1 -0.8 0.2 4.6 12.5 -6.0
-1.3 -0.7 0.5 -0.9 4.5 -1.2
166 294 283 34 74
2.4 4.1 3.6 7.4 3.5
-3.5 3.0 5.3 4.8 0.3
-5.8 -1.1 1.6 -2.3 -3.1
-3.1 2.4 6.2 3.3 -0.6
0.4 -0.6 0.9 -1.5 -0.9
50 17 105 31 20 173
3.4 -1.3 1.5 1.0 4.0 0.5
3.0 1.6 1.9 -0.4 -2.2 3.0
-0.3 3.0 0.3 -1.4 -5.9 2.5
2.3 5.8 3.2 1.8 -0.2 4.4
-0.7 4.1 1.3 2.3 2.0 1.3
Note: n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. 1. Employment figures are based primarily on the data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. 2. Value less than 0.05.
(2)
(2)
(2) (2)
-1.1 0.4 -0.6 (2) (2)
(2)
1.1 0.1 1.8 -22.3 (2)
0.5
235
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
Table 4-3. Average Annual Percent Change in Output per Hour and Related Series: Mining and Service Producing Industries, 1990–1999
Industry
SIC Code
1999 Employment 1 (thousands)
Average annual percent change, 1990–1999 Output per hour 2
Employee hours 3
Output
Output per hour 2
Unit labor costs
MINING Copper ores ..................................................................................... Gold and silver ores ......................................................................... Coal mining ...................................................................................... Bituminous coal and lignite mining .................................................. Oil and gas extraction ...................................................................... Crude petroleum and natural gas .................................................... Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels .................................................. Crushed and broken stone ..............................................................
102 104 12 122 13 131 14 142
14 14 85 80 293 133 112 45
0.3 5.6 5.5 5.5 2.7 3.5 0.8 0.3
-0.1 1.2 -0.4 -0.4 -0.9 -0.9 1.1 1.8
-0.4 -4.2 -5.6 -5.6 -3.5 -4.2 0.3 1.5
3.7 0.4 -3.2 -3.2 1.9 1.1 3.7 4.7
3.7 -0.7 -2.8 -2.7 2.8 2.0 2.5 2.9
4011 4213 43 4512, 13, 22 (PTS)
203 901 873 711
4.9 1.9 0.7 1.7
2.7 3.9 1.8 4.2
-2.1 1.9 1.2 2.4
0.8 5.1 4.0 4.8
-1.9 1.2 2.2 0.6
481 483 484 491, 3 (PT) 492, 3 (PT)
1 070 248 201 480 169
5.9 -0.3 -1.4 4.4 3.6
7.9 0.6 4.8 1.8 1.5
2.0 1.0 6.3 -2.5 -2.0
7.1 5.1 12.4 1.9 2.5
-0.8 4.4 7.3 0.1 1.0
Building materials, hardware, garden supply and mobile homes .... Lumber and other building materials dealers .................................. Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores ................................................... Hardware stores .............................................................................. Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores ............................. General merchandise stores ........................................................... Department stores ........................................................................... Variety stores ................................................................................... Miscellaneous general merchandise stores .................................... Food stores ......................................................................................
52 521 523 525 526 53 531 533 539 54
1 030 625 71 173 109 2 778 2 431 141 207 3 617
4.2 3.5 4.8 2.9 6.7 4.9 4.8 8.4 5.7 -0.3
6.4 7.2 3.8 2.3 6.8 6.4 6.8 5.7 4.8 0.3
2.2 3.6 -1.0 -0.6 0.1 1.4 1.9 -2.5 -0.9 0.6
6.1 7.3 2.6 3.0 3.8 4.5 5.1 -0.3 1.1 3.6
-0.3 0.1 -1.2 0.8 -2.8 -1.8 -1.6 -5.7 -3.5 3.3
Grocery stores ................................................................................. Meat and fish (seafood) markets ..................................................... Retail bakeries ................................................................................. Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations ........................... New and used car dealers ............................................................... Auto and home supply stores .......................................................... Gasoline service stations ................................................................. Apparel and accessory stores ......................................................... Men’s and boy’s wear stores ........................................................... Women’s clothing stores .................................................................
541 542 546 55 551 553 554 56 561 562
3 154 58 212 2 449 1 079 424 681 1 233 85 293
-0.1 -0.9 2.0 0.5 1.3 3.5 5.3 3.3 6.7
0.3 -0.4 1.0 2.8 2.1 2.8 2.4 4.7 0.7 2.0
0.5 -0.4 2.0 0.7 1.6 1.6 -1.1 -0.6 -2.5 -4.4
3.4 1.6 5.7 5.4 6.3 4.7 2.4 3.4 0.5 -0.3
3.1 1.9 4.7 2.5 4.1 1.8 0.1 -1.3 -0.2 -2.3
Family clothing stores ...................................................................... Shoe stores ..................................................................................... Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores ........................ Furniture and homefurnishings stores ............................................. Household appliance stores ............................................................ Radio, television, computer, and music stores ................................ Eating and drinking places 5 ............................................................ Miscellaneous merchandise stores ................................................. Drug and proprietary stores ............................................................. Liquor stores ....................................................................................
565 566 57 571 572 573 58 59 591 592
433 215 1 197 626 81 491 8 174 3 613 672 144
4.2 3.8 6.7 2.8 6.5 11.2 3.3 2.2 0.9
8.0 2.3 9.1 4.1 4.1 16.3 2.2 4.9 3.2 0.2
3.6 -1.5 2.2 1.3 -2.3 4.6 2.2 1.5 1.0 -0.7
7.7 2.5 6.6 5.2 0.5 9.7 5.8 5.7 5.3 3.2
-0.3 0.3 -2.3 1.0 -3.4 -5.6 3.6 0.7 2.0 3.0
Used merchandise stores ................................................................ Miscellaneous shopping goods stores ............................................. Nonstore retailers ............................................................................ Fuel dealers ..................................................................................... Retail stores, n.e.c. ..........................................................................
593 594 596 598 599
208 1 203 593 100 693
6.5 3.4 8.0 3.5 3.9
11.3 5.0 10.7 1.9 5.6
4.5 1.5 2.5 -1.6 1.7
7.9 5.2 8.5 1.6 5.1
-3.1 0.3 -2.0 -0.2 -0.4
602 701 72 721 722 723 724 726 753 783
1 476 1 809 1 815 525 90 731 57 107 900 138
2.6 1.8 1.2 2.0 0.8 1.7 3.6 1.0 1.9 -0.7
1.9 3.1 2.1 2.0 3.4 2.6 0.8 0.9 3.1 1.5
-0.7 1.2 0.9 0.1 2.7 0.9 -2.7 -0.1 1.2 2.3
5.7 5.7 4.7 3.5 4.3 5.2 -0.1 4.1 4.8 4.7
3.8 2.5 2.5 1.5 0.9 2.5 -0.9 3.2 1.6 3.1
TRANSPORTATION Railroad transportation .................................................................... Trucking, except local ...................................................................... U.S. Postal Service 4 ....................................................................... Air transportation ............................................................................. COMMUNICATION AND UTILITIES Telephone communications ............................................................. Radio and television broadcasting stations ..................................... Cable and other pay television stations ........................................... Electric utilities ................................................................................. Gas utilities ...................................................................................... RETAIL TRADE
(6)
(6)
FINANCE AND SERVICES Commercial banks ........................................................................... Hotels and motels ............................................................................ Personal services ............................................................................ Laundry, cleaning, and garment services ........................................ Photographic studios, portrait .......................................................... Beauty shops ................................................................................... Barber shops ................................................................................... Funeral services and crematories ................................................... Automotive repair shops .................................................................. Motion picture theaters ....................................................................
1. Employment figures are based primarily on data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program and the Current Population Survey (CPS). Other sources are the Association of American Railroads, the Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service. 2. Output per employee hour is measured in mining, transportation, communications, and SICs 531, 551, 602, and 783. Output per hour of all persons is used for all other trade and services industries. All persons include self-employed and unpaid family workers as well as employees. In SIC 4213 and 4512, 13, 22 (pts), output per employee hour is based on output per employee with the assumption of constant average weekly hours. 3. Employee hours are measured in mining, transportation, communications, and SICs 531, 551, 602, and 783. Hours of all persons are used for all other trade and service industries. All persons include self-employed and unpaid family workers as well as employees. In SIC 4213 and 4512, 13, 22 (pts), employee hours are based on employees with the assumption of constant average weekly hours. 4. The United States Postal Service, SIC 43, is also designated in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and is identical to the three-digit SIC group Number, SIC 431, and the four-digit SIC Industry Number, SIC 4311. Employee hours in SIC 43 are based on the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) employee years, as reported in the U.S. Postal Service budget. FTE employee years are computed by dividing total hours of full-time, part-time, and intermittent workers by the number of hours in a standard work year. The output and hours for SIC 43 reflect the federal fiscal year. 5. Eating and drinking places, SIC 58, is also designated in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and is identical to the three-digit SIC Group Number, SIC 581. 6. Value less than 0.05.
236
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 4-4. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Selected Years, 1950–1999 (1996=100.) Industry
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
PRIVATE BUSINESS Productivity Output per hour of all persons ..................................... Output per unit of capital services ............................... Multifactor productivity ................................................ Output ............................................................................. Inputs Labor input .................................................................. Capital services ........................................................... Combined units of labor and capital inputs ................. Capital per hour of all persons ........................................
35.0 111.0 55.9 20.5
40.9 114.7 61.9 24.9
45.6 111.1 65.3 27.5
55.9 122.4 76.4 35.6
63.0 112.3 80.3 42.0
71.5 103.4 85.2 48.5
75.8 102.7 88.6 59.4
83.9 99.2 92.4 71.0
86.5 98.8 93.8 73.6
87.0 98.9 94.1 76.3
88.1 100.2 94.7 79.6
50.3 18.4 36.6 31.5
53.7 21.7 40.3 35.6
54.0 24.8 42.2 41.1
58.0 29.1 46.7 45.7
61.0 37.4 52.3 56.1
62.4 46.9 57.0 69.1
71.9 57.9 67.1 73.8
79.6 71.5 76.9 84.6
80.5 74.6 78.5 87.6
83.1 77.1 81.1 88.0
86.3 79.4 84.0 87.9
39.1 120.7 60.9 19.7
44.6 125.3 66.3 24.4
48.7 120.8 69.2 27.2
58.6 132.0 79.8 35.5
64.9 119.6 82.9 41.9
73.0 108.2 87.4 48.4
77.3 106.9 90.8 59.6
84.4 101.1 93.3 70.8
87.1 100.4 94.7 73.5
87.5 100.2 94.8 76.2
88.6 101.5 95.5 79.7
43.7 16.4 32.4 32.4
48.6 19.5 36.8 35.6
50.1 22.5 39.3 40.3
55.4 26.9 44.4 44.4
59.3 35.1 50.6 54.3
60.9 44.7 55.3 67.4
70.7 55.7 65.6 72.3
78.8 70.0 75.9 83.5
79.8 73.2 77.6 86.7
82.5 76.0 80.4 87.3
85.9 78.5 83.5 87.3
30.1 127.7 62.8 24.9
34.4 129.6 66.9 31.4
37.1 118.8 68.3 32.9
43.1 130.6 77.7 42.3
48.1 111.5 79.2 48.3
57.0 99.2 78.9 53.4
62.1 96.5 81.3 64.4
73.0 95.6 89.2 73.6
76.2 95.9 90.7 75.7
78.4 97.2 93.5 78.4
80.0 100.2 95.2 82.2
82.5 19.5 28.3 25.5 18.1 39.6
91.2 24.2 39.4 31.5 23.3 46.9
88.8 27.7 48.0 32.1 25.9 48.2
98.3 32.4 62.6 34.7 34.1 54.5
100.5 43.4 79.8 37.7 44.6 61.0
93.8 53.9 82.1 51.8 53.1 67.7
103.7 66.7 86.4 63.0 67.3 79.2
100.8 76.9 81.0 71.8 62.9 82.5
99.3 78.9 81.7 73.5 67.0 83.5
99.9 80.6 86.8 70.7 71.3 83.8
102.8 82.0 90.2 72.0 77.7 86.4
PRIVATE NONFARM BUSINESS Productivity Output per hour of all persons ..................................... Output per unit of capital services ............................... Multifactor productivity ................................................ Output ............................................................................. Inputs Labor input .................................................................. Capital services ........................................................... Combined units of labor and capital inputs ................. Capital per hour of all persons ........................................ MANUFACTURING Productivity Output per hour of all persons ..................................... Output per unit of capital services ............................... Multifactor productivity ................................................ Output ............................................................................. Inputs Hours at work of all persons ........................................ Capital services ........................................................... Energy ......................................................................... Non-energy materials .................................................. Purchased business services ...................................... Combined units of all inputs ........................................
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
237
Table 4-4. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Selected Years, 1950–1999—Continued (1996=100.) Industry
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
PRIVATE BUSINESS Productivity Output per hour of all persons ..................................... Output per unit of capital services ............................... Multifactor productivity ................................................ Output ............................................................................. Inputs Labor input .................................................................. Capital services ........................................................... Combined units of labor and capital inputs ................. Capital per hour of all persons ........................................
89.0 100.8 95.3 82.4
90.2 99.5 95.4 83.6
91.3 96.3 94.5 82.6
94.8 97.8 96.6 85.7
95.4 98.6 97.1 88.5
96.6 100.3 98.1 92.8
97.3 99.7 98.4 95.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.2 100.3 101.2 105.2
105.1 99.6 102.6 110.6
107.9 98.1 103.5 115.8
88.9 81.8 86.5 88.3
89.4 84.0 87.6 90.6
88.3 85.8 87.5 94.8
89.3 87.6 88.7 96.9
91.8 89.8 91.1 96.7
95.6 92.5 94.6 96.3
98.0 96.0 97.3 97.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
103.5 104.9 104.0 101.9
106.1 111.0 107.7 105.5
108.9 118.1 111.9 110.0
89.3 101.8 95.8 82.4
90.3 100.3 95.7 83.5
91.4 96.8 94.8 82.5
94.8 98.1 96.7 85.5
95.3 98.9 97.2 88.4
96.5 100.4 98.1 92.6
97.5 99.9 98.6 95.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.0 100.0 101.0 105.1
104.7 99.3 102.4 110.6
107.3 97.6 103.0 115.8
88.5 81.0 86.0 87.7
89.2 83.3 87.3 90.0
88.0 85.2 87.1 94.4
89.0 87.1 88.4 96.6
91.8 89.4 91.0 96.4
95.4 92.3 94.4 96.2
97.8 95.9 97.2 97.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
103.6 105.1 104.1 101.9
106.4 111.3 108.0 105.5
109.5 118.7 112.4 110.0
80.0 98.9 93.4 82.6
82.3 97.2 93.3 83.2
84.2 93.3 92.4 81.6
88.7 95.7 94.0 85.5
90.3 96.8 94.9 88.3
93.1 99.6 97.3 93.0
96.6 100.5 99.2 97.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
104.3 101.8 103.5 106.1
109.9 102.3 106.3 111.5
114.9 100.8 109.4 115.6
103.2 83.6 90.5 75.1 82.7 88.4
101.1 85.6 93.4 77.6 84.7 89.2
96.8 87.4 93.5 78.6 84.4 88.3
96.4 89.3 93.4 83.9 91.7 91.0
97.8 91.3 96.9 86.9 94.2 93.1
99.9 93.3 100.2 90.3 96.2 95.6
100.3 96.4 102.3 92.9 100.5 97.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
101.7 104.2 97.1 101.5 104.8 102.5
101.4 109.0 100.3 108.7 103.4 104.9
100.6 114.6 103.2 109.1 102.0 105.7
PRIVATE NONFARM BUSINESS Productivity Output per hour of all persons ..................................... Output per unit of capital services ............................... Multifactor productivity ................................................ Output ............................................................................. Inputs Labor input .................................................................. Capital services ........................................................... Combined units of labor and capital inputs ................. Capital per hour of all persons ........................................ MANUFACTURING Productivity Output per hour of all persons ..................................... Output per unit of capital services ............................... Multifactor productivity ................................................ Output ............................................................................. Inputs Hours at work of all persons ........................................ Capital services ........................................................... Energy ......................................................................... Non-energy materials .................................................. Purchased business services ...................................... Combined units of all inputs ........................................
238
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 4-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1985–1999 (1996=100.) Industry
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
79.8 100.5 98.5 78.1 98.0 77.7 76.4 73.9 58.9 79.3
82.0 101.5 99.2 80.6 98.3 79.5 77.5 76.5 62.7 81.3
83.7 103.8 100.8 84.0 100.3 80.9 80.8 78.1 66.2 83.3
84.9 105.2 102.0 86.5 101.9 82.2 83.3 77.9 73.6 84.9
84.5 103.5 99.7 87.0 102.9 84.0 85.2 80.0 80.6 87.3
86.6 102.6 98.8 88.7 102.5 86.5 89.4 83.0 87.2 89.8
88.3 99.6 98.1 88.6 100.3 88.9 90.4 83.8 89.9 90.3
92.1 101.8 98.5 93.0 101.0 91.3 92.4 90.0 97.4 94.4
92.6 101.2 98.6 94.7 102.2 93.6 96.3 91.6 98.8 96.0
94.4 102.1 99.5 97.3 103.1 95.3 98.8 95.3 97.0 97.8
97.2 101.6 100.6 99.3 102.1 97.7 102.1 95.2 101.7 98.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
104.1 101.3 101.9 104.1 100.0 102.8 96.0 103.1 104.5 102.1
106.7 98.8 102.2 105.2 98.6 106.5 97.3 105.1 102.6 102.9
108.3 95.7 102.5 105.9 97.7 110.7 98.7 105.0 101.3 103.3
Food And Kindred Products Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
89.1 101.7 103.8 81.9 91.9 80.5 78.7 77.1 62.0 78.9
89.1 100.8 102.4 83.2 93.3 82.6 81.5 79.1 69.4 81.3
89.6 100.1 102.9 84.6 94.4 84.5 84.3 80.6 63.9 82.2
92.0 102.1 106.5 87.2 94.8 85.4 86.8 78.9 71.0 81.9
89.5 100.4 102.3 86.9 97.1 86.6 87.7 81.9 79.8 85.0
90.2 100.9 101.0 89.3 99.0 88.6 88.2 85.5 87.4 88.4
93.4 100.6 101.9 91.0 97.4 90.5 91.1 86.0 93.6 89.3
98.3 103.4 101.4 95.8 97.5 92.7 93.1 92.8 102.5 94.5
98.5 103.3 102.8 97.5 99.0 94.4 95.8 92.5 103.9 94.9
98.9 103.0 100.6 98.5 99.6 95.6 99.8 97.4 101.9 97.9
100.9 104.1 104.6 101.9 100.9 97.8 104.7 95.5 101.4 97.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.3 101.7 101.1 103.4 101.1 101.7 99.8 102.8 101.9 102.2
106.3 100.9 101.2 106.6 100.2 105.7 103.4 107.3 102.0 105.3
105.5 99.0 103.3 107.9 102.2 108.9 104.5 104.9 98.2 104.4
Textile Mill Products Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
70.2 84.6 83.6 77.1 109.8 91.1 79.5 87.4 55.3 92.2
71.3 88.2 85.4 80.4 112.8 91.1 82.9 89.0 57.7 94.2
72.7 94.8 86.5 86.6 119.1 91.3 91.2 95.7 63.4 100.1
73.6 94.5 89.2 86.4 117.4 91.4 91.3 88.5 71.0 96.8
76.5 96.3 89.8 88.3 115.4 91.7 91.9 91.2 80.4 98.3
78.9 93.5 90.6 86.2 109.2 92.2 88.5 88.7 81.0 95.2
79.7 93.0 90.8 85.8 107.6 92.2 90.5 87.1 86.5 94.5
85.7 100.3 94.7 93.0 108.5 92.7 94.5 92.4 97.4 98.2
89.0 104.0 96.3 97.7 109.7 93.9 98.7 97.6 101.0 101.5
91.2 105.1 96.9 101.5 111.3 96.6 104.6 102.0 105.1 104.8
95.1 101.7 98.4 100.5 105.7 98.8 106.1 99.8 103.7 102.2
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.9 98.9 101.5 100.7 99.8 101.8 95.3 99.0 95.8 99.2
103.6 95.5 101.0 99.2 95.7 103.9 93.4 100.9 88.8 98.2
110.2 91.1 106.8 97.8 88.8 107.4 92.3 93.0 76.1 91.6
Apparel And Related Products Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
72.7 102.5 96.1 88.6 121.9 86.5 62.3 93.4 31.8 92.2
75.0 102.9 97.1 91.0 121.3 88.4 66.4 96.1 33.0 93.8
76.0 105.6 98.2 93.5 123.0 88.6 69.0 98.6 31.9 95.3
76.2 102.2 98.1 92.3 121.1 90.3 69.6 93.9 40.2 94.1
72.4 99.1 96.6 87.8 121.2 88.5 60.8 85.1 48.0 90.8
75.1 97.5 96.2 87.0 115.8 89.2 60.1 84.0 59.3 90.4
75.6 97.9 94.4 86.3 114.1 88.2 61.4 83.8 71.6 91.4
81.4 102.3 94.0 93.4 114.8 91.3 95.9 92.9 93.3 99.4
85.3 101.3 94.5 96.3 112.9 95.0 106.3 97.2 97.2 101.8
90.0 102.8 96.8 100.8 112.1 98.1 103.8 101.2 100.7 104.2
95.5 99.4 98.7 101.6 106.3 102.2 110.4 100.8 102.8 103.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
113.5 107.7 102.5 106.9 94.1 99.2 80.8 111.7 107.1 104.3
117.2 101.8 103.5 103.2 88.1 101.4 78.3 107.8 99.2 99.7
128.0 100.5 105.3 103.6 81.0 103.1 78.9 110.9 94.2 98.4
Paper And Allied Products Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
81.4 103.2 97.8 78.8 96.8 76.4 76.9 76.8 58.0 80.5
86.7 104.7 100.1 82.4 95.1 78.7 80.3 79.8 63.8 82.4
86.6 105.4 99.7 84.6 97.7 80.3 84.0 81.7 70.0 84.8
88.4 107.2 100.7 87.8 99.3 82.0 85.4 83.3 80.5 87.2
88.2 104.7 98.3 89.1 101.1 85.1 87.8 87.0 90.3 90.7
88.4 100.8 97.4 89.6 101.3 88.8 93.2 87.5 90.5 92.0
90.7 98.2 98.2 90.2 99.5 91.9 93.9 86.9 91.1 91.9
93.1 100.1 99.5 94.1 101.1 94.0 95.8 90.2 95.7 94.5
94.9 101.2 103.0 96.3 101.5 95.2 98.1 87.7 90.8 93.5
98.5 104.7 104.1 100.6 102.1 96.1 100.2 93.5 94.3 96.6
99.2 103.3 98.2 100.4 101.2 97.2 103.9 103.1 113.6 102.3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
101.3 100.3 102.7 102.3 100.9 102.0 99.8 98.2 96.3 99.6
104.7 99.2 102.1 103.4 98.7 104.2 101.0 103.1 96.3 101.3
105.8 99.4 103.3 105.2 99.4 105.8 103.1 103.9 91.7 101.8
NONDURABLE GOODS
239
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
Table 4-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1985–1999—Continued (1996=100.) Industry
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Printing And Publishing Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
103.4 142.2 114.7 93.4 90.3 65.7 65.3 82.8 71.8 81.4
104.3 138.8 113.2 96.6 92.6 69.6 70.4 87.5 77.6 85.3
106.6 138.2 113.2 101.1 94.9 73.2 82.2 91.7 85.8 89.4
101.5 131.1 111.2 101.4 99.9 77.3 87.9 89.0 85.7 91.2
99.5 122.6 109.9 100.0 100.5 81.6 88.1 85.6 85.7 91.1
98.0 117.2 107.2 99.7 101.7 85.1 91.9 87.8 87.4 93.0
96.8 108.0 104.7 95.2 98.3 88.2 91.0 85.9 83.0 91.0
100.4 107.2 106.0 97.6 97.2 91.1 91.8 87.7 87.5 92.1
98.4 105.1 102.1 97.9 99.6 93.2 94.7 94.4 91.8 96.0
97.0 104.1 102.6 98.5 101.4 94.5 98.5 90.7 91.9 95.9
97.2 102.1 100.9 99.2 102.1 97.2 102.9 92.5 99.8 98.3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
103.1 98.8 100.3 105.4 102.2 106.7 72.5 106.3 111.9 105.1
102.6 90.1 98.6 103.8 101.1 115.2 71.5 105.9 109.6 105.2
102.2 80.2 97.8 103.3 101.1 128.7 71.0 103.6 105.8 105.6
Chemical And Allied Products Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
72.9 96.4 92.7 71.2 97.7 73.8 74.4 73.4 53.9 76.8
78.3 98.9 96.7 74.6 95.3 75.4 72.6 74.6 56.2 77.2
85.1 107.0 102.7 82.1 96.5 76.7 78.3 77.6 62.0 79.9
86.5 110.7 101.8 86.2 99.7 77.8 81.8 83.4 74.0 84.6
86.1 109.8 99.7 87.8 102.0 80.0 84.3 86.7 83.0 88.1
87.5 108.6 100.0 90.2 103.1 83.1 89.2 86.9 88.0 90.2
87.5 103.2 97.1 89.5 102.3 86.7 88.9 89.1 91.6 92.1
89.1 103.4 96.7 92.6 104.0 89.6 89.7 93.9 98.4 95.7
89.2 100.8 95.3 93.0 104.2 92.2 94.1 96.7 99.0 97.5
94.9 102.3 98.2 96.6 101.8 94.4 96.1 99.9 98.6 98.4
97.9 101.6 99.1 98.5 100.6 96.9 98.6 98.6 103.9 99.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
107.2 103.0 103.0 106.6 99.4 103.5 93.4 107.9 105.5 103.5
107.5 99.7 103.8 107.8 100.3 108.1 94.6 103.3 104.6 103.8
107.9 95.3 102.9 108.3 100.4 113.6 94.4 106.0 98.8 105.3
Petroleum Refining And Related Products Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
68.7 92.4 96.1 83.8 121.9 90.7 103.0 84.5 73.5 87.1
76.6 99.1 98.6 89.0 116.1 89.9 104.1 90.0 55.3 90.2
79.4 102.8 98.7 91.0 114.5 88.5 91.5 92.6 70.9 92.2
83.4 105.6 99.4 92.9 111.3 88.0 95.2 94.5 72.7 93.5
84.1 106.2 99.2 92.9 110.5 87.5 95.2 94.4 82.3 93.7
83.8 106.1 98.6 93.4 111.4 88.0 107.9 94.3 100.1 94.8
83.4 103.4 98.7 92.6 111.1 89.6 106.0 93.1 93.2 93.8
85.7 102.6 99.5 94.6 110.4 92.2 101.8 94.9 86.4 95.1
91.1 102.6 100.2 97.3 106.9 94.9 104.9 97.8 81.7 97.1
92.2 99.8 99.8 96.6 104.8 96.8 101.1 97.0 83.7 96.8
97.0 99.2 99.9 97.6 100.6 98.4 104.0 97.8 88.8 97.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
105.5 102.5 100.9 102.7 97.3 100.1 98.6 102.5 103.1 101.7
107.9 106.6 104.1 105.3 97.6 98.7 98.9 105.2 72.4 101.1
110.0 106.3 103.2 103.9 94.5 97.8 105.1 103.1 89.1 100.7
Rubber And Miscellaneous Plastic Products Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
73.3 94.3 88.4 60.3 82.3 63.9 67.1 64.9 45.6 68.2
74.1 93.4 88.4 62.1 83.8 66.5 70.2 67.1 47.3 70.3
78.3 99.0 90.0 67.5 86.2 68.2 75.6 73.2 54.2 75.0
78.8 100.2 90.5 70.1 89.0 70.0 78.8 74.9 60.5 77.5
79.6 99.2 92.3 71.9 90.4 72.5 81.3 74.0 63.9 77.9
81.9 97.2 92.4 73.4 89.6 75.5 81.7 76.0 68.2 79.4
83.1 91.8 93.6 71.9 86.6 78.3 80.2 72.2 69.0 76.9
90.4 100.3 95.6 81.2 89.8 80.9 83.8 83.2 82.6 84.9
91.7 102.9 96.3 86.7 94.5 84.3 90.6 88.8 87.4 90.0
94.6 106.6 97.9 94.3 99.7 88.5 96.9 95.9 95.4 96.3
95.8 102.5 98.1 96.4 100.6 94.1 101.8 97.1 100.5 98.3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
104.1 99.3 102.2 106.0 101.8 106.8 103.6 103.8 106.7 103.7
106.6 96.1 103.1 109.3 102.6 113.8 106.8 106.8 104.4 106.0
110.2 92.6 103.7 114.2 103.6 123.2 111.8 112.1 107.3 110.1
240
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 4-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1985–1999—Continued (1996=100.) Industry
1985
1986
Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
68.2 91.9 82.2 70.1 102.7 76.3 88.7 72.0 67.0 85.2
71.8 91.3 84.2 71.8 100.1 78.6 88.7 72.7 71.4 85.3
Lumber And Wood Products Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
101.5 84.8 102.0 87.7 86.4 103.4 71.7 87.3 47.4 86.0
Furniture And Fixtures Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
74.5 92.1 87.7 74.2 99.7 80.6 96.0 67.9 76.5 84.6
76.2 96.1 89.5 78.8 103.4 82.0 100.9 70.9 81.9 88.0
76.3 94.7 88.5 78.9 103.5 83.4 98.5 73.1 84.8 89.2
78.3 92.3 89.0 78.4 100.1 84.9 99.3 73.7 82.3 88.1
79.5 87.5 88.2 75.1 94.5 85.9 98.0 72.8 78.9 85.2
84.7 90.6 90.6 79.0 93.3 87.1 95.0 77.7 86.0 87.1
106.5 92.3 105.9 94.9 89.1 102.8 77.9 92.3 55.7 89.6
108.1 101.1 110.8 102.2 94.5 101.0 88.0 93.8 59.7 92.2
105.6 101.9 111.8 101.0 95.7 99.1 92.9 88.6 58.0 90.4
102.6 100.7 111.0 97.9 95.4 97.2 90.9 83.2 62.8 88.2
103.9 99.5 111.8 96.3 92.6 96.8 92.0 80.4 63.0 86.1
106.1 93.1 111.5 88.9 83.8 95.4 91.9 73.2 60.4 79.7
81.7 99.9 97.4 78.6 96.3 78.7 71.3 70.6 90.5 80.7
84.1 102.5 96.9 82.5 98.1 80.5 76.2 75.7 103.0 85.1
86.8 104.2 98.4 87.2 100.4 83.7 89.5 78.8 111.8 88.6
85.5 100.6 97.5 87.1 101.9 86.6 92.6 79.5 108.4 89.3
85.5 99.6 96.9 87.7 102.7 88.1 97.0 81.2 106.1 90.5
87.7 96.4 96.5 86.4 98.6 89.7 91.2 82.4 101.6 89.6
Stone, Clay, Glass, And Concrete Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
85.7 80.8 89.4 82.8 96.6 102.4 95.3 87.8 72.7 92.6
89.0 84.1 92.7 86.3 96.9 102.7 100.4 87.1 78.2 93.1
91.3 86.3 94.3 88.4 96.9 102.5 102.7 87.4 85.3 93.8
90.3 88.0 94.4 90.2 99.9 102.5 104.5 88.3 88.0 95.5
90.0 87.2 95.5 89.6 99.6 102.8 101.7 85.0 87.9 93.9
Primary Metal Industries Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
76.0 73.8 92.0 81.4 107.2 110.3 103.8 74.8 73.2 88.5
81.3 75.1 98.1 80.9 99.5 107.7 95.8 69.2 70.9 82.5
85.2 81.9 97.1 86.4 101.4 105.5 99.2 78.3 84.0 89.0
87.8 90.0 96.1 93.6 106.7 104.0 111.9 87.9 100.6 97.5
85.3 88.5 94.6 91.0 106.7 102.9 103.6 86.5 101.2 96.2
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
87.5 93.4 92.2 82.8 94.7 88.7 97.9 82.5 89.5 89.8
91.4 98.0 95.6 89.3 97.6 91.1 102.4 86.6 95.4 93.4
95.8 99.8 98.1 94.9 99.1 95.1 102.9 92.4 99.3 96.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
105.1 102.3 104.6 108.2 102.9 105.7 98.2 102.4 105.1 103.4
113.7 105.2 109.3 117.6 103.4 111.7 103.9 114.1 104.3 107.6
121.6 104.9 114.6 124.7 102.6 118.9 108.6 116.0 102.8 108.8
106.3 97.9 110.8 92.3 86.8 94.2 85.4 78.4 69.5 83.3
100.1 98.2 101.9 92.2 92.1 93.8 94.8 85.5 100.3 90.5
99.5 102.0 101.2 97.2 97.7 95.3 100.6 93.4 102.6 96.1
99.7 102.2 102.5 99.6 99.9 97.5 104.1 94.4 98.0 97.2
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
98.7 97.0 98.5 99.8 101.1 102.8 89.1 100.9 104.5 101.3
99.2 100.7 97.8 103.4 104.2 102.7 92.7 109.4 103.7 105.7
101.0 103.0 97.8 107.0 105.9 103.9 96.2 116.4 107.3 109.4
88.1 90.2 96.2 80.9 91.8 89.6 90.3 77.7 90.4 84.0
91.7 96.7 98.8 87.4 95.3 90.4 91.1 83.4 93.4 88.5
93.5 99.4 100.5 92.0 98.4 92.5 96.3 86.7 95.3 91.5
93.9 100.3 99.3 95.0 101.2 94.7 98.5 92.1 97.8 95.7
98.2 101.1 99.9 98.7 100.5 97.6 103.8 97.4 101.3 98.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
107.3 107.1 103.5 111.1 103.5 103.7 102.5 109.6 112.3 107.3
111.4 110.8 103.9 119.0 106.8 107.4 109.3 120.3 117.9 114.5
112.8 109.1 104.7 123.5 109.4 113.2 113.6 124.3 118.4 118.0
92.2 86.8 96.3 88.8 96.3 102.3 101.7 84.1 86.8 92.1
91.0 80.8 94.2 81.8 89.8 101.2 97.1 78.9 81.6 86.8
95.8 86.3 98.6 85.7 89.5 99.3 99.7 79.2 85.5 87.0
95.9 89.9 97.2 87.6 91.3 97.4 100.7 85.3 87.9 90.1
96.2 95.1 99.0 91.9 95.5 96.6 98.8 88.2 90.3 92.8
97.4 96.8 99.8 94.5 97.0 97.6 104.4 89.8 94.0 94.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
104.0 98.2 104.0 103.4 99.5 105.4 99.3 97.5 97.4 99.5
108.2 98.8 103.3 108.5 100.3 109.8 104.4 109.0 102.2 105.1
110.9 96.8 104.0 112.3 101.2 116.0 107.8 112.6 103.7 108.0
85.4 86.4 96.4 88.5 103.6 102.4 105.6 80.6 93.0 91.8
86.1 82.1 96.8 83.7 97.2 101.9 107.3 75.6 81.4 86.5
91.5 86.1 100.0 86.6 94.7 100.7 100.0 77.9 83.9 86.7
95.3 91.3 103.5 90.9 95.4 99.6 99.3 80.1 85.1 87.9
96.1 97.1 102.3 96.2 100.1 99.1 110.6 87.3 93.6 94.1
97.8 98.4 99.9 97.6 99.9 99.2 100.0 94.9 101.6 97.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
101.1 101.7 100.4 102.7 101.6 101.0 95.9 103.6 103.6 102.3
106.2 103.6 104.1 105.9 99.7 102.2 98.7 104.2 98.1 101.7
107.6 102.9 108.1 106.9 99.3 103.9 99.5 99.4 89.0 98.9
DURABLE GOODS
241
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
Table 4-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1985–1999—Continued (1996=100.) Industry
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Fabricated Metal Products Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
84.7 97.6 95.5 83.4 98.4 85.4 80.7 81.7 79.8 87.3
87.7 95.1 96.3 83.4 95.1 87.7 81.6 81.5 80.3 86.6
91.4 95.2 99.2 85.1 93.1 89.4 90.6 79.6 85.2 85.8
90.3 98.0 99.9 87.7 97.1 89.5 94.4 80.4 89.9 87.8
87.2 95.3 97.2 85.3 97.8 89.5 94.0 79.8 90.7 87.7
87.8 92.3 95.9 83.4 95.0 90.4 93.4 80.2 88.1 87.0
87.6 87.1 93.9 79.1 90.3 90.8 92.2 78.3 83.2 84.2
92.8 91.6 95.7 83.7 90.2 91.3 89.4 84.0 89.5 87.4
94.5 94.5 96.6 86.9 92.0 92.0 93.8 87.7 91.0 90.0
96.6 99.9 99.9 93.5 96.8 93.6 97.2 91.1 94.8 93.6
98.2 100.1 100.4 96.8 98.6 96.7 103.3 94.0 99.2 96.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
103.3 103.4 101.2 106.4 103.0 102.9 98.4 107.4 106.9 105.1
106.5 104.7 101.1 110.7 103.9 105.7 102.1 115.6 108.5 109.5
106.9 101.9 100.1 111.5 104.3 109.4 103.1 119.1 104.5 111.3
Industrial And Commercial Machinery Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
49.7 75.5 69.0 50.1 100.8 66.4 86.6 54.8 72.2 72.7
53.2 73.4 71.3 50.4 94.9 68.7 87.4 53.9 74.0 70.8
55.9 75.0 76.0 52.3 93.7 69.8 92.6 50.5 75.2 68.8
60.3 82.0 80.1 59.2 98.1 72.2 95.6 56.3 80.4 73.8
61.0 80.9 80.7 60.5 99.2 74.8 99.8 57.2 80.6 75.0
62.6 79.1 81.6 60.7 97.0 76.8 99.7 57.4 76.2 74.4
62.4 73.3 79.6 57.6 92.4 78.6 98.4 56.7 70.7 72.4
69.3 77.2 83.9 62.4 90.1 80.8 90.6 61.3 74.0 74.3
74.3 81.7 86.3 68.5 92.2 83.8 93.3 68.7 79.8 79.4
81.5 88.4 91.0 77.8 95.4 88.0 100.2 76.6 88.9 85.5
89.7 95.2 95.1 89.1 99.3 93.6 103.0 88.7 95.7 93.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
108.5 104.3 106.9 113.0 104.1 108.3 97.1 107.7 100.4 105.7
121.0 105.0 115.4 126.4 104.5 120.3 108.6 113.9 99.0 109.5
132.3 98.9 124.4 132.9 100.5 134.4 114.1 111.4 88.1 106.8
Electrical And Electronic Equipment Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
38.4 67.6 60.1 41.5 108.2 61.4 75.2 45.5 55.7 69.1
40.7 65.7 61.8 42.6 104.6 64.9 77.9 45.2 58.7 68.9
44.4 65.7 65.8 45.3 101.9 68.9 87.7 44.0 62.1 68.8
46.5 68.0 67.9 48.3 104.0 71.1 88.8 46.5 64.5 71.2
48.0 67.5 69.5 49.3 102.7 73.0 91.1 45.8 63.5 70.9
51.0 66.6 71.2 50.1 98.1 75.2 92.3 46.6 60.9 70.4
54.9 66.4 73.0 50.7 92.4 76.4 91.1 48.1 57.9 69.5
61.9 71.6 76.4 56.0 90.4 78.2 90.0 55.2 66.9 73.2
67.1 76.0 79.5 61.5 91.7 80.9 95.5 62.0 70.7 77.3
75.6 84.4 86.7 71.7 94.8 84.9 98.0 68.3 82.1 82.7
88.8 94.1 94.4 86.4 97.3 91.8 102.8 83.5 95.0 91.5
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
113.6 105.3 108.2 115.1 101.3 109.3 105.1 107.6 111.9 106.3
127.0 110.9 114.7 129.5 102.0 116.8 117.2 126.9 105.3 112.9
151.5 118.9 129.1 150.8 99.5 126.8 136.8 132.8 110.7 116.8
Transportation Equipment Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
72.9 95.2 102.2 78.4 107.7 82.4 76.8 63.7 57.1 76.7
75.9 94.4 102.2 81.6 107.5 86.4 79.1 67.0 66.7 79.8
78.0 93.0 103.6 83.2 106.7 89.5 102.1 66.7 71.4 80.3
78.8 95.6 102.8 88.1 111.8 92.1 98.6 71.9 81.3 85.7
78.7 94.0 100.1 88.2 112.1 93.8 96.4 74.2 90.7 88.1
80.5 90.8 98.9 86.4 107.4 95.2 96.9 74.9 91.1 87.4
80.3 84.4 97.8 81.0 100.9 96.1 93.8 70.3 91.3 82.9
87.8 90.1 97.9 86.5 98.6 96.0 97.2 79.4 102.0 88.4
92.9 94.2 100.3 90.5 97.4 96.1 102.5 83.5 100.8 90.3
97.8 100.6 101.8 97.2 99.3 96.6 103.0 91.3 105.5 95.5
98.0 100.8 101.3 98.3 100.3 97.5 105.4 94.0 102.5 97.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
106.6 107.0 102.6 111.2 104.3 103.9 99.7 111.6 107.5 108.4
116.5 110.6 105.9 121.8 104.6 110.2 108.0 122.1 111.9 115.0
122.3 111.0 106.6 129.4 105.8 116.6 117.3 131.6 116.6 121.4
Instruments And Related Products Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
64.7 116.6 90.7 77.5 119.9 66.5 98.5 61.1 80.1 85.5
68.7 116.0 92.0 79.9 116.3 68.9 101.9 65.3 82.3 86.9
73.6 125.0 95.2 84.9 115.5 68.0 96.2 68.7 89.6 89.2
74.0 125.6 99.0 88.3 119.2 70.3 100.2 66.1 89.4 89.2
74.3 116.6 96.4 87.8 118.1 75.3 99.8 69.0 94.8 91.1
77.4 111.6 98.7 89.1 115.2 79.9 104.3 69.6 92.6 90.3
80.7 106.0 98.7 89.3 110.7 84.2 100.6 72.5 92.8 90.5
87.2 104.3 99.7 92.7 106.4 88.9 99.4 79.1 99.8 93.0
88.2 100.6 98.5 92.5 104.9 91.9 100.5 80.9 104.5 93.9
91.5 98.9 99.4 92.5 101.0 93.5 99.3 82.6 103.8 93.1
95.5 99.1 99.1 94.9 99.3 95.8 104.1 89.8 104.3 95.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
99.1 101.1 99.0 102.0 102.9 100.9 99.6 104.7 99.1 103.1
103.1 93.6 100.4 105.1 102.0 112.4 102.2 110.1 94.3 104.7
106.6 89.8 103.0 107.0 100.4 119.3 104.1 110.1 91.3 103.9
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons ............................................. Output per unit of capital services ........................................ Multifactor productivity ......................................................... Sector output ........................................................................ Hours of all persons at work ................................................ Capital services .................................................................... Energy .................................................................................. Non-energy materials ........................................................... Purchased business services .............................................. Combined units of all inputs .................................................
84.2 85.2 98.5 76.9 91.3 90.3 68.2 65.5 72.8 78.1
85.5 88.2 97.9 79.6 93.1 90.3 73.7 68.8 83.2 81.3
89.4 90.2 100.3 83.4 93.4 92.5 90.8 69.6 92.1 83.2
90.3 95.3 103.4 88.8 98.3 93.2 92.7 71.4 95.3 85.8
87.7 92.2 101.7 86.9 99.2 94.3 95.1 70.6 91.1 85.5
90.9 92.5 100.5 87.6 96.3 94.6 96.3 76.0 90.3 87.1
90.0 90.1 96.7 84.5 93.9 93.8 94.1 79.7 86.0 87.4
90.6 91.3 94.3 87.6 96.6 95.9 85.4 88.8 92.5 92.8
92.1 94.9 95.0 92.5 100.4 97.4 96.4 95.0 97.6 97.4
91.0 95.4 96.1 94.2 103.5 98.7 97.1 94.1 95.4 98.0
97.3 97.9 99.2 96.8 99.5 98.9 108.2 95.1 97.9 97.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
96.9 100.0 100.3 102.2 105.4 102.1 101.6 99.2 100.4 101.8
99.7 98.9 99.9 103.6 103.9 104.8 102.8 105.2 96.5 103.6
103.2 98.5 101.9 106.2 102.9 107.8 105.4 107.3 93.0 104.2
PART FIVE COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES HIGHLIGHTS This part covers three related topics: employment cost index for total compensation (ECI), covering wages and salaries and benefits; employee participation in various benefit plans; and occupational employment and wages derived from the Occupational Employment Statistics Survey (OES). All the surveys from which these data are derived are now components of the National Compensation Survey. (See article on p. xvii)
Private Industry Wages and Salaries and Benefits, December to December Percent Change, 1990–2000 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Wages and salaries
Benefits
In 2000, the benefits component of the total Employment Cost Index (ECI) for private business increased substantially more than the wage and salary component, 5.6 percent and 3.9 percent respectively. The rise in benefits was the sharpest since 1991, after several years of more subdued growth. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: • • • • • •
Industries with more than average increases in wages and salaries included construction (5.3 percent), aircraft manufacturing (5.6 percent), food stores (5 percent) and nursing homes (5.8 percent). (Table 5-1) Employer costs per hour worked for state and local governments were higher than for private industry in March 2000, by 42 percent for wages and salaries and 58 percent for benefits. (Tables 5-5, 5-6) Legally required benefits per hour for state and local employees make up 20 percent of total benefits. For private industry, required benefits are 31 percent and represent the largest non-wage and salaries employee cost. (Tables 5-5, 5-6) The largest major occupation group in the new SOC which accounts for 17.7 percent of total employees, is in office and administrative support occupations. (Table 5-11) In 1999, the top mean hourly wage is for the legal group, which exceeds the mean for the education group by 85 percent. (Table 5-11) Over half of the lowest earning groups (healthcare support, personal care, and food preparation) earn less than $8.50 per hour in 1999. (Table 5-13)
245
246
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX Note: The employment cost index will be part of the National Compensation Survey (NCS). See article describing NCS on p. xvii.
employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, industry, and occupation series. Concepts and Definitions
Collection and Coverage The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the rate of change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs of employee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of labor—similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of goods and services—to measure change over time in employer costs of employing labor. Statistical series on total compensation costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit costs are available for private nonfarm workers excluding proprietors, the selfemployed, and household workers. The total compensation costs and wages and salaries series are also available for state and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists of private industry and state and local government workers combined. Federal workers are excluded. The ECI probability sample consists of about 4,400 private nonfarm establishments providing about 23,000 occupational observations and 1,000 state and local government establishments providing 6,000 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. The occupations are defined narrowly enough so that all workers in the job carry out the same task at roughly the same level of skill. Data are collected each quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of March, June, September, and December. From June 1986 to March 1995 fixed employment weights from the 1980 Census of Population were used each quarter to calculate the civilian and private indexes and the index for state and local governments. Employment counts for 1990 were introduced in March 1995. Prior to June 1986, the employment weights are from the 1970 Census of Population. These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels of wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980
Total compensation costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s costs for employee benefits. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefit costs are such items as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips. Bonuses. In June 2000, the Bureau of Labor Statistics expanded the definition of nonproduction bonuses in the ECI to better represent the compensation packages offered to employees. In addition to the traditional types of nonproduction bonuses, such as attendance bonuses and lump sum payments, the ECI will include hiring and referral bonuses. Hiring bonuses are payments made by the employer to induce an individual to accept employment; referral bonuses are made by the employer to an employee for recommending an applicant who is hired by the establishment. As part of its ongoing research program, the Bureau of Labor Statistics currently is conducting research on stock option plans. This research will be completed in stages. BLS has begun testing the incidence of stock option plans across all industries and occupations. The prevalence of these plans, based on test results and the potential impact on compensation costs, will determine the next stage of research. The results of the pilot incidence survey were published in October 2000. Sources of Additional Information Additional information on Employment Cost Index methodology and data is available in BLS Bulletin 2532, September 2000. The quarterly publication, Compensation and Working Conditions, contains articles on the new National Compensation Survey.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
247
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000 (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
PRIVATE INDUSTRY WORKERS 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
91.0 94.5 98.8
91.6 95.7 100.0
92.5 96.6 101.2
93.1 97.6 102.3
3.3 4.8 4.8
92.0 95.0 99.0
92.6 96.1 100.0
93.5 97.0 101.2
94.1 98.0 102.0
3.3 4.1 4.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.5 113.1 117.1 121.0
105.2 109.8 113.9 118.0 122.0
106.2 111.0 114.8 119.1 123.0
107.0 111.7 115.6 119.8 123.5
4.6 4.4 3.5 3.6 3.1
103.2 107.3 110.9 113.9 117.2
104.5 108.4 111.6 114.6 118.1
105.4 109.3 112.2 115.7 119.1
106.1 110.0 112.9 116.4 119.7
4.0 3.7 2.6 3.1 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.5 127.9 131.7 136.3 140.4
125.4 129.0 132.8 137.5 142.0
126.2 129.8 133.9 139.0 143.3
126.7 130.6 135.1 139.8 144.6
2.6 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.4
120.6 124.4 128.6 133.7 138.1
121.5 125.6 129.7 134.9 139.7
122.4 126.5 131.0 136.6 141.0
123.1 127.3 132.3 137.4 142.2
2.8 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
146.8
148.5
149.9
150.9
4.4
143.9
145.4
146.8
147.7
3.9
91.0 94.9 99.0
91.7 95.9 100.0
92.7 96.9 101.2
93.4 97.7 102.1
3.5 4.6 4.5
92.1 95.4 99.1
92.7 96.3 100.0
93.8 97.3 101.1
94.5 98.0 101.9
3.6 3.7 4.0
Private industry workers, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.6 113.3 117.5 121.4
105.1 109.8 114.1 118.5 122.3
106.3 111.1 115.1 119.5 123.4
107.1 112.0 115.9 120.2 123.9
4.9 4.6 3.5 3.7 3.1
103.2 107.4 111.1 114.2 117.5
104.4 108.4 111.8 115.0 118.3
105.4 109.4 112.5 115.9 119.4
106.2 110.2 113.2 116.6 120.0
4.2 3.8 2.7 3.0 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.0 128.3 131.9 136.4 140.5
125.7 129.2 133.0 137.5 141.9
126.5 130.2 134.1 138.8 143.2
127.1 130.8 135.2 139.4 144.5
2.6 2.9 3.4 3.1 3.7
121.0 124.7 128.6 133.7 138.2
121.8 125.7 129.9 134.8 139.6
122.6 126.8 131.2 136.3 140.8
123.4 127.5 132.4 136.9 142.0
2.8 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.7
2000 ................................................................................................
146.5
148.2
149.8
150.9
4.4
143.5
145.1
146.5
147.6
3.9
90.6 93.9 98.9
91.2 95.1 100.0
92.1 96.2 101.4
92.7 97.3 102.4
3.7 5.0 5.2
91.4 94.4 99.0
91.9 95.6 100.0
93.0 96.7 101.4
93.4 97.8 102.4
3.7 4.7 4.7
WORKERS BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP White-Collar Occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.1 109.0 113.4 117.4 121.5
105.5 110.3 114.2 118.3 122.5
106.7 111.4 115.1 119.4 123.5
107.4 112.2 115.9 120.2 124.1
4.9 4.5 3.3 3.7 3.2
103.6 107.9 111.7 114.7 118.3
104.9 109.1 112.3 115.5 119.3
106.0 110.1 112.9 116.7 120.2
106.6 110.7 113.7 117.5 120.8
4.1 3.8 2.7 3.3 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.3 129.0 133.1 138.1 142.4
126.2 130.0 134.1 139.4 144.1
127.0 131.1 135.2 141.1 145.6
127.6 131.7 136.7 142.0 146.9
2.8 3.2 3.8 3.9 3.5
121.7 125.8 130.2 135.7 140.3
122.7 127.0 131.3 137.0 142.1
123.6 128.0 132.7 139.0 143.5
124.3 128.7 134.2 139.9 144.8
2.9 3.5 4.3 4.2 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
149.3
151.1
152.6
153.6
4.6
146.6
148.3
149.7
150.6
4.0
90.6 94.5 99.0
91.3 95.5 100.0
92.5 96.7 101.3
93.2 97.5 102.2
4.3 4.6 4.8
91.4 95.0 99.2
92.0 95.9 100.0
93.4 97.1 101.2
94.0 98.0 102.1
4.3 4.3 4.2
White-collar occupations, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.2 109.2 113.8 118.3 122.4
105.4 110.4 114.6 119.2 123.3
106.9 111.8 115.8 120.2 124.4
107.7 112.7 116.6 121.0 125.1
5.4 4.6 3.5 3.8 3.4
103.7 108.2 112.1 115.7 119.0
104.8 109.2 112.8 116.4 119.9
106.2 110.5 113.7 117.4 121.0
106.9 111.3 114.4 118.2 121.7
4.7 4.1 2.8 3.3 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.3 129.9 133.7 138.8 143.0
127.0 130.7 134.8 139.9 144.5
127.8 132.0 135.9 141.3 146.0
128.6 132.5 137.4 141.9 147.3
2.8 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.8
122.8 126.7 130.8 136.3 141.0
123.4 127.6 132.0 137.5 142.5
124.3 129.0 133.4 139.1 143.9
125.2 129.4 134.8 139.7 145.2
2.9 3.4 4.2 3.6 3.9
2000 ................................................................................................
149.4
151.3
152.9
154.1
4.6
146.7
148.5
149.9
151.1
4.1
See footnotes at end of table.
248
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Professional specialty and technical occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
90.3 94.3 99.0
90.8 95.4 100.0
92.1 96.9 101.8
92.9 97.5 102.9
4.0 5.0 5.5
91.0 94.7 99.3
91.5 95.9 100.0
92.8 97.4 101.6
93.8 97.9 102.5
4.6 4.4 4.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.9 110.1 115.3 120.4 124.6
105.8 111.1 116.4 121.3 125.3
107.5 112.8 118.0 122.2 126.3
108.7 113.9 119.0 122.9 126.8
5.6 4.8 4.5 3.3 3.2
104.1 108.6 113.0 117.1 120.4
104.8 109.5 114.0 117.9 121.3
106.5 111.1 115.3 118.9 122.2
107.5 112.0 116.0 119.5 123.0
4.9 4.2 3.6 3.0 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
127.7 131.6 134.6 138.8 142.9
128.4 132.6 135.9 140.1 144.1
129.3 133.3 136.7 141.6 145.2
129.9 133.7 137.8 142.6 146.7
2.4 2.9 3.1 3.5 2.9
123.7 127.8 131.0 135.9 140.7
124.4 128.8 132.4 137.1 141.8
125.3 129.6 133.7 138.7 142.6
126.1 129.9 134.8 139.7 144.1
2.5 3.0 3.8 3.6 3.1
2000 ................................................................................................
148.4
150.7
152.2
153.7
4.8
145.1
147.3
148.6
150.2
4.2
91.6 94.7 99.1
92.2 95.7 100.0
93.5 96.6 100.9
93.9 97.8 101.5
4.4 4.2 3.8
92.1 95.0 99.3
92.6 95.9 100.0
94.1 96.7 100.8
94.5 98.0 101.5
4.3 3.7 3.6
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.7 108.9 112.7 116.5 120.3
105.3 110.3 113.1 117.2 121.3
106.6 111.5 113.9 118.1 122.6
107.2 112.3 114.5 118.9 123.3
5.6 4.8 2.0 3.8 3.7
103.3 108.2 111.6 114.7 117.8
104.9 109.4 112.0 115.3 118.8
106.2 110.6 112.5 116.2 120.0
106.9 111.4 113.2 117.0 120.5
5.3 4.2 1.6 3.4 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.9 128.0 133.0 139.4 143.7
125.4 128.8 133.9 140.0 145.8
126.2 130.9 135.2 141.9 147.7
126.9 131.3 137.4 141.8 149.1
2.9 3.5 4.6 3.2 5.1
121.9 125.9 131.0 137.8 141.9
122.5 126.8 132.1 138.7 144.3
123.4 128.9 133.6 140.9 146.4
124.4 129.3 135.8 140.5 147.6
3.2 3.9 5.0 3.5 5.1
2000 ................................................................................................
151.1
152.7
154.4
155.3
4.2
149.2
150.7
152.3
153.0
3.7
90.0 91.4 98.3
90.5 93.6 100.0
90.5 94.1 101.9
90.2 96.3 103.3
1.2 6.8 7.3
91.3 91.9 98.6
91.6 94.3 100.0
91.6 94.8 102.1
90.9 96.9 103.7
0.9 6.6 7.0
Sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.6 108.0 111.6 112.9 117.2
105.6 109.8 112.2 113.8 118.8
105.9 109.8 111.8 115.6 119.2
106.0 109.6 112.6 116.5 119.6
2.6 3.4 2.7 3.5 2.7
103.3 106.8 109.7 110.5 114.8
105.3 108.5 110.1 111.6 116.2
105.4 108.2 109.7 113.8 116.5
105.2 107.9 110.7 114.7 116.7
1.4 2.6 2.6 3.6 1.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
120.2 124.8 130.1 135.3 139.6
122.4 126.9 130.7 137.3 142.6
123.2 126.7 132.2 140.4 144.1
123.2 128.1 133.5 142.6 145.3
3.0 4.0 4.2 6.8 1.9
116.9 122.0 127.8 133.1 137.3
119.3 124.4 128.3 135.2 140.5
120.5 123.9 129.8 138.8 142.1
120.4 125.9 131.4 141.3 143.3
3.2 4.6 4.4 7.5 1.4
2000 ................................................................................................
148.9
150.3
151.2
151.4
4.2
146.7
147.9
149.0
148.7
3.8
90.0 94.4 98.9
90.8 95.3 100.0
91.8 96.6 101.2
92.6 97.3 102.3
4.0 5.1 5.1
91.1 95.1 99.1
91.9 95.8 100.0
93.0 97.2 101.1
93.7 97.8 102.2
4.1 4.4 4.5
Administrative support occupations, including clerical occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.2 108.6 113.6 118.1 122.5
105.3 109.9 114.4 119.2 123.5
106.4 111.0 115.5 120.3 124.5
107.3 111.9 116.4 121.2 125.1
4.9 4.3 4.0 4.1 3.2
103.6 107.6 111.6 115.2 119.0
104.7 108.6 112.4 116.1 119.9
105.7 109.6 113.2 117.1 120.9
106.4 110.4 114.0 118.0 121.6
4.1 3.8 3.3 3.5 3.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.5 130.1 133.7 138.2 142.6
127.3 130.8 134.7 139.6 143.7
128.1 132.0 135.9 140.6 145.0
129.0 132.5 137.0 141.4 146.2
3.1 2.7 3.4 3.2 3.4
122.9 126.5 130.6 135.3 140.4
123.5 127.3 131.7 136.7 141.4
124.3 128.5 132.9 137.9 142.7
125.3 129.2 133.9 138.9 143.8
3.0 3.1 3.6 3.7 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
149.0
150.6
152.3
153.4
4.9
146.0
147.5
149.1
150.1
4.4
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
249
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Blue-Collar Occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
91.3 95.4 98.8
92.1 96.4 100.0
92.9 97.1 101.1
93.7 97.9 101.9
3.1 4.5 4.1
92.8 95.9 99.0
93.5 96.8 100.0
94.3 97.4 101.0
95.2 98.2 101.6
3.0 3.2 3.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.5 107.9 112.5 116.6 120.3
104.7 109.0 113.4 117.7 121.2
105.6 110.2 114.3 118.7 122.3
106.4 111.0 115.0 119.3 122.6
4.4 4.3 3.6 3.7 2.8
102.7 106.4 109.7 112.5 115.6
103.8 107.3 110.4 113.2 116.5
104.6 108.0 111.1 114.1 117.5
105.2 108.8 111.6 114.8 118.0
3.5 3.4 2.6 2.9 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.5 126.6 129.6 133.1 136.9
124.4 127.6 130.8 134.3 138.2
125.1 128.1 131.7 135.2 139.4
125.6 129.0 132.3 135.9 140.5
2.4 2.7 2.6 2.7 3.3
119.0 122.5 126.0 130.2 134.3
120.1 123.7 127.3 131.3 135.6
120.8 124.3 128.3 132.4 136.8
121.4 125.1 129.1 133.2 137.7
2.9 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
142.6
144.1
145.5
146.4
4.2
139.1
140.5
141.9
142.8
3.7
92.0 95.8 98.7
92.7 96.8 100.0
93.7 97.3 101.2
94.4 98.0 102.0
3.1 3.8 4.1
92.8 95.9 98.8
93.5 96.8 100.0
94.5 97.2 101.0
95.1 97.9 101.6
2.8 2.9 3.8
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.4 108.0 112.2 116.6 120.2
104.7 109.2 113.1 117.6 121.2
105.6 110.5 114.3 118.7 122.5
106.2 111.0 115.0 118.9 122.5
4.1 4.5 3.6 3.4 3.0
102.5 106.3 109.3 112.4 115.5
103.6 107.0 110.1 113.2 116.5
104.4 107.8 111.0 114.2 117.8
104.9 108.4 111.5 114.7 117.9
3.2 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.4 126.5 129.6 132.9 137.2
124.4 127.7 130.9 134.4 138.4
125.4 128.2 131.7 135.4 139.6
125.7 129.1 131.9 136.1 140.6
2.6 2.7 2.2 3.2 3.3
118.8 122.4 125.8 129.8 134.3
119.9 123.7 127.4 131.2 135.6
121.0 124.2 128.2 132.3 136.7
121.4 125.1 128.7 133.0 137.5
3.0 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
142.3
144.1
145.8
146.7
4.3
138.9
140.6
142.0
142.8
3.9
90.2 94.7 98.9
91.1 95.8 100.0
91.6 96.5 100.9
92.8 97.6 101.8
3.3 5.2 4.3
92.3 95.6 99.0
93.2 96.5 100.0
93.8 97.1 100.6
95.1 98.1 101.6
3.5 3.2 3.6
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.7 108.3 113.9 117.8 121.3
105.0 109.4 114.6 119.0 122.2
105.9 110.5 115.0 120.0 122.9
106.9 111.6 115.8 120.8 123.4
5.0 4.4 3.8 4.3 2.2
103.0 107.1 110.9 113.2 116.2
104.2 108.0 111.6 113.8 117.2
104.9 108.7 111.7 114.7 118.0
105.8 109.8 112.4 115.6 118.8
4.1 3.8 2.4 2.8 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.2 127.1 130.0 133.6 137.3
124.8 128.1 131.2 134.7 138.4
125.1 128.7 132.2 135.7 139.9
126.2 129.5 133.0 136.8 141.4
2.3 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.4
119.6 123.4 127.2 131.6 135.7
120.9 124.5 128.5 132.7 136.7
121.4 125.4 129.5 133.8 138.3
122.3 126.4 130.6 134.9 139.5
2.9 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
144.0
145.0
146.0
146.8
3.8
140.7
141.6
142.9
143.7
3.0
91.6 95.3 99.0
92.6 97.0 100.0
93.3 97.9 101.2
93.9 98.2 101.4
3.0 4.6 3.3
93.6 96.1 99.3
94.4 97.4 100.0
95.0 98.4 101.2
95.5 98.6 101.2
2.4 3.2 2.6
Transportation and material moving occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.1 106.3 110.4 113.9 118.5
104.3 107.6 111.4 115.2 119.1
104.9 108.3 112.5 115.9 120.3
105.5 109.0 113.0 117.0 120.6
4.0 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.1
102.0 104.5 107.4 110.0 113.5
103.1 105.6 108.3 111.2 114.0
103.6 106.1 109.3 111.7 115.2
104.1 106.7 109.7 112.6 115.6
2.9 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
121.8 123.9 126.1 129.3 131.6
122.4 124.7 126.8 129.9 133.6
122.9 124.9 128.0 130.7 134.4
123.0 125.2 128.9 130.7 135.2
2.0 1.8 3.0 1.4 3.4
117.0 120.0 122.3 125.9 129.1
117.8 120.6 123.0 126.4 131.0
118.5 121.0 124.1 127.6 131.9
118.6 121.1 125.1 127.8 132.7
2.6 2.1 3.3 2.2 3.8
2000 ................................................................................................
137.5
138.6
139.9
141.1
4.4
134.1
135.2
136.5
137.6
3.7
See footnotes at end of table.
250
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
91.3 95.5 98.8
91.7 96.2 100.0
92.5 97.0 101.3
93.5 97.7 102.2
2.7 4.5 4.6
92.6 96.3 99.1
93.2 96.9 100.0
94.0 97.6 101.1
95.0 98.3 102.0
3.0 3.5 3.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.6 108.1 112.6 116.8 120.2
104.7 109.3 113.4 117.6 121.4
105.7 110.4 114.6 118.4 122.7
106.7 111.4 115.3 119.1 122.9
4.4 4.4 3.5 3.3 3.2
103.0 107.3 110.6 113.6 116.6
104.4 108.5 111.3 114.3 117.3
105.3 109.2 112.1 114.9 117.9
106.2 109.9 112.6 115.7 118.9
4.1 3.5 2.5 2.8 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.1 128.5 132.8 137.0 141.0
125.3 129.3 133.4 137.6 142.3
125.9 130.0 134.2 138.5 143.2
126.8 131.3 135.8 139.2 144.4
3.2 3.5 3.4 2.5 3.7
120.1 124.2 128.4 133.2 137.3
121.2 125.1 129.3 133.7 138.3
121.5 125.8 130.2 135.1 139.4
122.6 127.1 131.8 135.8 140.4
3.1 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
146.4
148.1
149.4
150.4
4.2
141.8
143.6
145.0
146.2
4.1
91.9 94.6 99.2
92.3 95.6 100.0
92.8 97.1 101.1
93.3 98.2 102.5
2.4 5.3 4.4
93.3 95.5 99.4
93.6 96.4 100.0
94.1 97.7 100.9
94.5 98.7 102.3
2.4 4.4 3.6
Service Occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.3 113.5 117.2 120.6
104.9 109.9 114.2 118.0 121.0
105.7 111.5 115.4 118.9 121.8
107.3 112.4 115.9 119.5 122.9
4.7 4.8 3.1 3.1 2.8
103.1 106.9 111.2 113.5 116.3
104.2 108.3 111.6 114.1 116.8
104.9 109.8 112.5 114.9 117.6
106.4 110.6 112.9 115.3 118.8
4.0 3.9 2.1 2.1 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.4 125.8 129.8 135.3 139.5
124.0 126.5 130.9 136.0 140.6
124.7 127.4 133.1 137.3 141.0
125.2 128.9 134.1 138.0 142.6
1.9 3.0 4.0 2.9 3.3
119.4 122.2 126.6 132.1 136.7
120.0 123.0 127.6 133.0 137.8
120.8 124.1 129.9 134.4 138.0
121.4 125.7 131.1 135.3 139.6
2.2 3.5 4.3 3.2 3.2
2000 ................................................................................................
143.9
145.4
146.6
148.1
3.9
141.0
142.5
143.5
144.9
3.8
90.6 94.3 98.8
91.3 95.5 100.0
92.1 96.6 101.4
92.8 97.5 102.4
3.3 5.1 5.0
91.9 94.8 99.0
92.5 96.0 100.0
93.4 97.0 101.3
93.9 97.9 102.2
3.2 4.3 4.4
Production And Nonsupervisory Occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.8 108.4 113.0 116.9 120.7
105.1 109.6 113.8 117.9 121.6
106.0 110.8 114.8 119.0 122.6
106.9 111.5 115.5 119.7 123.1
4.4 4.3 3.6 3.6 2.8
103.2 107.0 110.6 113.4 116.6
104.3 108.1 111.3 114.2 117.5
105.2 109.0 112.0 115.3 118.5
105.9 109.6 112.6 115.9 119.1
3.6 3.5 2.7 2.9 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.1 127.5 131.1 135.3 139.3
125.0 128.6 132.1 136.6 140.8
125.8 129.2 133.2 138.0 141.9
126.3 130.0 134.2 139.0 143.1
2.6 2.9 3.2 3.6 2.9
119.9 123.7 127.7 132.3 136.8
121.0 124.9 128.8 133.6 138.2
121.8 125.6 130.1 135.2 139.3
122.4 126.5 131.2 136.4 140.4
2.8 3.3 3.7 4.0 2.9
2000 ................................................................................................
145.3
146.9
148.4
149.5
4.5
142.1
143.7
145.0
146.0
4.0
91.5 95.5 98.9
92.1 96.5 100.0
92.9 97.1 101.1
93.8 97.9 102.1
3.1 4.4 4.3
92.8 96.1 99.1
93.4 96.9 100.0
94.3 97.5 101.0
95.2 98.2 102.0
3.1 3.2 3.9
WORKERS BY INDUSTRY DIVISION Goods-Producing Industries 2 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.5 113.5 118.0 121.8
105.2 109.8 114.3 119.1 123.0
106.2 111.0 115.3 119.9 123.9
107.0 111.9 116.1 120.6 124.3
4.8 4.6 3.8 3.9 3.1
103.1 107.0 110.7 113.8 116.9
104.2 108.0 111.4 114.5 118.0
105.1 108.7 112.1 115.3 118.9
105.8 109.7 112.8 116.1 119.6
3.7 3.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.3 128.2 131.4 135.1 138.9
125.9 129.3 132.7 136.2 139.9
126.5 130.1 133.6 137.1 141.1
127.3 130.9 134.1 137.8 142.5
2.4 2.8 2.4 2.8 3.4
120.4 123.9 127.5 132.0 136.3
121.4 125.1 128.9 133.2 137.3
122.1 126.1 129.9 134.3 138.5
122.9 126.8 130.6 135.2 139.7
2.8 3.2 3.0 3.5 3.3
2000 ................................................................................................
144.8
146.6
147.9
148.8
4.4
141.3
143.0
144.3
145.2
3.9
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
251
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Goods-producing industries, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
91.5 95.4 98.9
92.1 96.5 100.0
92.9 97.1 101.1
93.8 97.9 102.2
3.1 4.4 4.4
92.9 95.9 99.1
93.4 96.9 100.0
94.3 97.4 101.0
95.2 98.2 102.0
3.3 3.2 3.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.4 113.4 117.8 121.4
105.1 109.8 114.1 118.8 122.5
106.1 110.9 115.2 119.6 123.5
107.0 111.8 115.9 120.1 124.0
4.7 4.5 3.7 3.6 3.2
103.0 106.9 110.5 113.5 116.4
104.2 107.9 111.2 114.2 117.4
105.0 108.7 112.0 114.9 118.4
105.7 109.7 112.6 115.6 119.1
3.6 3.8 2.6 2.7 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.9 128.0 131.1 134.5 138.3
125.6 129.0 132.3 135.6 139.3
126.1 129.8 133.1 136.5 140.5
127.0 130.5 133.6 137.2 141.8
2.4 2.8 2.4 2.7 3.3
119.9 123.5 127.0 131.3 135.5
120.9 124.6 128.3 132.5 136.6
121.6 125.7 129.3 133.6 137.8
122.4 126.3 130.0 134.4 138.9
2.8 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.3
2000 ................................................................................................
144.2
145.9
147.2
148.2
4.5
140.5
142.1
143.4
144.6
4.1
... 95.6 99.0
92.3 96.4 100.0
93.1 97.2 101.2
94.0 97.8 101.9
... 4.0 4.2
... 96.2 99.2
92.9 96.9 100.0
94.0 97.6 101.0
94.9 98.3 101.9
... 3.6 3.7
Goods-producing industries, white-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.1 108.8 113.6 118.6 123.0
105.3 110.1 114.5 119.6 124.3
106.7 111.2 115.5 120.5 125.1
107.4 112.3 116.7 121.1 125.9
5.4 4.6 3.9 3.8 4.0
103.5 107.4 111.7 115.4 119.1
104.6 108.5 112.5 116.4 120.3
105.7 109.5 113.2 117.3 121.1
106.3 110.4 114.2 118.2 122.0
4.3 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
127.2 130.0 133.5 137.7 141.7
127.6 131.0 134.8 138.8 142.7
128.1 132.2 135.6 139.7 143.9
129.0 132.9 136.2 140.2 145.5
2.5 3.0 2.5 2.9 3.7
123.0 126.2 130.0 135.0 139.4
123.8 127.3 131.4 136.3 140.5
124.4 128.6 132.3 137.4 141.7
125.3 129.1 132.9 138.2 143.0
2.7 3.0 2.9 4.0 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
148.1
150.1
151.3
151.9
4.4
145.0
146.8
147.9
148.7
4.0
... 95.4 99.0
92.2 96.4 100.0
93.0 97.1 101.2
93.9 97.7 102.0
... 4.0 4.4
... 96.0 99.2
92.9 96.9 100.0
93.9 97.6 101.0
94.8 98.2 102.0
... 3.6 3.9
Goods-producing industries, white-collar occupations, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.5 113.2 118.1 121.9
105.2 110.0 113.9 119.0 123.2
106.4 111.1 115.1 119.7 124.1
107.1 112.2 116.2 119.9 125.0
5.0 4.8 3.6 3.2 4.3
103.3 107.2 111.3 114.9 117.7
104.4 108.5 112.0 115.6 118.8
105.6 109.5 112.9 116.4 119.8
106.2 110.5 113.7 116.8 120.8
4.1 4.0 2.9 2.7 3.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.2 129.4 132.6 136.3 140.4
126.7 130.2 133.8 137.4 141.3
127.2 131.5 134.5 138.3 142.5
128.2 132.1 135.0 138.8 143.9
2.6 3.0 2.2 2.8 3.7
121.8 125.3 128.9 133.3 137.8
122.5 126.3 130.0 134.6 138.8
123.2 127.7 130.9 135.7 140.1
124.2 128.1 131.6 136.4 141.3
2.8 3.1 2.7 3.6 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
146.5
148.4
149.6
150.5
4.6
143.2
144.9
146.0
147.2
4.2
... 95.4 98.9
92.1 96.6 100.0
92.8 97.1 101.1
93.8 98.0 102.3
... 4.5 4.4
... 95.9 99.0
93.6 96.9 100.0
94.4 97.3 101.0
95.3 98.1 101.9
... 2.9 3.9
Goods-producing industries, blue-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.4 113.4 117.6 121.1
105.1 109.7 114.1 118.7 122.2
106.0 110.8 115.1 119.6 123.1
106.9 111.6 115.8 120.2 123.4
4.5 4.4 3.8 3.8 2.7
102.9 106.8 110.1 112.8 115.6
104.1 107.6 110.7 113.4 116.6
104.7 108.3 111.4 114.1 117.5
105.5 109.2 111.9 114.9 118.1
3.5 3.5 2.5 2.7 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.1 127.1 130.2 133.5 137.1
124.9 128.3 131.4 134.6 138.3
125.5 128.9 132.4 135.5 139.4
126.3 129.6 132.8 136.3 140.7
2.4 2.6 2.5 2.6 3.2
118.8 122.4 126.0 130.1 134.3
119.9 123.7 127.3 131.3 135.4
120.7 124.5 128.4 132.3 136.6
121.4 125.3 129.2 133.3 137.6
2.8 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2
2000 ................................................................................................
142.8
144.4
145.8
146.8
4.3
139.0
140.5
142.0
143.1
4.0
See footnotes at end of table.
252
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Construction 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
91.5 95.2 99.0
92.7 96.4 100.0
93.4 97.2 101.2
94.0 98.0 102.4
3.6 4.3 4.5
92.5 95.7 99.1
93.2 97.0 100.0
94.1 97.7 101.1
94.8 98.3 101.7
3.3 3.7 3.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.1 107.4 110.6 114.9 118.6
104.3 108.5 111.7 116.0 120.2
105.2 109.3 113.1 116.8 121.4
105.6 109.9 113.8 116.5 120.8
3.1 4.1 3.5 2.4 3.7
102.0 105.1 107.2 109.5 112.2
102.9 105.9 107.9 110.4 113.6
103.5 106.3 108.7 111.3 114.6
103.7 106.8 108.9 111.1 114.7
2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
121.1 124.3 127.2 130.6 135.6
122.0 125.3 128.7 132.7 136.9
123.1 125.9 129.7 133.4 137.9
123.4 126.4 129.7 134.3 138.7
2.2 2.4 2.6 3.5 3.3
114.8 118.3 122.0 126.0 130.7
115.7 119.6 123.6 128.1 131.9
116.8 120.4 124.7 128.5 133.0
117.4 120.8 124.9 129.3 133.6
2.4 2.9 3.4 3.5 3.3
2000 ................................................................................................
140.8
143.2
145.1
146.7
5.8
136.0
138.0
139.4
140.7
5.3
91.1 95.3 98.9
91.6 96.2 100.0
92.5 96.9 101.1
93.4 97.6 102.0
3.0 4.5 4.5
92.7 96.0 99.0
93.3 96.8 100.0
94.2 97.3 100.9
95.2 98.1 101.9
3.4 3.0 3.9
Manufacturing 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.0 108.6 114.0 118.6 122.5
105.3 110.0 114.7 119.7 123.5
106.4 111.2 115.7 120.6 124.4
107.2 112.2 116.5 121.3 125.1
5.1 4.7 3.8 4.1 3.1
103.3 107.4 111.5 114.7 118.0
104.5 108.4 112.2 115.5 119.0
105.4 109.3 112.9 116.3 120.0
106.2 110.3 113.7 117.3 120.8
4.2 3.9 3.1 3.2 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.2 129.3 132.6 136.4 139.9
126.9 130.4 133.8 137.2 140.9
127.3 131.3 134.6 138.2 142.1
128.3 132.1 135.3 138.9 143.6
2.6 3.0 2.4 2.7 3.4
121.9 125.4 129.1 133.7 137.9
122.9 126.5 130.3 134.6 139.0
123.5 127.7 131.3 136.0 140.2
124.3 128.4 132.2 136.8 141.5
2.9 3.3 3.0 3.5 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
146.0
147.5
148.7
149.3
4.0
142.9
144.4
145.7
146.5
3.5
... 95.7 99.0
92.2 96.4 100.0
93.1 97.1 101.1
94.1 97.7 101.9
... 3.8 4.3
... 96.2 99.2
93.0 96.9 100.0
94.0 97.5 100.9
95.0 98.2 101.8
... 3.4 3.7
Manufacturing, white-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.1 108.8 113.6 118.7 122.7
105.3 110.2 114.6 119.7 123.9
106.8 111.3 115.5 120.5 124.9
107.4 112.4 116.6 121.3 126.0
5.4 4.7 3.7 4.0 3.9
103.7 107.6 111.9 116.0 119.5
104.7 108.8 112.9 116.9 120.6
105.9 109.8 113.6 117.7 121.7
106.4 110.7 114.6 118.8 122.7
4.5 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
127.4 130.5 133.9 138.2 141.8
128.0 131.6 135.2 139.1 143.0
128.7 132.8 135.8 140.1 144.3
129.5 133.6 136.7 140.5 145.8
2.8 3.2 2.3 2.8 3.8
123.9 127.1 130.6 135.6 140.1
124.7 128.2 131.9 136.8 141.4
125.3 129.6 132.8 138.3 142.7
126.1 130.1 133.6 139.0 144.0
2.8 3.2 2.7 4.0 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
148.2
150.2
151.4
151.5
3.9
145.8
147.7
148.7
149.2
3.6
... 95.5 99.0
92.1 96.3 100.0
93.0 97.1 101.1
93.9 97.7 101.9
... 4.0 4.3
... 96.0 99.1
92.9 96.8 100.0
93.9 97.4 100.9
94.8 98.0 101.9
... 3.4 4.0
Manufacturing, white-collar occupations, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.0 108.3 113.0 118.0 121.3
105.1 109.9 113.8 118.8 122.5
106.4 111.1 115.0 119.5 123.6
107.0 112.2 115.9 119.9 124.9
5.0 4.9 3.3 3.5 4.2
103.4 107.2 111.4 115.3 118.0
104.4 108.6 112.2 115.9 119.1
105.6 109.7 113.0 116.7 120.2
106.2 110.7 114.0 117.2 121.4
4.2 4.2 3.0 2.8 3.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.1 129.5 132.8 136.5 140.1
126.6 130.5 133.8 137.3 141.3
127.4 131.8 134.5 138.3 142.5
128.3 132.5 135.3 138.7 143.8
2.7 3.3 2.1 2.5 3.7
122.4 126.0 129.3 133.8 138.3
123.2 127.0 130.5 135.0 139.6
123.9 128.4 131.3 136.3 140.8
124.8 128.9 132.2 137.1 142.0
2.8 3.3 2.6 3.7 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
146.2
148.2
149.3
149.7
4.1
143.7
145.6
146.6
147.5
3.9
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
253
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Manufacturing, blue-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
... 95.1 98.8
91.3 96.1 100.0
92.0 96.7 101.1
93.1 97.6 102.1
... 4.8 4.6
... 96.0 98.9
93.5 96.8 100.0
94.4 97.2 100.9
95.4 98.1 102.0
... 2.8 4.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.0 108.5 114.2 118.5 122.3
105.2 109.8 114.8 119.6 123.2
106.2 111.1 115.7 120.5 124.0
107.2 112.0 116.4 121.3 124.5
5.0 4.5 3.9 4.2 2.6
103.1 107.3 111.1 113.9 116.9
104.4 108.2 111.7 114.5 117.8
105.1 109.0 112.4 115.2 118.7
106.1 110.0 113.1 116.2 119.5
4.0 3.7 2.8 2.7 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.3 128.4 131.7 135.0 138.5
126.0 129.5 132.8 135.9 139.4
126.3 130.2 133.7 136.8 140.5
127.5 131.1 134.3 137.7 142.1
2.4 2.8 2.4 2.5 3.2
120.4 124.2 128.0 132.3 136.3
121.6 125.4 129.2 133.1 137.2
122.2 126.3 130.2 134.3 138.4
123.1 127.3 131.2 135.3 139.7
3.0 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.3
2000 ................................................................................................
144.4
145.6
146.7
147.8
4.0
140.8
142.0
143.4
144.6
3.5
91.3 95.6 99.0
92.0 96.5 100.0
92.6 97.0 101.1
93.5 97.7 102.2
2.6 4.5 4.6
93.0 96.2 99.0
93.7 96.9 100.0
94.5 97.4 100.7
95.5 98.0 101.9
3.1 2.6 4.0
Manufacturing, durable goods 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.0 108.5 114.1 119.0 122.9
105.1 109.9 114.8 120.0 123.8
106.3 111.2 115.8 121.0 125.1
107.2 112.1 116.7 121.9 125.8
4.9 4.6 4.1 4.5 3.2
103.2 107.3 111.2 114.4 117.8
104.3 108.3 111.8 115.1 118.7
105.3 109.2 112.7 115.9 119.8
106.1 110.2 113.4 117.2 120.8
4.1 3.9 2.9 3.4 3.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
127.0 129.7 133.0 136.5 139.9
127.7 131.2 134.1 137.4 141.0
128.2 131.9 135.0 138.5 142.3
129.0 132.6 135.7 139.2 144.0
2.5 2.8 2.3 2.6 3.4
121.9 125.1 129.0 133.4 137.9
122.9 126.5 130.1 134.5 139.1
123.6 127.7 131.2 135.9 140.4
124.3 128.4 131.9 136.9 141.8
2.9 3.3 2.7 3.8 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
146.5
148.3
149.4
150.1
4.2
143.0
144.7
146.1
147.3
3.9
... 99.2
... 100.0
... 101.0
98.8 103.6
... 4.9
... 99.4
... 100.0
... 100.6
98.8 102.2
... 3.4
Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721) 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.4 110.2 116.9 124.1 126.2
107.0 111.8 119.0 124.5 127.1
108.5 113.1 120.1 126.7 128.7
108.6 114.8 122.9 125.2 129.2
4.8 5.7 7.1 1.9 3.2
103.2 108.4 113.6 117.9 122.4
104.9 109.8 115.2 118.8 123.3
105.7 110.9 116.0 120.5 124.0
107.0 112.6 117.2 121.6 124.8
4.7 5.2 4.1 3.8 2.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
130.6 136.9 137.3 137.2 140.5
131.0 138.2 138.4 138.9 142.4
131.5 138.2 137.8 139.3 143.7
133.8 137.4 136.9 140.6 146.9
3.6 2.7 -0.4 2.7 4.5
125.7 129.0 132.0 135.1 139.4
126.5 130.3 133.5 136.9 141.5
127.4 130.6 133.3 137.2 142.7
128.1 130.9 134.0 138.3 143.6
2.6 2.2 2.4 3.2 3.8
2000 ................................................................................................
151.2
154.3
156.0
155.3
5.7
146.3
148.6
150.0
151.6
5.6
... 99.1
... 100.0
... 100.8
98.8 102.8
... 4.0
... 99.3
... 100.0
... 100.4
98.7 101.5
... 2.8
Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721), white-collar occupations 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.6 108.1 114.2 120.5 122.7
105.9 109.7 116.3 121.2 123.8
107.2 110.5 117.0 123.2 125.3
106.8 112.0 119.0 121.8 125.3
3.9 4.9 6.3 2.4 2.9
102.3 106.0 110.0 113.9 118.1
103.8 107.4 111.6 115.2 119.1
104.2 107.9 112.2 116.7 119.8
105.0 108.9 113.1 117.3 120.2
3.4 3.7 3.9 3.7 2.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.7 132.4 133.5 134.7 137.3
127.2 133.9 134.9 137.1 139.5
127.8 133.8 134.6 137.4 139.8
129.0 133.7 134.3 137.4 141.7
3.0 3.6 0.4 2.3 3.1
121.0 124.1 127.8 131.2 135.5
121.6 125.9 129.6 133.7 138.0
122.7 126.1 129.3 133.9 138.3
123.2 126.5 129.8 134.5 139.1
2.5 2.7 2.6 3.6 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
146.6
150.7
151.8
151.2
6.7
142.1
145.2
146.0
146.2
5.1
See footnotes at end of table.
254
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721), blue-collar occupations 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
... 99.5
... 100.0
... 101.4
98.9 104.7
... 5.9
... 99.6
... 100.0
... 100.9
98.9 103.3
... 4.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
106.6 113.2 120.8 129.2 130.9
108.6 114.7 122.8 129.2 131.5
110.1 116.7 124.2 131.5 133.2
110.9 118.8 128.2 129.8 134.2
5.9 7.1 7.9 1.2 3.4
104.6 112.0 119.0 123.9 128.7
106.7 113.5 120.5 124.1 129.4
107.8 115.4 121.5 126.1 130.2
110.0 118.0 123.3 127.9 131.7
6.5 7.3 4.5 3.7 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
135.7 143.3 142.3 139.6 144.3
136.1 144.1 142.8 140.1 145.7
136.3 144.4 141.8 140.8 149.0
140.5 142.3 139.6 144.4 154.4
4.7 1.3 -1.9 3.4 6.9
132.7 136.1 137.7 140.1 144.5
133.6 136.4 138.8 140.5 145.5
134.1 137.0 138.4 141.0 148.9
135.1 137.1 139.6 143.2 149.9
2.6 1.5 1.8 2.6 4.7
2000 ................................................................................................
157.8
158.5
161.4
160.4
3.9
151.8
152.1
155.1
159.3
6.3
90.7 94.8 98.8
91.2 95.6 100.0
92.3 96.5 101.2
93.4 97.5 101.9
3.8 4.4 4.5
92.2 95.8 99.0
92.5 96.5 100.0
93.8 97.2 101.1
94.7 98.2 101.8
3.7 3.7 3.7
Manufacturing, nondurable goods 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.1 108.8 113.8 117.9 121.7
105.5 110.1 114.7 119.0 122.8
106.6 111.2 115.4 119.7 123.2
107.4 112.3 116.3 120.3 123.8
5.4 4.6 3.6 3.4 2.9
103.6 107.6 111.8 115.5 118.3
104.8 108.6 112.8 116.3 119.5
105.7 109.4 113.2 116.9 120.3
106.3 110.6 114.3 117.5 120.8
4.4 4.0 3.3 2.8 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.7 128.3 131.7 135.9 139.6
125.4 128.9 133.0 136.7 140.4
125.7 130.0 133.7 137.6 141.5
127.0 131.0 134.5 138.2 142.8
2.6 3.1 2.7 2.8 3.3
121.9 125.8 129.3 134.2 138.0
122.9 126.5 130.6 134.9 138.7
123.3 127.6 131.4 136.0 139.7
124.4 128.5 132.6 136.8 140.9
3.0 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.0
2000 ................................................................................................
144.9
146.0
147.5
147.7
3.4
142.7
143.9
145.0
145.4
3.2
90.5 93.8 98.8
91.2 95.1 100.0
92.1 96.2 101.3
92.6 97.3 102.3
3.7 5.1 5.1
91.5 94.3 99.1
92.1 95.5 100.0
93.1 96.7 101.4
93.4 97.8 102.2
3.4 4.7 4.5
Service-Producing Industries 3 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.8 108.5 112.8 116.4 120.4
105.2 109.8 113.6 117.3 121.2
106.2 111.0 114.4 118.5 122.3
107.0 111.6 115.2 119.3 122.8
4.6 4.3 3.2 3.6 2.9
103.3 107.5 111.1 113.9 117.3
104.6 108.7 111.7 114.7 118.2
105.7 109.7 112.3 115.9 119.2
106.3 110.2 113.0 116.6 119.7
4.0 3.7 2.5 3.2 2.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.9 127.6 131.6 136.7 140.9
124.9 128.6 132.5 137.8 142.8
125.8 129.5 133.8 139.6 144.1
126.2 130.2 135.3 140.5 145.3
2.8 3.2 3.9 3.8 3.4
120.7 124.7 129.0 134.4 138.9
121.6 125.8 130.1 135.6 140.8
122.6 126.7 131.5 137.6 142.1
123.2 127.5 133.1 138.4 143.3
2.9 3.5 4.4 4.0 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
147.4
149.1
150.6
151.7
4.4
145.0
146.5
147.9
148.9
3.9
90.6 94.3 98.9
91.4 95.4 100.0
92.5 96.7 101.2
93.1 97.5 102.1
4.0 4.7 4.7
91.5 94.9 99.2
92.2 95.8 100.0
93.5 97.1 101.2
94.0 98.0 101.8
4.0 4.3 3.9
Service-producing industries, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.7 113.2 117.3 121.4
105.1 109.9 114.0 118.3 122.1
106.4 111.3 115.1 119.3 123.3
107.3 112.1 115.9 120.2 123.8
5.1 4.5 3.4 3.7 3.0
103.4 107.7 111.5 114.8 118.3
104.5 108.7 112.2 115.6 119.0
105.8 110.0 113.0 116.6 120.2
106.6 110.7 113.7 117.4 120.7
4.7 3.8 2.7 3.3 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.0 128.4 132.2 137.4 141.7
125.8 129.2 133.3 138.5 143.3
126.6 130.3 134.5 140.0 144.6
127.2 130.9 136.1 140.6 145.9
2.7 2.9 4.0 3.3 3.8
121.8 125.6 129.7 135.2 139.8
122.5 126.5 130.9 136.2 141.4
123.4 127.6 132.3 137.9 142.6
124.2 128.3 133.9 138.5 143.8
2.9 3.3 4.4 3.4 3.8
2000 ................................................................................................
147.7
149.4
151.1
152.2
4.3
145.3
146.9
148.3
149.4
3.9
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
255
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Service-producing industries, white-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
... 93.4 98.8
90.7 94.7 100.0
91.8 95.9 101.4
92.1 97.2 102.6
... 5.5 5.6
... 93.7 99.0
91.6 95.1 100.0
92.6 96.3 101.5
92.9 97.5 102.5
... 5.0 5.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.2 109.1 113.4 116.9 121.0
105.5 110.4 114.1 117.8 121.9
106.7 111.5 114.9 119.0 122.9
107.4 112.1 115.7 119.8 123.4
4.7 4.4 3.2 3.5 3.0
103.6 108.1 111.7 114.5 118.0
105.0 109.3 112.2 115.2 118.9
106.1 110.3 112.8 116.5 119.9
106.8 110.7 113.6 117.3 120.4
4.2 3.7 2.6 3.3 2.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.6 128.5 132.7 138.0 142.3
125.6 129.6 133.7 139.3 144.3
126.5 130.6 134.9 141.2 145.8
127.1 131.1 136.6 142.2 147.0
3.0 3.1 4.2 4.1 3.4
121.3 125.6 130.1 135.7 140.3
122.3 126.8 131.2 137.0 142.3
123.2 127.8 132.6 139.2 143.8
124.0 128.5 134.3 140.1 145.0
3.0 3.6 4.5 4.3 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
149.3
151.0
152.6
153.7
4.6
146.9
148.5
150.0
150.9
4.1
... 94.1 99.0
90.9 95.1 100.0
92.3 96.6 101.4
92.9 97.5 102.3
... 5.0 4.9
... 94.5 99.2
91.7 95.5 100.0
93.1 96.9 101.3
93.7 97.9 102.1
... 4.5 4.3
Service-producing industries, white-collar occupations, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.4 109.5 114.1 118.4 122.7
105.6 110.6 114.9 119.3 123.4
107.1 112.1 116.1 120.4 124.6
108.0 113.0 116.8 121.4 125.1
5.6 4.6 3.4 3.9 3.0
103.8 108.5 112.4 116.0 119.6
105.0 109.5 113.1 116.8 120.4
106.4 110.9 114.0 117.8 121.5
107.2 111.6 114.7 118.7 122.1
5.0 4.1 2.8 3.5 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.4 130.0 134.0 139.5 143.8
127.1 130.9 135.1 140.6 145.5
128.0 132.2 136.3 142.2 147.0
128.7 132.6 138.1 142.8 148.3
2.9 3.0 4.1 3.4 3.9
123.2 127.2 131.5 137.3 142.0
123.8 128.1 132.7 138.4 143.7
124.7 129.5 134.2 140.2 145.1
125.6 129.9 135.9 140.7 146.4
2.9 3.4 4.6 3.5 4.1
2000 ................................................................................................
150.3
152.1
153.9
155.1
4.6
147.8
149.6
151.2
152.3
4.0
... 95.2 98.7
92.2 96.2 100.0
93.0 97.1 101.1
93.8 97.5 101.1
... 3.9 3.7
... 95.9 99.0
93.2 96.7 100.0
94.1 97.5 100.9
94.8 98.0 100.9
... 3.4 3.0
Service-producing industries, blue-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
102.6 106.6 110.4 114.3 118.4
103.9 107.6 111.6 115.5 119.1
104.8 108.7 112.4 116.6 120.6
105.4 109.4 113.2 117.2 120.7
4.3 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.0
102.1 105.6 108.7 111.9 115.5
103.3 106.5 109.7 112.9 116.2
104.2 107.3 110.3 114.1 117.5
104.7 107.8 111.0 114.6 117.6
3.8 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
122.1 125.2 128.2 132.1 136.2
123.1 126.0 129.2 133.2 137.8
123.9 126.4 130.0 134.3 139.1
124.0 127.3 130.9 134.8 139.8
2.7 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.7
119.2 122.7 126.0 130.2 134.4
120.3 123.5 127.2 131.1 135.9
121.1 123.8 127.9 132.4 137.0
121.4 124.8 128.9 132.9 137.8
3.2 2.8 3.3 3.1 3.7
2000 ................................................................................................
141.8
143.1
144.5
145.3
3.9
139.1
140.3
141.6
142.2
3.2
... 94.6 99.3
92.4 95.6 100.0
92.9 97.1 101.1
93.4 98.4 102.5
... 5.4 4.2
... 95.3 99.4
93.6 96.3 100.0
94.1 97.7 100.8
94.4 98.8 102.3
... 4.7 3.5
Service-producing industries, service occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.4 113.4 116.8 120.2
105.0 109.9 114.1 117.7 120.7
105.8 111.6 115.2 118.6 121.3
107.4 112.5 115.7 119.1 122.5
4.8 4.7 2.8 2.9 2.9
103.2 107.0 111.3 113.5 116.3
104.3 108.4 111.7 114.1 116.7
105.0 110.0 112.6 114.9 117.3
106.5 110.7 112.9 115.2 118.7
4.1 3.9 2.0 2.0 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.0 125.3 129.5 135.0 139.3
123.6 126.1 130.6 135.8 140.5
124.2 127.1 132.7 137.0 140.8
124.8 128.6 133.9 137.8 142.4
1.9 3.0 4.1 2.9 3.3
119.3 122.0 126.5 132.1 136.7
119.8 122.8 127.5 133.0 137.8
120.7 124.0 129.8 134.2 138.0
121.3 125.6 131.0 135.2 139.6
2.2 3.5 4.3 3.2 3.3
2000 ................................................................................................
143.6
145.1
146.3
147.9
3.9
141.1
142.5
143.5
144.8
3.7
See footnotes at end of table.
256
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Transportation and public utilities 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
92.9 95.8 98.7
93.9 96.8 100.0
94.4 97.5 100.7
94.8 97.5 101.2
3.0 2.8 3.8
94.7 97.0 99.5
95.6 97.9 100.0
96.1 98.7 100.7
96.2 98.6 101.2
2.1 2.5 2.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.0 106.0 111.1 114.8 119.2
103.3 107.7 111.9 116.0 119.8
104.2 109.0 112.9 116.8 121.4
105.1 109.7 113.5 117.5 122.1
3.9 4.4 3.5 3.5 3.9
102.6 105.4 109.7 112.9 116.4
103.2 106.6 110.6 114.0 117.2
104.1 107.7 111.2 114.7 118.9
104.6 108.4 111.8 115.4 119.6
3.4 3.6 3.1 3.2 3.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.0 127.9 131.3 135.8 139.7
124.7 128.4 131.7 137.1 140.9
126.0 129.3 132.9 138.5 141.8
126.6 130.4 134.2 139.3 142.3
3.7 3.0 2.9 3.8 2.2
121.2 124.6 128.2 132.1 135.4
122.0 125.0 128.8 132.8 136.8
122.9 125.9 130.1 134.3 137.5
123.7 127.0 131.3 135.1 137.9
3.4 2.7 3.4 2.9 2.1
2000 ................................................................................................
143.9
145.7
147.4
148.3
4.2
138.5
140.0
141.3
142.3
3.2
92.4 95.3 98.8
93.7 96.9 100.0
93.8 97.6 100.5
94.0 97.3 100.8
2.7 3.5 3.6
94.9 97.1 99.4
96.1 98.2 100.0
96.5 99.0 100.6
96.3 98.7 100.7
1.7 2.5 2.0
Transportation 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
102.8 105.2 109.9 112.8 117.1
103.0 106.8 110.5 114.1 117.7
103.8 107.8 111.7 114.8 119.7
104.6 108.6 111.8 115.7 120.3
3.8 3.8 2.9 3.5 4.0
102.3 104.3 108.3 110.8 114.2
102.3 105.5 109.2 112.0 114.8
103.3 106.6 109.8 112.6 116.7
103.5 107.0 109.9 113.4 117.5
2.8 3.4 2.7 3.2 3.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
122.3 126.9 130.6 134.0 136.8
123.0 127.7 130.9 134.9 138.1
124.7 128.2 132.1 136.7 138.7
125.1 129.2 133.4 137.3 139.5
4.0 3.3 3.3 2.9 1.6
119.0 122.9 126.5 130.1 132.3
119.8 123.2 126.9 130.4 133.7
121.0 123.8 128.5 132.4 134.4
121.6 124.7 129.5 132.9 134.9
3.5 2.5 3.8 2.6 1.5
2000 ................................................................................................
140.4
141.8
142.8
143.9
3.2
134.9
136.2
137.4
138.6
2.7
93.5 96.4 98.8
94.3 96.7 100.0
95.2 97.3 101.0
95.7 97.7 101.7
3.2 2.1 4.1
94.4 97.0 99.5
95.1 97.6 100.0
95.7 98.3 101.1
96.2 98.7 101.8
2.6 2.6 3.1
Public utilities 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.2 107.0 112.6 117.4 121.7
103.8 108.8 113.7 118.3 122.6
104.8 110.4 114.4 119.2 123.6
105.7 111.2 115.6 119.9 124.4
3.9 5.2 4.0 3.7 3.8
103.0 106.9 111.4 115.4 119.1
104.1 108.0 112.4 116.4 120.1
105.0 109.0 113.0 117.2 121.4
106.0 110.0 114.1 117.9 122.3
4.1 3.8 3.7 3.3 3.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.1 128.9 132.0 137.9 143.4
126.8 129.1 132.5 139.7 144.6
127.5 130.4 133.7 140.7 145.7
128.5 131.7 135.1 141.9 146.1
3.3 2.5 2.6 5.0 3.0
123.9 126.5 130.1 134.5 139.2
124.5 127.1 130.9 135.7 140.6
125.2 128.4 132.0 136.5 141.5
126.1 129.8 133.5 137.8 141.8
3.1 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.9
2000 ................................................................................................
148.6
150.9
153.5
154.1
5.5
143.2
144.9
146.4
147.1
3.7
... 96.7 98.5
... 96.9 100.0
95.6 97.5 101.0
96.3 97.5 101.6
... 1.2 4.2
... 97.6 99.9
... 98.1 100.0
96.4 98.9 101.1
97.1 99.0 101.8
... 2.0 2.8
Communications 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.1 106.0 111.8 116.5 121.0
103.1 108.0 112.7 117.5 122.1
104.2 109.9 113.4 118.5 122.9
105.2 110.7 114.7 119.2 124.0
3.5 5.2 3.6 3.9 4.0
103.1 106.5 110.8 114.7 118.4
104.1 107.6 111.7 115.6 119.5
105.0 108.5 112.2 116.5 121.0
106.1 109.6 113.5 117.1 122.1
4.2 3.3 3.6 3.2 4.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.3 128.0 130.2 136.6 143.3
126.6 127.5 130.5 139.2 144.9
127.4 129.1 131.8 140.5 146.1
128.3 131.1 134.0 141.7 146.0
3.5 2.2 2.2 5.7 3.0
124.3 126.1 129.8 134.4 139.4
124.6 126.5 130.6 135.8 141.1
125.3 128.2 131.8 136.7 141.9
126.2 130.3 134.0 138.0 142.2
3.4 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.0
2000 ................................................................................................
148.4
150.9
153.9
154.7
6.0
143.4
145.0
146.7
147.4
3.7
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
257
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Electric, gas, and sanitary services 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
... 96.0 99.2
... 96.7 100.0
... 97.1 101.0
95.0 98.0 101.7
... 3.2 3.8
... 96.1 99.0
... 96.9 100.0
... 97.3 101.0
94.9 98.2 101.7
... 3.5 3.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.2 108.3 113.7 118.6 122.7
104.6 109.8 115.0 119.4 123.2
105.5 111.0 115.9 120.2 124.4
106.2 111.7 116.7 120.8 124.8
4.4 5.2 4.5 3.5 3.3
103.0 107.3 112.2 116.3 119.9
104.2 108.6 113.3 117.4 120.9
105.0 109.5 114.2 118.2 121.9
105.7 110.5 114.8 118.8 122.4
3.9 4.5 3.9 3.5 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.9 130.1 134.2 139.6 143.4
127.0 131.1 134.9 140.3 144.2
127.7 132.0 136.0 141.0 145.1
128.7 132.4 136.4 142.1 146.1
3.1 2.9 3.0 4.2 2.8
123.4 127.0 130.4 134.7 138.9
124.4 127.7 131.2 135.6 140.0
125.2 128.5 132.2 136.3 140.9
125.9 129.0 132.9 137.4 141.3
2.9 2.5 3.0 3.4 2.8
2000 ................................................................................................
148.9
151.0
152.9
153.4
5.0
143.0
144.7
145.9
146.6
3.8
90.7 94.0 98.9
92.1 95.8 100.0
92.6 96.8 101.6
92.8 97.6 102.6
3.1 5.2 5.1
91.4 94.3 99.1
92.9 96.2 100.0
93.4 97.2 101.6
93.4 97.9 102.7
3.0 4.8 4.9
Wholesale and retail trade 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.5 107.4 111.4 114.7 117.6
105.0 109.2 112.5 115.9 119.4
105.6 110.3 113.0 116.4 120.5
106.2 110.7 113.7 117.1 120.6
3.5 4.2 2.7 3.0 3.0
103.3 106.6 109.9 113.0 115.5
104.6 108.4 111.2 114.2 117.4
105.1 109.4 111.5 114.7 118.3
105.6 109.6 112.3 115.4 118.4
2.8 3.8 2.5 2.8 2.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
121.7 125.5 130.1 134.7 138.9
122.8 126.4 131.2 135.8 141.1
123.8 127.5 132.4 137.6 142.2
124.2 128.6 132.9 138.2 143.5
3.0 3.5 3.3 4.0 3.8
119.4 123.9 128.5 133.3 137.7
120.6 124.8 129.7 134.6 139.6
121.6 125.8 130.9 136.6 140.7
122.3 127.0 131.6 137.0 142.0
3.3 3.8 3.6 4.1 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
145.6
147.3
148.3
149.4
4.1
143.8
145.5
146.4
147.4
3.8
91.5 94.9 99.2
92.6 96.2 100.0
93.3 97.3 101.3
93.8 98.2 102.0
3.4 4.7 3.9
92.2 95.3 99.4
93.2 96.6 100.0
94.1 97.5 101.1
94.5 98.4 101.9
3.4 4.1 3.6
Wholesale and retail trade, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.0 107.7 111.5 115.4 118.6
104.5 109.1 112.7 116.2 119.8
105.4 110.1 113.5 117.0 120.9
106.1 110.8 114.1 118.0 120.9
4.0 4.4 3.0 3.4 2.5
102.6 106.8 110.1 113.6 116.5
104.2 108.3 111.4 114.4 117.8
104.9 109.2 112.1 115.2 118.7
105.5 109.6 112.6 116.1 118.8
3.5 3.9 2.7 3.1 2.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
122.4 125.9 130.4 135.5 139.9
123.1 126.4 131.9 136.3 141.9
124.1 128.0 133.0 138.1 142.8
125.0 129.0 134.0 138.8 144.3
3.4 3.2 3.9 3.6 4.0
120.2 124.4 129.3 134.7 139.5
120.9 124.9 131.1 135.6 141.1
121.9 126.5 132.2 137.6 141.8
123.2 127.7 133.2 138.2 143.3
3.7 3.7 4.3 3.8 3.7
2000 ................................................................................................
146.4
148.1
149.6
150.6
4.4
145.2
146.8
148.2
149.0
4.0
89.7 93.0 98.5
91.1 94.7 100.0
91.6 95.6 102.6
92.2 96.1 104.5
3.9 4.2 8.7
90.5 93.3 99.0
92.1 95.1 100.0
92.5 96.1 102.8
93.0 96.4 105.2
4.1 3.7 9.1
Wholesale trade 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.8 107.8 112.5 115.3 117.9
105.4 109.6 113.5 116.4 119.7
105.8 110.7 113.2 116.6 120.6
106.5 111.1 114.4 117.8 121.5
1.9 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.1
104.6 107.3 111.4 113.9 116.2
105.2 109.2 112.5 115.1 118.3
105.5 110.4 111.9 115.1 118.9
106.2 110.3 113.5 116.4 119.9
1.0 3.9 2.9 2.6 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.2 127.5 132.9 137.7 142.7
124.8 129.3 133.8 138.6 144.6
126.1 129.9 134.6 140.8 146.3
127.0 130.9 135.1 142.8 148.5
4.5 3.1 3.2 5.7 4.0
120.9 126.1 131.4 136.2 140.7
122.7 128.0 132.2 137.1 142.3
123.9 128.5 133.0 139.3 144.3
125.5 129.6 133.6 141.3 146.5
4.7 3.3 3.1 5.8 3.7
2000 ................................................................................................
150.0
151.8
152.1
154.4
4.0
147.4
149.4
149.6
151.6
3.5
See footnotes at end of table.
258
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Wholesale trade, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
91.7 95.2 98.9
92.3 96.2 100.0
93.4 97.2 101.8
94.1 97.7 102.6
3.6 3.8 5.0
92.7 95.7 99.2
93.3 96.7 100.0
94.4 97.7 101.7
95.2 98.3 102.5
3.7 3.3 4.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.7 108.2 112.5 116.0 119.3
105.0 109.6 113.5 116.8 120.3
105.4 110.3 114.1 117.6 121.3
106.2 111.2 114.9 118.7 122.0
3.5 4.7 3.3 3.3 2.8
103.2 107.9 111.5 114.7 117.8
104.7 109.2 112.7 115.5 118.8
105.2 109.8 113.3 116.3 119.6
105.9 110.5 114.1 117.5 120.2
3.3 4.3 3.3 3.0 2.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.4 127.4 132.6 137.0 142.4
125.1 128.7 133.7 138.2 144.0
126.2 130.0 134.5 140.0 145.8
127.1 130.9 135.4 141.2 147.4
4.2 3.0 3.4 4.3 4.4
122.2 126.3 131.8 136.5 141.9
122.9 127.6 132.8 137.8 143.0
123.7 128.9 133.9 139.6 144.8
125.7 129.8 135.0 140.8 146.4
4.6 3.3 4.0 4.3 4.0
2000 ................................................................................................
149.6
151.1
152.7
154.9
5.1
147.9
149.7
151.3
153.2
4.6
91.3 94.5 99.1
92.5 96.3 100.0
93.0 97.3 101.1
93.0 98.4 101.6
2.4 5.8 3.3
91.9 94.8 99.1
93.3 96.6 100.0
93.8 97.7 101.0
93.7 98.5 101.6
2.6 5.1 3.1
Retail trade 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.0 107.3 110.8 114.5 117.5
104.8 109.0 112.1 115.6 119.2
105.5 110.1 112.9 116.2 120.4
106.0 110.5 113.4 116.8 120.1
4.3 4.2 2.6 3.0 2.8
102.7 106.2 109.3 112.6 115.2
104.4 108.0 110.6 113.8 117.0
105.0 109.0 111.3 114.5 118.0
105.3 109.2 111.8 115.0 117.8
3.6 3.7 2.4 2.9 2.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
120.9 124.5 128.5 133.1 136.8
121.8 124.8 129.7 134.4 139.1
122.6 126.2 131.1 135.9 140.0
122.7 127.4 131.7 135.6 140.7
2.2 3.8 3.4 3.0 3.8
118.7 122.8 127.1 131.9 136.2
119.6 123.1 128.5 133.3 138.3
120.5 124.4 129.9 135.2 138.9
120.6 125.8 130.6 134.8 139.6
2.4 4.3 3.8 3.2 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
143.2
144.8
146.2
146.6
4.2
142.1
143.5
144.8
145.2
4.0
1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
... 100.5
97.2 100.0
98.5 100.4
99.6 101.5
... 1.9
... 99.2
95.6 100.0
97.0 100.3
98.2 101.4
... 3.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
102.6 108.3 111.7 114.1 115.3
105.7 110.1 112.9 114.7 118.0
105.9 111.2 113.3 115.5 118.7
106.9 111.1 113.3 116.3 119.3
5.3 3.9 2.0 2.6 2.6
102.4 107.8 111.1 112.4 114.0
105.2 110.0 111.7 113.4 116.4
105.6 110.9 111.7 114.5 116.5
106.5 110.6 111.8 115.0 117.5
5.0 3.8 1.1 2.9 2.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
120.1 122.4 126.4 131.2 135.0
120.7 123.6 127.7 133.0 135.6
121.0 124.6 128.6 133.2 137.2
121.7 126.3 130.0 134.0 138.3
2.0 3.8 2.9 3.1 3.2
117.9 121.0 125.0 129.4 133.7
118.6 121.7 126.2 131.5 134.3
119.0 122.6 126.7 132.2 135.6
120.1 124.7 128.4 133.0 136.7
2.2 3.8 3.0 3.6 2.8
2000 ................................................................................................
139.7
141.0
142.2
144.4
4.4
137.8
138.5
139.7
142.2
4.0
... 96.3 99.8
... 96.8 100.0
94.5 97.1 100.8
95.5 98.2 101.7
... 2.8 3.6
... 97.3 100.0
... 97.8 100.0
95.8 98.2 100.4
96.7 99.0 101.7
... 2.4 2.7
General merchandise stores
Food stores 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.2 107.5 112.6 115.9 119.6
104.6 109.3 113.6 117.2 120.6
105.7 110.3 114.2 117.1 120.3
106.4 111.7 115.1 118.3 120.0
4.6 5.0 3.0 2.8 1.4
102.8 106.9 110.9 114.6 117.0
104.3 108.7 112.3 115.4 117.8
105.1 109.4 112.9 114.9 117.4
105.8 110.4 113.7 115.9 117.3
4.0 4.3 3.0 1.9 1.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
120.8 123.6 128.2 131.3 134.3
120.7 124.4 128.2 132.9 135.7
121.8 127.0 129.8 133.7 137.0
122.4 128.4 129.4 132.7 138.1
2.0 4.9 0.8 2.6 4.1
117.8 120.5 124.8 129.0 131.8
117.6 121.2 124.7 130.5 132.8
118.6 123.1 126.7 131.7 133.9
119.1 124.7 127.0 130.5 134.9
1.5 4.7 1.8 2.8 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
140.1
142.5
143.4
144.5
4.6
136.7
139.5
140.2
141.6
5.0
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
259
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Finance, insurance, and real estate 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
90.9 91.5 98.3
90.0 92.8 100.0
90.2 92.9 100.4
90.4 96.2 101.4
2.0 6.4 5.4
91.9 91.5 98.3
90.6 92.9 100.0
90.8 92.9 100.6
90.6 96.3 101.3
1.2 6.3 5.2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
102.6 108.3 111.7 112.6 117.7
104.4 109.5 110.8 113.1 117.7
105.4 109.7 111.1 115.7 118.5
105.5 110.0 111.3 116.4 118.9
4.0 4.3 1.2 4.6 2.1
101.8 107.0 109.5 109.3 113.7
103.5 108.1 108.2 109.3 113.2
104.9 108.0 108.2 112.3 113.8
104.8 108.4 108.3 112.9 114.2
3.5 3.4 -0.1 4.2 1.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
120.2 124.5 128.6 136.7 141.5
121.8 126.3 129.4 138.4 145.8
122.7 126.7 130.5 141.0 147.6
123.1 126.0 134.5 142.5 148.3
3.5 2.4 6.7 5.9 4.1
115.0 119.8 124.5 132.6 137.2
117.0 121.9 125.3 134.8 142.4
118.0 122.2 126.4 138.1 144.5
118.4 122.2 130.6 139.8 145.2
3.7 3.2 6.9 7.0 3.9
2000 ................................................................................................
152.0
153.1
155.2
155.7
5.0
148.7
149.5
151.7
151.7
4.5
90.8 93.8 98.5
91.1 94.6 100.0
92.0 95.4 100.1
92.6 97.1 101.0
4.2 4.9 4.0
91.3 93.8 98.4
91.5 94.5 100.0
92.5 95.3 100.2
92.9 97.1 100.9
3.7 4.5 3.9
Finance, insurance and real estate, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.5 108.6 112.5 114.9 119.7
104.7 109.5 112.2 116.4 120.3
106.3 110.6 112.5 117.5 121.5
106.7 111.4 113.0 118.2 121.8
5.6 4.4 1.4 4.6 3.0
103.0 107.6 110.6 112.0 115.5
103.9 108.4 109.9 113.1 116.0
105.8 109.5 109.9 114.0 117.2
106.1 110.4 110.2 114.6 117.4
5.2 4.1 -0.2 4.0 2.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.7 127.5 131.5 140.2 145.6
124.6 128.5 132.4 141.3 148.8
125.4 129.7 133.5 143.2 151.0
125.7 129.2 137.6 143.3 151.6
3.2 2.8 6.5 4.1 5.8
119.3 123.4 127.2 135.9 141.0
120.2 124.5 128.1 137.5 144.8
121.1 126.0 129.3 139.7 147.5
121.3 125.3 133.6 139.6 148.0
3.3 3.3 6.6 4.5 6.0
2000 ................................................................................................
154.2
155.5
157.4
158.4
4.5
150.2
151.5
153.3
154.1
4.1
89.8 95.3 98.8
90.7 96.0 100.0
91.4 97.0 100.6
92.3 97.8 100.7
5.5 6.0 3.0
89.8 95.2 98.8
90.9 96.0 100.0
91.7 97.0 101.1
92.4 97.8 100.9
5.4 5.8 3.2
Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
102.1 107.4 110.2 114.6 118.7
104.1 107.0 110.0 116.0 119.4
104.4 107.5 111.0 116.9 120.8
105.8 107.4 111.4 117.8 120.5
5.1 1.5 3.7 5.7 2.3
101.6 106.6 108.2 112.1 114.7
103.6 105.9 107.7 112.9 115.0
103.9 106.4 108.6 113.7 116.5
105.4 106.3 109.0 114.5 116.2
4.5 0.9 2.5 5.0 1.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.5 126.9 130.6 143.3 148.8
124.1 128.2 131.6 145.3 155.4
124.8 130.3 133.1 148.4 159.3
124.4 128.0 140.6 146.7 159.8
3.2 2.9 9.8 4.3 8.9
119.2 122.7 125.9 140.9 146.1
119.7 124.2 126.8 143.2 154.5
120.4 126.8 128.9 147.0 159.2
120.1 123.8 138.3 144.4 159.6
3.4 3.1 11.7 4.4 10.5
2000 ................................................................................................
162.7
164.2
165.8
166.5
4.2
162.0
163.3
165.0
165.7
3.8
... 92.6 98.3
89.6 95.0 100.0
90.3 95.8 99.9
91.9 97.0 101.0
... 5.5 4.1
... 93.1 98.5
90.0 95.4 100.0
90.8 96.2 99.6
92.4 97.4 100.8
... 5.4 3.5
Insurance 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.2 107.4 113.2 114.3 119.9
105.2 109.5 114.7 116.1 120.5
106.5 109.5 114.9 117.4 121.5
106.0 110.7 115.2 119.7 122.3
5.0 4.4 4.1 3.9 2.2
102.3 105.7 111.2 111.2 116.0
104.1 107.8 112.7 112.9 116.8
105.8 107.5 112.7 113.9 117.7
105.1 108.6 112.7 116.6 118.6
4.3 3.3 3.8 3.5 1.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.5 127.6 131.9 137.4 141.7
124.6 128.2 132.1 138.9 144.0
124.9 129.3 133.1 141.9 144.5
125.9 129.6 134.8 141.7 145.8
2.9 2.9 4.0 5.1 2.9
119.8 123.6 127.9 133.1 137.4
120.8 124.1 128.0 134.8 139.8
121.1 125.4 128.7 138.7 140.2
122.2 126.0 130.2 138.5 141.5
3.0 3.1 3.3 6.4 2.2
2000 ................................................................................................
149.9
151.3
154.8
155.2
6.4
145.5
146.6
150.7
150.8
6.6
See footnotes at end of table.
260
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Insurance, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
... 93.8 98.6
90.9 95.3 100.0
91.9 96.5 101.0
92.3 97.3 101.8
... 5.4 4.6
... 94.4 98.5
91.6 95.8 100.0
92.6 97.0 100.9
93.0 97.6 101.5
... 4.9 4.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.5 108.7 113.9 118.6 124.4
106.1 110.3 115.7 120.6 125.0
106.8 111.4 116.1 121.8 126.0
107.6 112.5 117.2 122.7 126.5
5.7 4.6 4.2 4.7 3.1
103.8 107.1 111.7 115.8 120.6
105.2 108.7 113.4 117.6 121.4
105.9 109.4 113.8 118.3 122.3
106.5 110.5 114.9 119.2 122.7
4.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
127.6 132.1 136.0 140.0 144.5
129.0 132.7 136.6 140.9 145.4
129.6 133.4 137.4 141.6 146.2
130.2 133.5 138.6 142.5 147.0
2.9 2.5 3.8 2.8 3.2
123.8 128.0 131.6 134.7 139.1
125.2 128.6 132.2 135.7 139.9
125.7 129.3 132.9 136.6 140.9
126.3 129.7 133.7 137.9 141.6
2.9 2.7 3.1 3.1 2.7
2000 ................................................................................................
149.4
150.5
152.2
153.1
4.1
143.2
144.1
145.7
146.5
3.5
89.0 93.6 99.0
89.5 94.5 100.0
91.3 96.4 101.8
92.2 97.5 102.9
5.1 5.7 5.5
89.9 94.2 99.1
90.5 94.9 100.0
92.5 96.9 101.6
93.2 97.8 102.5
5.4 4.9 4.8
Service industries 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.0 110.8 115.3 120.1 124.4
106.5 111.5 116.4 120.9 124.9
108.1 113.1 117.8 122.3 125.9
109.3 114.0 118.9 123.1 126.6
6.2 4.3 4.3 3.5 2.8
104.2 109.5 113.2 117.0 120.8
105.7 110.0 114.0 117.6 121.3
107.1 111.5 115.2 118.9 122.2
108.3 112.2 116.1 119.6 123.0
5.7 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
127.5 130.7 134.6 139.3 143.5
128.2 131.7 135.7 140.3 144.6
128.9 132.7 137.0 141.8 146.1
129.4 133.4 138.5 142.7 147.6
2.2 3.1 3.8 3.0 3.4
123.9 127.6 131.8 137.2 142.2
124.4 128.7 133.0 138.3 143.2
125.3 129.7 134.7 140.0 144.5
126.0 130.5 136.2 140.8 146.0
2.4 3.6 4.4 3.4 3.7
2000 ................................................................................................
149.4
151.2
152.9
154.1
4.4
147.4
149.1
150.6
151.8
4.0
88.5 93.8 98.1
89.5 94.9 100.0
91.7 96.2 100.7
92.5 97.2 101.3
6.1 5.1 4.2
89.1 94.3 98.4
90.2 95.1 100.0
92.8 96.5 100.9
93.5 97.4 101.2
6.7 4.2 3.9
Business services 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.6 110.3 112.5 116.5 121.3
105.3 110.4 113.6 117.4 122.1
106.3 110.0 115.2 118.1 122.4
107.4 111.1 115.9 118.6 123.0
6.0 3.4 4.3 2.3 3.7
103.0 109.6 111.0 114.2 118.8
105.1 109.5 111.7 114.6 119.4
105.7 108.9 113.3 115.3 119.9
107.4 110.0 113.9 115.7 120.4
6.1 2.4 3.5 1.6 4.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.5 128.9 133.3 139.5 147.5
125.3 129.2 134.2 140.7 148.7
125.7 130.2 136.3 143.5 150.7
126.3 131.8 138.6 145.9 151.9
2.7 4.4 5.2 5.3 4.1
122.1 126.9 131.4 137.6 145.4
122.9 127.7 132.4 139.2 146.3
123.6 128.5 134.9 141.8 148.5
124.3 130.1 137.3 144.1 149.8
3.2 4.7 5.5 5.0 4.0
2000 ................................................................................................
154.2
156.3
157.5
158.4
4.3
152.0
154.1
155.3
156.0
4.1
88.8 92.6 98.9
89.4 94.1 100.0
90.4 95.6 101.9
91.5 97.0 103.7
4.3 6.0 6.9
89.2 92.7 99.1
89.8 94.4 100.0
91.1 96.0 101.9
92.1 97.3 103.5
4.7 5.6 6.4
Health services 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.8 112.6 117.9 123.0 126.7
107.1 113.5 118.9 124.0 127.1
109.0 115.3 120.6 125.0 127.9
110.8 116.5 121.8 126.0 128.7
6.8 5.1 4.5 3.4 2.1
105.3 111.1 115.6 119.8 123.1
106.3 111.9 116.3 120.7 123.5
108.1 113.5 117.9 121.7 124.3
109.7 114.6 118.9 122.6 125.4
6.0 4.5 3.8 3.1 2.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
129.7 132.6 135.5 138.2 140.5
130.3 133.5 135.9 138.7 141.4
131.3 134.2 137.0 139.0 142.6
132.2 134.5 138.1 139.0 144.2
2.7 1.7 2.7 0.7 3.7
126.2 129.3 132.5 136.2 138.7
126.7 130.1 133.2 136.5 139.6
127.5 130.8 134.3 137.5 140.6
128.4 131.4 135.4 137.4 142.2
2.4 2.3 3.0 1.5 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
145.8
147.5
149.0
150.6
4.4
143.5
145.3
146.6
148.1
4.1
See footnotes at end of table.
261
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
Hospitals 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
87.8 92.2 98.8
88.3 93.6 100.0
89.9 95.2 101.9
91.0 96.6 103.5
4.8 6.2 7.1
88.2 92.5 98.9
88.8 94.0 100.0
90.4 95.6 101.9
91.5 96.9 103.3
5.1 5.9 6.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.4 112.2 117.7 122.7 126.7
106.6 113.2 118.5 123.4 127.1
108.9 114.9 120.2 124.5 127.7
110.7 116.1 121.6 125.6 128.6
7.0 4.9 4.7 3.3 2.4
105.0 110.8 115.4 119.3 122.8
106.0 111.6 115.9 119.9 123.3
108.2 113.2 117.3 121.0 123.9
109.8 114.4 118.3 122.0 124.8
6.3 4.2 3.4 3.1 2.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
128.9 132.2 134.0 136.7 141.2
129.7 132.8 134.4 138.2 142.1
130.3 133.4 135.4 139.1 143.0
131.3 133.7 136.5 139.9 144.6
2.1 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.4
125.4 128.5 130.7 133.6 137.6
125.9 129.1 131.2 134.7 138.3
126.6 129.7 132.2 135.8 139.3
127.7 130.3 133.2 136.5 140.9
2.3 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.2
2000 ................................................................................................
145.8
147.5
149.2
151.1
4.5
141.8
143.3
144.9
146.8
4.2
1993 ................................................................................................ 1994 ................................................................................................
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
3.9 3.3
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
3.7 3.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
3.4 2.6 2.6 3.2 4.2
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
3.3 2.8 3.1 3.7 4.4
2000 ................................................................................................
...
...
...
...
6.1
...
...
...
...
5.8
... 99.1
... 100.0
... 103.9
98.3 104.2
... 6.0
... 99.1
... 100.0
... 103.7
98.8 103.9
... 5.2
Nursing homes
Educational services 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.4 111.9 115.8 120.5 124.5
105.9 111.5 116.3 120.6 125.4
110.2 114.9 119.3 123.8 128.2
111.4 115.7 120.0 124.1 128.4
6.9 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.5
104.7 110.3 113.4 117.5 121.2
105.0 109.7 113.6 117.4 122.2
109.2 113.0 116.5 120.7 124.9
110.2 113.7 117.1 120.9 125.1
6.1 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
128.8 134.4 138.5 143.4 148.3
130.3 134.8 138.8 143.9 148.7
133.2 137.5 141.6 147.0 152.2
133.7 138.0 142.6 147.7 153.0
4.1 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.6
125.6 130.1 134.5 139.1 143.9
125.9 130.4 134.8 139.6 144.2
128.6 133.3 137.8 142.8 147.5
129.4 133.8 138.4 143.5 148.2
3.4 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.3
2000 ................................................................................................
154.0
154.9
158.8
159.9
4.5
148.9
149.6
153.4
154.3
4.1
... 99.0
... 100.0
... 103.3
98.2 103.8
... 5.7
... 99.1
... 100.0
... 103.3
98.7 103.7
... 5.1
Colleges and universities 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.2 111.3 116.8 121.5 125.7
105.7 112.0 117.4 121.5 126.0
109.8 115.5 120.3 125.0 128.5
110.6 116.3 120.8 125.3 128.8
6.6 5.2 3.9 3.7 2.8
104.4 109.6 114.2 118.0 122.0
104.8 110.2 114.5 117.7 122.2
108.7 113.7 117.3 121.3 124.5
109.3 114.2 117.6 121.6 124.9
5.4 4.5 3.0 3.4 2.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
129.3 135.9 139.5 144.3 149.2
131.3 136.2 139.9 144.8 149.6
134.6 138.6 142.5 147.8 152.6
135.2 139.1 143.7 148.5 153.3
5.0 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.2
125.5 130.6 134.6 139.1 144.1
125.9 130.9 135.0 139.7 144.4
129.0 133.4 137.8 142.8 147.2
130.1 133.8 138.7 143.6 147.9
4.2 2.8 3.7 3.5 3.0
2000 ................................................................................................
154.6
155.5
158.6
159.2
3.8
148.9
149.4
152.5
152.9
3.4
90.9 94.1 98.8
91.5 95.4 100.0
92.4 96.5 101.3
92.9 97.5 102.3
3.6 5.0 4.9
91.7 94.5 99.1
92.3 95.8 100.0
93.3 96.9 101.4
93.7 97.8 102.2
3.4 4.4 4.5
Nonmanufacturing Industries 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.8 108.5 112.7 116.3 120.3
105.1 109.7 113.5 117.2 121.2
106.2 110.9 114.4 118.4 122.3
106.9 111.5 115.1 119.0 122.6
4.5 4.3 3.2 3.4 3.0
103.2 107.3 110.7 113.4 116.8
104.5 108.4 111.3 114.2 117.7
105.4 109.3 111.9 115.4 118.7
106.1 109.8 112.6 116.0 119.1
3.8 3.5 2.6 3.0 2.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.7 127.2 131.1 136.0 140.3
124.6 128.2 132.1 137.2 142.0
125.5 129.1 133.3 138.9 143.4
125.9 129.8 134.7 139.7 144.5
2.7 3.1 3.8 3.7 3.4
120.0 123.9 128.2 133.4 137.9
120.9 125.1 129.3 134.7 139.7
121.9 125.9 130.7 136.5 141.0
122.5 126.8 132.1 137.4 142.1
2.9 3.5 4.2 4.0 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
146.7
148.4
150.0
151.1
4.6
143.9
145.5
146.9
147.9
4.1
See footnotes at end of table.
262
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December ended December
Nonmanufacturing, white-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
... 93.4 98.8
90.8 94.8 100.0
91.8 95.9 101.4
92.2 97.2 102.6
... 5.4 5.6
... 93.8 99.1
91.7 95.2 100.0
92.7 96.4 101.5
93.0 97.6 102.5
... 4.9 5.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.1 109.1 113.4 117.0 121.1
105.5 110.4 114.1 117.9 122.1
106.7 111.5 114.9 119.0 123.1
107.4 112.1 115.7 119.9 123.5
4.7 4.4 3.2 3.6 3.0
103.6 108.0 111.6 114.4 117.9
105.0 109.2 112.1 115.2 118.9
106.1 110.2 112.8 116.4 119.7
106.7 110.6 113.5 117.2 120.2
4.1 3.7 2.6 3.3 2.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.7 128.5 132.7 137.9 142.3
125.6 129.5 133.6 139.2 144.1
126.5 130.5 134.9 141.1 145.6
127.0 131.1 136.5 142.0 146.9
2.8 3.2 4.1 4.0 3.5
121.1 125.4 129.9 135.5 140.1
122.1 126.6 131.0 136.8 142.0
123.1 127.6 132.4 138.9 143.5
123.8 128.3 134.1 139.8 144.7
3.0 3.6 4.5 4.3 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
149.2
151.0
152.6
153.7
4.6
146.5
148.2
149.6
150.6
4.1
... 94.1 99.0
91.0 95.3 100.0
92.3 96.6 101.4
92.9 97.5 102.3
... 5.0 4.9
... 94.5 99.2
91.7 95.6 100.0
93.1 97.0 101.3
93.7 97.9 102.0
... 4.5 4.2
Nonmanufacturing, white-collar occupations, excluding sales occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.3 109.5 114.1 118.5 122.8
105.6 110.6 114.9 119.4 123.6
107.0 112.1 116.0 120.4 124.7
108.0 112.9 116.9 121.4 125.1
5.6 4.5 3.5 3.8 3.0
103.8 108.5 112.3 115.8 119.4
105.0 109.4 113.0 116.6 120.2
106.3 110.7 113.9 117.6 121.3
107.2 111.5 114.6 118.5 121.8
5.1 4.0 2.8 3.4 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.4 130.0 134.0 139.3 143.7
127.1 130.8 135.1 140.5 145.3
128.0 132.1 136.2 142.0 146.8
128.6 132.5 137.9 142.7 148.1
2.8 3.0 4.1 3.5 3.8
122.9 126.9 131.2 136.9 141.6
123.5 127.8 132.4 138.1 143.2
124.4 129.2 133.8 139.8 144.6
125.4 129.6 135.5 140.3 145.9
3.0 3.3 4.6 3.5 4.0
2000 ................................................................................................
150.2
152.0
153.8
155.1
4.7
147.4
149.1
150.7
151.9
4.1
... 95.7 98.8
92.9 96.8 100.0
93.7 97.6 101.1
94.5 98.1 101.7
... 3.8 3.7
... 95.9 99.0
93.5 96.9 100.0
94.3 97.7 101.0
95.0 98.1 101.3
... 3.3 3.3
Nonmanufacturing, blue-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
102.9 107.2 110.7 114.6 118.2
104.1 108.2 111.8 115.6 119.1
105.0 109.2 112.8 116.6 120.5
105.6 109.8 113.4 117.1 120.5
3.8 4.0 3.3 3.3 2.9
102.2 105.5 108.2 111.1 114.2
103.2 106.3 109.1 111.9 115.1
104.0 107.1 109.7 113.0 116.4
104.3 107.5 110.2 113.4 116.4
3.0 3.1 2.5 2.9 2.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
121.5 124.6 127.5 131.0 135.2
122.5 125.6 128.6 132.4 136.8
123.5 125.9 129.4 133.4 138.0
123.7 126.7 130.1 134.0 138.7
2.7 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.5
117.5 120.9 124.1 128.2 132.4
118.5 122.0 125.5 129.5 134.0
119.4 122.4 126.4 130.5 135.1
119.8 123.1 127.1 131.1 135.8
2.9 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
140.6
142.3
143.9
144.8
4.4
137.4
138.9
140.3
140.9
3.8
... 94.6 99.2
92.4 95.6 100.0
92.8 97.1 101.0
93.3 98.3 102.4
... 5.4 4.2
... 95.4 99.4
93.6 96.3 100.0
94.1 97.7 100.8
94.4 98.8 102.3
... 4.7 3.5
Nonmanufacturing, service occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.4 113.4 116.8 120.2
105.0 109.9 114.1 117.7 120.7
105.8 111.7 115.2 118.6 121.3
107.4 112.5 115.7 119.1 122.4
4.9 4.7 2.8 2.9 2.8
103.2 107.1 111.3 113.4 116.3
104.3 108.4 111.7 114.1 116.7
105.0 110.0 112.6 114.8 117.3
106.5 110.7 112.9 115.1 118.6
4.1 3.9 2.0 1.9 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.0 125.3 129.4 134.9 139.2
123.5 126.0 130.5 135.7 140.4
124.2 127.0 132.7 136.9 140.7
124.7 128.6 133.8 137.7 142.3
1.9 3.1 4.0 2.9 3.3
119.2 122.0 126.4 132.0 136.5
119.8 122.7 127.4 132.9 137.7
120.6 123.9 129.7 134.1 137.9
121.2 125.5 130.9 135.1 139.5
2.2 3.5 4.3 3.2 3.3
2000 ................................................................................................
143.5
145.1
146.3
147.8
3.9
140.9
142.4
143.4
144.7
3.7
1. Excludes farm and household workers. 2. Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3. Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
263
Table 5-2. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000 (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT WORKERS, TOTAL 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
89.8 94.2 99.4
90.0 94.5 100.0
92.1 97.1 103.3
93.0 98.2 104.3
4.5 5.6 6.2
91.0 95.0 99.5
91.2 95.2 100.0
93.3 97.7 103.1
94.1 98.7 103.9
4.2 4.9 5.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.8 111.8 115.2 119.3 122.6
106.5 112.0 115.7 119.6 123.1
109.4 113.9 117.9 121.4 125.0
110.4 114.4 118.6 121.9 125.6
5.8 3.6 3.7 2.8 3.0
105.1 110.6 113.8 117.2 120.4
105.7 110.9 114.2 117.4 120.7
108.6 112.8 115.9 119.3 122.8
109.4 113.2 116.6 119.7 123.4
5.3 3.5 3.0 2.7 3.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.4 129.9 133.2 136.5 140.5
126.9 130.2 133.3 136.9 141.0
128.7 131.9 135.0 139.0 143.1
129.3 132.7 135.7 139.8 144.6
2.9 2.6 2.3 3.0 3.4
124.3 127.8 131.4 135.1 139.0
124.6 128.1 131.5 135.4 139.6
126.6 130.1 133.6 137.6 142.2
127.3 130.9 134.4 138.5 143.5
3.2 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
145.5
145.9
147.8
148.9
3.0
144.3
144.7
147.2
148.3
3.3
89.4 94.0 99.5
89.6 94.3 100.0
91.9 97.0 103.6
92.8 98.3 104.6
4.6 5.9 6.4
90.7 94.8 99.6
90.8 95.0 100.0
93.1 97.6 103.4
94.1 98.8 104.2
4.6 5.0 5.5
WORKERS, BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP White-Collar Occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
106.1 112.2 115.4 119.5 122.6
106.7 112.3 115.8 119.6 122.9
109.9 114.2 118.1 121.5 124.9
110.9 114.6 118.9 121.9 125.5
6.0 3.3 3.8 2.5 3.0
105.5 111.0 114.0 117.5 120.6
106.0 111.2 114.3 117.6 120.9
109.2 113.1 116.2 119.6 122.9
109.9 113.5 116.9 119.9 123.6
5.5 3.3 3.0 2.6 3.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.2 129.6 132.9 136.1 139.8
126.6 129.9 133.0 136.2 140.2
128.6 131.8 134.8 138.4 142.6
129.1 132.5 135.5 139.3 144.0
2.9 2.6 2.3 2.8 3.4
124.4 127.9 131.4 135.0 138.9
124.6 128.2 131.5 135.2 139.3
126.8 130.3 133.7 137.6 142.1
127.4 131.1 134.5 138.5 143.4
3.1 2.9 2.6 3.0 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
144.9
145.3
147.3
148.3
3.0
144.1
144.5
147.1
148.0
3.2
Professional specialty and technical occupations 1989 ................................................................................................
...
100.0
103.8
104.7
...
...
100.0
103.7
104.4
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
106.4 112.3 115.5 119.6 122.5
107.0 112.4 116.0 119.7 122.7
110.3 114.5 118.5 121.7 125.0
111.2 115.0 119.2 122.0 125.5
6.2 3.4 3.7 2.3 2.9
105.8 111.5 114.5 118.1 121.1
106.3 111.7 114.8 118.2 121.3
109.8 113.8 117.0 120.4 123.6
110.6 114.2 117.6 120.7 124.2
5.9 3.3 3.0 2.6 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.0 129.1 132.5 135.6 138.8
126.3 129.5 132.5 135.6 139.3
128.4 131.6 134.6 137.7 142.0
128.8 132.3 135.1 138.5 143.2
2.6 2.7 2.1 2.5 3.4
124.8 128.3 131.9 135.5 138.9
125.0 128.6 132.0 135.6 139.4
127.4 131.1 134.4 137.9 142.5
128.0 131.7 135.1 138.7 143.6
3.1 2.9 2.6 2.7 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
144.1
144.5
146.6
147.4
2.9
144.3
144.7
147.4
148.2
3.2
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
100.0
103.1
104.1
...
...
100.0
102.8
103.7
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
1989 ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.7 112.2 115.0 119.0 122.8
106.4 112.0 115.2 119.2 123.4
109.3 113.3 116.8 121.0 124.7
110.1 113.7 117.8 121.6 125.3
5.8 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.0
104.9 110.6 113.3 116.5 119.8
105.7 110.7 113.5 116.6 120.3
108.4 112.0 114.7 118.2 121.6
108.9 112.3 115.5 118.8 122.4
5.0 3.1 2.8 2.9 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.9 130.7 134.1 137.5 142.6
127.4 131.0 134.4 137.9 142.8
129.1 132.0 135.6 140.4 144.5
129.9 132.9 136.4 141.6 146.1
3.7 2.3 2.6 3.8 3.2
124.1 127.7 131.3 135.1 140.1
124.3 128.0 131.7 135.6 140.5
126.0 129.3 133.1 138.0 142.7
126.9 130.2 134.1 139.3 144.3
3.7 2.6 3.0 3.9 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
147.0
147.2
149.2
150.7
3.1
144.9
145.1
147.3
148.8
3.1
See footnote at end of table.
264
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-2. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
Administrative support occupations, including clerical occupations ...
100.0
102.9
103.9
...
...
100.0
102.4
103.0
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
1989 ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.4 111.8 115.4 119.2 122.7
106.0 111.7 115.7 119.6 123.3
108.7 113.5 117.5 121.0 124.9
110.2 114.0 118.5 121.6 125.6
6.1 3.4 3.9 2.6 3.3
104.4 109.4 112.7 115.4 118.9
104.8 109.7 112.9 115.9 119.4
107.2 111.4 114.1 117.2 120.9
107.9 111.8 114.9 117.8 121.7
4.8 3.6 2.8 2.5 3.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.3 130.0 133.3 136.9 141.4
126.9 130.4 133.5 137.2 141.3
128.4 131.8 135.3 139.5 143.0
129.1 133.0 136.1 140.3 145.0
2.8 3.0 2.3 3.1 3.4
122.5 125.8 129.2 133.0 137.4
122.9 126.1 129.5 133.3 137.5
124.4 127.7 131.4 135.4 139.6
125.1 129.0 132.3 136.5 141.7
2.8 3.1 2.6 3.2 3.8
2000 ................................................................................................
145.9
146.5
148.3
149.4
3.0
142.4
143.0
145.0
146.2
3.2
92.0 95.4 99.3
92.4 95.4 100.0
93.7 97.0 102.1
94.3 97.5 103.7
3.4 3.4 6.4
92.8 96.1 99.5
93.3 96.1 100.0
94.7 97.8 101.9
95.1 98.2 103.3
3.4 3.3 5.2
Blue-Collar Occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.5 110.4 114.2 118.3 122.3
106.3 110.9 115.3 118.7 122.7
108.2 112.4 116.9 120.5 124.2
108.7 112.9 117.8 121.4 124.7
4.8 3.9 4.3 3.1 2.7
104.3 109.1 112.5 116.2 119.7
105.3 110.0 113.7 116.5 120.1
107.2 111.1 115.0 118.4 121.8
107.7 111.6 115.6 119.0 122.5
4.3 3.6 3.6 2.9 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.4 129.0 132.1 135.0 138.8
126.3 129.5 132.3 135.2 139.5
127.2 130.3 133.3 136.8 140.9
128.0 131.2 134.2 137.8 142.5
2.6 2.5 2.3 2.7 3.4
123.1 126.6 129.6 133.1 136.9
123.8 127.0 129.8 133.5 137.6
124.8 127.9 131.2 135.1 139.4
125.7 128.8 132.3 136.0 140.7
2.6 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
143.7
144.2
145.9
147.2
3.3
141.5
142.1
143.9
145.1
3.1
90.2 94.4 99.2
90.7 95.1 100.0
92.2 97.9 102.8
92.9 98.2 103.6
4.3 5.7 5.5
91.7 95.1 99.3
92.1 95.9 100.0
93.5 98.4 102.4
93.9 98.7 102.9
3.6 5.1 4.3
Service Occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.8 111.0 115.0 119.1 123.1
105.3 111.3 115.6 119.7 123.9
108.1 113.4 117.4 121.4 126.0
109.2 114.0 118.0 122.1 126.6
5.4 4.4 3.5 3.5 3.7
103.9 109.3 113.2 116.3 119.7
104.2 110.1 113.7 117.1 120.4
106.7 112.0 114.9 118.3 122.7
107.6 112.7 115.5 118.9 123.3
4.6 4.7 2.5 2.9 3.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
127.6 131.9 135.6 139.4 144.3
128.8 132.3 135.6 141.0 145.3
130.1 133.6 137.0 143.0 146.7
131.0 134.5 137.8 143.4 148.6
3.5 2.7 2.5 4.1 3.6
124.6 128.1 132.4 136.5 141.1
125.2 128.6 132.4 137.2 142.1
126.6 130.1 134.2 139.2 144.1
127.3 131.0 135.2 140.0 145.7
3.2 2.9 3.2 3.6 4.1
2000 ................................................................................................
149.5
149.7
151.5
152.9
2.9
146.4
146.6
149.6
151.2
3.8
89.0 93.8 99.5
89.2 94.0 100.0
91.7 97.0 103.8
92.5 98.5 104.7
4.4 6.5 6.3
90.3 94.6 99.6
90.5 94.9 100.0
93.0 97.7 103.6
93.8 98.9 104.3
4.2 5.4 5.5
WORKERS, BY INDUSTRY DIVISION Service Industries 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
106.1 112.4 115.8 120.0 123.1
106.8 112.6 116.2 120.2 123.4
110.2 114.8 118.8 122.2 125.6
111.3 115.3 119.6 122.6 126.1
6.3 3.6 3.7 2.5 2.9
105.5 111.3 114.4 118.1 121.1
106.0 111.5 114.7 118.2 121.3
109.5 113.7 116.9 120.3 123.6
110.3 114.1 117.5 120.6 124.2
5.8 3.4 3.0 2.6 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.7 130.0 133.2 136.5 140.0
127.1 130.3 133.3 136.6 140.5
129.2 132.4 135.4 139.0 143.2
129.6 133.1 136.0 139.7 144.5
2.8 2.7 2.2 2.7 3.4
124.9 128.6 132.1 135.7 139.5
125.1 128.9 132.2 135.9 139.9
127.6 131.2 134.7 138.4 142.9
128.2 131.9 135.3 139.2 144.0
3.2 2.9 2.6 2.9 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
145.2
145.5
148.0
148.9
3.0
144.6
144.9
147.9
148.7
3.3
See footnote at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
265
Table 5-2. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
Service industries, excluding schools 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
89.8 94.7 99.1
90.3 94.8 100.0
91.4 96.5 102.5
92.2 97.8 103.2
3.7 6.1 5.5
91.5 95.4 99.1
92.0 95.5 100.0
93.2 97.3 102.5
93.9 98.2 103.0
3.6 4.6 4.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.4 112.2 115.1 119.6 122.8
106.4 111.7 115.6 120.0 123.3
108.8 113.7 117.5 121.4 124.9
110.2 114.4 118.6 121.9 125.6
6.8 3.8 3.7 2.8 3.0
105.4 111.4 114.8 118.4 121.3
106.4 111.4 115.2 118.7 121.9
108.8 113.5 116.4 120.1 123.2
109.6 114.2 117.4 120.4 124.0
6.4 4.2 2.8 2.6 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.4 130.3 132.5 136.1 139.6
127.7 130.8 132.9 136.2 140.3
128.9 131.9 134.4 138.7 142.6
129.4 132.0 135.3 138.8 143.8
3.0 2.0 2.5 2.6 3.6
125.0 128.2 131.2 135.4 139.0
125.5 128.7 131.6 135.5 139.6
126.9 130.1 133.3 137.8 142.1
127.4 130.5 134.4 138.2 143.2
2.7 2.4 3.0 2.8 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
145.2
145.8
147.6
148.8
3.5
144.3
144.8
146.7
147.9
3.3
89.5 94.0 98.8
90.1 94.4 100.0
92.0 96.5 103.1
93.0 97.3 104.2
4.7 4.6 7.1
89.9 93.8 98.9
90.5 94.4 100.0
92.3 96.7 102.7
93.2 97.7 103.7
4.4 4.8 6.1
Health services 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
106.2 112.6 115.9 120.2 124.2
106.9 112.2 116.8 120.7 125.2
109.9 113.9 118.6 122.2 127.2
111.1 114.9 119.4 123.1 127.7
6.6 3.4 3.9 3.1 3.7
105.5 111.1 114.9 118.1 121.9
106.1 111.7 115.7 118.8 122.9
108.9 113.0 116.7 120.4 124.7
109.7 114.0 117.4 121.0 125.3
5.8 3.9 3.0 3.1 3.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
128.4 132.5 134.5 137.9 141.2
129.8 133.1 134.9 138.0 142.0
131.0 134.0 136.0 140.3 144.2
131.6 134.1 137.2 140.7 145.8
3.1 1.9 2.3 2.6 3.6
126.0 129.3 132.1 136.3 139.7
126.6 129.9 132.6 136.5 140.4
127.9 131.1 133.9 138.7 142.8
128.6 131.4 135.3 139.2 144.2
2.6 2.2 3.0 2.9 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
147.3
147.9
150.0
151.6
4.0
145.3
145.7
147.7
149.3
3.5
94.0 98.6
94.8 100.0
97.0 103.2
97.6 104.5
... 7.1
94.0 98.7
94.8 100.0
97.0 102.9
97.9 103.8
... 6.0
Hospitals 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
106.0 112.2 115.9 120.0 123.7
107.0 112.1 116.7 120.4 124.5
109.8 114.1 118.6 122.0 127.0
111.4 115.2 119.4 123.3 127.7
6.6 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.6
105.0 110.7 114.5 117.6 121.2
105.9 111.3 115.2 118.2 122.0
108.6 112.9 116.5 119.9 124.2
109.8 114.1 117.1 120.7 125.1
5.8 3.9 2.6 3.1 3.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
128.4 132.6 134.8 138.4 141.7
129.9 133.2 135.2 138.4 142.7
131.1 134.2 136.3 140.7 144.8
131.7 134.3 137.6 141.2 146.3
3.1 2.0 2.5 2.6 3.6
125.8 129.1 131.9 136.3 139.7
126.3 129.7 132.4 136.5 140.6
127.6 130.9 133.7 138.6 142.8
128.4 131.3 135.2 139.1 144.1
2.6 2.3 3.0 2.9 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
147.9
148.4
150.7
152.0
3.9
145.3
145.6
147.7
149.2
3.5
Educational services 99.5
100.0
104.1
104.9
...
99.6
100.0
103.8
104.5
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
1989 ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
106.2 112.4 115.7 120.0 122.9
106.8 112.6 116.1 120.1 123.1
110.3 114.9 118.9 122.3 125.5
111.4 115.3 119.7 122.7 126.0
6.2 3.5 3.8 2.5 2.7
105.5 111.3 114.3 118.0 120.9
106.0 111.5 114.6 118.1 121.1
109.7 113.8 116.9 120.3 123.6
110.5 114.1 117.6 120.6 124.2
5.7 3.3 3.1 2.6 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.5 129.7 133.1 136.3 139.9
126.8 130.0 133.2 136.5 140.3
129.0 132.3 135.4 138.8 143.1
129.4 133.0 135.9 139.6 144.4
2.7 2.8 2.2 2.7 3.4
124.8 128.5 132.1 135.7 139.5
124.9 128.8 132.2 135.8 139.8
127.7 131.3 134.8 138.4 142.9
128.3 132.0 135.3 139.3 144.0
3.3 2.9 2.5 3.0 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
145.0
145.2
147.9
148.7
3.0
144.5
144.8
148.0
148.7
3.3
See footnote at end of table.
266
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-2. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Occupation and Industry, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
Schools 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
88.7 93.4 99.6
88.9 93.7 100.0
91.8 97.2 104.4
92.7 98.7 105.3
4.9 6.5 6.7
90.0 94.4 99.7
90.0 94.6 100.0
92.9 97.7 104.0
93.9 99.1 104.7
4.7 5.5 5.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
106.4 112.5 116.0 120.2 123.2
106.9 112.9 116.4 120.3 123.4
110.6 115.2 119.2 122.5 125.9
111.6 115.6 119.9 122.9 126.3
6.0 3.6 3.7 2.5 2.8
105.5 111.2 114.3 117.9 121.0
105.9 111.5 114.6 118.0 121.2
109.7 113.7 117.0 120.3 123.8
110.5 114.0 117.5 120.7 124.3
5.5 3.2 3.1 2.7 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.8 130.0 133.4 136.6 140.2
127.1 130.3 133.5 136.7 140.6
129.4 132.6 135.7 139.1 143.5
129.8 133.4 136.2 139.9 144.7
2.8 2.8 2.1 2.7 3.4
125.0 128.7 132.2 135.8 139.6
125.1 128.9 132.3 136.0 140.0
127.8 131.4 134.9 138.5 143.1
128.4 132.2 135.5 139.5 144.2
3.3 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
145.3
145.5
148.2
149.0
3.0
144.7
144.9
148.1
148.9
3.3
88.6 93.5 99.6
88.7 93.8 100.0
92.1 97.4 104.6
92.9 99.1 105.5
5.0 6.7 6.5
89.7 94.3 99.7
89.8 94.5 100.0
93.1 97.8 104.2
93.9 99.3 104.9
4.7 5.8 5.6
Elementary and secondary schools 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
106.5 112.9 116.6 120.7 123.7
107.1 113.0 117.1 120.8 123.8
111.1 115.7 119.9 123.0 126.3
112.1 116.2 120.7 123.6 126.5
6.3 3.7 3.9 2.4 2.3
105.5 111.6 114.9 118.7 121.7
105.9 111.7 115.3 118.8 121.8
110.1 114.3 117.9 121.1 124.5
110.9 114.7 118.5 121.6 124.9
5.7 3.4 3.3 2.6 2.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
127.1 130.2 133.1 136.1 139.6
127.4 130.5 133.3 136.2 140.0
129.8 132.6 135.5 138.8 142.9
130.1 133.1 135.8 139.3 144.1
2.8 2.3 2.0 2.6 3.4
125.5 129.3 132.4 136.0 139.5
125.8 129.5 132.6 136.1 139.9
128.7 132.0 135.3 138.7 143.1
129.2 132.4 135.7 139.3 144.1
3.4 2.5 2.5 2.7 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
144.5
144.7
147.3
148.1
2.8
144.5
144.6
147.9
148.5
3.1
Colleges and universities 1989 ................................................................................................
99.6
100.0
103.4
104.7
...
99.6
100.0
102.9
104.1
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
106.1 111.3 114.0 118.4 121.5
106.3 112.5 114.1 118.5 122.0
109.2 113.4 116.9 120.8 124.5
110.2 113.5 117.2 120.7 125.5
5.3 3.0 3.3 3.0 4.0
105.6 110.2 112.3 115.5 118.6
105.9 111.0 112.3 115.6 119.2
108.4 112.0 114.1 117.8 121.5
109.2 112.0 114.3 117.7 122.5
4.9 2.6 2.1 3.0 4.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.0 129.4 134.3 137.9 141.7
126.1 129.9 134.1 138.1 142.1
128.0 132.5 136.3 140.1 144.8
128.7 134.0 137.2 141.5 146.5
2.5 4.1 2.4 3.1 3.5
123.2 126.8 131.5 135.2 139.6
122.9 127.1 131.4 135.5 139.8
125.0 129.8 133.6 137.7 142.6
125.9 131.2 134.6 139.6 144.4
2.8 4.2 2.6 3.7 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
147.4
147.6
150.5
151.7
3.5
144.9
145.6
148.3
149.5
3.5
91.3 95.2 99.2
91.6 95.8 100.0
92.7 97.5 102.5
93.8 97.8 103.2
4.6 4.3 5.5
92.6 95.8 99.4
92.9 96.4 100.0
93.9 98.1 102.1
94.7 98.4 102.8
4.1 3.9 4.5
Public Administration 1 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
105.1 110.8 114.0 117.6 121.5
105.5 110.9 114.6 118.0 122.2
107.8 112.2 115.8 119.3 123.7
108.7 112.6 116.3 120.0 124.2
5.3 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.5
104.3 109.1 111.9 114.4 117.9
104.6 109.5 112.4 114.9 118.5
106.5 110.6 113.1 115.9 119.9
107.3 110.9 113.6 116.6 120.6
4.4 3.4 2.4 2.6 3.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.4 129.2 133.0 136.4 140.8
126.1 129.6 133.0 137.4 141.5
127.4 130.7 134.1 138.9 142.4
128.3 131.8 135.1 139.9 144.4
3.3 2.7 2.5 3.6 3.2
121.9 124.9 128.9 132.7 136.9
122.3 125.3 129.0 133.2 137.8
123.2 126.6 130.3 134.8 139.5
124.1 127.7 131.4 135.9 141.5
2.9 2.9 2.9 3.4 4.1
2000 ................................................................................................
145.7
146.1
146.9
148.3
2.7
142.5
142.9
144.6
146.1
3.3
1. Includes executive, legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities of state and local governments, SICs 91 through 96.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
267
Table 5-3. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Occupation, Industry, and Bargaining Status, 1987–2000 (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Indexes Series and year March
June
September
December
Percent change for 12 months ended December
CIVILIAN WORKERS 1 1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
88.0 93.2 98.6
88.6 94.3 100.0
89.6 95.7 101.9
90.5 96.8 103.2
3.7 7.0 6.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
105.9 112.2 118.6 125.0 130.1
107.2 113.6 119.6 126.2 131.0
108.9 115.4 121.4 127.4 132.3
110.1 116.3 122.5 128.1 132.5
6.7 5.6 5.3 4.6 3.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
133.8 136.2 138.9 142.0 145.3
134.5 136.9 139.6 143.0 146.6
135.2 137.7 140.3 144.0 147.9
135.5 138.2 141.1 144.7 149.5
2.3 2.0 2.1 2.6 3.3
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
152.6
154.3
155.8
156.9
4.9
88.2 93.4 98.4
89.0 94.7 100.0
89.6 95.7 101.4
90.5 96.7 102.6
3.4 6.9 6.1
PRIVATE
INDUSTRY 2
1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
105.5 111.6 118.6 125.2 130.7
106.9 113.5 119.7 126.7 131.7
108.3 115.2 121.2 127.7 132.8
109.4 116.2 122.2 128.3 133.0
6.6 6.2 5.2 5.0 3.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
134.5 136.6 139.4 142.6 145.8
135.1 137.4 140.1 143.7 147.3
135.6 138.1 140.8 144.5 148.6
135.9 138.6 141.8 145.2 150.2
2.2 2.0 2.3 2.4 3.4
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
153.8
155.7
157.5
158.6
5.6
88.2 92.8 98.3
88.9 94.0 100.0
89.7 95.0 101.4
90.5 96.2 102.6
3.7 6.3 6.7
White-collar occupations 1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
105.6 112.1 118.4 124.7 130.5
107.1 113.8 119.4 125.9 131.6
108.6 115.3 121.0 126.8 132.8
109.7 116.4 122.0 127.6 133.3
6.9 6.1 4.8 4.6 4.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
135.2 137.7 140.8 144.7 147.9
136.0 138.4 141.5 145.6 149.4
136.6 139.5 142.0 146.6 151.0
136.7 139.7 143.4 147.4 152.5
2.6 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.5
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
156.3
158.5
160.4
161.5
5.9
88.2 94.2 98.6
89.1 95.7 100.0
89.8 96.5 101.4
90.7 97.4 102.6
3.4 7.4 5.3
Blue-collar occupations 1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
105.2 111.0 118.7 125.5 130.5
106.6 112.8 119.7 127.3 131.5
107.9 114.9 121.2 128.4 132.7
109.0 115.7 122.2 128.9 132.5
6.2 6.1 5.6 5.5 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
133.3 135.2 137.2 139.1 142.2
133.6 136.1 138.0 140.4 143.6
134.1 136.2 138.8 141.0 144.8
134.7 137.0 139.0 141.6 146.2
1.7 1.7 1.5 1.9 3.2
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
150.0
151.6
153.1
154.1
5.4
See footnotes at end of table.
268
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-3. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Occupation, Industry, and Bargaining Status, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Indexes Series and year March
June
September
December
Percent change for 12 months ended December
Service occupations 1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
88.2 92.1 98.7
88.4 93.4 100.0
88.7 95.1 101.6
89.7 96.8 103.0
2.4 7.9 6.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
106.0 112.3 120.0 127.7 132.9
107.0 114.5 121.6 129.3 133.1
108.1 116.5 123.7 130.5 134.2
109.9 117.8 124.6 131.5 134.7
6.7 7.2 5.8 5.5 2.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
135.0 135.7 138.3 143.3 146.3
135.6 136.3 139.6 143.7 147.6
135.7 136.2 141.4 144.7 148.4
136.0 137.4 142.0 144.8 149.9
1.0 1.0 3.3 2.0 3.5
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
150.8
152.7
154.4
156.4
4.3
88.7 94.4 98.7
89.4 95.7 100.0
90.0 96.5 101.5
90.9 97.3 102.6
2.9 7.0 5.4
Goods-Producing
Industries 3
1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
105.7 111.9 119.7 127.3 132.7
107.2 113.9 120.6 129.0 133.9
108.7 115.8 122.3 130.0 134.8
109.9 116.7 123.4 130.3 134.8
7.1 6.2 5.7 5.6 3.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
135.9 137.7 139.9 141.5 144.3
135.9 138.6 140.9 142.5 145.2
136.2 138.8 141.5 143.0 146.3
137.1 139.7 141.5 143.2 148.2
1.7 1.9 1.3 1.2 3.4
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
152.3
154.2
155.7
156.2
5.4
87.5 93.7 98.8
88.2 94.9 100.0
88.8 95.8 101.6
89.8 96.6 102.3
2.6 7.6 5.9
Manufacturing 1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
105.5 111.2 119.3 126.8 132.0
106.9 113.3 120.1 128.6 133.0
108.4 115.3 121.5 129.7 133.9
109.5 116.1 122.6 130.0 134.3
7.0 6.0 5.6 6.0 3.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
135.4 137.5 139.9 141.7 143.6
135.2 138.5 141.0 142.4 144.5
135.5 138.8 141.4 142.6 145.7
136.7 139.8 141.7 142.7 147.8
1.8 2.3 1.4 0.7 3.4
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
152.3
153.9
154.9
154.8
4.7
... 99.1
... 100.0
... 102.0
99.0 106.5
... 7.6
Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721) 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
110.1 114.2 124.1 137.6 134.4
111.4 116.0 127.3 137.0 135.3
114.5 117.7 128.9 140.1 138.7
111.9 119.7 135.1 133.1 138.4
5.1 7.0 12.9 -1.5 4.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
141.0 154.2 148.6 141.7 142.6
140.8 155.4 148.8 143.1 144.3
140.5 154.8 147.6 143.8 145.6
146.1 151.6 143.0 145.3 153.9
5.6 3.8 -5.7 1.6 5.9
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
161.9
166.6
168.7
163.1
6.0
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
269
Table 5-3. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Occupation, Industry, and Bargaining Status, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Indexes Series and year March
June
September
December
Percent change for 12 months ended December
Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721), white-collar occupations 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
... 98.9
... 100.0
... 101.7
99.1 105.7
... 6.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
109.9 113.1 124.0 136.2 133.5
110.9 115.1 127.5 135.4 134.7
114.3 116.4 128.4 138.7 138.0
111.2 119.2 133.0 132.5 137.3
5.2 7.2 11.6 -0.4 3.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
140.1 152.0 146.8 142.9 141.3
140.2 152.9 147.3 145.0 142.7
139.9 152.1 146.8 145.5 142.9
142.5 150.9 144.8 143.9 147.6
3.8 5.9 -4.0 -0.6 2.6
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
156.8
163.6
165.4
162.8
10.3
... 99.2
... 100.0
... 102.3
98.8 107.4
... 8.7
Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721), blue-collar occupations 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
110.5 115.5 124.2 139.3 135.0
112.2 117.1 127.2 139.0 135.6
114.6 119.3 129.5 141.9 139.0
112.8 120.4 137.7 133.5 139.2
5.0 6.7 14.4 -3.1 4.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
141.6 156.7 150.9 139.0 144.2
140.9 158.4 150.4 139.5 146.3
140.6 158.4 148.2 140.7 149.5
150.8 152.2 139.6 146.6 163.0
8.3 0.9 -8.3 5.0 11.2
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
169.2
170.5
173.3
162.7
-0.2
87.8 92.5 98.2
88.6 93.8 100.0
89.4 94.9 101.4
90.2 96.1 102.6
3.9 6.5 6.8
Service-Producing Industries 4 1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
105.3 111.4 117.7 123.4 128.9
106.6 113.0 118.8 124.6 129.7
107.9 114.6 120.4 125.7 131.2
109.0 115.7 121.2 126.7 131.5
6.2 6.1 4.8 4.5 3.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
133.2 135.5 138.5 142.7 146.1
134.1 136.2 139.2 143.8 147.9
134.8 137.2 139.8 144.9 149.4
134.7 137.4 141.4 145.7 150.7
2.4 2.0 2.9 3.0 3.4
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
154.0
156.0
157.9
159.4
5.8
88.7 93.2 98.2
89.5 94.5 100.0
90.3 95.5 101.4
91.0 96.8 102.8
4.0 6.4 6.2
Nonmanufacturing Industries 1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
105.4 111.9 118.2 124.2 129.9
106.9 113.5 119.4 125.5 130.8
108.2 115.1 121.0 126.5 132.2
109.3 116.2 122.0 127.4 132.3
6.3 6.3 5.0 4.4 3.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
133.9 136.0 138.9 142.7 146.3
134.7 136.7 139.5 143.9 148.0
135.4 137.5 140.2 145.0 149.4
135.3 137.9 141.5 145.8 150.7
2.3 1.9 2.6 3.0 3.4
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
154.0
156.1
158.1
159.7
6.0
See footnotes at end of table.
270
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-3. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Occupation, Industry, and Bargaining Status, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Indexes Series and year March
June
September
December
Percent change for 12 months ended December
Union Workers 1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
89.0 94.9 98.6
89.7 96.1 100.0
90.2 96.9 101.3
91.1 97.5 102.1
3.2 7.0 4.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
104.6 110.1 119.2 126.6 131.9
105.6 112.1 120.0 128.5 132.9
106.7 113.9 121.7 129.7 133.3
108.2 115.2 122.5 130.6 133.7
6.0 6.5 6.3 6.6 2.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
134.8 139.1 140.2 142.1 145.8
135.5 140.0 140.9 143.8 146.9
136.6 139.9 142.2 145.0 148.3
138.0 140.7 142.0 145.5 149.7
3.2 2.0 0.9 2.5 2.8
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
153.7
155.5
157.4
157.5
5.2
88.0 92.6 98.4
88.7 94.0 100.0
89.5 95.1 101.5
90.3 96.3 102.9
3.7 6.6 6.9
Nonunion Workers 1987 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1988 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1989 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
105.8 112.3 118.4 124.6 130.1
107.4 114.0 119.5 125.9 131.1
108.9 115.7 121.0 126.9 132.6
109.9 116.6 122.1 127.4 132.7
6.8 6.1 4.7 4.3 4.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
134.2 135.8 138.9 142.5 145.6
134.8 136.5 139.7 143.4 147.1
135.2 137.4 140.2 144.2 148.5
135.1 137.8 141.5 144.9 150.0
1.8 2.0 2.7 2.4 3.5
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
153.6
155.5
157.3
158.6
5.7
STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1989 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...
100.0
103.9
105.3
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
107.5 114.6 118.5 124.2 127.9
108.3 114.4 119.3 124.5 128.5
111.3 116.4 122.3 126.2 130.3
112.7 117.1 123.4 127.0 130.5
7.0 3.9 5.4 2.9 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
131.1 134.7 137.4 139.7 143.6
132.2 135.1 137.4 140.3 144.0
133.6 136.1 138.2 142.1 145.0
133.9 136.8 138.6 142.7 146.7
2.6 2.2 1.3 3.0 2.8
2000 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
148.2
148.5
149.0
150.2
2.4
1. Includes private industry and state and local government workers and excludes farm, household, and federal government workers. 2. Excludes farm and household workers. 3. Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4. Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
271
Table 5-4. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region 2, and Area Size, 1987–2000 (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
UNION WORKERS, TOTAL 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
92.5 96.1 99.0
93.0 97.0 100.0
93.6 97.7 100.9
94.5 98.2 101.8
2.7 3.9 3.7
94.3 96.8 99.2
94.8 97.5 100.0
95.3 98.2 100.6
96.4 98.5 101.6
2.7 2.2 3.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.3 107.5 113.1 117.8 121.9
104.1 108.8 114.0 119.1 123.0
105.1 110.1 115.2 120.0 123.8
106.2 111.1 115.9 120.9 124.2
4.3 4.6 4.3 4.3 2.7
102.6 106.2 109.8 113.1 116.5
103.3 107.1 110.8 113.9 117.6
104.2 108.0 111.7 114.8 118.6
105.1 108.9 112.3 115.7 119.1
3.4 3.6 3.1 3.0 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.1 128.5 131.0 134.0 138.0
125.8 129.7 131.8 135.3 139.0
126.8 130.1 133.2 136.8 140.2
127.7 130.8 133.5 137.5 141.2
2.8 2.4 2.1 3.0 2.7
119.8 122.8 126.0 129.6 133.6
120.6 124.2 126.9 130.7 134.7
121.5 124.8 128.3 132.4 135.7
122.2 125.4 128.9 133.1 136.5
2.6 2.6 2.8 3.3 2.6
2000 ................................................................................................
143.0
144.4
146.1
146.9
4.0
137.2
138.5
140.0
141.2
3.4
... 96.1 98.9
92.7 97.0 100.0
93.2 97.6 100.9
94.2 98.3 101.7
... 4.4 3.5
... 96.5 99.1
94.5 97.2 100.0
95.0 97.8 100.7
96.2 98.4 101.5
... 2.3 3.2
Union workers, blue-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.0 107.4 112.9 117.4 121.2
104.1 108.6 113.8 118.7 122.4
104.8 109.7 114.8 119.7 123.1
105.9 110.7 115.5 120.6 123.4
4.1 4.5 4.3 4.4 2.3
102.2 105.8 109.1 112.0 115.1
103.2 106.7 109.9 112.8 116.2
103.8 107.3 110.8 113.7 117.3
104.8 108.2 111.3 114.5 117.6
3.3 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.0 126.8 128.9 131.8 135.6
124.8 128.0 129.9 133.3 136.7
125.7 128.3 131.2 134.6 137.8
126.3 128.9 131.6 135.3 138.9
2.4 2.1 2.1 2.8 2.7
118.2 120.9 123.6 127.2 131.2
119.1 122.0 124.7 128.5 132.5
120.0 122.8 126.0 129.9 133.6
120.3 123.4 126.7 130.6 134.5
2.3 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.0
2000 ................................................................................................
141.1
142.5
144.3
145.0
4.4
135.2
136.5
138.2
139.2
3.5
91.8 96.2 98.9
92.3 97.1 100.0
92.9 97.7 100.9
94.2 98.4 101.9
3.0 4.5 3.6
93.7 96.5 99.0
94.3 97.2 100.0
94.8 97.8 100.6
96.3 98.4 101.6
2.9 2.2 3.3
Union workers, goods-producing
industries 3
1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.3 107.9 114.0 118.7 122.5
104.5 109.2 114.6 120.0 123.8
105.1 110.3 115.7 121.0 124.4
106.3 111.3 116.4 121.9 124.7
4.3 4.7 4.6 4.7 2.3
102.3 106.2 109.6 112.2 115.4
103.5 107.1 110.2 113.0 116.7
104.0 107.7 111.1 113.8 117.5
105.0 108.7 111.7 114.8 117.9
3.3 3.5 2.8 2.8 2.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.2 127.9 130.0 132.7 136.8
125.9 129.0 131.2 134.3 138.2
126.7 129.2 132.3 135.6 139.2
127.5 129.8 132.5 136.5 140.8
2.2 1.8 2.1 3.0 3.2
118.4 121.3 124.1 127.9 132.3
119.3 122.5 125.4 129.4 133.8
120.2 123.2 126.6 131.0 134.9
120.6 123.6 127.1 131.7 136.1
2.3 2.5 2.8 3.6 3.3
2000 ................................................................................................
143.3
144.8
146.8
147.3
4.6
137.2
138.4
140.2
141.3
3.8
93.4 95.9 99.1
94.0 96.9 100.0
94.4 97.6 100.8
95.0 97.9 101.7
2.5 3.1 3.9
95.2 97.1 99.6
95.5 97.8 100.0
96.0 98.8 100.7
96.5 98.8 101.7
2.0 2.4 2.9
Union workers, service-producing
industries 4
1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.2 107.1 111.9 116.7 121.0
103.6 108.3 113.2 117.7 121.8
104.9 109.8 114.6 118.6 122.9
106.0 110.9 115.2 119.6 123.6
4.2 4.6 3.9 3.8 3.3
102.9 106.1 110.1 114.2 118.0
103.1 107.0 111.5 115.1 118.7
104.4 108.4 112.5 116.0 120.1
105.2 109.2 113.1 116.8 120.6
3.4 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.8 129.0 131.9 135.3 139.2
125.6 130.3 132.4 136.2 139.7
126.8 131.0 134.0 138.0 141.0
127.9 131.7 134.5 138.5 141.4
3.5 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.1
121.6 124.8 128.2 131.8 135.4
122.3 126.2 128.8 132.2 135.8
123.2 126.8 130.4 134.1 136.8
124.2 127.6 131.2 134.8 137.2
3.0 2.7 2.8 2.7 1.8
2000 ................................................................................................
142.5
143.9
145.2
146.4
3.5
137.6
138.9
140.1
141.5
3.1
See footnotes at end of table.
272
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-4. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region 2, and Area Size, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
Union workers, manufacturing industries 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
90.6 95.5 99.0
91.1 96.4 100.0
91.6 97.0 100.8
93.1 97.8 102.0
2.9 5.0 4.3
93.5 96.4 99.0
93.9 97.0 100.0
94.5 97.5 100.5
96.2 98.3 101.7
3.0 2.2 3.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.6 108.1 114.8 119.8 123.6
104.7 109.5 115.2 121.1 124.8
105.3 110.6 116.1 121.9 125.3
106.6 111.7 116.9 123.0 125.8
4.5 4.8 4.7 5.2 2.3
102.6 106.7 110.4 113.2 116.6
103.8 107.5 110.9 113.9 117.8
104.3 108.3 111.7 114.6 118.5
105.5 109.4 112.5 115.9 119.2
3.7 3.7 2.8 3.0 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.3 128.8 130.8 133.6 137.0
126.6 129.8 131.7 134.6 138.1
127.1 129.8 133.0 136.0 139.1
128.1 130.6 133.3 136.9 141.0
1.8 2.0 2.1 2.7 3.0
119.8 122.9 125.6 129.6 133.6
120.5 123.9 126.5 130.4 134.7
121.3 124.5 127.8 132.2 135.8
122.0 125.2 128.6 133.0 137.5
2.3 2.6 2.7 3.4 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
144.5
145.4
147.1
147.4
4.5
138.8
139.7
141.4
142.6
3.7
... 95.5 99.0
90.9 96.4 100.0
91.5 96.9 100.9
93.0 97.8 101.9
... 5.2 4.2
... 96.4 99.0
93.8 97.0 100.0
94.4 97.5 100.6
96.2 98.3 101.8
... 2.2 3.6
Union workers, manufacturing, blue-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.5 108.1 114.7 119.6 123.5
104.6 109.4 115.1 121.0 124.6
105.1 110.6 116.0 121.8 125.1
106.5 111.6 116.8 122.9 125.6
4.5 4.8 4.7 5.2 2.2
102.6 106.6 110.3 113.1 116.4
103.8 107.5 110.8 113.8 117.6
104.2 108.2 111.6 114.4 118.3
105.4 109.3 112.4 115.7 118.9
3.5 3.7 2.8 2.9 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.1 128.3 130.5 133.1 136.5
126.4 129.4 131.4 134.2 137.5
126.8 129.5 132.6 135.5 138.5
127.8 130.1 133.0 136.4 140.4
1.8 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.9
119.5 122.4 125.4 129.0 133.0
120.2 123.5 126.2 130.0 134.1
121.0 124.2 127.6 131.4 135.1
121.6 125.0 128.4 132.4 136.8
2.3 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.3
2000 ................................................................................................
143.9
144.8
146.5
147.0
4.7
137.8
138.7
140.4
141.7
3.6
94.0 96.6 98.9
94.7 97.5 100.0
95.2 98.3 100.8
95.8 98.5 101.6
2.7 2.8 3.1
95.1 97.0 99.4
95.5 97.9 100.0
96.0 98.8 100.7
96.5 98.8 101.5
2.1 2.4 2.7
Union workers, nonmanufacturing industries 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.0 107.1 111.8 116.3 120.5
103.7 108.3 113.1 117.4 121.5
104.9 109.7 114.5 118.5 122.6
105.9 110.6 115.1 119.3 123.0
4.2 4.4 4.1 3.6 3.1
102.5 105.8 109.4 113.0 116.4
103.0 106.7 110.7 113.9 117.3
104.1 107.9 111.7 114.9 118.6
104.8 108.6 112.2 115.5 119.0
3.3 3.6 3.3 2.9 3.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.0 128.0 130.6 133.9 138.1
125.0 129.2 131.5 135.3 139.2
126.2 129.9 132.9 136.9 140.3
127.1 130.4 133.2 137.4 140.8
3.3 2.6 2.1 3.2 2.5
119.9 122.8 126.1 129.6 133.7
120.6 124.3 127.1 130.8 134.6
121.6 124.9 128.6 132.4 135.6
122.3 125.5 129.1 133.1 135.9
2.8 2.6 2.9 3.1 2.1
2000 ................................................................................................
141.7
143.4
145.0
146.2
3.8
136.4
137.8
139.2
140.4
3.3
90.5 94.0 98.8
91.1 95.3 100.0
92.1 96.3 101.4
92.7 97.4 102.4
3.7 5.1 5.1
91.3 94.5 99.0
92.0 95.6 100.0
93.0 96.6 101.3
93.5 97.7 102.1
3.7 4.5 4.5
NONUNION WORKERS, TOTAL 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.1 108.8 113.1 116.8 120.7
105.5 110.1 113.8 117.7 121.7
106.6 111.2 114.7 118.8 122.7
107.3 111.9 115.5 119.5 123.2
4.8 4.3 3.2 3.5 3.1
103.4 107.6 111.2 114.1 117.4
104.8 108.7 111.8 114.8 118.3
105.8 109.7 112.4 115.9 119.2
106.4 110.3 113.1 116.6 119.8
4.2 3.7 2.5 3.1 2.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.3 127.7 131.8 136.7 140.8
125.2 128.7 132.8 137.8 142.5
126.0 129.7 133.9 139.3 143.8
126.5 130.4 135.3 140.1 145.2
2.7 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.6
120.8 124.8 129.1 134.5 139.0
121.8 125.9 130.3 135.7 140.7
122.6 126.9 131.6 137.4 142.0
123.3 127.7 133.0 138.3 143.3
2.9 3.6 4.2 4.0 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
147.4
149.1
150.6
151.6
4.4
145.1
146.7
148.1
149.0
4.0
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
273
Table 5-4. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region 2, and Area Size, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
Nonunion workers, blue-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
... 94.6 98.7
91.6 96.0 100.0
92.6 96.6 101.3
93.3 97.5 102.1
... 4.5 4.7
... 95.3 98.8
92.6 96.4 100.0
93.7 97.0 101.2
94.2 97.8 101.7
... 3.8 4.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.3 112.2 115.9 119.6
105.3 109.4 113.0 116.9 120.4
106.3 110.6 113.9 117.8 121.7
106.8 111.2 114.6 118.2 121.9
4.6 4.1 3.1 3.1 3.1
103.0 106.8 110.1 112.8 115.9
104.3 107.7 110.8 113.6 116.7
105.1 108.5 111.3 114.4 117.7
105.5 109.2 111.9 115.0 118.3
3.7 3.5 2.5 2.8 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.0 126.3 129.9 133.8 137.6
123.9 127.3 131.2 134.7 139.0
124.5 127.8 131.8 135.5 140.3
125.1 128.9 132.6 136.3 141.4
2.6 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.7
119.5 123.6 127.5 132.0 136.2
120.7 124.7 128.9 132.9 137.5
121.4 125.2 129.7 134.0 138.7
122.1 126.3 130.6 134.8 139.7
3.2 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
143.4
144.9
146.1
147.2
4.1
141.4
142.9
144.1
144.9
3.7
91.3 95.1 98.9
92.0 96.2 100.0
92.9 96.9 101.3
93.6 97.7 102.3
3.1 4.4 4.7
92.3 95.8 99.1
92.9 96.8 100.0
94.0 97.3 101.1
94.7 98.1 102.1
3.4 3.6 4.1
Nonunion workers, goods-producing industries 3 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.2 108.8 113.3 117.7 121.5
105.5 110.1 114.1 118.6 122.6
106.7 111.3 115.1 119.4 123.6
107.4 112.2 116.0 119.9 124.1
5.0 4.5 3.4 3.4 3.5
103.5 107.3 111.2 114.4 117.6
104.5 108.3 111.9 115.2 118.6
105.5 109.2 112.6 116.0 119.5
106.1 110.1 113.3 116.7 120.3
3.9 3.8 2.9 3.0 3.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.2 128.3 132.0 135.9 139.7
125.9 129.4 133.2 136.9 140.5
126.4 130.4 134.0 137.7 141.8
127.2 131.3 134.7 138.3 143.1
2.5 3.2 2.6 2.7 3.5
121.3 124.9 128.9 133.6 137.8
122.2 126.1 130.2 134.7 138.8
122.9 127.3 131.2 135.7 140.0
123.8 128.0 132.0 136.5 141.1
2.9 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
145.4
147.2
148.4
149.3
4.3
142.9
144.7
145.8
146.8
4.0
89.9 93.4 98.7
90.6 94.7 100.0
91.6 95.9 101.5
92.1 97.2 102.4
4.0 5.5 5.3
90.8 93.8 98.9
91.4 95.1 100.0
92.5 96.3 101.4
92.9 97.6 102.2
3.8 5.1 4.7
Nonunion workers, service-producing
industries 4
1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.8 116.3 120.3
105.5 110.1 117.2 121.1
106.5 111.2 118.4 122.2
107.2 111.8 119.2 122.7
4.7 4.3 3.5 2.9
103.4 107.8 113.8 117.2
104.9 108.9 114.6 118.1
105.9 109.9 115.9 119.0
106.5 110.4 116.6 119.5
4.2 3.7 3.2 2.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.8 127.3 131.5 136.7 141.1
124.8 128.3 132.5 138.0 143.0
125.6 129.2 133.7 139.7 144.4
126.0 129.9 135.3 140.6 145.7
2.7 3.1 4.2 3.9 3.6
120.5 124.6 129.1 134.6 139.3
121.5 125.7 130.2 135.9 141.3
122.4 126.6 131.6 137.9 142.6
123.0 127.5 133.2 138.8 143.9
2.9 3.7 4.5 4.2 3.7
2000 ................................................................................................
148.0
149.6
151.2
152.3
4.5
145.8
147.3
148.7
149.6
4.0
91.3 95.2 98.8
92.0 96.1 100.0
93.0 96.8 101.2
93.6 97.6 102.1
3.2 4.3 4.6
92.4 95.8 98.9
93.0 96.7 100.0
94.1 97.2 101.0
94.7 98.0 102.0
3.4 3.5 4.1
Nonunion workers, manufacturing industries 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.2 108.8 113.6 118.1 122.0
105.5 110.2 114.5 119.0 122.9
106.9 111.5 115.5 120.0 124.0
107.6 112.4 116.4 120.6 124.8
5.4 4.5 3.6 3.6 3.5
103.6 107.7 111.9 115.4 118.6
104.8 108.8 112.7 116.1 119.5
105.9 109.7 113.4 117.0 120.5
106.5 110.7 114.2 117.9 121.5
4.4 3.9 3.2 3.2 3.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
126.1 129.3 133.1 137.2 140.7
126.9 130.5 134.4 138.0 141.7
127.3 131.7 135.1 138.9 143.0
128.3 132.5 135.9 139.4 144.4
2.8 3.3 2.6 2.6 3.5
122.7 126.3 130.3 135.1 139.4
123.8 127.5 131.7 136.2 140.5
124.3 128.8 132.6 137.3 141.7
125.2 129.6 133.5 138.2 142.9
3.0 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.4
2000 ................................................................................................
146.5
148.2
149.2
149.9
3.8
144.4
146.1
147.2
148.0
3.6
See footnotes at end of table.
274
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-4. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region 2, and Area Size, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
Nonunion workers, manufacturing, blue-collar occupations 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
... 94.6 98.7
91.8 95.7 100.0
92.8 96.4 101.4
93.2 97.4 102.4
... 4.5 5.1
... 95.4 98.7
93.1 96.3 100.0
94.2 96.8 101.2
94.4 97.8 102.2
... 3.6 4.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.4 109.0 113.8 117.5 121.2
105.9 110.3 114.6 118.4 121.9
107.2 111.7 115.5 119.4 123.0
107.9 112.5 116.2 119.9 123.5
5.4 4.3 3.3 3.2 3.0
103.6 107.9 111.9 114.6 117.5
105.0 108.8 112.5 115.2 118.1
106.0 109.7 113.1 116.0 119.1
106.7 110.7 113.7 116.7 120.0
4.4 3.7 2.7 2.6 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.5 128.1 132.2 136.0 139.5
125.5 129.3 133.5 136.7 140.2
125.7 130.3 134.2 137.4 141.6
127.0 131.4 134.8 138.3 142.9
2.8 3.5 2.6 2.6 3.3
121.2 125.4 129.8 134.4 138.5
122.6 126.7 131.2 135.1 139.2
123.1 127.8 132.0 136.2 140.5
124.2 128.8 133.0 137.2 141.6
3.5 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.2
2000 ................................................................................................
144.4
145.8
146.7
148.0
3.6
142.8
144.2
145.4
146.6
3.5
90.1 93.5 98.8
90.7 94.9 100.0
91.8 96.0 101.4
92.2 97.3 102.4
3.7 5.5 5.2
90.9 94.0 99.0
91.6 95.3 100.0
92.7 96.4 101.4
93.0 97.7 102.3
3.7 5.1 4.7
Nonunion workers, nonmanufacturing industries 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.0 108.8 112.9 116.3 120.2
105.4 110.1 113.5 117.2 121.1
106.5 111.2 114.3 118.3 122.2
107.2 111.7 115.1 119.0 122.5
4.7 4.2 3.0 3.4 2.9
103.3 107.6 110.9 113.5 116.9
104.8 108.7 111.4 114.3 117.8
105.7 109.6 112.0 115.5 118.7
106.3 110.1 112.7 116.1 119.1
3.9 3.6 2.4 3.0 2.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.6 127.0 131.1 136.3 140.6
124.5 128.0 132.2 137.5 142.4
125.3 128.9 133.4 139.1 143.8
125.7 129.6 134.9 140.0 145.1
2.6 3.1 4.1 3.8 3.6
120.0 124.2 128.5 134.0 138.6
121.0 125.2 129.7 135.3 140.5
121.9 126.1 131.1 137.1 141.8
122.6 127.0 132.6 138.0 143.0
2.9 3.6 4.4 4.1 3.6
2000 ................................................................................................
147.4
149.1
150.7
151.8
4.6
145.0
146.6
148.0
148.9
4.1
88.4 92.4 98.7
89.1 93.8 100.0
90.2 95.0 101.8
91.3 96.7 102.9
5.1 5.9 6.4
89.1 92.7 98.7
89.9 94.0 100.0
91.0 95.1 101.8
91.9 96.9 102.9
4.9 5.4 6.2
WORKERS BY REGION Northeast 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.4 109.4 113.9 117.8 121.6
105.3 110.6 114.5 119.1 122.8
106.5 111.7 115.5 120.2 124.0
107.6 112.5 116.4 120.7 124.3
4.6 4.6 3.5 3.7 3.0
104.0 108.3 111.7 114.6 117.8
104.8 109.4 112.2 115.7 118.8
105.9 110.3 113.0 116.8 120.0
106.9 110.9 113.7 117.3 120.2
3.9 3.7 2.5 3.2 2.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.6 128.9 132.2 136.0 140.5
126.6 129.7 133.1 137.0 141.5
127.4 130.6 134.0 138.7 143.2
127.8 131.1 135.0 139.5 144.3
2.8 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.4
121.3 124.9 128.8 132.6 137.1
122.1 126.0 129.8 133.8 138.2
123.1 127.0 130.7 135.4 139.9
123.6 127.7 131.6 136.4 140.9
2.8 3.3 3.1 3.6 3.3
2000 ................................................................................................
146.3
147.6
149.3
150.3
4.2
142.3
143.7
145.3
146.0
3.6
91.7 95.1 99.0
92.4 96.7 100.0
93.1 97.4 101.2
94.0 98.1 102.2
3.1 4.4 4.2
92.9 95.7 99.2
93.6 97.2 100.0
94.4 97.9 101.2
95.0 98.4 102.1
2.8 3.6 3.8
South 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
104.0 108.4 112.5 116.2 120.0
105.7 109.8 113.3 117.0 120.8
106.3 110.7 114.1 118.1 121.8
106.9 111.2 114.8 118.8 122.5
4.6 4.0 3.2 3.5 3.1
103.5 107.4 110.8 113.6 116.6
105.2 108.5 111.5 114.3 117.4
105.7 109.2 112.0 115.3 118.5
106.1 109.6 112.7 116.0 119.1
3.9 3.3 2.8 2.9 2.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
123.7 127.0 130.8 135.5 139.1
124.3 127.8 131.5 136.4 140.7
125.2 128.8 132.5 137.6 141.8
125.6 129.7 134.6 138.1 143.0
2.5 3.3 3.8 2.6 3.5
120.0 124.1 128.5 134.0 137.9
120.8 125.1 129.4 134.9 139.4
121.8 126.0 130.6 136.5 140.2
122.4 127.0 133.0 136.7 141.5
2.8 3.8 4.7 2.8 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
145.0
146.7
147.6
148.6
3.9
143.0
144.6
145.3
146.3
3.4
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
275
Table 5-4. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers 1, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region 2, and Area Size, 1987–2000—Continued (June 1989=100, not seasonally adjusted.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Series and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
March
June
Percent change for 12 months ended September December December
Midwest 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................
91.6 95.4 98.9
92.4 96.2 100.0
93.1 97.0 101.0
93.5 97.9 101.9
2.9 4.7 4.1
93.1 95.9 99.1
93.9 96.5 100.0
94.7 97.4 100.8
94.9 98.2 101.6
2.9 3.5 3.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.5 108.5 113.8 117.9 122.8
104.8 109.7 114.6 119.3 123.6
106.3 111.2 115.3 120.1 124.6
107.1 112.2 116.1 121.2 125.0
5.1 4.8 3.5 4.4 3.1
102.6 106.9 110.7 113.5 117.5
103.7 107.7 111.3 114.6 118.3
105.1 108.9 111.8 115.2 119.5
105.8 109.9 112.5 116.5 120.1
4.1 3.9 2.4 3.6 3.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
125.8 129.5 133.3 138.3 141.7
126.9 130.7 134.7 139.6 143.6
127.7 131.3 136.2 140.9 145.0
128.3 132.1 136.9 141.4 146.3
2.6 3.0 3.6 3.3 3.5
120.9 125.1 129.0 134.7 138.9
122.2 126.2 130.4 136.0 141.0
123.0 126.9 132.2 137.5 142.4
123.6 127.7 133.0 138.0 143.6
2.9 3.3 4.2 3.8 4.1
2000 ................................................................................................
148.9
150.7
152.2
153.3
4.8
145.3
147.1
148.6
149.6
4.2
92.5 95.4 98.8
92.6 96.3 100.0
93.7 97.0 101.0
94.1 97.7 101.8
2.7 3.8 4.2
93.2 95.9 99.1
93.2 96.7 100.0
94.6 97.7 100.8
94.9 98.2 101.4
2.6 3.5 3.3
West 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.3 107.5 111.9 116.2 119.4
104.5 108.9 112.9 116.4 120.5
105.6 110.0 114.1 117.8 121.3
106.3 110.9 114.9 118.1 121.7
4.4 4.3 3.6 2.8 3.0
102.5 106.4 110.2 113.6 116.6
104.0 107.6 111.1 113.7 117.9
104.8 108.6 112.2 115.3 118.1
105.4 109.4 112.8 115.7 119.0
3.9 3.8 3.1 2.6 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
122.6 125.9 130.3 135.2 140.3
123.4 127.3 131.4 136.6 142.1
123.9 128.3 132.5 138.5 143.3
125.0 128.9 133.4 140.0 144.7
2.7 3.1 3.5 4.9 3.4
119.9 123.3 127.7 132.9 138.2
120.9 124.8 128.9 134.5 140.2
121.4 125.8 130.2 136.7 141.3
122.7 126.5 131.2 138.4 142.6
3.1 3.1 3.7 5.5 3.0
2000 ................................................................................................
147.0
148.8
150.8
151.8
4.9
144.7
146.3
148.2
149.2
4.6
90.6 94.2 98.8
91.2 95.3 100.0
92.1 96.3 101.4
92.7 97.4 102.2
3.3 5.1 4.9
91.8 94.7 99.0
92.3 95.7 100.0
93.2 96.7 101.3
93.9 97.8 102.1
3.4 4.2 4.4
WORKERS BY AREA SIZE Metropolitan areas 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.9 108.5 113.1 117.1 120.9
105.1 109.8 113.9 118.1 121.9
106.3 111.0 114.8 119.1 122.9
107.1 111.8 115.6 119.8 123.4
4.8 4.4 3.4 3.6 3.0
103.3 107.3 110.9 113.9 117.2
104.4 108.4 111.6 114.7 118.1
105.4 109.3 112.3 115.8 119.1
106.1 110.1 112.9 116.5 119.7
3.9 3.8 2.5 3.2 2.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.5 128.0 131.7 136.4 140.4
125.4 129.1 132.8 137.5 142.0
126.2 130.0 133.9 139.1 143.3
126.8 130.6 135.1 139.8 144.7
2.8 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.5
120.6 124.6 128.7 133.8 138.3
121.6 125.8 129.9 135.1 139.9
122.4 126.7 131.1 136.9 141.2
123.2 127.4 132.3 137.7 142.5
2.9 3.4 3.8 4.1 3.5
2000 ................................................................................................
146.9
148.6
150.1
151.0
4.4
144.1
145.7
147.1
148.0
3.9
93.3 96.6 99.4
94.1 98.0 100.0
94.9 98.5 100.8
95.4 98.9 102.0
3.1 3.7 3.1
93.6 96.8 99.6
94.5 98.4 100.0
95.5 98.7 100.7
96.0 98.9 101.9
3.3 3.0 3.0
Other areas 1987 ................................................................................................ 1988 ................................................................................................ 1989 ................................................................................................ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
103.6 108.4 113.1 117.0 121.3
105.2 109.9 113.7 117.8 122.5
106.0 110.7 114.8 118.7 123.2
106.8 111.2 115.6 119.7 123.5
4.7 4.1 4.0 3.5 3.2
103.0 107.2 110.7 113.5 117.0
104.6 108.4 111.2 114.4 118.1
105.3 109.0 112.0 115.0 118.6
106.0 109.4 112.8 115.8 119.0
4.0 3.2 3.1 2.7 2.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................
124.8 127.2 131.4 135.9 140.5
125.3 128.0 132.4 137.1 141.8
126.1 128.7 133.8 138.2 143.1
126.5 130.2 135.3 139.4 143.6
2.4 2.9 3.9 3.0 3.0
120.5 123.4 127.7 132.5 137.1
121.3 124.2 128.8 133.4 138.4
122.1 125.0 130.4 134.7 139.8
122.4 126.5 132.0 136.0 140.2
2.9 3.3 4.3 3.0 3.1
2000 ................................................................................................
146.0
147.7
148.8
150.3
4.7
142.2
143.7
144.7
146.0
4.1
1. Excludes farm and household workers. 2. The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 3. Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4. Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-5. Employer Compensation Costs per Hour Worked and Percent of Total Compensation, Private Industry, by Major Industry Group, March 2000 (Dollars, percent of total cost.)
Compensation component
All workers in private industry Cost
Percent
Goods-producing industries 1
Service-producing industries 2
Cost
Cost
Percent
Manufacturing industries
Percent
Cost
Nonmanufacturing industries
Percent
Cost
Percent
TOTAL COMPENSATION ..................................................................
$19.85
100.0
$23.55
100.0
$18.72
100.0
$23.41
100.0
$19.12
100.0
WAGES AND SALARIES ..................................................................
14.49
73.0
16.25
69.0
13.95
74.5
16.01
68.4
14.18
74.2
TOTAL BENEFITS .............................................................................
5.36
27.0
7.30
31.0
4.77
25.5
7.40
31.6
4.94
25.8
Paid Leave ......................................................................................... Vacation pay ....................................................................................... Holiday pay ......................................................................................... Sick leave ............................................................................................ Other leave pay ...................................................................................
1.28 0.63 0.44 0.15 0.06
6.4 3.2 2.2 0.8 0.3
1.51 0.76 0.56 0.11 0.08
6.4 3.2 2.4 0.5 0.3
1.20 0.59 0.40 0.16 0.05
6.4 3.2 2.1 0.9 0.3
1.74 0.86 0.65 0.13 0.10
7.4 3.7 2.8 0.6 0.4
1.18 0.58 0.40 0.15 0.05
6.2 3.0 2.1 0.8 0.3
Supplemental Pay ............................................................................. Premium pay 3 ..................................................................................... Shift pay .............................................................................................. Nonproduction bonuses ......................................................................
0.60 0.24 0.05 0.31
3.0 1.2 0.3 1.6
1.02 0.54 0.08 0.41
4.3 2.3 0.3 1.7
0.47 0.15 0.04 0.29
2.5 0.8 0.2 1.5
1.04 0.58 0.10 0.36
4.4 2.5 0.4 1.5
0.51 0.17 0.04 0.30
2.7 0.9 0.2 1.6
Insurance ........................................................................................... Life insurance ...................................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................................. Short-term disability 4 .......................................................................... Long-term disability .............................................................................
1.19 0.04 1.09 0.04 0.03
6.0 0.2 5.5 0.2 0.2
1.77 0.06 1.62 0.06 0.03
7.5 0.3 6.9 0.3 0.1
1.02 0.04 0.92 0.03 0.03
5.4 0.2 4.9 0.2 0.2
1.85 0.06 1.69 0.07 0.03
7.9 0.3 7.2 0.3 0.1
1.06 0.04 0.96 0.03 0.03
5.5 0.2 5.0 0.2 0.2
Retirement And Savings .................................................................. Defined benefit plans .......................................................................... Defined contribution plans ..................................................................
0.59 0.23 0.36
3.0 1.2 1.8
0.83 0.41 0.43
3.5 1.7 1.8
0.51 0.18 0.34
2.7 1.0 1.8
0.75 0.34 0.41
3.2 1.5 1.8
0.56 0.21 0.35
2.9 1.1 1.8
Legally Required Benefits ................................................................ Social security 5 ................................................................................... OASDI ............................................................................................. Medicare ......................................................................................... Federal unemployment insurance ....................................................... State unemployment insurance .......................................................... Workers’ compensation ......................................................................
1.67 1.20 0.97 0.24 0.03 0.10 0.33
8.4 6.0 4.9 1.2 0.2 0.5 1.7
2.09 1.38 1.12 0.27 0.03 0.12 0.56
8.9 5.9 4.8 1.1 0.1 0.5 2.4
1.54 1.15 0.92 0.23 0.03 0.09 0.27
8.2 6.1 4.9 1.2 0.2 0.5 1.4
1.92 1.38 1.11 0.27 0.03 0.11 0.40
8.2 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.5 1.7
1.62 1.17 0.94 0.23 0.03 0.10 0.32
8.5 6.1 4.9 1.2 0.2 0.5 1.7
Other Benefits 6 .................................................................................
0.03
0.2
0.07
0.3
(7)
(8)
0.09
0.4
(7)
(8)
Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. 1. Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 2. Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 3. Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 4. Short-term disability (previously called sickness and accident insurance) includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans that provide benefits for each disability, including unfunded plans. 5. The total employer’s cost for Social Security consists of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 6. Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 7. Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 8. Less than 0.05 percent.
277
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
Table 5-6. Employer Compensation Costs per Hour Worked and Percent of Total Compensation, State and Local Government, by Selected Characteristics, March 2000 (Dollars, percent of total cost.) White-collar occupations 1
All workers
Service occupations 1
Service industries 1
Compensation component Cost
Percent
TOTAL COMPENSATION ..................................................................
$29.05
WAGES AND SALARIES .................................................................. TOTAL BENEFITS .............................................................................
Cost
Percent
100.0
$32.17
20.57
70.8
8.48
29.2
Paid Leave ......................................................................................... Vacation pay ....................................................................................... Holiday pay ......................................................................................... Sick leave ............................................................................................ Other leave pay ...................................................................................
2.26 0.77 0.73 0.58 0.18
Supplemental Pay ............................................................................. Premium pay 2 ..................................................................................... Shift pay .............................................................................................. Nonproduction bonuses ......................................................................
Cost
Percent
100.0
$22.05
23.36
72.6
8.81
27.4
7.8 2.7 2.5 2.0 0.6
2.33 0.72 0.77 0.65 0.19
0.25 0.12 0.06 0.07
0.9 0.4 0.2 0.2
Insurance ........................................................................................... Life insurance ...................................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................................. Short-term disability 3 .......................................................................... Long-term disability .............................................................................
2.38 0.05 2.27 0.03 0.03
Retirement And Savings .................................................................. Defined benefit plans .......................................................................... Defined contribution plans ..................................................................
Cost
Percent
100.0
$30.61
100.0
14.29
64.8
22.37
73.1
7.76
35.2
8.25
27.0
7.2 2.2 2.4 2.0 0.6
2.06 0.88 0.66 0.38 0.14
6.3 4.0 3.0 1.7 0.6
2.04 0.55 0.68 0.62 0.18
6.7 1.8 2.2 2.0 0.6
0.14 0.04 0.04 0.06
0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2
0.53 0.28 0.12 0.13
2.4 1.3 0.5 0.6
0.16 0.05 0.05 0.05
0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
8.2 0.2 7.8 0.1 0.1
2.51 0.06 2.40 0.02 0.04
7.8 0.2 7.5 0.1 0.1
2.01 0.04 1.89 0.05 0.02
9.1 0.2 8.6 0.2 0.1
2.44 0.05 2.33 0.02 0.03
8.0 0.2 7.6 0.1 0.1
1.84 1.64 0.20
6.3 5.6 0.7
1.96 1.73 0.23
6.1 5.4 0.7
1.73 1.65 0.08
7.8 7.5 0.4
1.84 1.64 0.20
6.0 5.4 0.7
Legally Required Benefits ................................................................ Social security 4 ................................................................................... OASDI ............................................................................................. Medicare ......................................................................................... Federal unemployment insurance ....................................................... State unemployment insurance .......................................................... Workers’ compensation ......................................................................
1.70 1.35 1.05 0.30
5.9 4.6 3.6 1.0
1.82 1.54 1.19 0.35
5.7 4.8 3.7 1.1
1.38 0.89 0.69 0.21
6.3 4.0 3.1 1.0
1.73 1.47 1.14 0.33
5.7 4.8 3.7 1.1
(5)
(6)
(5)
(6)
(5)
(6)
(5)
(6)
0.03 0.31
0.1 1.1
0.03 0.25
0.1 0.8
0.04 0.45
0.2 2.0
0.03 0.22
0.1 0.7
Other Benefits 7 .................................................................................
0.05
0.2
0.05
0.2
0.06
0.3
0.05
0.2
Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. 1. In state and local governments there are two major occupational groups: White-collar occupational groups, largely professional occupations, including teachers; and service occupations, including police and firefighters; and one major industry group, services. The service industries, which include health and educational services, employ a large part of the state and local government workforce. 2. Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3. Short-term disability (previously called sickness and accident insurance) includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans that provide benefits for each disability, including unfunded plans. 4. The total employer’s cost for Social Security consists of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 5. Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 6. Less than 0.05 percent. 7. Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SURVEY Note: The Employee Benefits Survey will be part of the National Compensation Survey. See article describing NCS on p. xvii. The following applies to the data in this volume prior to the introduction of the combined survey. Collection and Coverage Employee benefits data are obtained from an annual survey of the incidence and provisions of selected benefits provided by employers. The survey collects data from a sample of approximately 6,000 private sector and state and local government establishments. The data are presented as a percentage of employees who participate in a certain benefit, or as an average benefit provision (for example, the average number of paid holidays provided to employees per year). The survey covers paid leave benefits such as lunch and rest periods; holidays and vacations; personal, funeral, jury duty, military, parental, and sick leave; sickness and accident, long-term disability, and life insurance; medical, dental, and vision care plans; defined benefit and defined contribution plans; flexible benefits plans; reimbursement accounts; and unpaid parental leave. Concepts and Definitions Employer-provided benefits are benefits that are financed either wholly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. However, also included are some benefits that are fully paid for by the employee, but the premiums for which are available at group rates. Participants are workers who are covered by a benefit, whether or not they use that benefit. If the benefit plan is financed wholly by employers and requires employees to complete a minimum length of service for eligibility, the workers are considered participants whether or not they have met the requirement. If workers are required to contribute towards the cost of a plan, they are considered participants only if they elect the plan and agree to make the required contributions. Defined benefit pension plans use pre-determined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit, and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are generally based on salary, years of service, or both.
Defined contribution plans generally specify the level of employer and employee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, individual accounts are set up for participants, and benefits are based on amounts credited to these accounts. Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of defined contribution plan that allows participants to contribute a portion of their salary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal. Flexible benefit plans allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and among several levels of care within a given benefit. Notes on the Data Surveys of employees in medium and large establishments conducted over the 1979–86 period included establishments that employed at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry; most service industries were excluded. The survey conducted in 1987 covered only state and local governments with 50 or more employees. The surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989 included medium and large establishments with 100 workers or more in all private industries. All surveys conducted over the 1979–89 period excluded establishments in Alaska and Hawaii, as well as part-time employees. Beginning in 1990, surveys of state and local governments and small establishments are conducted in evennumbered years and surveys of medium and large establishments are conducted in odd-numbered years. The small establishment survey includes all private nonfarm establishments with fewer than 100 workers, while the state and local government survey includes all governments, regardless of the number of workers. All three surveys include full- and part-time workers, and workers in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Sources of Additional Information Additional data and further information on methodology are available for medium and large establishments in BLS news release USDL 99-02 (January 1999), for small establishments in BLS release 98-240 (June 1998), and for state and local governments in Bulletin 2531 (December 2000).
279
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
Table 5-7. Percent of Full-Time Employees Participating in Employer-Provided Benefit Programs 1, Medium and Large Private Establishments, Selected Years, 1980–1997 (Percent, days, dollars.) Benefit program
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1988
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
TIME-OFF PLANS Participants With Paid funeral leave ........................................................ Average days per occurrence ................................. Paid holidays ............................................................... Average days per year ............................................ Paid personal leave ..................................................... Average days per year ............................................ Paid vacation ............................................................... Paid sick leave 2 .......................................................... Unpaid maternity leave ................................................ Unpaid paternity leave ................................................. Unpaid family leave .....................................................
... ... 99 10.1 20 ... 100 62 ... ... ...
... ... 99 10.2 23 ... 99 65 ... ... ...
... ... 99 10.0 24 3.8 99 67 ... ... ...
... ... 99 9.8 25 3.7 100 67 ... ... ...
... ... 99 9.8 23 3.6 99 67 ... ... ...
88 3.2 98 10.1 26 3.7 99 67 ... ... ...
88 3.2 99 10.0 25 3.7 100 70 ... ... ...
85 3.2 96 9.4 24 3.3 98 69 33 16 ...
84 3.3 97 9.2 22 3.1 97 68 37 18 ...
80 3.3 92 10.2 21 3.3 96 67 37 26 ...
83 3.0 91 9.4 21 3.1 97 65 60 53 ...
80 3.3 89 9.1 22 3.3 96 58 ... ... 84
81 3.7 89 9.3 20 3.5 95 56 ... ... 93
97
97
97
96
97
96
95
90
92
83
82
77
76
INSURANCE PLANS Participants In Medical Care Plans .......................... Participants with coverage for Home health care .................................................... Extended care facilities ........................................... Mental health care ................................................... Alcohol abuse treatment .......................................... Drug abuse treatment .............................................. Participants with employee contribution required for Self coverage .......................................................... Average monthly contribution .............................. Family coverage ...................................................... Average monthly contribution .............................. Medical care in HMOs ............................................. Medical care in PPOs .............................................. Medical care in fee-for-service plans .......................
... 58 98 ... ...
... 60 99 ... ...
... 62 99 50 37
37 58 99 53 43
46 62 99 61 52
56 67 99 68 61
66 70 99 70 66
76 79 98 80 74
75 80 97 97 96
81 80 98 97 96
86 82 98 98 98
78 73 97 98 97
85 78 ... ... ...
26 ... 46 ... ... ... ...
27 ... 49 ... ... ... ...
27 ... 51 ... ... ... ...
33 $10.13 54 $32.51 ... ... ...
36 $11.93 58 $35.93 ... ... ...
36 $12.05 56 $38.33 ... ... ...
43 $12.80 63 $41.40 ... ... ...
44 $19.29 64 $60.07 19 7 74
47 $25.31 66 $72.10 17 10 74
51 $26.60 69 $96.97 17 16 67
61 $31.55 76 $107.42 23 26 50
67 $33.92 78 $118.33 27 34 37
69 $39.14 80 $130.07 33 40 27
Participants In Life Insurance Plans ........................ Participants with Accidental death and dismemberment insurance ... Survivor income benefits ......................................... Retiree protection available ..................................... Participants in long-term disability insurance plans ..... Participants in short-term disability plans 3 ..................
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
92
94
94
91
87
87
69 ... ... 40 54
72 ... 64 41 50
72 ... 64 43 51
72 ... 66 45 49
74 ... 64 47 51
73 13 62 48 52
72 10 59 48 49
78 8 49 42 46
71 7 42 45 43
71 6 44 40 45
76 5 41 41 44
77 7 37 42 53
74 6 33 43 55
RETIREMENT PLANS Participants In Defined Benefit Pension Plans ....... Participants with Normal retirement prior to age 65 ........................... Early retirement available ........................................ Ad hoc pension increase in last five years .............. Terminal earnings formula ....................................... Benefit coordinated with Social Security .................
84
84
84
82
82
80
76
63
63
59
56
52
50
55 98 ... 53 45
56 98 ... 50 43
58 97 ... 52 45
64 97 51 54 55
63 97 47 54 56
67 97 41 57 61
64 96 35 57 62
59 98 26 55 62
62 97 22 64 63
55 98 7 56 54
52 95 6 61 48
52 96 4 58 51
52 95 10 56 49
Participants In Defined Contribution Plans ............
...
...
...
...
...
53
60
45
48
48
49
55
57
Participants In Plans With Tax-Deferred Savings Arrangements ............................................................
...
...
...
...
...
26
33
36
41
44
43
54
55
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
2 5 ...
5 12 ...
9 23 ...
10 36 ...
12 52 ...
12 38 5
13 32 7
OTHER BENEFITS Employees Eligible For Flexible benefit plans ................................................... Reimbursement accounts 4 ......................................... Premium conversion plans ..........................................
1. Except for family leave, benefits paid for entirely by the employee were excluded from the tabulations. 2. The definition for paid sick leave was changed for the 1995 and 1997 surveys. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that either specify a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. 3. The definition for short-term disability (previously called sickness and accident insurance) was changed for the 1995 and 1997 surveys. Short-term disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans providing per-disability benefits at less than full pay. 4. Prior to 1995, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately.
280
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-8. Percent of Full-Time Employees Participating in Selected Employee Benefit Programs 1 by Class of Employee, Medium and Large Private Establishments, 1997
Benefit program
Professional, technical, and related employees 2
All employees
Clerical and sales employees 3
Blue-collar and service employees 4
PAID TIME OFF Holidays .................................................................................................................................................. Vacations ................................................................................................................................................ Personal leave ........................................................................................................................................ Funeral leave .......................................................................................................................................... Jury duty leave ........................................................................................................................................ Military leave ........................................................................................................................................... Family leave ............................................................................................................................................
89 95 20 81 87 47 2
89 96 23 84 92 60 3
91 97 33 85 89 50 3
88 94 13 76 83 38 1
93
95
96
91
56 55 43
73 54 62
73 52 52
38 58 28
76 59 26 87
79 64 28 94
78 59 25 91
74 56 24 81
79 50 57 39 13 4 8
89 52 70 49 15 6 12
81 49 63 45 15 6 6
72 50 46 30 12 3 6
46 9
56 11
51 8
38 8
UNPAID TIME OFF Family leave ............................................................................................................................................ DISABILITY BENEFITS Paid sick leave 5 ...................................................................................................................................... Short-term disability 6 .............................................................................................................................. Long-term disability insurance ................................................................................................................ INSURANCE Medical care ............................................................................................................................................ Dental care .............................................................................................................................................. Vision care .............................................................................................................................................. Life insurance .......................................................................................................................................... RETIREMENT All retirement 7 ........................................................................................................................................ Defined benefit plans .......................................................................................................................... Defined contribution plans 8 ................................................................................................................ Savings and thrift ............................................................................................................................ Deferred profit sharing .................................................................................................................... Employee stock ownership ............................................................................................................. Money purchase pension ................................................................................................................ Tax-deferred savings arrangements With employer contributions ............................................................................................................ Without employer contributions .......................................................................................................
1. Except for unpaid family leave and certain tax-deferred earnings arrangements, employers pay some or all of the costs for each benefit. 2. Includes professional, technical, executive, and administrative occupations. 3. Includes clerical, administrative support, and sales occupations. 4. Includes production, craft, repair, laborer, and service occupations. 5. The definitions of paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously called sickness and accident insurance) were changed after 1994. Paid sick leave now includes only plans with an unlimited or specific number of days per year. 6. Short-term disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans that provide benefits for each disability, including unfunded plans reported as sick leave in 1994. 7. Includes defined benefit and defined contribution plans. Some employees participate in both types, but are counted just once in all retirement. 8. Total participation is less than the sum of individual plan types because some employees participate in two or more types of plans.
281
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
Table 5-9. Percent of Full-Time Employees Participating in Employer-Provided Benefit Programs 1, Small Private Establishments and State and Local Government, Selected Years, 1987–1998 (Percent, dollars.) Small private establishments
State and local government
Benefit program 1990
1992
1994
1996
1987
1990
1992
1994
1998
TIME-OFF PLANS Participants With Paid funeral leave ........................................................................................ Average days per occurrence ................................................................. Paid holidays ............................................................................................... Average days per year 1 .......................................................................... Paid personal leave ..................................................................................... Average days per year ............................................................................ Paid vacation ............................................................................................... Paid sick leave 2 .......................................................................................... Unpaid maternity leave ................................................................................ Unpaid paternity leave ................................................................................. Unpaid family leave .....................................................................................
47 2.9 84 9.5 11 2.8 88 47 17 8 ...
50 3.0 82 9.2 12 2.6 88 53 18 7 ...
50 3.1 82 7.5 13 2.6 88 50 ... ... 47
51 3.0 80 7.6 14 3.0 86 50 ... ... 48
56 3.7 81 10.9 38 2.7 72 97 57 30 ...
63 3.7 74 13.6 39 2.9 67 95 51 33 ...
65 3.7 75 14.2 38 2.9 67 95 59 44 ...
62 3.7 73 11.5 38 3.0 66 94 ... ... 93
65 3.7 73 11.4 38 3.1 67 96 ... ... 95
INSURANCE PLANS Participants In Medical Care Plans .......................................................... Participants with coverage for Home health care .................................................................................... Extended care facilities ........................................................................... Mental health care ................................................................................... Alcohol abuse treatment .......................................................................... Drug abuse treatment .............................................................................. Participants with employee contribution required for Self coverage .......................................................................................... Self coverage contribution ................................................................... Family coverage ...................................................................................... Family coverage contribution .............................................................. Medical care in HMOs ............................................................................. Medical care in PPOs .............................................................................. Medical care in fee-for-service plans ....................................................... Participants In Life Insurance Plans ........................................................ Participants with Accidental death and dismemberment insurance ................................... Survivor income benefits ......................................................................... Retiree protection available ..................................................................... Participants in long-term disability insurance plans ..................................... Participants in sickness and accident insurance plans ............................... Participants in short-term disability plans 3 ..................................................
69
71
66
64
93
93
90
87
86
79 83 98 97 94
80 84 98 95 94
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
76 78 98 87 86
82 79 99 99 98
87 84 99 99 99
84 81 99 99 98
90 78 ... ... ...
42 $25.13 67 $109.34 14 13 74
47 $36.51 73 $150.54 14 18 68
52 $40.97 76 $159.63 19 24 55
52 $42.63 75 $181.53 ... ... ...
35 $15.74 71 $71.89 24 7 67
38 $25.53 65 $117.59 22 17 61
43 $28.97 72 $139.23 27 29 43
47 $30.20 71 $149.70 30 30 38
51 $31.94 75 $152.46 39 35 25
64
64
61
62
85
88
89
87
89
78 1 19 19 6 ...
76 1 25 23 26 ...
79 2 20 20 26 ...
77 1 13 22 ... 29
67 1 55 31 14 ...
67 1 45 27 21 ...
74 1 46 28 22 ...
64 2 46 30 21 ...
58 1 ... 34 ... 20
20
22
15
15
93
90
87
91
90
54 95 7 58 49
50 95 4 54 46
... ... ... ... ...
47 92 ... 53 44
92 90 33 100 18
89 88 16 100 8
92 89 10 100 10
92 87 13 99 4
77 87 ... 99 7
RETIREMENT PLANS Participants In Defined Benefit Pension Plans ....................................... Participants with Normal retirement prior to age 65 ........................................................... Early retirement available ........................................................................ Ad hoc pension increase in last five years .............................................. Terminals earnings formula ..................................................................... Benefit coordinated with Social Security ................................................. Participants In Defined Contribution Plans ............................................
31
33
34
38
9
9
9
9
14
Participants In Plans With Tax-Deferred Savings Arrangements .........
17
24
23
28
28
45
45
24
35
1 8 ...
2 14 ...
3 19 ...
4 12 7
5 5 ...
5 31 ...
5 50 ...
5 64 ...
5 42 9
OTHER BENEFITS Employees Eligible For Flexible benefit plans ................................................................................... Reimbursement accounts 4 ......................................................................... Premium conversion ....................................................................................
1. Methods used to calculate the average number of paid holidays were revised in 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays for 1994 are not comparable with those reported in 1990 and 1992. 2. The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously called sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1998 survey. Paid sick leave now only includes plans that either specify a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. 3. Short-term disability (previously called sickness and accident insurance) now includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans providing per-disability benefits at less than full pay. 4. Prior to 1998, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately.
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Table 5-10. Percent of Full-Time Employees Participating 1 in Employer-Provided Benefit Programs 2 by Class of Employee, Small Private Establishments, 1996, and State and Local Government, 1998
Small private establishments, 1996
State and local government, 1998
All employees
Professional, technical, and related employees 3
Clerical and sales employees 4
80 86 14 51 59 18 50 2
86 90 21 60 74 25 66 3
89 95 18 60 68 23 64 3
71 79 8 42 47 12 35 3
73 67 38 65 95 76 96 4
86 83 31 62 95 81 94 3
31 10 55 61 96 60 97 4
92 92 31 71 95 82 97 5
29 22 64 31 62
32 39 76 40 72
33 30 69 35 68
25 10 56 34 54
20 34 86 60 89
20 36 86 59 90
15 38 86 62 88
24 28 86 60 88
46 15 38 23 12 1 4 1 24 4 ...
56 12 51 32 13 2 6 1 30 8 ...
53 16 46 29 17 2 3 1 31 4 ...
37 15 28 16 9 1 3 1 17 3 ...
98 90 14 5 ... ... 10
98 89 15 5 ... ... 11
98 91 14 6 ... ... 10
(10)
(10)
... ... ...
... ... ...
98 92 11 1 ... ... 9 ... ... ... ...
... ... ...
4 12 7 2
6 18 7 4
6 16 7 2
2 7 7 1
5 42 9 7
6 46 7 12
4 39 9 4
4 38 10 5
Benefit program
Blue-collar and service All employees employees 5
White-collar employees, except teachers
Teachers
Blue-collar and service employees
PAID TIME OFF Holidays ................................................................................................ Vacations .............................................................................................. Personal leave ...................................................................................... Funeral leave ........................................................................................ Jury duty leave ...................................................................................... Military leave ......................................................................................... Sick leave 6 ........................................................................................... Family leave .......................................................................................... INSURANCE Short-term disability insurance 7 ........................................................... Long-term disability insurance .............................................................. Medical care ......................................................................................... Dental care ........................................................................................... Life insurance ....................................................................................... RETIREMENT All retirement 8 ...................................................................................... Defined benefit pension ........................................................................ Defined contribution plans 9 .................................................................. Savings and thrift .............................................................................. Deferred profit sharing ...................................................................... Employee stock ownership ............................................................... Money purchase pension .................................................................. Simplified employee pension ............................................................ Tax-deferred earnings arrangement with employer contribution .......... Tax-deferred earnings arrangements without employer contribution ... 401(k) plans with employer contribution ...............................................
(10)
OTHER BENEFITS Flexible benefits plans .......................................................................... Reimbursement accounts ..................................................................... Premium conversion plans ................................................................... Child care ..............................................................................................
1. Only current employee are counted as participants. Participants in insurance and retirement benefits have met minimum length-of-service requirements and paid any required employee share of the benefit cost. Participants in all other benefits include all employees in occupations offered the benefit. 2. Employee benefit programs in this survey almost always include those sponsored by employers, who pay some share of the cost. Except for unpaid family leave, postretirement medical care and life insurance, dependent life insurance, supplement life insurance, and some salary reduction plans, benefits for which the employees pay the full cost are excluded from the survey. 3. Includes professional, technical, executive, and administrative occupations. 4. Includes clerical, administrative support, and sales occupations. 5. Includes production, craft, repair, laborer, and service occupations. 6. The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously called sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now only includes plans that either specify a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. 7. Short-term disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as the sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to the 1995 survey, only included insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans providing per-disability benefits at less than full pay. 8. Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. The total is less than the sum of the individual items because many employees participated in both types of plans. 9. The total is less than the sum of the individual items because some employees participated in more than one type of plans. 10. Value less than 0.05.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
283
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES Note: The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey will be part of the National Compensation Survey (NCS). See article describing NCS on p. xvii. Collection and Coverage Employment and wage data for 1999 from the OES survey are the first estimates using the new Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. (The new SOC system was also described in an article in the third edition of this Handbook). The new SOC system is to be used by all Federal statistical agencies for reporting occupational data. The OES program provides occupational employment and wage data at the major group and detailed occupation level. Due to the OES survey’s transition to the new SOC system, data for 1999 are not directly comparable with previous years’ OES occupational employment and wage data. Approximately one-half of the detailed occupations were unchanged under the new SOC system, with the other half being new SOC occupations or occupations that are slightly different from similar occupations in the old OES classification system. The 1999 OES survey data are benchmarked to a fourth-quarter 1999 reference period. Due to the shift to the new SOC system, employment estimates are based only on the data collected in the 1999 survey. Wage estimates for detailed occupations that changed under the SOC also are based only on data collected in the 1999 survey, while wage estimates for detailed occupations that were unaffected by the SOC are based on data collected in the 1997, 1998, and 1999 surveys. Before combining, data from earlier years are updated to 1999 levels using changes from the Employment Cost Index. The OES survey is a Federal-State cooperative program between BLS and State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). BLS provides the procedures and technical support, while SESAs collect the data. The OES survey is an annual mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry. (The military are not covered.) The OES program samples and contacts approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over 3 years, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. The reference period for each year’s survey is the fourth quarter of that year. While
estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of sample. The full sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail. Concepts and definitions Employment is defined as the number of workers who can be classified as full-time or part-time employees, including workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit prepares their paycheck. The survey excludes the self-employed, owners/partners of unincorporated firms, and unpaid family workers. Employees are reported in the occupation in which they are working, not necessarily for which they were trained. The OES survey currently uses the SIC system to classify all establishments. Wages in the OES survey are straight-time gross pay, exclusive of premium pay. Base rates, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay, hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production bonuses, tips, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and tuition reimbursements. The OES survey collects wage data in 12 intervals. Employers report the number of employees in an occupation per each wage range. The wage intervals used for the 1999 survey are those shown in Table 5-13, except that there are two separate intervals under $8.50 and three over $43.75. The mean wage is the estimated total wages for an occupation divided by its weighted survey employment. With the exception of the upper openended wage interval ($70.00 and over), a mean wage value is calculated for each wage interval based on occupational wage data collected by the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions. The mean wage value for the upper open-ended wage interval is its lower bound. These interval mean wage values are then attributed to all workers reported in the interval. For each occupation, total weighted wages in each interval are summed across all intervals and divided by the occupation’s weighted survey employment. The median wage is the wage at the midpoint of the distribution of wages.
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Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a year-round full-time hours figure of 2080 hours. For those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
economic activity. The OES survey currently uses the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to classify all establishments.
An establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a factory, mine, or store. The establishment is generally at a single physical location and is engaged primarily in one type of
For additional data including area data see BLS news release UDL 00-368 and BLS Bulletins and articles in Compensation and Working Conditions.
Additional Information
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
285
Table 5-11. Employment and Wages by Major Occupational Group, New Series, 1999 (Number, percent, dollars.) Occupations
Employment
Mean hourly wage
Occupational group Number
Total ......................................................................................................................... Management ............................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................................ Computer and mathematical .................................................................................... Architecture and engineering ................................................................................... Life, physical, and social science ............................................................................. Community and social services ................................................................................ Legal ......................................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ................................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ........................................................ Healthcare practitioner and technical ....................................................................... Healthcare support ................................................................................................... Protective service ..................................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ..................................................... Personal care and service ........................................................................................ Sales and related ...................................................................................................... Office and administrative support ............................................................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ................................................................................... Construction and extraction ...................................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................................ Production ................................................................................................................ Transportation and material moving .........................................................................
Percent
769 30 28 16 35 39 14 9 58 37 45 15 20 16 9 33 21 56 13 58 53 112 52
Number
100.0 3.9 3.6 2.1 4.6 5.1 1.8 1.2 7.5 4.8 5.9 0.2 2.6 2.1 1.2 4.3 2.7 7.3 1.7 7.5 6.9 14.6 6.8
127 274 000 8 063 410 4 361 980 2 620 080 2 506 380 909 530 1 404 540 858 320 7 344 830 1 551 600 6 001 950 2 970 780 2 958 730 9 687 970 4 274 200 2 556 920 12 938 130 22 562 480 463 360 5 938 860 5 140 210 12 620 920 9 538 820
Percent
100.0 6.3 3.4 2.1 0.2 0.7 1.1 0.7 5.8 1.2 4.7 2.3 2.3 7.6 3.4 0.2 10.2 17.7 0.4 4.7 0.4 9.9 7.5
Note: Data for 1999 are based on the new Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC), and are not directly comparable with previous years’ data. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on revised SOC.
$31.13 22.16 26.41 24.81 21.95 15.21 32.10 17.33 18.10 21.76 9.51 14.26 7.50 9.09 9.76 13.01 12.17 8.65 16.18 15.77 12.21 11.84
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-12. Distribution of Occupations and Employment by Occupational Division, Old Series, 1997–1998 (Number, percent.) Occupations
Employment
Occupational division Number
Percent
Number
Percent
1997 Total ............................................................................................................................................ Managerial ................................................................................................................................... Professional ................................................................................................................................. Sales ............................................................................................................................................ Clerical ......................................................................................................................................... Service ......................................................................................................................................... Agricultural ................................................................................................................................... Production ....................................................................................................................................
777 20 214 22 77 64 20 360
100.0 2.6 27.5 2.8 9.9 8.2 2.6 46.3
121 592 210 8 192 170 25 594 320 14 319 050 21 251 910 19 610 730 1 515 370 31 108 660
100.0 6.7 21.0 11.8 17.5 16.1 1.2 25.6
777 20 214 22 77 64 20 360
100.0 2.6 27.5 2.8 9.9 8.2 2.6 46.3
124 704 630 8 320 910 26 427 600 14 814 380 21 665 320 19 942 840 1 566 630 31 966 950
100.0 6.7 21.2 11.9 17.4 16.0 1.3 25.6
1998 Total ............................................................................................................................................ Managerial ................................................................................................................................... Professional ................................................................................................................................. Sales ............................................................................................................................................ Clerical ......................................................................................................................................... Service ......................................................................................................................................... Agricultural ................................................................................................................................... Production ....................................................................................................................................
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on revised Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC).
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COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
Table 5-13. Distribution of Employment by Wage Range and Occupational Group, New Series, 1999 (Percentage distribution.) Wage range Occupational group
Management ...................................................................... Business and financial operations ..................................... Computer and mathematical .............................................. Architecture and engineering ............................................ Life, physical, and social science ....................................... Community and social services ......................................... Legal .................................................................................. Education, training, and library .......................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ................. Healthcare practitioner and technical ................................ Healthcare support ............................................................ Protective service .............................................................. Food preparation and serving related ................................ Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .............. Personal care and service ................................................. Sales and related ............................................................... Office and administrative support ...................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................ Construction and extraction ............................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................. Production .......................................................................... Transportation and material moving ..................................
Total
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under $8.50
2.1 2.8 0.9 1.4 4.3 11.5 2.5 16.3 18.2 5.5 44.6 26.9 77.5 56.8 60.3 47.0 23.0 67.7 10.6 10.7 28.0 35.0
$8.50 to $10.74
2.7 4.1 2.0 3.0 5.3 14.8 3.6 9.0 11.0 7.1 28.7 14.4 13.1 19.9 16.0 13.1 23.8 13.1 14.8 13.4 22.0 19.9
$10.75 to $13.49
5.4 9.7 5.2 6.5 10.6 20.7 8.2 11.4 3.6 11.4 16.7 14.5 5.7 12.1 8.9 10.2 22.5 7.7 17.4 17.7 19.0 16.6
$13.50 to $16.99
9.2 18.6 10.7 11.9 16.9 20.9 13.1 17.7 14.6 17.6 7.3 13.6 2.5 7.0 6.0 9.1 16.1 6.6 18.9 21.2 14.6 13.3
$17.00 to $21.49
13.0 21.6 17.2 18.6 19.4 16.9 12.7 19.3 14.3 21.9 2.0 13.9 0.9 3.0 4.0 7.1 10.0 3.0 16.7 19.2 8.8 9.2
$21.50 to $27.24
16.5 20.1 23.0 22.9 19.3 10.4 11.5 14.4 11.7 17.3 0.5 10.5 0.2 0.9 2.3 5.2 3.1 1.2 13.6 12.9 5.8 3.9
$27.25 to $34.49
16.7 12.8 20.8 19.7 13.0 3.7 10.0 7.8 7.3 8.7 0.1 4.6 0.1 0.2 1.2 3.5 0.9 0.5 6.2 3.7 1.3 1.0
$34.50 to $43.74
$43.75 and over
14.4 6.2 13.4 11.4 6.8 0.8 10.7 2.9 5.6 3.8 ... 1.3 ... 0.1 0.7 2.2 0.3 0.1 1.4 0.9 0.4 0.4
Note: Data for 1999 are based on the new Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC), and are not directly comparable with previous years’ data. See "Notes and Definitions" for information on revised SOC.
19.9 4.2 6.8 4.6 4.3 0.2 27.7 1.3 3.6 6.6 ... 0.2 ... ... 0.7 2.7 0.1 ... 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.7
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Table 5-14. Distribution of Mean Wage of Occupations by Occupational Division, Old Series, 1997–1998 (Percentage distribution.) Wage range Occupational division
Total
Under $8.50
$8.50 to $9.99
$10.00 to $11.24
$11.25 to $13.24
$13.25 to $15.74
$15.75 to $19.24
$19.25 to $24.24
$24.25 to $43.24
$43.25 to $60.00
1997 Managerial ......................................................................... Professional ....................................................................... Sales .................................................................................. Clerical ............................................................................... Service ............................................................................... Agricultural ......................................................................... Production ..........................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
... 0.5 13.6 7.8 46.9 30.0 5.8
... 3.7 13.6 24.7 14.1 10.0 11.7
... 3.7 9.1 19.5 7.8 20.0 16.1
5.0 6.5 9.1 33.8 6.3 35.0 21.9
15.0 9.8 4.5 7.8 9.4 5.0 21.1
5.0 23.4 22.7 5.2 7.8 ... 16.7
30.0 17.8 13.6 1.3 6.3 ... 6.1
45.0 33.6 13.6 ... 1.6 ... 0.6
... 0.9 ... ... ... ... ...
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
... 0.5 13.6 5.2 43.8 30.0 4.7
... 2.8 13.6 19.5 12.5 5.0 8.9
... 4.2 4.5 15.6 10.9 15.0 15.0
... 4.7 13.6 44.2 9.4 40.0 23.3
20.0 10.3 ... 7.8 7.8 10.0 23.6
5.0 18.7 18.2 5.2 4.7 ... 16.9
15.0 31.3 18.2 2.6 9.4 ... 6.9
60.0 26.6 18.2 ... 1.6 ... 0.6
... 0.9 ... ... ... ... ...
1998 Managerial ......................................................................... Professional ....................................................................... Sales .................................................................................. Clerical ............................................................................... Service ............................................................................... Agricultural ......................................................................... Production ..........................................................................
Note: See "Notes and Definitions" for information on revised Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC).
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
289
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999 (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
MANAGEMENT OCCUPATIONS Chief executives ............................................................................................................................................................... General and operations managers ................................................................................................................................... Legislators ........................................................................................................................................................................ Advertising and promotions managers ............................................................................................................................. Marketing managers .........................................................................................................................................................
597 060 2 305 610 49 330 100 600 202 710
$48.67 31.69 11.92 28.32 34.14
$101 240 65 910 24 790 58 910 71 010
$52.08 27.23 6.50 24.30 32.18
Sales managers ................................................................................................................................................................ Public relations managers ................................................................................................................................................ Administrative services managers .................................................................................................................................... Computer and information systems managers ................................................................................................................. Financial managers ..........................................................................................................................................................
367 640 67 210 363 530 280 820 646 050
33.44 27.77 23.36 35.79 33.22
69 560 57 770 48 580 74 430 69 100
30.59 24.77 20.78 34.97 30.62
Human resources managers 2 .......................................................................................................................................... Industrial production managers 2 ...................................................................................................................................... Purchasing managers 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... Transportation, storage, and distribution managers ......................................................................................................... Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers ..................................................................................................................
227 810 213 510 137 950 123 450 5 450
27.34 29.56 24.61 26.03 20.80
56 880 61 480 51 200 54 140 43 260
25.55 28.64 22.31 24.51 17.94
Construction managers ..................................................................................................................................................... Education administrators, preschool and child care center/program ................................................................................ Education administrators, elementary and secondary school .......................................................................................... Education administrators, postsecondary ......................................................................................................................... Engineering managers ......................................................................................................................................................
240 490 35 380 186 220 95 690 248 210
28.92 18.63
26.75 15.81
28.93 39.21
60 160 38 750 65 480 60 170 81 560
Food service managers .................................................................................................................................................... Funeral directors 2 ............................................................................................................................................................. Gaming managers ............................................................................................................................................................ Lodging managers ............................................................................................................................................................ Medical and health services managers ............................................................................................................................
287 940 23 740 4 590 28 170 230 640
16.04 20.56 26.40 16.34 27.93
33 360 42 770 54 900 33 980 58 090
14.92 17.75 22.51 14.49 25.82
Natural sciences managers .............................................................................................................................................. Postmasters and mail superintendents ............................................................................................................................. Property, real estate, and community association managers ........................................................................................... Social and community service managers .........................................................................................................................
36 920 26 930 143 040 88 340
34.84 21.78 19.68 19.41
72 470 45 300 40 940 40 370
33.75 21.16 16.73 17.74
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes ................................................................................ Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products ................................................................................................................. Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 2 ........................................................................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 2 ................................................................................... Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators ...............................................................................................................
7 280 21 550 133 070 224 110 154 770
33.53 21.08 19.12 20.44 20.17
69 740 43 840 39 770 42 510 41 960
25.00 16.94 16.52 19.01 18.69
Insurance appraisers, auto damage 2 ............................................................................................................................... Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation .......................................... Cost estimators 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... Emergency management specialists ................................................................................................................................ Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists .......................................................................................................
19 310 123 280 201 500 11 390 181 710
19.81 20.17 22.12 19.87 18.94
41 200 41 960 46 000 41 330 39 400
19.22 18.56 20.36 17.84 16.52
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists ....................................................................................................... Training and development specialists ............................................................................................................................... Management analysts ....................................................................................................................................................... Meeting and convention planners ..................................................................................................................................... Accountants and auditors 2 ...............................................................................................................................................
78 310 186 940 300 600 32 820 843 160
20.09 19.96 28.05 17.27 21.31
41 800 41 510 58 350 35 930 44 320
18.98 18.54 25.91 16.24 19.16
Appraisers and assessors of real estate 2 ........................................................................................................................ Budget analysts 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. Credit analysts 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ Financial analysts ............................................................................................................................................................. Personal financial advisors ...............................................................................................................................................
52 520 61 740 61 580 142 820 79 970
20.04 23.64 20.28 27.09 31.10
41 670 49 170 42 180 56 340 64 680
18.12 22.41 17.96 23.65 25.26
Insurance underwriters 2 ................................................................................................................................................... Financial examiners .......................................................................................................................................................... Loan counselors ............................................................................................................................................................... Loan officers ..................................................................................................................................................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents 2 .............................................................................................................
93 970 27 630 22 320 200 180 64 960
21.61 28.01 17.25 21.74 19.36
44 940 58 270 35 880 45 210 40 270
19.69 24.63 14.95 18.72 17.75
Tax preparers 2 .................................................................................................................................................................
58 100
15.37
31 970
13.04
Computer and information scientists, research ................................................................................................................ Computer programmers 2 ................................................................................................................................................. Computer software engineers, applications ...................................................................................................................... Computer software engineers, systems software ............................................................................................................. Computer support specialists ...........................................................................................................................................
26 280 528 600 287 600 209 030 462 840
32.30 26.42 31.62 31.84 18.95
67 180 54 960 65 780 66 230 39 410
31.38 24.55 30.45 31.07 17.54
Computer systems analysts .............................................................................................................................................. Database administrators 2 ................................................................................................................................................. Network and computer systems administrators ................................................................................................................ Network systems and data communications analysts ...................................................................................................... Actuaries ...........................................................................................................................................................................
428 210 101 460 204 680 98 330 12 560
27.85 25.26 24.08 26.78 34.56
57 920 52 550 50 090 55 710 71 880
26.91 23.83 22.98 25.24 31.88
(3)
(3)
26.52 38.52
BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OCCUPATIONS
COMPUTER AND MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS OCCUPATIONS
See footnotes at end of table.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999—Continued (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Mathematicians ................................................................................................................................................................. Operations research analysts ........................................................................................................................................... Statisticians 2 .................................................................................................................................................................... Mathematical technicians 2 ...............................................................................................................................................
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
3 450 43 760 14 620 1 560
32.68 25.89 24.35 21.01
67 970 53 850 50 650 43 710
32.86 23.35 22.65 17.44
Architects, except landscape and naval 2 ......................................................................................................................... Landscape architects 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... Cartographers and photogrammetrists ............................................................................................................................. Surveyors .......................................................................................................................................................................... Aerospace engineers 2 ......................................................................................................................................................
71 040 13 870 6 150 50 150 71 790
25.68 21.40 19.74 17.50 31.03
53 410 44 510 41 060 36 400 64 550
23.67 19.24 19.20 16.61 31.35
Agricultural engineers 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... Biomedical engineers ....................................................................................................................................................... Chemical engineers 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ Civil engineers 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ Computer hardware engineers .........................................................................................................................................
2 260 6 450 28 630 209 100 60 420
26.85 25.21 30.89 26.76 32.19
55 840 52 430 64 250 55 660 66 960
26.25 24.36 31.84 25.83 31.12
Electrical engineers .......................................................................................................................................................... Electronics engineers, except computer ........................................................................................................................... Environmental engineers .................................................................................................................................................. Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors ................................................................. Industrial engineers ..........................................................................................................................................................
149 210 106 830 51 450 40 470 155 910
29.58 30.49 27.43 25.81 27.62
61 520 63 410 57 050 53 680 57 450
29.15 29.96 26.39 25.16 26.81
Marine engineers and naval architects 2 ........................................................................................................................... Materials engineers 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ Mechanical engineers 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers ............................................................................... Nuclear engineers 2 ..........................................................................................................................................................
4 450 21 730 202 910 7 160 9 580
28.16 28.54 27.41 29.76 35.04
58 580 59 370 57 010 61 900 72 870
27.89 28.29 26.85 28.03 35.87
Petroleum engineers 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... Architectural and civil drafters ........................................................................................................................................... Electrical and electronics drafters ..................................................................................................................................... Mechanical drafters .......................................................................................................................................................... Aerospace engineering and operations technicians .........................................................................................................
9 640 92 790 39 890 65 960 17 270
34.99 17.40 18.82 18.57 23.38
72 780 36 190 39 150 38 620 48 630
35.71 16.37 17.93 17.37 21.39
Civil engineering technicians 2 .......................................................................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineering technicians ............................................................................................................. Electro-mechanical technicians ........................................................................................................................................ Environmental engineering technicians ............................................................................................................................ Industrial engineering technicians 2 ..................................................................................................................................
91 040 242 160 40 310 18 640 51 690
16.95 18.94 17.91 16.86 20.83
35 270 39 390 37 250 35 060 43 320
16.35 18.45 16.79 15.58 19.41
Mechanical engineering technicians ................................................................................................................................. Surveying and mapping technicians 2 ...............................................................................................................................
57 560 47 330
19.50 14.07
40 560 29 260
18.41 12.87
Agricultural and food scientists 2 ....................................................................................................................................... Biochemists and biophysicists .......................................................................................................................................... Microbiologists .................................................................................................................................................................. Zoologists and wildlife biologists ....................................................................................................................................... Conservation scientists .....................................................................................................................................................
9 720 11 810 15 630 11 120 12 240
21.69 27.01 24.37 20.87 21.78
45 110 56 170 50 690 43 400 45 310
20.56 25.15 22.21 20.12 21.64
Foresters ........................................................................................................................................................................... Epidemiologists ................................................................................................................................................................. Medical scientists, except epidemiologists ....................................................................................................................... Astronomers ..................................................................................................................................................................... Physicists ..........................................................................................................................................................................
10 090 2 270 21 200 680 10 290
20.34 23.57 26.87 36.47 36.61
42 300 49 020 55 880 75 860 76 140
19.73 22.03 23.93 36.96 36.63
Atmospheric and space scientists 2 .................................................................................................................................. Chemists 2 ......................................................................................................................................................................... Materials scientists ........................................................................................................................................................... Environmental scientists and specialists, including health ............................................................................................... Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers .......................................................................................................
7 170 73 840 8 200 53 610 20 940
25.76 24.80 28.39 22.60 29.33
53 580 51 580 59 060 47 000 61 000
25.60 23.07 27.33 20.99 26.18
Hydrologists ...................................................................................................................................................................... Economists ....................................................................................................................................................................... Market research analysts .................................................................................................................................................. Survey researchers ........................................................................................................................................................... Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists .................................................................................................................
6 890 14 490 67 670 21 990 92 460
26.26 29.59 25.33 10.84 23.90
54 620 61 550 52 680 22 540 49 720
25.53 27.92 22.89 8.36 22.75
Industrial-organizational psychologists ............................................................................................................................. Sociologists ....................................................................................................................................................................... Urban and regional planners 2 .......................................................................................................................................... Anthropologists and archeologists .................................................................................................................................... Geographers .....................................................................................................................................................................
1 780 1 320 28 730 3 220 720
34.23 22.74 22.44 17.79 21.37
71 200 47 310 46 670 37 010 44 450
33.59 20.78 21.41 16.89 19.98
Historians .......................................................................................................................................................................... Political scientists .............................................................................................................................................................. Agricultural and food science technicians ......................................................................................................................... Biological technicians ....................................................................................................................................................... Chemical technicians ........................................................................................................................................................
1 510 4 280 15 050 39 580 78 730
19.88 35.03 14.09 15.42 17.35
41 350 72 860 29 310 32 060 36 080
18.35 35.71 12.75 14.66 16.46
ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING OCCUPATIONS
LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE OCCUPATIONS
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
291
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999—Continued (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Geological and petroleum technicians .............................................................................................................................. Nuclear technicians 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ Environmental science and protection technicians, including health ................................................................................ Forensic science technicians ............................................................................................................................................ Forest and conservation technicians ................................................................................................................................
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
10 830 2 640 26 240 5 340 17 140
19.58 24.81 16.47 18.37 14.11
40 730 51 600 34 270 38 200 29 340
17.43 24.00 15.63 17.40 13.20
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors ..................................................................................................... Educational, vocational, and school counselors 2 ............................................................................................................. Marriage and family therapists .......................................................................................................................................... Mental health counselors .................................................................................................................................................. Rehabilitation counselors ..................................................................................................................................................
57 290 190 930 18 530 62 910 93 130
13.73 19.95 17.14 14.15 12.75
28 560 41 490 35 660 29 430 26 520
12.82 19.22 16.14 12.80 11.37
Child, family, and school social workers ........................................................................................................................... Medical and public health social workers ......................................................................................................................... Mental health and substance abuse social workers ......................................................................................................... Health educators ............................................................................................................................................................... Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists .................................................................................................
262 570 101 680 72 730 41 620 78 930
15.25 17.02 14.98 16.81 18.28
31 720 35 400 31 150 34 960 38 030
14.42 16.16 14.08 15.49 17.37
Social and human service assistants ................................................................................................................................ Clergy 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. Directors, religious activities and education 2 ...................................................................................................................
242 530 26 000 14 960
10.94 15.48 13.73
22 760 32 210 28 550
10.30 14.50 12.77
Lawyers ............................................................................................................................................................................ Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers .......................................................................................... Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators ............................................................................................................................ Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates .................................................................................................................... Paralegals and legal assistants ........................................................................................................................................
464 250 27 250 6 260 23 150 175 870
43.44 24.80 33.80 32.29 17.57
90 360 51 580 70 310 67 150 36 550
42.81 21.23 25.49 32.72 16.39
Court reporters .................................................................................................................................................................. Law clerks 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers 2 ...................................................................................................................
17 460 26 060 38 730
18.29 14.08 14.84
38 040 29 280 30 880
17.78 12.94 13.38
Business teachers, postsecondary 2 ................................................................................................................................. Computer science teachers, postsecondary 2 .................................................................................................................. Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary 2 ............................................................................................................. Architecture teachers, postsecondary 2 ............................................................................................................................ Engineering teachers, postsecondary 2 ............................................................................................................................
63 110 30 760 38 850 3 730 25 960
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
53 800 49 420 49 750 55 200 64 510
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary 2 .............................................................................................................. Biological science teachers, postsecondary ..................................................................................................................... Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary ........................................................................................... Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary ..................................................................... Chemistry teachers, postsecondary 2 ...............................................................................................................................
8 180 33 790 1 830 7 930 17 860
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
59 600 54 930 53 320 58 250 53 010
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Environmental science teachers, postsecondary ............................................................................................................. Physics teachers, postsecondary 2 ................................................................................................................................... Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary ................................................................................................... Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary 2 ........................................................................................... Economics teachers, postsecondary 2 ..............................................................................................................................
3 790 11 230 3 850 3 000 11 100
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
54 120 59 740 56 220 52 800 58 730
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Geography teachers, postsecondary 2 .............................................................................................................................. Political science teachers, postsecondary 2 ...................................................................................................................... Psychology teachers, postsecondary 2 ............................................................................................................................. Sociology teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................................................................. Health specialties teachers, postsecondary 2 ...................................................................................................................
3 330 10 480 24 690 12 490 72 130
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
53 410 53 920 53 170 50 090 66 470
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary 2 .......................................................................................................... Education teachers, postsecondary 2 ............................................................................................................................... Library science teachers, postsecondary 2 ....................................................................................................................... Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary 2 ..................................................................................... Law teachers, postsecondary ...........................................................................................................................................
35 360 35 030 3 870 7 830 8 250
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
47 830 46 200 49 860 43 580 70 860
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Social work teachers, postsecondary 2 ............................................................................................................................. Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary 2 ............................................................................................................ Communications teachers, postsecondary 2 ..................................................................................................................... English language and literature teachers, postsecondary 2 .............................................................................................. Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary 2 .............................................................................................
5 660 51 710 15 960 51 030 20 140
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
46 690 46 700 46 220 46 260 46 930
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
History teachers, postsecondary 2 .................................................................................................................................... Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary 2 .......................................................................................................... Graduate teaching assistants ........................................................................................................................................... Home economics teachers, postsecondary 2 .................................................................................................................... Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................................
16 950 13 380 124 750 4 970 14 970
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
50 800 48 700 20 840 48 580 43 590
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Vocational education teachers, postsecondary ................................................................................................................ Preschool teachers, except special education 2 ............................................................................................................... Kindergarten teachers, except special education 2 ........................................................................................................... Elementary school teachers, except special education 2 .................................................................................................. Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education 2 .................................................................................
129 780 339 310 158 250 1 357 340 570 010
18.10 9.43
37 650 19 610 36 770 39 560 39 690
17.04 8.41
COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
LEGAL OCCUPATIONS
EDUCATION, TRAINING, AND LIBRARY OCCUPATIONS
See footnotes at end of table.
(3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3)
292
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999—Continued (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
Vocational education teachers, middle school .................................................................................................................. Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education ............................................................................. Vocational education teachers, secondary school ............................................................................................................ Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school ................................................................. Special education teachers, middle school .......................................................................................................................
17 450 947 010 107 330 203 690 86 850
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
41 090 41 430 41 710 40 400 38 600
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Special education teachers, secondary school ................................................................................................................. Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors ............................................................................. Self-enrichment education teachers ................................................................................................................................. Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 2 ............................................................................................................... Librarians 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................
119 870 56 880 125 650 16 760 137 760
(3)
15.77 14.37 16.42 19.84
42 070 32 800 29 900 34 160 41 270
14.92 12.54 14.79 19.19
Library technicians ............................................................................................................................................................ Audio-visual collections specialists ................................................................................................................................... Farm and home management advisors 2 .......................................................................................................................... Instructional coordinators .................................................................................................................................................. Teacher assistants 2 .........................................................................................................................................................
98 030 9 690 9 530 76 870 1 115 820
11.28 15.88 18.74 21.06
Art directors ...................................................................................................................................................................... Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators ................................................................................................ Multi-media artists and animators ..................................................................................................................................... Commercial and industrial designers ................................................................................................................................ Fashion designers ............................................................................................................................................................
(3)
10.84 14.18 17.24 20.06
(3)
23 450 33 030 38 980 43 800 17 400
19 190 13 240 30 530 38 350 9 600
29.65 17.00 19.87 23.03 25.28
61 680 35 370 41 330 47 910 52 580
25.81 14.51 17.82 22.15 21.96
Floral designers ................................................................................................................................................................ Graphic designers ............................................................................................................................................................. Interior designers 2 ............................................................................................................................................................ Merchandise displayers and window trimmers 2 ............................................................................................................... Set and exhibit designers .................................................................................................................................................
59 410 119 820 29 690 51 530 8 290
9.12 17.41 18.44 10.37 14.57
18 980 36 210 38 360 21 560 30 310
8.66 15.95 16.03 9.36 13.62
Actors ................................................................................................................................................................................ Producers and directors .................................................................................................................................................... Athletes and sports competitors ....................................................................................................................................... Coaches and scouts ......................................................................................................................................................... Umpires, referees, and other sports officials ....................................................................................................................
84 790 39 200 10 620 65 820 8 150
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
50 620 47 230 69 440 32 010 23 510
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
Dancers ............................................................................................................................................................................ Choreographers ................................................................................................................................................................ Music directors and composers ........................................................................................................................................ Musicians and singers ...................................................................................................................................................... Announcers 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................
14 910 11 170 6 310 46 440 50 410
11.90 15.56
9.42 12.95
12.33
24 750 32 370 34 750 37 510 25 640
News analysts, reporters and correspondents 2 ............................................................................................................... Public relations specialists 2 .............................................................................................................................................. Editors ............................................................................................................................................................................... Technical writers ............................................................................................................................................................... Writers and authors ..........................................................................................................................................................
64 590 118 280 95 210 46 680 45 670
16.96 19.61 20.20 22.57 21.88
35 270 40 780 42 030 46 940 45 500
13.37 17.63 18.01 21.32 19.62
Interpreters and translators ............................................................................................................................................... Audio and video equipment technicians ........................................................................................................................... Broadcast technicians ....................................................................................................................................................... Radio operators 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. Sound engineering technicians .........................................................................................................................................
13 640 39 090 25 570 3 290 9 380
14.16 16.36 13.33 12.48 16.87
29 450 34 020 27 740 25 950 35 090
12.94 13.51 11.33 11.20 13.98
Photographers 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture 2 ............................................................................................... Film and video editors 2 ....................................................................................................................................................
66 070 17 330 12 770
12.36 15.26 21.34
25 710 31 730 44 380
10.01 11.94 18.84
Chiropractors .................................................................................................................................................................... Dentists ............................................................................................................................................................................. Dietitians and nutritionists 2 ............................................................................................................................................... Optometrists ..................................................................................................................................................................... Pharmacists 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................
11 540 69 360 41 320 21 400 226 300
34.10 51.03 17.96 37.38 30.31
70 930 106 130 37 350 77 750 63 030
27.92 53.21 17.54 37.10 32.16
Anesthesiologists .............................................................................................................................................................. Family and general practitioners ....................................................................................................................................... Internists, general ............................................................................................................................................................. Obstetricians and gynecologists ....................................................................................................................................... Pediatricians, general .......................................................................................................................................................
25 910 134 490 48 740 18 780 18 940
59.51 50.04 59.27 65.11 54.21
123 780 104 090 123 280 135 430 112 760
Psychiatrists ...................................................................................................................................................................... Surgeons .......................................................................................................................................................................... Physician assistants 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... Podiatrists ......................................................................................................................................................................... Registered nurses 2 ..........................................................................................................................................................
17 870 48 450 56 750 4 470 2 205 430
49.84 65.22 24.35 48.12 21.38
103 660 135 660 50 650 100 090 44 470
25.54 51.00 20.33
Audiologists ...................................................................................................................................................................... Occupational therapists 2 .................................................................................................................................................. Physical therapists 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... Radiation therapists 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ Recreational therapists 2 ...................................................................................................................................................
12 950 78 950 131 050 12 340 30 190
21.96 24.96 28.05 20.84 14.08
45 670 51 910 58 350 43 360 29 280
20.51 23.73 27.08 20.04 13.47
(3)
ART, DESIGN, ENTERTAINMENT, SPORTS, AND MEDIA OCCUPATIONS
(3) (3)
(3) (3)
8.95
HEALTHCARE PRACTITIONERS AND TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS
See footnotes at end of table.
(4)
54.34 (4) (4)
58.65 55.69 (4)
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
293
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999—Continued (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
Respiratory therapists 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... Speech-language pathologists ......................................................................................................................................... Veterinarians ..................................................................................................................................................................... Medical and clinical laboratory technologists 2 ................................................................................................................. Medical and clinical laboratory technicians 2 ....................................................................................................................
80 230 85 920 39 250 145 750 142 090
17.72 22.99 31.76 18.90 13.67
36 860 47 820 66 060 39 310 28 430
17.38 22.03 28.19 18.52 12.89
Dental hygienists 2 ............................................................................................................................................................ Cardiovascular technologists and technicians 2 ................................................................................................................ Diagnostic medical sonographers ..................................................................................................................................... Nuclear medicine technologists 2 ...................................................................................................................................... Radiologic technologists and technicians .........................................................................................................................
90 050 41 490 29 280 17 880 177 850
23.15 16.00 21.04 20.40 17.07
48 150 33 280 43 760 42 430 35 510
22.69 15.46 20.35 19.66 16.47
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 2 .......................................................................................................... Dietetic technicians 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... Pharmacy technicians 2 .................................................................................................................................................... Psychiatric technicians 2 ................................................................................................................................................... Respiratory therapy technicians .......................................................................................................................................
172 360 29 190 196 430 54 560 33 990
11.19 10.09 9.64 11.30 16.07
23 280 21 000 20 050 23 510 33 430
10.21 9.39 9.11 10.56 15.14
Surgical technologists 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... Veterinary technologists and technicians ......................................................................................................................... Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 2 ......................................................................................................... Medical records and health information technicians ......................................................................................................... Opticians, dispensing 2 .....................................................................................................................................................
64 810 47 470 688 510 142 720 58 860
13.25 10.30 13.95 11.13 12.11
27 560 21 430 29 020 23 150 25 190
12.84 9.89 13.39 10.37 11.10
Orthotists and prosthetists ................................................................................................................................................ Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians ............................................................................................. Athletic trainers .................................................................................................................................................................
3 330 34 840 16 670
21.45 19.99
17.94 18.94
(3)
44 610 41 590 33 650
Home health aides 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 2 ........................................................................................................................ Psychiatric aides 2 ............................................................................................................................................................. Occupational therapist assistants ..................................................................................................................................... Occupational therapist aides ............................................................................................................................................
577 530 1 308 740 51 100 17 290 9 250
9.04 8.59 10.76 15.97 10.92
18 810 17 860 22 390 33 230 22 710
8.21 8.29 10.32 15.79 9.34
Physical therapist assistants ............................................................................................................................................. Physical therapist aides .................................................................................................................................................... Massage therapists ........................................................................................................................................................... Dental assistants 2 ............................................................................................................................................................ Medical assistants ............................................................................................................................................................
48 600 44 340 21 910 175 160 281 480
16.20 9.69 13.82 11.60 10.89
33 690 20 160 28 740 24 130 22 650
15.90 9.05 11.01 11.24 10.48
Medical equipment preparers ........................................................................................................................................... Medical transcriptionists ................................................................................................................................................... Pharmacy aides 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers ...................................................................................................
29 070 97 260 48 270 53 680
10.20 11.86 9.14 8.03
21 220 24 660 19 010 16 710
9.70 11.67 8.76 7.60
First-line supervisors, managers of correctional officers .................................................................................................. First-line supervisors, managers of police and detectives 2 .............................................................................................. First-line supervisors, managers of fire fighting and prevention workers 2 ....................................................................... Fire fighters 2 ..................................................................................................................................................................... Fire inspectors and investigators 2 ....................................................................................................................................
28 300 111 600 57 300 252 730 10 050
20.30 26.01 23.60 16.38 19.98
42 230 54 100 49 100 34 070 41 550
18.70 25.31 23.24 15.80 19.26
Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists 2 ............................................................................................................ Bailiffs 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. Correctional officers and jailers 2 ...................................................................................................................................... Detectives and criminal investigators 2 ............................................................................................................................. Fish and game wardens 2 .................................................................................................................................................
1 630 12 620 381 250 83 340 8 220
14.57 14.40 14.94 22.90 20.16
30 300 29 950 31 070 47 620 41 940
12.98 14.13 13.66 22.09 18.05
Parking enforcement workers 2 ......................................................................................................................................... Police and sheriff’s patrol officers 2 ................................................................................................................................... Transit and railroad police 2 .............................................................................................................................................. Animal control workers ..................................................................................................................................................... Private detectives and investigators .................................................................................................................................
7 660 581 860 4 590 8 300 30 690
12.00 18.61 20.32 11.47 14.48
24 970 38 710 42 260 23 850 30 120
11.71 18.06 19.72 10.62 12.60
Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators .................................................................................................... Security guards 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... Crossing guards 2 .............................................................................................................................................................
12 780 1 088 470 68 310
10.43 8.95 8.59
21 700 18 610 17 870
9.78 8.07 7.70
Chefs and head cooks ...................................................................................................................................................... First-line supervisors, managers of food preparation and serving workers ...................................................................... Cooks, fast food 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. Cooks, institution and cafeteria 2 ...................................................................................................................................... Cooks, restaurant 2 ...........................................................................................................................................................
118 070 545 700 418 400 438 660 656 540
13.48 11.47 6.54 8.38 8.52
28 040 23 860 13 610 17 420 17 730
11.88 10.59 6.24 7.89 8.05
Cooks, short order 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... Food preparation workers ................................................................................................................................................. Bartenders 2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 2 ............................................................................ Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 2 ..................................................................................
163 160 878 650 358 450 1 950 970 407 960
7.48 7.57 7.07 6.64 6.83
15 560 15 740 14 700 13 810 14 210
7.14 7.23 6.52 6.30 6.46
(3)
HEALTHCARE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS
PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVING RELATED OCCUPATIONS
See footnotes at end of table.
294
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999—Continued (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Waiters and waitresses 2 .................................................................................................................................................. Food servers, nonrestaurant 2 .......................................................................................................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 2 ........................................................................................ Dishwashers ..................................................................................................................................................................... Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 2 ............................................................................................
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
2 039 950 192 850 425 600 538 360 380 850
6.46 7.77 6.70 6.78 7.13
13 430 16 170 13 940 14 090 14 840
6.07 7.09 6.33 6.57 6.73
First-line supervisors, managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers 2 ...................................................................... First-line supervisors, managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers ........................................ Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 2 ................................................................................. Maids and housekeeping cleaners 2 ................................................................................................................................. Pest control workers 2 .......................................................................................................................................................
202 460 91 330 2 090 560 913 470 40 240
11.67 15.87 8.76 7.46 11.60
24 270 33 000 18 220 15 530 24 120
10.61 14.31 7.90 7.03 11.16
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers ...................................................................................................................... Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation 2 ............................................................................................. Tree trimmers and pruners 2 .............................................................................................................................................
739 460 23 440 47 890
9.32 11.29 11.43
19 380 23 490 23 770
8.48 10.81 10.73
Gaming supervisors .......................................................................................................................................................... Slot key persons ............................................................................................................................................................... First-line supervisors, managers of personal service workers .......................................................................................... Animal trainers 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ Nonfarm animal caretakers ...............................................................................................................................................
26 890 13 220 84 610 5 900 84 760
16.96 11.38 14.02 12.39 8.25
35 270 23 660 29 150 25 770 17 160
16.46 10.28 12.47 11.09 7.50
Gaming dealers ................................................................................................................................................................ Gaming and sports book writers and runners ................................................................................................................... Motion picture projectionists 2 ........................................................................................................................................... Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 2 .................................................................................................................... Amusement and recreation attendants .............................................................................................................................
87 390 8 390 8 610 88 590 190 600
6.79 7.74 10.28 6.76 7.17
14 120 16 090 21 390 14 050 14 920
6.20 7.53 7.33 6.26 6.55
Costume attendants .......................................................................................................................................................... Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants ................................................................................................... Embalmers 2 ..................................................................................................................................................................... Funeral attendants 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... Barbers 2 ...........................................................................................................................................................................
5 860 22 960 6 670 24 970 14 150
11.28
23 470
9.93
(5)
(5)
(5)
15.05 8.33 10.08
31 300 17 320 20 970
14.09 7.70 8.91
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists .................................................................................................................. Makeup artists, theatrical and performance ...................................................................................................................... Manicurists and pedicurists 2 ............................................................................................................................................ Shampooers 2 ................................................................................................................................................................... Skin care specialists .........................................................................................................................................................
314 750 1 170 23 540 13 580 11 910
10.00 12.11 7.73 6.72 10.16
20 800 25 180 16 080 13 970 21 130
8.33 10.60 6.70 6.29 8.87
Baggage porters and bellhops 2 ........................................................................................................................................ Concierges ........................................................................................................................................................................ Tour guides and escorts ................................................................................................................................................... Travel guides .................................................................................................................................................................... Flight attendants 2 .............................................................................................................................................................
59 580 16 440 35 780 4 180 123 310
8.23 10.78 9.66 13.07
6.84 9.44 8.46 12.00
(3)
17 110 22 420 20 100 27 190 47 910
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage ..................................................................... Child care workers 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... Personal and home care aides 2 ....................................................................................................................................... Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors .......................................................................................................................... Recreation workers ...........................................................................................................................................................
22 780 377 110 300 500 127 310 245 180
9.89 7.42 7.72 13.12 8.89
20 570 15 430 16 060 27 300 18 500
8.13 6.91 7.50 10.84 7.90
Residential advisors ..........................................................................................................................................................
43 260
9.90
20 590
9.21
First-line supervisors, managers of retail sales workers ................................................................................................... First-line supervisors, managers of non-retail sales workers ............................................................................................ Cashiers 2 ......................................................................................................................................................................... Gaming change persons and booth cashiers ................................................................................................................... Counter and rental clerks 2 ...............................................................................................................................................
1 237 050 302 870 3 162 090 40 390 392 560
15.11 25.66 7.35 8.88 8.02
31 430 53 380 15 290 18 470 16 690
12.91 21.57 6.68 8.60 7.16
Parts salespersons 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... Retail salespersons 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ Advertising sales agents 2 ................................................................................................................................................. Insurance sales agents ..................................................................................................................................................... Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents ..........................................................................................
265 380 3 729 040 142 830 241 730 249 660
12.22 9.24 19.91 22.93 34.44
25 410 19 210 41 400 47 690 71 640
10.92 7.66 15.93 18.61 28.63
Travel agents 2 .................................................................................................................................................................. Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products 2 ............................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products 2 .................................... Demonstrators and product promoters 2 ........................................................................................................................... Models 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................
111 130 341 930 1 315 900 95 160 5 220
11.86 25.07 20.80 10.30 10.15
24 660 52 140 43 260 21 420 21 110
11.25 22.09 17.91 8.56 8.37
Real estate brokers ........................................................................................................................................................... Real estate sales agents 2 ................................................................................................................................................ Sales engineers 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. Telemarketers ................................................................................................................................................................... Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers ....................................................................
26 760 107 680 93 620 485 650 36 130
29.90 17.78 27.95 10.15 13.91
62 190 36 990 58 130 21 100 28 940
24.22 13.25 26.13 8.91 11.51
BUILDING AND GROUNDS CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE OCCUPATIONS
PERSONAL CARE AND SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
porters 2
(3)
SALES AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
295
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999—Continued (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
OFFICE AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS First-line supervisors, managers of office and administrative support workers 2 .............................................................. Switchboard operators, including answering service 2 ...................................................................................................... Telephone operators 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... Bill and account collectors 2 .............................................................................................................................................. Billing and posting clerks and machine operators 2 ..........................................................................................................
1 312 630 248 570 50 820 383 090 551 410
17.36 9.51 12.88 11.95 11.48
36 110 19 780 26 800 24 860 23 880
15.93 9.11 13.66 11.32 11.00
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 2 ............................................................................................................... Gaming cage workers ....................................................................................................................................................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks 2 ....................................................................................................................................... Procurement clerks 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... Tellers 2 .............................................................................................................................................................................
1 619 870 20 100 196 660 76 970 453 140
12.14 9.85 12.89 12.62 8.81
25 250 20 480 26 800 26 250 18 330
11.53 9.57 12.37 12.23 8.60
Brokerage clerks 2 ............................................................................................................................................................. Correspondence clerks ..................................................................................................................................................... Court, municipal, and license clerks 2 ............................................................................................................................... Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks ........................................................................................................................... Customer service representatives ....................................................................................................................................
72 930 46 160 93 910 82 900 1 789 620
14.99 11.48 12.84 12.34 12.19
31 180 23 880 26 700 25 660 25 360
13.79 11.05 12.11 11.51 11.30
Eligibility interviewers, government programs .................................................................................................................. File clerks 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 2 ............................................................................................................................... Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 2 .......................................................................................................................... Library assistants, clerical .................................................................................................................................................
107 650 266 890 152 040 164 310 89 050
14.08 8.94 7.79 10.25 9.14
29 290 18 590 16 200 21 320 19 010
13.15 8.38 7.54 9.66 8.49
Loan interviewers and clerks ............................................................................................................................................ New accounts clerks 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... Order clerks ...................................................................................................................................................................... Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 2 ....................................................................................... Receptionists and information clerks 2 ..............................................................................................................................
145 400 69 790 376 430 174 110 987 680
12.79 10.81 11.51 13.05 9.55
26 600 22 480 23 950 27 140 19 870
12.12 10.63 10.78 12.59 9.26
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks ........................................................................................ Cargo and freight agents 2 ................................................................................................................................................ Couriers and messengers 2 .............................................................................................................................................. Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers 2 ......................................................................................................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 2 ............................................................................................................
222 340 52 690 134 370 79 140 171 560
12.47 13.38 9.04 12.26 14.14
25 930 27 830 18 810 25 500 29 420
10.74 12.37 8.36 11.77 13.00
Meter readers, utilities 2 .................................................................................................................................................... Postal service clerks ......................................................................................................................................................... Postal service mail carriers ............................................................................................................................................... Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators ................................................................... Production, planning, and expediting clerks 2 ...................................................................................................................
46 090 80 330 352 550 234 820 298 770
13.16 18.37 17.60 14.47 15.24
27 370 38 220 36 610 30 100 31 700
12.45 18.64 18.21 14.86 14.47
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 2 ............................................................................................................................. Stock clerks and order fillers 2 .......................................................................................................................................... Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 2 ..................................................................................... Executive secretaries and administrative assistants ........................................................................................................ Legal secretaries 2 ............................................................................................................................................................
886 230 1 800 840 83 840 1 316 290 272 090
10.62 9.45 12.34 14.84 15.48
22 080 19 650 25 670 30 870 32 200
9.99 8.35 10.96 14.21 15.04
Medical secretaries 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive ............................................................................................................ Computer operators 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ Data entry keyers 2 ........................................................................................................................................................... Word processors and typists 2 ..........................................................................................................................................
247 950 1 582 080 198 500 520 220 271 310
11.51 11.60 13.54 10.13 11.67
23 940 24 130 28 170 21 070 24 270
10.95 11.18 12.70 9.77 11.29
Desktop publishers ........................................................................................................................................................... Insurance claims and policy processing clerks ................................................................................................................. Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 2 ...................................................................................... Office clerks, general ........................................................................................................................................................ Office machine operators, except computer 2 ...................................................................................................................
37 040 268 650 198 440 2 561 300 101 490
14.98 15.38 9.33 10.31 10.34
31 170 32 000 19 400 21 450 21 510
14.12 13.93 8.76 9.77 9.71
Proofreaders and copy markers 2 ..................................................................................................................................... Statistical assistants 2 .......................................................................................................................................................
25 970 24 450
10.46 12.49
21 750 25 970
9.37 11.55
First-line supervisors, managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers ....................................................................... Farm labor contractors ...................................................................................................................................................... Agricultural inspectors ...................................................................................................................................................... Animal breeders ................................................................................................................................................................ Graders and sorters, agricultural products 2 .....................................................................................................................
20 360 11 260 10 520 1 420 62 380
15.88 8.72 14.46 12.04 7.46
33 030 18 140 30 080 25 050 15 520
14.59 6.71 13.89 10.65 6.76
Agricultural equipment operators 2 .................................................................................................................................... Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse 2 ........................................................................................... Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals ............................................................................................................................. Forest and conservation workers 2 ................................................................................................................................... Fallers ...............................................................................................................................................................................
17 630 215 080 34 510 11 780 9 420
8.48 6.80 7.96 9.67 14.44
17 640 14 150 16 560 20 120 30 040
7.67 6.42 7.40 8.21 13.44
Logging equipment operators 2 ......................................................................................................................................... Log graders and scalers 2 .................................................................................................................................................
33 230 5 500
12.17 12.59
25 310 26 180
11.43 11.61
FARMING, FISHING, AND FORESTRY OCCUPATIONS
See footnotes at end of table.
296
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999—Continued (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
CONSTRUCTION AND EXTRACTION OCCUPATIONS First-line supervisors, managers of construction trades and extraction workers .............................................................. Boilermakers 2 ................................................................................................................................................................... Brickmasons and blockmasons ........................................................................................................................................ Stonemasons 2 .................................................................................................................................................................. Carpenters ........................................................................................................................................................................
476 770 29 160 98 530 8 640 771 030
21.98 18.51 19.90 16.46 16.55
45 720 38 500 41 380 34 240 34 420
20.71 18.09 19.36 15.36 15.35
Carpet installers 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles ............................................................................................................. Floor sanders and finishers 2 ............................................................................................................................................ Tile and marble setters ..................................................................................................................................................... Cement masons and concrete finishers ...........................................................................................................................
37 750 11 310 6 400 27 330 151 760
15.26 15.04 12.91 17.84 15.01
31 750 31 280 26 860 37 100 31 210
13.23 13.96 11.88 17.08 13.68
Terrazzo workers and finishers ......................................................................................................................................... Construction laborers ........................................................................................................................................................ Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 2 .................................................................................................... Pile-driver operators 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 2 ................................................................................
4 570 763 450 58 410 4 940 324 350
15.45 12.75 13.99 20.00 16.71
32 130 26 510 29 090 41 600 34 760
15.03 10.85 12.45 19.93 15.31
Drywall and ceiling tile installers ....................................................................................................................................... Tapers 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................ Electricians ....................................................................................................................................................................... Glaziers ............................................................................................................................................................................. Insulation workers 2 ...........................................................................................................................................................
118 300 36 950 611 920 49 630 56 850
16.39 17.04 20.28 14.75 14.02
34 090 35 430 42 180 30 680 29 170
15.34 16.02 19.13 13.33 12.52
Painters, construction and maintenance ........................................................................................................................... Paperhangers ................................................................................................................................................................... Pipelayers 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 2 ........................................................................................................................... Plasterers and stucco masons 2 .......................................................................................................................................
260 880 10 070 53 530 413 170 50 060
14.08 15.78 14.08 18.63 15.70
29 280 32 830 29 290 38 750 32 650
12.86 15.34 12.67 17.41 14.48
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 2 ................................................................................................................................ Roofers 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................... Sheet metal workers 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... Structural iron and steel workers 2 .................................................................................................................................... Helpers-brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters 2 ...........................................................
27 760 115 280 231 690 85 520 56 660
17.79 14.36 15.92 18.16 12.03
37 000 29 870 33 110 37 780 25 020
16.03 12.94 14.09 17.19 10.61
Helpers-carpenters 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... Helpers-electricians .......................................................................................................................................................... Helpers-painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons 2 .................................................................................. Helpers-pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 2 ............................................................................................ Helpers-roofers 2 ...............................................................................................................................................................
104 910 100 460 30 790 81 410 27 340
10.20 10.41 9.73 10.25 8.80
21 210 21 650 20 230 21 320 18 310
9.61 9.89 8.95 9.62 8.41
Construction and building inspectors 2 .............................................................................................................................. Elevator installers and repairers 2 ..................................................................................................................................... Fence erectors 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ Hazardous materials removal workers 2 ........................................................................................................................... Highway maintenance workers 2 .......................................................................................................................................
67 010 25 010 15 540 34 750 139 540
19.11 22.95 10.67 15.22 12.85
39 740 47 740 22 200 31 650 26 730
18.55 22.38 9.95 14.05 12.44
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 2 ............................................................................................... Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 2 .............................................................................................................. Segmental pavers ............................................................................................................................................................. Derrick operators, oil and gas 2 ......................................................................................................................................... Rotary drill operators, oil and gas 2 ...................................................................................................................................
8 620 12 820 2 890 13 720 9 500
17.81 13.86 12.45 14.24 17.81
37 050 28 820 25 900 29 630 37 040
17.67 13.03 11.35 12.84 15.71
Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 2 .................................................................................................................... Earth drillers, except oil and gas 2 .................................................................................................................................... Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 2 ....................................................................................... Continuous mining machine operators 2 ........................................................................................................................... Mine cutting and channeling machine operators 2 ............................................................................................................
11 630 19 650 4 180 10 090 (5)
12.39 15.02 16.08 16.53 17.15
25 780 31 240 33 450 34 370 35 680
11.29 13.75 15.52 15.73 17.57
Mining machine operators, all other 2 ............................................................................................................................... Rock splitters, quarry 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... Roof bolters, mining 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ Roustabouts, oil and gas 2 ................................................................................................................................................ Helpers-extraction workers ...............................................................................................................................................
5 120 2 140 4 170 29 860 27 730
16.77 11.49 17.71 11.18 10.62
34 880 23 900 36 840 23 260 22 090
16.08 11.12 17.48 10.08 9.83
First-line supervisors, managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers ......................................................................... Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers ............................................................................................... Radio mechanics 2 ............................................................................................................................................................ Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers ............................................................... Avionics technicians .........................................................................................................................................................
386 170 130 090 4 570 172 700 15 560
21.65 15.04 16.33 19.77 19.75
45 040 31 290 33 960 41 130 41 090
20.54 14.26 15.49 20.37 19.63
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers .............................................................................................................. Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment ................................................................... Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment ...................................................................... Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay .......................................................................... Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles ..........................................................................................
35 270 14 700 71 530 20 580 14 250
14.81 15.54 17.39 21.87 12.29
30 800 32 310 36 160 45 490 25 560
13.97 15.23 17.15 22.92 11.50
INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OCCUPATIONS
See footnotes at end of table.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
297
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999—Continued (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers .................................................................................. Security and fire alarm systems installers ........................................................................................................................ Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ...................................................................................................................... Automotive body and related repairers ............................................................................................................................. Automotive glass installers and repairers .........................................................................................................................
26 090 38 350 125 970 179 960 20 520
12.99 14.81 18.88 16.21 13.34
27 020 30 810 39 280 33 720 27 740
12.03 13.96 18.90 15.06 13.26
Automotive service technicians and mechanics 2 ............................................................................................................. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 2 ................................................................................................. Farm equipment mechanics 2 ........................................................................................................................................... Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines 2 .................................................................................................... Rail car repairers 2 ............................................................................................................................................................
587 320 273 320 40 490 113 540 7 230
14.49 15.29 11.91 16.24 17.83
30 130 31 800 24 770 33 790 37 080
13.62 14.77 11.42 15.75 18.09
Motorboat mechanics ....................................................................................................................................................... Motorcycle mechanics 2 .................................................................................................................................................... Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics ......................................................................................... Bicycle repairers 2 ............................................................................................................................................................. Recreational vehicle service technicians ..........................................................................................................................
18 450 11 390 26 550 8 080 13 100
13.52 12.26 11.38 8.08 12.49
28 120 25 510 23 660 16 810 25 980
13.01 11.61 10.86 7.72 11.86
Tire repairers and changers 2 ........................................................................................................................................... Mechanical door repairers ................................................................................................................................................ Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door ................................................................................ Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 2 ............................................................................ Home appliance repairers .................................................................................................................................................
99 880 9 620 31 040 187 850 33 050
8.96 14.77 19.77 15.40 14.43
18 630 30 710 41 120 32 040 30 020
8.37 14.68 19.96 14.50 13.95
Industrial machinery mechanics ....................................................................................................................................... Maintenance and repair workers, general 2 ...................................................................................................................... Maintenance workers, machinery 2 ................................................................................................................................... Millwrights 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons 2 ......................................................................................................
176 070 1 201 690 107 180 80 390 3 320
17.41 12.95 15.29 18.90 15.54
36 210 26 930 31 800 39 320 32 320
16.56 11.99 14.57 18.76 14.99
Electrical power-line installers and repairers 2 .................................................................................................................. Telecommunications line installers and repairers 2 ........................................................................................................... Camera and photographic equipment repairers 2 ............................................................................................................. Medical equipment repairers 2 .......................................................................................................................................... Musical instrument repairers and tuners 2 ........................................................................................................................
99 090 158 990 5 330 19 640 4 500
20.91 17.21 15.20 17.02 12.42
43 490 35 790 31 630 35 390 25 830
20.97 16.35 14.27 16.45 11.63
Watch repairers 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers .................................................................................... Commercial divers ............................................................................................................................................................ Fabric menders, except garment ...................................................................................................................................... Locksmiths and safe repairers 2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 870 35 900 2 400 2 980 11 300
12.65 12.33 33.86 11.62 13.47
26 320 25 650 70 420 24 180 28 020
11.79 11.94 27.17 9.53 12.66
Manufactured building and mobile home installers ........................................................................................................... Riggers 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................... Signal and track switch repairers 2 .................................................................................................................................... Helpers-installation, maintenance, and repair workers 2 ...................................................................................................
13 200 15 850 3 720 145 610
10.86 15.59 19.90 10.03
22 580 32 420 41 400 20 860
10.07 15.12 18.91 9.14
First-line supervisors, managers of production and operating workers ............................................................................ Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 2 ....................................................................................... Coil winders, tapers, and finishers 2 .................................................................................................................................. Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ............................................................................................................... Electromechanical equipment assemblers .......................................................................................................................
760 050 18 070 56 350 387 430 69 830
19.83 17.65 10.45 10.50 11.46
41 250 36 720 21 740 21 840 23 830
18.61 17.83 9.65 9.84 10.69
Engine and other machine assemblers ............................................................................................................................ Structural metal fabricators and fitters .............................................................................................................................. Fiberglass laminators and fabricators ............................................................................................................................... Team assemblers ............................................................................................................................................................. Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators ......................................................................................................
85 570 94 390 49 750 1 302 820 10 270
13.41 13.21 11.34 10.67 10.67
27 900 27 470 23 600 22 200 22 190
13.23 12.62 10.20 9.95 9.90
Bakers 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................ Butchers and meat cutters ................................................................................................................................................ Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers 2 .................................................................................................................. Slaughterers and meat packers ........................................................................................................................................ Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders .............................................................
176 080 138 870 159 890 116 970 19 830
9.61 11.97 8.35 9.13 11.58
19 990 24 890 17 370 18 980 24 080
8.82 11.20 8.08 9.18 9.83
Food batchmakers ............................................................................................................................................................ Food cooking machine operators and tenders ................................................................................................................. Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic ....................................................................................... Numerical tool and process control programmers ............................................................................................................ Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ........................................................
64 760 44 340 168 170 24 180 108 570
10.22 10.45 13.66 17.45 11.65
21 260 21 730 28 420 36 300 24 220
9.64 9.85 13.07 17.27 11.25
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................................................................................ Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................................................................................. Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .............................................. Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ........................................................ Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ......................
60 970 47 580 353 300 75 140 127 920
12.99 13.49 11.37 12.60 12.14
27 020 28 060 23 640 26 220 25 250
11.91 12.95 10.67 11.89 11.54
PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS
See footnotes at end of table.
298
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999—Continued (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ......................................................... Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .............................................................. Machinists ......................................................................................................................................................................... Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders 2 ................................................................................................................. Pourers and casters, metal 2 .............................................................................................................................................
83 940 35 830 419 800 19 350 15 600
14.18 13.44 14.69 13.75 12.94
29 490 27 960 30 540 28 590 26 920
13.65 12.70 14.30 12.94 12.34
Model makers, metal and plastic ...................................................................................................................................... Patternmakers, metal and plastic ..................................................................................................................................... Foundry mold and coremakers ......................................................................................................................................... Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ....................................... Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 2 .......................................................................
12 520 8 340 34 840 179 640 103 620
16.89 14.53 11.99 10.81 12.89
35 130 30 230 24 950 22 480 26 820
16.15 13.45 11.39 9.81 12.00
Tool and die makers 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers 2 ........................................................................................................................ Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders 2 ..................................................................... Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 2 .................................................................. Lay-out workers, metal and plastic ...................................................................................................................................
132 350 410 040 68 680 36 300 17 990
19.12 13.40 13.17 13.00 14.65
39 770 27 870 27 400 27 030 30 470
18.60 12.58 12.29 12.13 13.90
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 2 ........................................................... Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 2 .............................................................................................................................. Bindery workers ................................................................................................................................................................ Bookbinders 2 .................................................................................................................................................................... Job printers 2 .....................................................................................................................................................................
58 350 28 150 106 560 10 010 45 850
11.45 13.97 10.90 11.59 13.17
23 810 29 060 22 660 24 110 27 390
10.76 13.19 9.74 10.36 12.55
Prepress technicians and workers .................................................................................................................................... Printing machine operators 2 ............................................................................................................................................. Laundry and dry-cleaning workers .................................................................................................................................... Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 2 ........................................................................................................... Sewing machine operators 2 .............................................................................................................................................
109 350 208 980 217 350 93 320 403 770
14.90 13.86 7.58 7.77 8.05
30 990 28 830 15 760 16 170 16 750
13.90 12.94 7.25 7.49 7.57
Shoe and leather workers and repairers ........................................................................................................................... Shoe machine operators and tenders ............................................................................................................................... Sewers, hand .................................................................................................................................................................... Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers 2 ..................................................................................................................... Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders .........................................................................................
15 610 11 450 23 910 32 310 44 450
8.67 8.62 9.48 10.22 9.14
18 040 17 920 19 720 21 260 19 020
8.04 8.63 8.06 9.29 9.09
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders ................................................................................................... Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders ............................................................................. Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders ........................................................ Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers ............................................ Fabric and apparel patternmakers 2 ..................................................................................................................................
39 870 79 440 83 360 35 810 16 920
9.45 10.17 10.25 11.94 13.52
19 650 21 150 21 320 24 840 28 120
8.98 10.00 9.91 11.97 10.63
Upholsterers 2 ................................................................................................................................................................... Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters .............................................................................................................................. Furniture finishers 2 ........................................................................................................................................................... Model makers, wood ......................................................................................................................................................... Patternmakers, wood ........................................................................................................................................................
45 380 136 910 38 040 4 910 5 820
11.58 11.20 10.41 13.14 14.77
24 090 23 300 21 650 27 330 30 710
10.98 10.46 9.86 11.84 14.48
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 2 ................................................................................................. Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing ........................................................................... Nuclear power reactor operators 2 .................................................................................................................................... Power distributors and dispatchers 2 ................................................................................................................................ Power plant operators .......................................................................................................................................................
54 760 103 650 3 240 14 080 34 310
10.22 10.02 27.19 22.89 20.73
21 250 20 840 56 550 47 600 43 110
9.71 9.65 26.73 22.60 21.30
Stationary engineers and boiler operators ........................................................................................................................ Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators 2 ....................................................................................... Chemical plant and system operators 2 ............................................................................................................................ Gas plant operators 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers 2 ............................................................................
56 350 81 830 64 320 16 740 34 370
18.78 15.07 18.91 20.71 20.58
39 070 31 350 39 330 43 080 42 810
18.54 14.46 18.88 20.89 21.55
Chemical equipment operators and tenders 2 ................................................................................................................... Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders 2 .................................... Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders ..................................................................... Grinding and polishing workers, hand 2 ............................................................................................................................ Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders .........................................................................................
51 080 33 470 49 690 49 510 114 540
16.61 13.61 12.31 11.18 12.67
34 560 28 310 25 600 23 260 26 360
16.58 13.23 11.71 10.15 12.26
Cutters and trimmers, hand .............................................................................................................................................. Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders 2 .......................................................................................... Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 2 ............................................... Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 2 .......................................................................................... Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 2 .....................................................................................................
33 590 85 060 74 100 29 640 577 650
10.94 11.44 12.01 13.42 13.05
22 750 23 800 24 990 27 910 27 140
9.78 10.87 11.44 12.52 11.68
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 2 ............................................................................................................ Dental laboratory technicians 2 ......................................................................................................................................... Medical appliance technicians 2 ........................................................................................................................................ Ophthalmic laboratory technicians 2 ................................................................................................................................. Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ......................................................................................................
28 690 42 940 13 610 34 590 379 760
12.67 14.06 13.02 10.42 9.99
26 360 29 240 27 080 21 680 20 790
11.19 12.46 10.97 9.49 9.01
Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders 2 ..................................................................... Painters, transportation equipment 2 ................................................................................................................................. Painting, coating, and decorating workers 2 ...................................................................................................................... Photographic process workers 2 ....................................................................................................................................... Photographic processing machine operators 2 .................................................................................................................
101 610 45 920 34 780 26 170 50 270
11.46 15.36 10.43 11.11 9.58
23 840 31 940 21 700 23 110 19 920
10.86 14.13 9.56 9.92 8.59
See footnotes at end of table.
299
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
Table 5-15. Employment and Wages by Occupation, 1999—Continued (Number of persons, dollars.) Occupational division and occupation
Employment
Mean hourly wages
Mean annual wages1
Median hourly wages
Semiconductor processors 2 ............................................................................................................................................. Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders 2 .................................................................................................. Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders ........................................................................ Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 2 ................................................................................................. Etchers and engravers 2 ...................................................................................................................................................
42 110 32 440 18 850 6 200 9 420
13.24 10.69 10.38 10.35 10.76
27 540 22 240 21 590 21 520 22 380
12.45 10.23 9.41 9.36 9.50
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic ................................................................................................. Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 2 ................................................................................................... Tire builders 2 .................................................................................................................................................................... Helpers-production workers ..............................................................................................................................................
34 310 118 830 16 680 584 060
11.04 13.24 17.30 8.98
22 960 27 540 35 980 18 680
10.47 12.82 17.93 8.37
Aircraft cargo handling supervisors .................................................................................................................................. First-line supervisors, managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand .......................................................... First-line supervisors, managers of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators ........................ Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers ....................................................................................................................... Commercial pilots .............................................................................................................................................................
8 090 138 210 175 260 88 040 18 780
18.55 16.86 20.02
17.02 15.88 18.80
(3) (3)
38 590 35 080 41 650 98 280 56 240
Air traffic controllers .......................................................................................................................................................... Airfield operations specialists ........................................................................................................................................... Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 2 ................................................................. Bus drivers, transit and intercity 2 ..................................................................................................................................... Bus drivers, school 2 .........................................................................................................................................................
22 620 4 510 13 520 160 210 463 860
35.19 14.27 9.63 12.72 9.83
73 190 29 670 20 030 26 450 20 460
35.61 13.15 8.40 11.67 9.57
Driver, sales workers 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer ............................................................................................................................. Truck drivers, light or delivery services ............................................................................................................................. Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 2 ............................................................................................................................................ Locomotive engineers 2 ....................................................................................................................................................
385 210 1 558 400 1 085 050 119 630 19 940
10.83 15.34 11.31 8.75 23.10
22 520 31 900 23 530 18 200 48 050
9.71 14.74 10.33 7.89 21.19
Locomotive firers 2 ............................................................................................................................................................ Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers 2 ...................................................................................................... Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 2 .................................................................................................................. Railroad conductors and yardmasters 2 ............................................................................................................................ Sailors and marine oilers 2 ................................................................................................................................................
890 5 070 14 500 36 680 27 200
24.32 17.43 19.21 21.24 12.41
50 570 36 260 39 950 44 180 25 820
22.35 17.44 18.47 19.44 11.97
Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels 2 ................................................................................................................. Motorboat operators 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... Ship engineers 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ Bridge and lock tenders 2 .................................................................................................................................................. Parking lot attendants 2 .....................................................................................................................................................
20 660 4 000 6 800 6 970 109 340
19.93 13.42 22.02 13.46 7.38
41 460 27 910 45 800 28 000 15 350
19.00 12.74 21.31 14.30 6.89
Service station attendants 2 .............................................................................................................................................. Traffic technicians ............................................................................................................................................................. Transportation inspectors 2 ............................................................................................................................................... Conveyor operators and tenders 2 .................................................................................................................................... Crane and tower operators 2 .............................................................................................................................................
109 050 5 000 22 440 57 180 53 830
7.58 15.70 20.66 11.67 16.21
15 770 32 650 42 980 24 280 33 710
7.11 14.56 20.29 11.08 15.29
Dredge operators 2 ............................................................................................................................................................ Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators 2 ............................................................................................... Loading machine operators, underground mining 2 .......................................................................................................... Hoist and winch operators 2 .............................................................................................................................................. Industrial truck and tractor operators 2 ..............................................................................................................................
1 910 62 360 2 930 7 900 590 710
13.73 15.13 14.66 15.03 12.33
28 550 31 460 30 500 31 260 25 650
12.96 13.73 14.59 14.18 11.49
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 2 .............................................................................................................................. Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ................................................................................................... Machine feeders and offbearers 2 ..................................................................................................................................... Packers and packagers, hand 2 ........................................................................................................................................ Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators 2 .....................................................................................................
302 380 2 035 640 176 400 1 114 330 6 940
8.00 9.50 10.04 7.83 17.26
16 650 19 750 20 890 16 280 35 900
7.26 8.75 9.40 7.20 17.87
Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers 2 ................................................................................................................... Wellhead pumpers 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... Refuse and recyclable material collectors 2 ...................................................................................................................... Shuttle car operators 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... Tank car, truck, and ship loaders ......................................................................................................................................
13 480 14 710 135 320 2 830 20 830
16.95 16.09 12.03 16.33 14.09
35 250 33 460 25 020 33 960 29 310
15.70 16.19 11.19 17.00 12.43
TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL MOVING OCCUPATIONS
(3) (3)
1. Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. 2. Wage rates are calculated using three years of data, 1997, 1998, and 1999. 3. Hourly wage rates for occupations where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available. 4. Represents a wage above $70.01 per hour. 5. Data not released due to high relative standard error.
PART SIX PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS HIGHLIGHTS This part covers one of the most important aspects of the state of the economy, the movement of prices. Three price indexes are covered: prices received by producers, prices paid by consumers, and prices involved in foreign trade.
Energy Prices, 1996–2000 (Percent Change from Previous Year) 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 -20.0 -40.0 1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Producer Price Index: Fuels and related products and power Consumer Price Index: Energy commodities Imports Price Index: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials
The three indexes related to energy, while not identical in coverage, show how domestic producer prices are related to import prices and consumer prices to both. Energy played a significant part in the 2000 increases in consumer and producer prices, the largest since 1990. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose 3.4 percent, and Producer Price Index for Finished Goods (PPI) rose 3.8 percent from 1999 to 2000. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: • • • •
The CPI for all items less energy increased 2.4 percent in 2000 from the previous year. (Table 6-5) Increases in energy in 2000 also led to larger increases in housing (3.5 percent) and transportation (6.5 percent) than the recent trend in these components. (Table 6-4) Medical care costs continued to increase in 2000 (4 percent) faster than the CPI for all items (3.4 percent). (Table 6-4) In 2000, the purchasing power of the dollar had its biggest drop since 1995, declining by -3.2 percent to a value of $0.58 when the dollar’s value in 1982–1984 is taken to be $1.00. This was the result of the increase in energy prices accompanied by price increases of rent of shelter and medical care. (Tables 6-5, 6-6)
303
304
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS PRODUCER PRICE INDEX Coverage The Producer Price Index (PPI) measures average changes in prices received by domestic producers of goods and services. Most of the information used in calculating the indexes is obtained through the systematic sampling of nearly every industry in the manufacturing and mining sectors of the economy. The PPI program also includes data from other sectors—agriculture, fishing, forestry, services, and gas and electricity. Because producer price indexes are designed to measure only the change in prices received for the output of domestic industries, imports are not included. The sample currently contains about 80,000 price quotations per month. Producer price indexes are based on selling prices reported by establishments of all sizes selected by probability sampling, with the probability of selection proportionate to size. Individual items and transaction terms from these firms are also chosen by probability proportionate to size. BLS strongly encourages cooperating companies to supply actual transaction prices at the time of shipment to minimize the use of list prices. Prices are normally reported monthly by mail questionnaire for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th. Price data are always provided on a voluntary and confidential basis; only BLS employees, sworn to secrecy, are allowed access to individual company price reports. The Bureau publishes price indexes instead of unit dollar prices. All producer price indexes are routinely subject to revision once, 4 months after original publication, to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. There are three primary systems of indexes within the PPI program: (1) stage-of-processing indexes; (2) indexes for the net output of industries and their products; and (3) commodity indexes. The commodity-based stage-ofprocessing structure organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication. The entire output of various industries is sampled to derive price indexes for the net output of industries and their products. The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition. Within the commodity stage-of-processing system, finished goods are commodities that will not undergo further processing and are ready for sale to the final demand user, either an individual consumer or a business firm. Consumer foods include unprocessed foods, such as eggs and fresh vegetables, as well as processed foods,
such as bakery products and meats. Other finished consumer goods include durable goods, such as automobiles, household furniture, and appliances; and nondurable goods, such as apparel and home heating oil. Capital equipment includes producer durable goods, such as heavy motor trucks, tractors, and machine tools. The stage-of-processing category for intermediate materials, supplies, and components consists partly of commodities that have been processed but require further processing. Examples of such semi-finished goods include flour, cotton, yarn, steel mill products, and lumber. The intermediate goods category also encompasses physically complete nondurable goods purchased by business firms as inputs for their operations. Examples include diesel fuel, belts and belting, paper boxes, and fertilizers. Crude materials for further processing are products entering the market for the first time that have not been manufactured or fabricated and that are not sold directly to consumers. Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs include items such as grains and livestock. Examples of crude nonfood materials include raw cotton, crude petroleum, coal, hides and skins, and iron and steel scrap. Producer price indexes for the net output of industries and their products are grouped according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and the Census product code extensions of the SIC. Industry price indexes are compatible with other economic time series organized by SIC codes, such as data on employment, wages, and productivity. Net output values of shipments are used as weights for industry indexes. Net output values refer to the value of shipments from establishments in one industry shipped to establishments classified in another industry. However, weights for commodity price indexes are based on gross shipment values, including shipment values between establishments within the same industry. As a result, commodity aggregate indexes, such as the all commodities index, are affected by the multiple counting of price change at successive stages of processing, which can lead to exaggerated or misleading signals about inflation. Stage-of-processing indexes partially correct this defect, but industry indexes consistently correct this weakness at all levels of aggregation. Therefore, industry and stage-ofprocessing indexes are more appropriate than commodity aggregate indexes for economic analysis of general price trends. Weights for most traditional commodity groupings of the PPI, as well as all indexes calculated from traditional commodity groupings (such as stage-of-processing indexes), currently reflect 1992 values of shipments as reported
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
in the Census of Manufactures and other sources. Major industry group indexes, which are based on the SIC system, are currently calculated using 1992 net output weights. BLS is in the process of updating weights to take effect in 2002. The source data will be the most recent data from the Census of Manufactures and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The new North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is scheduled to be introduced in the PPI in 2004.
305
Sources of Additional Information Additional information is published monthly by the BLS in the Producer Price Index Detailed Report. For information on the underlying concepts and methodology of the Producer Price Index, see chapter 14, “Producer Prices,” in BLS Handbook of Methods (April 1997), Bulletin 2490. Reprints are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics on request.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-1. Producer Price Indexes by Stage of Processing, 1947–2000 (1982=100.) Crude materials for further processing
Year Total
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs
Nonfood materials, Fuel, except excluding fuel, crude including petroleum crude petroleum
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components
Total
Materials and components for construction
Materials and Procompocessed nents for fuels and manufac- lubricants turing
Finished goods
Containers
Supplies
Total
Consumer goods
Capital equipment
1947 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
31.7 34.7 30.1
45.1 48.8 40.5
24.0 26.7 24.3
7.5 8.9 8.8
23.3 25.2 24.2
22.5 24.9 24.9
24.9 26.8 25.7
14.4 16.4 14.9
23.4 24.4 24.5
28.5 29.8 28.0
26.4 28.5 27.7
28.6 30.8 29.4
19.8 21.6 22.7
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
32.7 37.6 34.5 31.9 31.6
43.4 50.2 47.3 42.3 42.3
27.8 32.0 27.8 26.6 26.1
8.8 9.0 9.0 9.3 8.9
25.3 28.4 27.5 27.7 27.9
26.2 28.7 28.5 29.0 29.1
26.9 30.5 29.3 29.7 29.8
15.2 15.9 15.7 15.8 15.8
25.2 29.6 28.0 28.0 28.5
29.0 32.6 32.6 31.0 31.7
28.2 30.8 30.6 30.3 30.4
29.9 32.7 32.3 31.7 31.7
23.2 25.5 25.9 26.3 26.7
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
30.4 30.6 31.2 31.9 31.1
38.4 37.6 39.2 41.6 38.8
27.5 28.6 28.2 27.1 28.1
8.9 9.5 10.1 10.2 10.4
28.4 29.6 30.3 30.4 30.8
30.3 31.8 32.0 32.0 32.9
30.5 32.0 32.7 32.8 33.3
15.8 16.3 17.2 16.2 16.2
28.9 31.0 32.4 33.2 33.0
31.2 32.0 32.3 33.1 33.5
30.5 31.3 32.5 33.2 33.1
31.5 32.0 32.9 33.6 33.3
27.4 29.5 31.3 32.1 32.7
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
30.4 30.2 30.5 29.9 29.6
38.4 37.9 38.6 37.5 36.6
26.9 27.2 27.1 26.7 27.2
10.5 10.5 10.4 10.5 10.5
30.8 30.6 30.6 30.7 30.8
32.7 32.2 32.1 32.2 32.5
33.3 32.9 32.7 32.7 33.1
16.6 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.2
33.4 33.2 33.6 33.2 32.9
33.3 33.7 34.5 35.0 34.7
33.4 33.4 33.5 33.4 33.5
33.6 33.6 33.7 33.5 33.6
32.8 32.9 33.0 33.1 33.4
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
31.1 33.1 31.3 31.8 33.9
39.2 42.7 40.3 40.9 44.1
27.7 28.3 26.5 27.1 28.4
10.6 10.9 11.3 11.5 12.0
31.2 32.0 32.2 33.0 34.1
32.8 33.6 34.0 35.7 37.7
33.6 34.3 34.5 35.3 36.5
16.5 16.8 16.9 16.5 16.6
33.5 34.5 35.0 35.9 37.2
35.0 36.5 36.8 37.1 37.8
34.1 35.2 35.6 36.6 38.0
34.2 35.4 35.6 36.5 37.9
33.8 34.6 35.8 37.0 38.3
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
35.2 36.0 39.9 54.5 61.4
45.2 46.1 51.5 72.6 76.4
29.1 29.4 32.3 42.9 54.5
13.8 15.7 16.8 18.6 24.8
35.4 36.8 38.2 42.4 52.5
38.3 40.8 43.0 46.5 55.0
38.0 38.9 40.4 44.1 56.0
17.7 19.5 20.1 22.2 33.6
39.0 40.8 42.7 45.2 53.3
39.7 40.8 42.5 51.7 56.8
39.3 40.5 41.8 45.6 52.6
39.1 40.2 41.5 46.0 53.1
40.1 41.7 42.8 44.2 50.5
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
61.6 63.4 65.5 73.4 85.9
77.4 76.8 77.5 87.3 100.0
50.0 54.9 56.3 61.9 75.5
30.6 34.5 42.0 48.2 57.3
58.0 60.9 64.9 69.5 78.4
60.1 64.1 69.3 76.5 84.2
61.7 64.0 67.4 72.0 80.9
39.4 42.3 47.7 49.9 61.6
60.0 63.1 65.9 71.0 79.4
61.8 65.8 69.3 72.9 80.2
58.2 60.8 64.7 69.8 77.6
58.2 60.4 64.3 69.4 77.5
58.2 62.1 66.1 71.3 77.5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
95.3 103.0 100.0 101.3 103.5
104.6 103.9 100.0 101.8 104.7
91.8 109.8 100.0 98.8 101.0
69.4 84.8 100.0 105.1 105.1
90.3 98.6 100.0 100.6 103.1
91.3 97.9 100.0 102.8 105.6
91.7 98.7 100.0 101.2 104.1
85.0 100.6 100.0 95.4 95.7
89.1 96.7 100.0 100.4 105.9
89.9 96.9 100.0 101.8 104.1
88.0 96.1 100.0 101.6 103.7
88.6 96.6 100.0 101.3 103.3
85.8 94.6 100.0 102.8 105.2
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
95.8 87.7 93.7 96.0 103.1
94.8 93.2 96.2 106.1 111.2
94.3 76.0 88.5 85.9 95.8
102.7 92.2 84.1 82.1 85.3
102.7 99.1 101.5 107.1 112.0
107.3 108.1 109.8 116.1 121.3
103.3 102.2 105.3 113.2 118.1
92.8 72.7 73.3 71.2 76.4
109.0 110.3 114.5 120.1 125.4
104.4 105.6 107.7 113.7 118.1
104.7 103.2 105.4 108.0 113.6
103.8 101.4 103.6 106.2 112.1
107.5 109.7 111.7 114.3 118.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
108.9 101.2 100.4 102.4 101.8
113.1 105.5 105.1 108.4 106.5
107.3 97.5 94.2 94.1 97.0
84.8 82.9 84.0 87.1 82.4
114.5 114.4 114.7 116.2 118.5
122.9 124.5 126.5 132.0 136.6
118.7 118.1 117.9 118.9 122.1
85.9 85.3 84.5 84.7 83.1
127.7 128.1 127.7 126.4 129.7
119.4 121.4 122.7 125.0 127.0
119.2 121.7 123.2 124.7 125.5
118.2 120.5 121.7 123.0 123.3
122.9 126.7 129.1 131.4 134.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
102.7 113.8 111.1 96.8 98.2
105.8 121.5 112.2 103.9 98.7
105.8 105.7 103.5 84.5 91.1
72.1 92.6 101.3 86.7 91.2
124.9 125.7 125.6 123.0 123.2
142.1 143.6 146.5 146.8 148.9
130.4 128.6 128.3 126.1 124.6
84.2 90.0 89.3 81.1 84.6
148.8 141.1 136.0 140.8 142.5
132.1 135.9 135.9 134.8 134.2
127.9 131.3 131.8 130.7 133.0
125.6 129.5 130.2 128.9 132.0
136.7 138.3 138.2 137.6 137.6
2000 ......................................................
120.6
100.2
118.0
136.9
129.2
150.7
128.1
102.0
151.6
136.9
138.0
138.2
138.8
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PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
Table 6-2. Producer Price Indexes by Commodity Groups, 1913–2000 (1982=100.) Industrial commodities
Year
All commodities
Farm products
Processed foods and feeds
Total
Hides, Textile leather, proand ducts related and proapparel ducts
Fuels and Chemi- Rubber Lumber related cals and and and prorelated plastics wood ducts proproproand ducts ducts ducts power
Pulp, paper, and allied products
Metals and metal products
FurniNonMachin- ture and metallic ery and housemineral hold equipprodurament ducts bles
Transportation equipment
Miscellaneous products
1913 ...................... 1914 ......................
12.0 11.8
18.0 17.9
... ...
11.9 11.3
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
12.0 14.7 20.2 22.6 23.9
18.0 21.3 32.6 37.4 39.8
... ... ... ... ...
11.6 15.0 19.5 21.1 22.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
26.6 16.8 16.7 17.3 16.9
38.0 22.3 23.7 24.9 25.2
... ... ... ... ...
27.4 17.8 17.4 17.8 17.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
17.8 17.2 16.5 16.7 16.4
27.7 25.3 25.1 26.7 26.4
... ... ... ... ...
17.5 17.0 16.0 15.8 15.6
... ... ... ... ...
... 17.1 18.4 20.7 18.6
... 10.3 9.1 8.7 8.6
... ... ... ... ...
... 47.1 35.7 28.3 24.6
... 9.3 8.8 8.5 8.8
... ... ... ... ...
... 13.7 12.9 12.9 13.3
... ... ... ... ...
... 28.6 27.9 27.2 27.0
... 16.4 15.7 16.2 16.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
14.9 12.6 11.2 11.4 12.9
22.4 16.4 12.2 13.0 16.5
... ... ... ... ...
14.5 12.8 11.9 12.1 13.3
... ... ... ... ...
17.1 14.7 12.5 13.8 14.8
8.1 7.0 7.3 6.9 7.6
... ... ... 16.2 17.0
21.5 18.3 15.9 16.7 19.5
8.0 6.5 5.6 6.7 7.8
... ... ... ... ...
12.0 10.8 9.9 10.2 11.2
... ... ... ... ...
26.5 24.4 21.5 21.6 23.4
15.9 14.9 13.9 14.7 15.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
13.8 13.9 14.9 13.5 13.3
19.8 20.4 21.8 17.3 16.5
... ... ... ... ...
13.3 13.5 14.5 13.9 13.9
... ... ... ... ...
15.3 16.3 17.9 15.8 16.3
7.6 7.9 8.0 7.9 7.5
17.7 17.8 18.6 17.7 17.6
19.6 21.1 24.9 24.4 25.4
7.5 7.9 9.3 8.5 8.7
... ... ... ... ...
11.2 11.4 13.1 12.6 12.5
... ... ... ... 14.8
23.2 23.6 26.1 25.5 25.4
15.7 15.8 16.1 15.6 15.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
13.5 15.1 17.0 17.8 17.9
17.1 20.8 26.7 30.9 31.2
... ... ... ... ...
14.1 15.1 16.2 16.5 16.7
... ... ... ... ...
17.2 18.4 20.1 20.1 19.9
7.4 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.6
17.9 19.5 21.7 21.9 22.2
23.7 25.5 29.7 30.5 30.1
9.6 11.5 12.5 13.2 14.3
... ... ... ... ...
12.5 12.8 13.0 12.9 12.9
14.9 15.1 15.4 15.2 15.1
26.0 27.6 29.9 29.7 30.5
15.3 15.7 16.3 16.4 16.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
18.2 20.8 25.6 27.7 26.3
32.4 37.5 45.1 48.5 41.9
... ... 33.0 35.3 32.1
17.0 18.6 22.7 24.6 24.1
... ... 50.6 52.8 48.3
20.1 23.3 31.7 32.1 30.4
8.7 9.3 11.1 13.1 12.4
22.3 24.1 32.1 32.8 30.0
29.2 29.3 29.2 30.2 29.2
14.5 16.6 25.8 29.5 27.3
... ... 25.1 26.2 25.1
13.1 14.7 18.2 20.7 20.9
15.1 16.6 19.3 20.9 21.9
30.5 32.4 37.2 39.4 40.1
17.4 18.5 20.7 22.4 23.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... 26.6 27.7 28.2
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
27.3 30.4 29.6 29.2 29.3
44.0 51.2 48.4 43.8 43.2
33.2 36.9 36.4 34.8 35.4
25.0 27.6 26.9 27.2 27.2
50.2 56.0 50.5 49.3 48.2
32.9 37.7 30.5 31.0 29.5
12.6 13.0 13.0 13.4 13.2
30.4 34.8 33.0 33.4 33.8
35.6 43.7 39.6 36.9 37.5
31.4 34.1 33.2 33.1 32.5
25.7 30.5 29.7 29.6 29.6
22.0 24.5 24.5 25.3 25.5
22.6 25.3 25.3 25.9 26.3
40.9 44.4 43.5 44.4 44.9
23.5 25.0 25.0 26.0 26.6
... ... ... ... ...
28.6 30.3 30.2 31.0 31.3
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
29.3 30.3 31.2 31.6 31.7
40.5 40.0 41.1 42.9 40.2
33.8 33.8 34.8 36.5 35.6
27.8 29.1 29.9 30.0 30.5
48.2 48.2 48.3 47.4 48.1
29.4 31.2 31.2 31.6 35.9
13.2 13.6 14.3 13.7 13.7
33.7 33.9 34.6 34.9 34.8
42.4 43.0 42.8 42.8 42.6
34.1 34.6 32.8 32.5 34.7
30.4 32.4 33.0 33.4 33.7
27.2 29.6 30.2 30.0 30.6
27.2 29.3 31.4 32.1 32.8
45.1 46.3 47.5 47.9 48.0
27.3 28.5 29.6 29.9 30.3
... ... ... ... ...
31.3 31.7 32.6 33.3 33.4
308
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-2. Producer Price Indexes by Commodity Groups, 1913–2000—Continued (1982=100.) Industrial commodities
Year
All commodities
Farm products
Processed foods and feeds
Total
Hides, Textile leather, proand ducts related and proapparel ducts
Fuels and Chemi- Rubber Lumber related cals and and and prorelated plastics wood ducts proproproand ducts ducts ducts power
Pulp, paper, and allied products
Metals and metal products
FurniNonMachin- ture and metallic ery and housemineral hold equipprodurament ducts bles
Transportation equipment
Miscellaneous products
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
31.7 31.6 31.7 31.6 31.6
40.1 39.7 40.4 39.6 39.0
35.6 36.2 36.5 36.8 36.7
30.5 30.4 30.4 30.3 30.5
48.6 47.8 48.2 48.2 48.5
34.6 34.9 35.3 34.3 34.4
13.9 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.5
34.8 34.5 33.9 33.5 33.6
42.7 41.1 39.9 40.1 39.6
33.5 32.0 32.2 32.8 33.5
34.0 33.0 33.4 33.1 33.0
30.6 30.5 30.2 30.3 31.1
33.0 33.0 33.0 33.1 33.3
47.8 47.5 47.2 46.9 47.1
30.4 30.5 30.5 30.3 30.4
... ... ... ... ...
33.6 33.7 33.9 34.2 34.4
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
32.3 33.3 33.4 34.2 35.6
40.7 43.7 41.3 42.3 45.0
38.0 40.2 39.8 40.6 42.7
30.9 31.5 32.0 32.8 33.9
48.8 48.9 48.9 50.7 51.8
35.9 39.4 38.1 39.3 41.5
13.8 14.1 14.4 14.3 14.6
33.9 34.0 34.2 34.1 34.2
39.7 40.5 41.4 42.8 43.6
33.7 35.2 35.1 39.8 44.0
33.3 34.2 34.6 35.0 36.0
32.0 32.8 33.2 34.0 36.0
33.7 34.7 35.9 37.0 38.2
46.8 47.4 48.3 49.7 50.7
30.4 30.7 31.2 32.4 33.6
... ... ... ... 40.4
34.7 35.3 36.2 37.0 38.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
36.9 38.1 39.8 45.0 53.5
45.8 46.6 51.6 72.7 77.4
44.6 45.5 48.0 58.9 68.0
35.2 36.5 37.8 40.3 49.2
52.4 53.3 55.5 60.5 68.0
42.0 43.4 50.0 54.5 55.2
15.3 16.6 17.1 19.4 30.1
35.0 35.6 35.6 37.6 50.2
44.9 45.2 45.3 46.6 56.4
39.9 44.7 50.7 62.2 64.5
37.5 38.1 39.3 42.3 52.5
38.7 39.4 40.9 44.0 57.0
40.0 41.4 42.3 43.7 50.0
51.9 53.1 53.8 55.7 61.8
35.3 38.2 39.4 40.7 47.8
41.9 44.2 45.5 46.1 50.3
39.8 40.8 41.5 43.3 48.1
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
58.4 61.1 64.9 69.9 78.7
77.0 78.8 79.4 87.7 99.6
72.6 70.8 74.0 80.6 88.5
54.9 58.4 62.5 67.0 75.7
67.4 72.4 75.3 78.1 82.5
56.5 63.9 68.3 76.1 96.1
35.4 38.3 43.6 46.5 58.9
62.0 64.0 65.9 68.0 76.0
62.2 66.0 69.4 72.4 80.5
62.1 72.2 83.0 96.9 105.5
59.0 62.1 64.6 67.7 75.9
61.5 65.0 69.3 75.3 86.0
57.9 61.3 65.2 70.3 76.7
67.5 70.3 73.2 77.5 82.8
54.4 58.2 62.6 69.6 77.6
56.7 60.5 64.6 69.5 75.3
53.4 55.6 59.4 66.7 75.5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
89.8 98.0 100.0 101.3 103.7
102.9 105.2 100.0 102.4 105.5
95.9 98.9 100.0 101.8 105.4
88.0 97.4 100.0 101.1 103.3
89.7 97.6 100.0 100.3 102.7
94.7 99.3 100.0 103.2 109.0
82.8 100.0 100.0 95.9 94.8
89.0 298.4 100.0 100.3 102.9
90.1 96.4 100.0 100.8 102.3
101.5 102.8 100.0 107.9 108.0
86.3 94.8 100.0 103.3 110.3
95.0 99.6 100.0 101.8 104.8
86.0 94.4 100.0 102.7 105.1
90.7 95.9 100.0 103.4 105.7
88.4 96.7 100.0 101.6 105.4
82.9 94.3 100.0 102.8 105.2
93.6 96.1 100.0 104.8 107.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
103.2 100.2 102.8 106.9 112.2
95.1 92.9 95.5 104.9 110.9
103.5 105.4 107.9 112.7 117.8
103.7 100.0 102.6 106.3 111.6
102.9 103.2 105.1 109.2 112.3
108.9 113.0 120.4 131.4 136.3
91.4 69.8 70.2 66.7 72.9
103.7 102.6 106.4 116.3 123.0
101.9 101.9 103.0 109.3 112.6
106.6 107.2 112.8 118.9 126.7
113.3 116.1 121.8 130.4 137.8
104.4 103.2 107.1 118.7 124.1
107.2 108.8 110.4 113.2 117.4
107.1 108.2 109.9 113.1 116.9
108.6 110.0 110.0 111.2 112.6
107.9 110.5 112.5 114.3 117.7
109.4 111.6 114.9 120.2 126.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
116.3 116.5 117.2 118.9 120.4
112.2 105.7 103.6 107.1 106.3
121.9 121.9 122.1 124.0 125.5
115.8 116.5 117.4 119.0 120.7
115.0 116.3 117.8 118.0 118.3
141.7 138.9 140.4 143.7 148.5
82.3 81.2 80.4 80.0 77.8
123.6 125.6 125.9 128.2 132.1
113.6 115.1 115.1 116.0 117.6
129.7 132.1 146.6 174.0 180.0
141.2 142.9 145.2 147.3 152.5
122.9 120.2 119.2 119.2 124.8
120.7 123.0 123.4 124.0 125.1
119.2 121.2 122.2 123.7 126.1
114.7 117.2 117.3 120.0 124.2
121.5 126.4 130.4 133.7 137.2
134.2 140.8 145.3 145.4 141.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
124.7 127.7 127.6 124.4 125.5
107.4 122.4 112.9 104.6 98.4
127.0 133.3 134.0 131.6 131.1
125.5 127.3 127.7 124.8 126.5
120.8 122.4 122.6 122.9 121.1
153.7 150.5 154.2 148.0 146.0
78.0 85.8 86.1 75.3 80.5
142.5 142.1 143.6 143.9 144.2
124.3 123.8 123.2 122.6 122.5
178.1 176.1 183.8 179.1 183.6
172.2 168.7 167.9 171.7 174.1
134.5 131.0 131.8 127.8 124.6
126.6 126.5 125.9 124.9 124.3
128.2 130.4 130.8 131.3 131.7
129.0 131.0 133.2 135.4 138.9
139.7 141.7 141.6 141.2 141.8
145.4 147.7 150.9 156.0 166.6
2000 ......................
132.7
99.5
133.1
134.8
121.4
151.5
103.5
151.0
125.5
178.2
183.7
128.1
124.0
132.6
142.5
143.8
170.8
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
309
Table 6-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1987–2000 (December 1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Industry
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Metal mining ............................................................................ Iron ores ............................................................................... Copper ores (06/88=100) ..................................................... Lead and zinc ores (12/85=100) .......................................... Gold and silver ores ............................................................. Metal mining services (12/85=100) ...................................... Miscellaneous metal ores (12/85=100) ................................ Coal mining (12/85=100) ......................................................... Bituminous coal and lignite (12/93=100) .............................. Anthracite mining (12/93=100) ............................................. Coal mining services (06/91=100) ....................................... Oil and gas extraction (12/85=100) .......................................... Crude petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas liquids (06/96=100) ..................................................................... Oil and gas field services (12/85=100) ................................ Mining and quarrying of non-metallic minerals, except fuels ... Dimension stone (06/85=100) .............................................. Crushed and broken stone, including riprap ........................ Sand and gravel ................................................................... Clay, ceramic, and refractory minerals ................................ Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining ................................ Non-metallic minerals (except fuels) services (06/85=100) ..................................................................... Miscellaneous nonmetallic minerals, except fuels ...............
100.1 81.8 ... ... 96.0 100.6 100.7 96.0 ... ... ... 74.3
100.7 80.9 ... ... 96.1 102.5 87.9 94.6 ... ... ... 68.5
100.3 81.5 129.5 ... 82.9 107.2 57.9 94.3 ... ... ... 75.7
93.4 82.2 112.8 ... 81.2 108.6 58.0 96.5 ... ... ... 82.7
82.2 82.7 99.5 ... 71.3 108.7 49.2 96.3 ... ... ... 77.9
76.6 82.8 96.6 ... 68.0 108.8 33.9 94.0 ... ... 96.1 76.5
69.7 82.1 79.1 82.2 69.1 111.2 32.6 93.3 ... ... 98.0 76.2
81.4 82.1 106.9 93.5 75.9 111.3 32.9 93.2 99.1 99.4 97.6 71.1
101.4 91.0 157.1 103.1 77.1 111.4 33.6 91.6 97.3 98.2 98.3 66.6
92.1 95.7 117.0 109.4 78.6 112.5 31.9 91.4 97.0 98.1 101.6 84.8
85.8 95.3 110.4 138.6 67.9 116.7 29.9 92.2 98.0 98.3 100.6 87.5
73.2 94.5 76.8 107.0 61.1 122.2 27.6 89.5 95.0 99.0 100.6 68.3
70.3 94.0 71.3 111.8 58.2 120.2 25.9 87.3 92.6 98.1 100.2 78.5
73.8 93.9 88.7 118.8 57.0 109.0 26.4 84.8 89.8 97.2 100.8 126.8
... 87.7 105.1 106.3 110.3 108.9 102.3 96.4
... 90.9 108.0 108.3 111.8 113.0 105.1 99.6
... 91.2 111.2 110.5 113.6 115.5 108.3 104.7
... 95.7 113.7 113.4 115.7 119.6 109.8 106.7
... 99.1 116.3 116.7 118.7 123.1 110.9 108.5
... 95.5 117.5 118.2 120.6 125.3 111.3 108.3
... 100.6 118.8 120.3 123.4 129.1 112.8 104.3
... 103.8 120.5 123.4 126.3 134.0 113.1 102.1
... 107.1 123.8 126.4 130.7 137.6 115.3 104.2
... 108.8 127.1 132.2 133.2 141.6 116.6 108.6
115.6 120.7 128.8 138.1 135.4 145.4 117.5 107.6
86.1 125.5 132.2 142.2 138.8 152.1 117.5 110.1
102.6 116.2 134.0 145.9 142.1 157.4 116.2 108.0
174.3 122.6 137.0 153.4 147.3 163.1 117.0 106.8
108.0 109.6
103.0 112.8
102.9 115.1
102.7 117.9
98.5 122.9
98.1 126.9
98.0 131.1
96.1 132.3
100.0 136.0
103.4 139.8
104.7 143.2
104.7 146.6
106.5 148.0
107.2 148.8
102.6 101.7 99.4 104.1 97.8 107.3 104.7 89.4 104.1 108.7 126.5 133.5 116.0 137.4 95.5 102.6 101.9 103.7 101.1 101.3 103.3
107.1 103.9 100.1 108.9 111.3 115.2 106.0 109.4 105.8 110.2 141.8 150.8 121.2 145.5 97.7 106.8 107.6 110.1 109.8 103.1 105.5
112.2 110.0 108.0 114.5 116.4 123.5 110.2 104.6 109.0 114.2 161.4 173.1 130.5 154.1 98.9 109.3 107.2 112.3 119.4 108.1 107.4
116.2 118.1 113.5 119.5 114.5 128.7 112.5 98.8 112.0 116.7 183.2 197.6 141.4 166.2 103.9 111.6 109.3 115.6 118.5 111.7 109.9
116.5 114.8 111.0 119.5 115.9 133.7 117.4 93.3 116.4 118.4 207.5 225.0 150.0 182.3 107.6 112.5 109.6 115.2 116.3 113.2 110.9
116.9 110.0 113.7 121.5 119.1 139.1 117.0 93.1 117.9 117.7 230.2 250.5 159.1 199.2 107.5 113.6 112.8 115.9 114.7 114.6 112.8
118.7 113.6 114.1 121.2 120.5 142.7 118.7 100.4 118.5 118.3 218.0 235.2 166.4 214.2 108.7 113.6 112.2 114.6 113.8 115.6 113.3
120.1 110.7 115.6 123.7 124.9 145.3 120.4 105.0 118.8 125.4 187.8 198.9 172.9 229.5 109.4 113.6 113.5 109.9 113.3 116.8 113.0
121.7 109.3 115.8 125.5 125.9 149.6 123.3 103.0 123.1 131.1 193.2 204.3 186.5 243.6 112.2 116.5 118.6 112.4 113.5 119.7 115.7
127.1 114.6 125.0 129.7 139.9 154.4 127.7 111.1 125.5 128.5 199.1 210.5 201.8 253.8 109.7 118.2 119.1 113.0 114.2 121.2 116.6
127.9 116.1 123.9 129.9 133.0 158.2 129.3 113.9 126.3 135.1 210.8 223.3 228.5 265.3 106.5 118.8 118.5 115.0 115.0 122.7 117.0
126.3 109.2 133.1 130.1 122.5 160.0 128.8 102.1 127.2 135.3 243.1 260.4 242.7 282.1 104.2 118.6 117.4 114.8 115.3 123.8 116.6
126.3 108.9 133.8 131.7 117.3 162.0 129.4 86.9 129.8 136.1 325.7 356.7 259.6 303.1 104.7 116.3 114.2 108.6 113.2 124.3 114.0
128.5 115.0 129.9 132.1 117.5 166.0 127.5 85.1 134.4 138.7 345.8 379.3 268.8 318.1 109.0 116.7 110.6 108.6 114.6 125.3 113.9
107.2 102.5 101.9 100.9
111.6 105.8 104.9 106.6
114.8 107.6 106.4 112.4
117.0 108.9 109.7 115.0
119.9 109.7 110.7 117.0
122.6 109.4 109.9 116.3
125.1 108.7 107.0 116.5
125.5 110.0 107.4 118.1
127.8 111.6 112.1 122.9
129.0 114.1 113.6 126.4
129.2 115.7 114.1 125.6
130.2 116.3 112.1 124.9
131.4 115.4 106.9 123.4
132.2 117.8 105.5 124.1
103.9 125.2
107.2 131.6
110.2 140.3
113.3 145.7
116.0 149.2
118.0 151.8
119.2 151.9
119.7 154.0
120.6 155.8
122.3 158.1
123.4 160.2
124.8 166.8
125.3 168.5
125.7 168.2
103.1 104.5
106.9 107.7
110.1 110.8
113.0 114.0
116.2 116.7
119.7 117.5
121.9 117.8
122.7 117.0
124.0 116.2
125.5 116.1
125.7 116.8
126.1 117.7
126.0 118.3
125.6 118.4
104.6 102.4 101.7 120.1 102.9 102.7 105.3 100.4 106.7 105.3 101.3 103.6 104.7 106.4 105.9 108.1 108.2 108.8 102.9
107.3 104.9 103.4 115.9 106.9 105.6 109.2 112.8 110.2 107.5 103.8 107.9 108.6 111.4 110.1 115.0 111.9 113.7 109.5
109.4 109.8 106.3 104.9 110.8 107.9 115.3 128.0 114.6 114.1 109.7 112.1 113.3 115.6 114.0 119.0 115.9 117.5 116.3
111.2 115.1 110.7 98.7 115.2 110.8 117.0 135.6 113.7 115.4 113.9 115.5 114.9 119.1 117.2 123.4 118.4 120.9 120.6
112.9 118.2 113.1 100.5 117.6 113.4 119.4 135.0 115.3 118.3 115.8 118.9 118.0 121.6 119.9 125.8 119.4 123.1 123.4
115.3 122.9 114.6 102.6 119.3 115.1 129.7 151.3 131.3 128.4 123.5 121.5 123.4 122.9 121.6 125.3 120.9 124.7 125.5
116.8 126.0 115.8 101.4 120.6 116.6 148.3 186.4 161.8 142.8 141.7 129.5 132.8 125.4 124.8 127.3 123.5 126.9 125.6
118.3 129.5 115.4 107.5 120.8 117.7 154.4 192.6 165.2 148.7 147.5 139.8 140.9 129.7 128.7 132.9 128.4 131.9 127.3
118.9 130.8 118.1 103.8 123.2 119.6 154.1 194.3 154.8 150.5 148.6 147.8 144.9 133.3 132.2 137.5 130.0 135.3 130.4
119.3 132.7 118.9 119.4 125.7 124.2 153.5 185.7 155.7 148.3 147.7 151.5 145.1 136.2 134.7 140.7 133.7 138.0 133.3
120.1 135.0 118.9 127.3 128.0 126.4 158.9 191.2 166.9 151.7 151.5 155.0 145.9 138.2 136.4 142.5 135.9 140.7 134.8
121.0 136.4 118.6 128.5 130.4 128.8 157.0 188.1 157.2 151.8 155.5 157.5 147.6 139.7 138.4 142.3 136.0 142.0 137.4
122.1 138.6 119.5 134.4 131.0 128.7 161.8 182.7 162.2 158.6 156.0 162.1 152.8 141.3 140.3 143.0 136.9 143.5 139.0
123.3 141.0 120.7 141.5 131.3 129.5 158.1 177.5 153.9 155.1 156.6 165.7 149.6 143.3 142.5 144.5 138.6 145.6 141.7
MINING INDUSTRIES
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Food and kindred products ...................................................... Meat products ...................................................................... Dairy products ...................................................................... Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables ...................... Grain mill products ............................................................... Bakery products ................................................................... Sugar and confectionery products ....................................... Fats and oils ........................................................................ Beverages ............................................................................ Miscellaneous food preparations and kindred products ...... Tobacco manufactures ............................................................ Cigarettes (12/82=100) ........................................................ Cigars (12/82=100) .............................................................. Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff (12/82=100) ........ Tobacco stemming and redrying (06/84=100) ..................... Textile mill products ................................................................. Cotton broadwoven fabric (12/80=100) ............................... Synthetic fiber and silk broadwoven fabric (06/81=100) ...... Wool weaving and finishing (06/85=100) ............................. Narrow fabric mills (06/84=100) ........................................... Knitting mills ......................................................................... Dyeing and finishing textiles, except wool fabrics and knit goods ........................................................................ Floor covering mills .............................................................. Yarn and thread mills ........................................................... Miscellaneous textile goods ................................................. Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials ................................................................... Men’s and boys’ suits and coats (12/80=100) ..................... Men’s, youths’ and boys’ furnishings, work clothing and allied garments ................................................................ Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear .......................... Women’s, misses’, children’s, and infants’ undergarments .......................................................................... Hats, caps, and millinery (06/85=100) ................................. Girls’, children’s, and infants’ outerwear .............................. Fur goods (12/83=100) ........................................................ Miscellaneous apparel and accessories (06/85=100) .......... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products ............................ Lumber and wood products, except furniture .......................... Logging camps and logging contractors (12/81=100) .......... Sawmills and planing mills ................................................... Millwork, veneer, plywood, and structural wood members .. Wood containers (06/85=100) ............................................. Wood buildings and mobile homes ...................................... Miscellaneous wood products .............................................. Furniture and fixtures ............................................................... Household furniture ............................................................. Office furniture ..................................................................... Public building and related furniture .................................... Partitions, shelving, lockers, and office and store fixtures ... Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures ....................................
310
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1987–2000—Continued (December 1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Industry
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Paper and allied products ........................................................ Pulp mills (12/82=100) ......................................................... Paper mill products except building paper (06/81=100) ...... Paperboard mills (12/82=100) ............................................. Paperboard containers and boxes ....................................... Converted paper and paperboard products, except containers and boxes (06/93=100) .................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries ................................. Newspaper publishing (12/79=100) ..................................... Periodical publishing (12/79=100) ....................................... Books ................................................................................... Miscellaneous publishing (06/84=100) ................................ Commercial printing ............................................................. Manifold business forms (12/83=100) .................................. Greeting cards (12/85=100) ................................................. Blankbooks, looseleaf binders, and bookbinding and related work (06/85=100) ................................................. Service industries for the printing trade (06/85=100) ........... Chemicals and allied products ................................................. Industrial inorganic chemicals .............................................. Plastic materials and synthetic resins, rubber, and non-glass fibers ............................................................... Drugs ................................................................................... Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations, perfumes, cosmetics and other toilet preparations ........................... Paints and allied products (06/83=100) ............................... Industrial organic chemicals ................................................ Agricultural chemicals .......................................................... Miscellaneous chemical products ........................................ Petroleum refining and related products .................................. Petroleum refining (06/85=100) ........................................... Paving and roofing materials ............................................... Miscellaneous products of petroleum and coal .................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .......................... Tires and inner tubes (06/81=100) ....................................... Rubber and plastics footwear (12/80=100) .......................... Gaskets, packing, and sealing devices and rubber and plastics hose and belting (06/95=100) ............................. Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. (12/88=100) .................. Miscellaneous plastics products (06/93=100) ...................... Leather and leather products ................................................... Leather tanning and finishing (06/81=100) .......................... Boot and shoe cut stock and findings .................................. Footwear, except rubber ...................................................... Leather gloves and mittens (06/85=100) ............................. Luggage ............................................................................... Handbags and other personal leather goods ....................... Leather goods, n.e.c. (06/85=100) ....................................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products ............................... Flat glass (12/80=100) ......................................................... Glass and glassware, pressed or blown .............................. Products of purchased glass (06/83=100) ........................... Hydraulic cement (06/82=100) ............................................. Structural clay products ....................................................... Pottery and related products ................................................ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products ............................. Cut stone and stone products .............................................. Abrasives, asbestos, and miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products .............................................................. Primary metal industries .......................................................... Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling and finishing mills .. Iron and steel foundries ....................................................... Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals (12/80=100) ..................................................................... Secondary nonferrous metals (06/80=100) ......................... Rolling, drawing and extruding of nonferrous metals ........... Nonferrous foundries (castings) ........................................... Miscellaneous primary metal products (06/85=100) ............ Fabricated metal products, except machinery and transportation equipment ................................................. Metal cans and shipping containers .................................... Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware .......................... Heating equipment, except electric and warm air; and plumbing fixtures .............................................................. Fabricated structural metal products ................................... Screw machine products, and bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, and washers .................................................................... Metal forgings and stampings .............................................. Coating, engraving, and allied services ............................... Ordnance and accessories, except vehicles and guided missiles (06/85=100) ........................................................ Miscellaneous fabricated metal products .............................
104.9 117.0 115.5 126.2 104.3
113.7 141.7 127.4 141.6 111.7
120.8 161.3 134.6 149.9 117.2
121.9 153.8 134.0 146.0 117.7
121.1 121.8 131.0 140.7 116.6
121.2 118.5 126.6 142.6 118.5
120.2 105.8 126.6 138.3 118.0
123.7 116.5 128.6 152.6 123.7
146.7 182.4 164.8 203.1 148.5
138.6 135.5 152.2 169.7 140.4
133.5 131.0 143.2 158.2 132.9
136.2 125.1 144.5 165.1 141.1
136.4 122.7 139.7 166.9 144.1
145.8 143.4 148.8 192.2 157.1
... 112.2 181.7 173.8 111.9 116.4 107.1 112.1 102.8
... 118.2 193.9 183.8 117.7 123.1 110.7 120.3 108.4
... 124.7 206.9 194.0 125.3 128.2 115.7 124.9 114.4
... 130.5 220.4 205.7 132.3 133.8 118.7 124.6 120.3
... 136.4 235.7 217.8 138.7 142.0 120.8 123.9 125.3
... 140.8 248.7 227.9 143.7 148.3 121.9 121.0 131.3
... 145.6 259.5 233.3 147.8 154.6 124.9 128.6 139.4
100.7 149.7 269.5 239.1 153.4 160.6 126.3 134.0 145.7
110.1 159.0 286.7 246.3 162.3 167.1 133.4 163.9 156.5
109.5 165.6 306.9 253.1 169.4 174.5 136.6 168.4 162.7
108.7 169.1 317.7 263.2 174.0 181.1 137.2 165.8 164.9
108.2 174.0 328.7 276.9 178.9 187.7 140.0 167.0 169.2
108.2 177.6 339.3 284.9 184.7 194.5 140.3 170.5 174.3
111.7 182.9 351.3 292.6 190.2 201.3 142.8 185.8 177.7
107.2 103.4 103.6 101.4
111.9 106.1 113.0 104.0
119.6 108.4 119.6 115.1
124.8 109.3 121.0 116.6
132.3 110.7 124.4 117.5
135.4 112.3 125.8 116.5
139.0 113.5 127.2 115.0
142.9 114.1 130.0 115.4
150.1 115.2 143.4 126.3
155.6 116.1 145.8 135.0
158.7 116.4 147.1 134.5
159.6 117.2 148.7 132.7
159.8 117.7 149.7 127.8
163.0 119.0 156.7 132.0
99.6 119.6
114.7 128.1
118.0 137.9
114.9 146.7
113.2 156.2
110.0 165.7
110.6 172.4
113.8 174.8
127.8 178.7
123.1 181.2
124.4 184.8
115.9 203.1
115.4 210.1
128.0 215.7
105.5 107.2 98.4 97.8 99.8 70.5 68.6 92.5 98.6 100.9 95.1 111.7
109.6 111.7 114.2 106.9 106.8 67.7 65.4 94.1 104.3 106.7 99.5 114.6
114.1 119.5 122.3 109.4 114.2 75.7 73.6 93.5 114.4 110.2 102.9 120.2
115.8 125.0 120.2 108.2 117.4 91.4 90.1 94.3 123.6 111.3 103.0 121.5
118.1 130.3 123.3 111.9 122.1 83.1 80.9 96.1 131.1 113.7 105.0 122.0
120.6 132.3 123.1 110.0 123.7 80.3 78.3 94.0 128.4 114.2 106.0 122.8
122.8 133.5 122.7 109.7 127.2 77.6 75.2 95.0 129.9 115.4 106.2 124.1
123.0 136.0 125.9 119.6 131.2 74.8 72.2 94.9 130.6 117.1 106.4 125.5
125.0 143.1 158.1 129.7 137.1 77.2 74.5 98.1 136.3 123.3 108.5 126.9
126.6 147.6 164.0 133.4 138.5 87.4 85.3 99.4 140.9 123.1 105.2 128.3
127.3 152.3 163.9 131.9 140.3 85.6 83.1 102.2 142.0 122.8 103.4 127.1
128.7 155.1 160.1 128.5 141.7 66.3 62.3 102.0 142.5 122.1 102.0 128.0
130.3 157.6 161.4 123.2 141.5 76.8 73.6 102.8 142.1 122.2 100.4 129.1
132.5 160.7 177.3 124.9 143.0 112.8 111.6 113.5 150.3 124.6 100.4 131.2
... ... ... 106.6 137.5 107.9 106.3 101.6 98.7 105.8 105.7 104.5 113.6 107.2 110.0 100.9 106.0 104.4 103.6 109.8
... ... ... 113.4 158.7 114.6 112.1 108.1 104.1 111.6 113.5 105.8 115.1 107.6 113.4 101.2 109.6 109.2 103.3 116.2
... 102.4 ... 118.0 161.6 116.7 117.5 112.0 109.0 114.2 117.7 107.9 112.8 110.5 116.7 101.1 111.8 113.1 104.4 120.1
... 105.0 ... 122.6 168.0 119.6 122.2 117.6 113.4 118.1 122.1 110.0 109.2 113.8 117.6 102.7 114.2 117.0 106.1 122.7
... 107.5 ... 124.8 158.9 122.3 125.2 118.6 116.2 121.3 123.7 112.3 105.4 117.4 118.8 105.8 115.6 119.6 108.0 128.0
... 108.6 ... 127.0 156.1 123.3 128.1 120.1 118.8 122.4 123.4 112.8 104.9 118.4 120.4 105.4 117.1 120.6 108.6 129.3
... 110.3 ... 129.0 160.9 124.4 130.3 120.7 119.9 123.5 125.1 115.4 106.1 119.7 122.1 111.0 119.7 122.7 111.7 130.7
... 111.9 101.9 130.6 171.9 125.0 131.6 125.8 120.3 121.5 127.2 119.6 113.0 121.8 123.7 118.7 121.9 125.2 117.7 131.7
... 115.6 108.3 134.1 183.9 129.6 135.3 131.5 120.3 122.8 131.7 124.3 116.6 125.0 126.8 127.2 124.4 129.3 123.5 134.0
102.7 118.3 108.0 134.7 172.4 132.4 137.5 137.4 121.1 122.8 135.6 125.8 108.9 125.0 126.3 132.9 126.1 130.0 126.5 135.8
104.4 119.8 107.6 137.1 176.9 133.3 139.5 138.7 123.2 123.5 140.6 127.4 104.1 123.2 127.1 138.1 127.5 131.8 130.5 138.4
105.5 120.2 106.8 137.1 171.6 133.8 140.5 140.8 124.7 124.1 141.0 129.3 99.5 121.8 127.5 144.2 129.0 133.5 134.5 141.7
106.0 119.9 107.1 136.5 168.8 133.8 139.3 141.3 126.5 124.6 142.5 132.6 95.9 121.0 128.4 149.1 131.4 138.1 140.0 143.3
107.1 120.5 109.8 137.9 174.6 135.2 139.7 141.3 127.6 124.7 144.5 134.7 97.3 122.6 131.6 148.6 135.1 139.7 143.1 144.8
103.1 101.0 97.5 101.2
105.7 113.0 105.1 104.9
109.1 118.8 108.5 108.3
111.5 116.5 106.5 111.5
114.2 113.1 104.5 113.2
113.3 111.7 102.4 114.6
116.0 111.4 104.3 115.8
119.2 117.0 109.1 118.3
123.6 128.2 114.9 124.0
125.6 123.7 111.3 127.6
126.2 124.7 112.0 129.2
127.4 120.9 110.0 129.7
131.3 115.8 102.3 130.4
130.9 119.8 104.4 132.1
100.5 84.5 104.7 103.2 105.2
127.2 100.6 127.8 112.0 112.2
134.6 101.4 138.4 119.5 116.1
123.4 97.0 132.7 121.1 115.9
103.6 84.7 127.5 120.9 116.1
98.4 81.8 126.2 121.7 116.3
90.3 77.2 122.8 122.7 115.9
106.7 90.2 129.4 125.7 119.0
134.2 102.1 151.0 132.8 124.4
115.5 94.0 143.0 131.4 126.2
115.5 94.5 144.8 133.8 126.7
98.5 85.9 137.8 132.7 126.1
93.6 84.8 133.7 131.6 126.0
103.0 88.4 142.8 133.5 126.5
102.1 100.4 102.3
107.4 101.5 106.1
112.6 103.8 111.7
115.1 105.9 116.5
116.6 107.2 120.7
117.2 106.3 123.2
118.2 103.1 125.7
120.3 101.7 127.9
124.8 109.4 131.3
126.2 103.9 133.8
127.6 102.7 135.2
128.7 102.3 136.5
129.1 100.7 137.8
130.3 101.0 139.9
108.3 102.5
114.7 110.7
121.7 116.3
127.2 117.9
131.7 118.1
135.3 117.7
138.0 118.8
140.8 122.6
147.6 129.6
153.2 131.8
156.2 134.0
157.7 136.1
159.6 137.1
162.0 138.5
101.1 99.0 106.7
104.7 102.4 110.7
109.9 107.1 116.0
113.3 109.4 117.9
114.9 109.5 119.3
115.4 109.7 120.1
116.3 109.8 121.8
117.6 110.5 123.5
120.0 111.9 125.8
121.6 112.9 127.2
122.6 113.9 128.4
122.7 114.0 129.2
121.8 112.9 132.0
122.9 113.2 132.7
105.5 103.9
108.2 110.8
111.2 117.2
112.6 120.5
116.4 122.9
120.2 124.1
124.3 125.8
125.5 128.7
127.6 133.4
129.5 135.6
129.2 137.9
130.5 139.5
133.3 140.3
135.1 141.9
311
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
Table 6-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1987–2000—Continued (December 1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Industry
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Machinery, except electrical .................................................... Engines and turbines ........................................................... Farm and garden machinery and equipment ....................... Construction, mining, and materials handling machinery and equipment ................................................................. Metalworking machinery and equipment ............................. Special industry machinery, except metalworking machinery ........................................................................ General industrial machinery and equipment ...................... Office, computing, and accounting machines ...................... Refrigeration and service industry machinery ...................... Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical ......................... Electrical and electronic machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................................................................ Electric transmission and distribution equipment ................. Electrical industrial apparatus .............................................. Household appliances ......................................................... Electric lighting and wiring equipment ................................. Radio and television receiving equipment, except communication types ....................................................... Communication equipment (12/85=100) .............................. Electronic components and accessories ............................. Miscellaneous electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................................................................ Transportation equipment ........................................................ Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment ...................... Aircraft and parts (06/85=100) ............................................. Ship and boat building and repairing ................................... Railroad equipment (06/84=100) ......................................... Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts .......................................... Miscellaneous transportation equipment ............................. Measuring and controlling instruments; photographic, medical, optical goods; watches, clocks .............................. Engineering and scientific instruments (12/85=100) ............ Measuring and controlling instruments ................................ Surgical, medical, and dental instruments and supplies ...... Opthalmic goods (12/83=100) ............................................. Photographic equipment and supplies (12/83=100) ............ Watches, clocks and watchcases (06/83=100) .................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries (12/85=100) ............. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware (12/85=100) .............. Musical instruments (06/85=100) ......................................... Toys and amusement, sporting, and athletic goods (12/85=100) ..................................................................... Pens, pencils, and other office and artists’ materials (12/85=100) ..................................................................... Costume jewelry, costume novelties, buttons, and miscellaneous notions (12/85=100) ................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries (12/85=100) ........
103.2 102.7 100.8
106.4 105.0 102.9
110.7 109.8 107.6
113.9 116.5 111.1
116.4 121.4 114.3
116.7 123.8 116.9
116.8 125.8 118.7
117.5 128.3 120.9
119.0 130.8 123.4
119.2 132.3 126.1
118.5 133.6 127.4
117.7 133.9 128.1
117.3 135.7 129.1
117.5 136.6 130.1
102.6 104.2
105.9 ...
109.8 111.5
113.5 116.1
117.5 120.3
120.1 122.8
122.9 125.4
125.0 128.4
128.1 ...
131.4 135.4
133.7 138.4
136.0 141.2
138.0 142.2
139.4 143.9
108.5 104.1 ... 104.2 102.6
112.6 ... ... 107.8 104.6
117.5 ... ... 112.4 109.3
121.6 119.6 ... 116.0 112.3
125.6 124.3 ... 117.6 113.4
128.4 127.4 ... 119.4 113.9
132.1 130.6 ... 120.9 116.1
134.2 133.4 ... 122.3 118.8
137.3 137.8 70.5 125.3 121.9
140.5 141.7 63.4 127.9 123.6
143.0 144.7 55.9 129.6 125.5
145.4 146.9 48.8 131.5 127.0
147.2 149.3 44.0 132.2 127.7
148.7 151.7 41.3 132.0 129.6
103.3 103.1 104.5 99.7 105.0
104.6 105.8 108.5 100.4 108.3
107.1 113.2 113.5 102.9 113.4
108.9 118.7 117.5 105.2 116.3
110.1 122.0 120.7 106.0 118.6
110.8 122.8 122.9 106.8 119.8
112.0 123.4 125.7 108.1 122.1
112.7 125.8 127.1 108.7 123.2
113.3 129.5 130.1 108.8 126.6
113.2 130.5 132.7 109.7 128.1
111.6 131.3 134.9 108.3 129.4
110.4 133.6 136.6 107.5 129.4
109.5 135.9 137.2 107.2 128.7
108.3 138.5 137.8 106.2 128.4
99.6 103.5 102.6
97.5 103.9 104.0
96.9 105.8 105.1
94.5 107.5 104.9
95.2 108.5 104.9
94.2 109.7 104.6
92.6 111.7 105.3
92.4 113.3 104.8
91.5 113.9 102.5
91.4 115.0 99.3
89.5 115.7 95.1
88.9 115.0 91.9
87.1 113.0 90.1
85.4 110.4 88.8
103.2 105.9 106.4 102.8 108.5 101.9 101.1 104.8
105.4 107.8 107.7 105.5 111.0 103.7 104.3 106.2
107.8 112.1 110.7 112.1 116.0 110.0 107.8 110.4
109.8 115.6 113.0 117.7 120.1 114.2 109.9 112.5
110.6 119.8 117.4 122.3 122.7 117.3 111.8 114.1
110.9 123.0 120.5 126.6 125.7 118.7 114.4 115.2
110.4 126.3 123.8 130.1 129.9 119.8 116.9 117.1
110.7 130.1 127.5 134.0 133.0 122.6 119.0 118.1
111.9 132.2 129.1 137.3 135.0 127.6 122.2 120.3
112.8 134.2 130.4 140.8 138.2 129.7 123.4 121.9
113.0 134.1 129.0 142.7 142.0 127.4 123.3 123.0
112.4 133.6 127.7 143.4 144.1 127.6 124.2 124.2
112.5 134.5 128.3 144.8 145.6 128.2 125.5 125.0
112.4 136.8 129.2 149.9 149.0 128.6 127.8 128.3
105.1 104.5 106.0 109.0 110.2 104.2 104.2 103.8 108.1 106.4
107.0 108.1 107.9 111.5 112.1 105.3 105.3 107.5 112.5 110.4
110.8 112.7 111.7 115.9 115.1 109.3 108.2 111.8 115.3 115.7
114.6 116.9 116.3 120.7 117.0 112.2 110.5 114.9 119.3 119.5
116.8 120.5 120.1 124.1 117.6 111.9 113.6 117.5 121.0 123.7
118.7 121.4 123.3 127.9 121.0 112.1 114.7 119.6 121.6 128.3
120.8 123.0 126.1 131.9 123.4 112.1 115.9 121.5 123.5 134.4
122.1 124.6 127.9 133.4 124.9 111.7 116.6 123.3 124.7 140.2
124.0 127.4 129.9 134.1 126.4 113.8 118.9 125.9 126.3 147.5
125.1 128.3 131.5 134.9 124.7 114.9 119.2 127.8 128.0 152.9
125.6 130.0 133.5 134.4 124.3 113.5 118.3 129.0 128.0 157.1
126.0 132.5 134.4 135.0 123.7 109.7 118.4 129.7 127.1 161.1
125.7 132.5 134.8 135.6 123.5 106.7 119.4 130.3 126.4 163.6
126.2 132.0 136.6 136.7 123.3 106.2 120.8 130.9 127.1 166.6
102.5
105.9
110.6
113.0
115.3
117.3
117.9
119.2
120.7
122.2
123.7
124.2
123.8
123.0
102.9
106.3
110.4
114.3
118.0
120.8
121.4
123.2
127.4
130.2
129.8
130.9
132.0
132.0
100.7 103.1
103.1 106.9
107.7 111.4
111.0 114.4
113.8 117.3
116.0 119.6
117.1 122.8
117.9 125.1
119.1 128.5
120.7 130.3
122.4 131.6
122.2 132.9
123.5 134.5
124.8 136.1
... ... ... ... 86.5 ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 96.6 ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 100.0 ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 100.0 ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 117.9 ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 119.8 ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 119.8 99.7 ... ...
... 101.9 101.9 101.3 119.8 100.0 ... ...
... 104.5 104.5 103.0 132.2 103.0 ... ...
... 106.3 106.4 103.6 132.3 103.7 ... ...
100.5 108.9 109.1 104.6 132.3 104.2 99.0 99.9
101.7 111.6 111.9 106.0 132.3 105.6 102.0 97.2
101.3 114.8 115.0 109.0 135.3 113.0 116.4 99.8
102.6 119.4 119.7 111.2 135.2 122.6 134.7 104.2
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... 105.6
... ... 108.5
... ... 113.7
... ... 121.1
101.3 99.5 125.3
102.2 100.3 124.5
102.3 104.3 130.8
102.2 110.3 147.7
... ...
... ...
... ...
110.2 ...
121.2 ...
114.2 ...
125.4 ...
129.1 ...
135.9 ...
145.5 ...
150.8 97.8
149.3 99.2
157.3 102.2
180.1 107.3
... 97.9
... 94.8
... 94.4
... 95.8
... 96.1
... 96.4
... 96.6
... 102.6
... 110.8
... 104.6
102.5 98.8
105.2 99.2
108.6 98.3
114.2 102.3
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102.5 ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 106.2 ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102.4 ... 110.0 ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 104.6 ... 112.6 ... ...
99.4 ... 103.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 101.3 104.2 101.0 106.1 101.0 113.6 103.3 102.5
97.7 ... 107.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 103.0 108.1 103.2 107.7 103.2 114.4 106.2 106.1
97.3 ... 110.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100.4 100.7 104.9 112.7 105.2 109.9 105.5 116.4 107.1 108.7
98.3 96.4 115.4 103.8 104.2 99.5 98.9 102.8 99.3 102.3 99.7 99.2 101.9 108.3 116.2 107.3 112.8 107.3 119.4 111.1 112.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
102.2
105.1
108.5
111.8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
101.5
103.9
107.5
110.8
SERVICE INDUSTRIES Railroad transportation (12/96=100) ........................................ Motor freight transportation and warehousing (06/93=100) ..... Trucking and courier services, except air (06/93=100) ........ Public warehousing and storage (06/93=100) ..................... United States Postal Service (06/89=100) ............................... Water transportation (12/92=100) ............................................ Deep sea foreign transportation of freight (12/96=100) ....... Deep sea domestic transportation of freight (12/96=100) .... Freight transportation, Great Lakes-St Lawrence Seaway (12/96=100) ..................................................................... Water transportation of freight, n.e.c. (12/96=100) .............. Transportation by air (12/92=100) ........................................... Air transportation, scheduled and air courier services (12/89=100) ..................................................................... Air transportation, nonscheduled (12/96=100) ..................... Airports, flying fields, and airport terminal services (12/96=100) ..................................................................... Pipelines, except natural gas (12/86=100) .............................. Arrangement of transportation of freight and cargo (12/96=100) ......................................................................... Telephone communications (06/99=100) ................................ Cable and other pay television services (12/96=100) .............. Food stores (12/99=100) ......................................................... Grocery stores (12/99=100) ................................................. Meat and fish (seafood) markets (12/99=100) ..................... Fruit and vegetable markets (12/99=100) ............................ Candy, nut, and confectionery stores (12/99=100) .............. Retail bakeries (12/99=100) ................................................. Miscellaneous food stores (12/99=100) ............................... New car dealers (12/99=100) .................................................. Life insurance carriers (12/98=100) ......................................... Property and casualty insurance 12/98=100) .......................... Real estate agents and managers (12/96=100) ...................... Hotels and motels (12/96=100) ................................................ Personnel supply services (12/96=100) ................................... Health services (12/94=100) .................................................... Offices and clinics of doctors of medicine (12/96=100) ....... Hospitals (12/92=100) .......................................................... Home health care services (12/96=100) .............................. Legal services (12/96=100) ..................................................... Engineering, architectural, and surveying services (12/96=100) ......................................................................... Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services (12/96=100) .........................................................................
312
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Coverage The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the average change in prices of goods and services that urban consumers purchase for day-to-day living. The weights used in calculating the index, which remain fixed for relatively long periods, are based on actual expenditures reported in the Consumer Expenditure Surveys. The quantities and qualities of the sample items in the “market basket” remain essentially the same between consecutive pricing periods, so that the index measures only the effect of price change on the cost of living. The index does not measure changes in the total amount families spend for living. Geographic area indexes measure price changes over time in individual areas, not relative differences in prices or living costs between areas. Periodic Updating The index for the years 1913–1935 used as the basis for its weights, a study of 1917–1919 spending by households of wage earners and clerical workers. Since then, there have been six updatings, bringing the “market basket” of goods and services up to date, revising the weights, and improving the sampling methods. In the past 20 years, several major changes have been introduced into the CPI. The 1978 revision of the CPI updated the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W), and introduced a new index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), which includes salaried workers, the self-employed, the retired, and the unemployed, as well as wage earners and clerical workers. The CPI-W now represents the spending patterns of 32 percent of the population; the CPI-U, 87 percent. For years before 1978, changes in the CPI-U are based on changes in the CPI-W. The 1978 revision also instituted sampling for all levels of the index down to the selection of items within each retail outlet. Starting with the index for January 1983, BLS changed the way the CPI-U measures homeowners’ costs; the CPI-W included the same change starting in January 1985. The change converted the homeownership component from an asset approach, which included both the investment and consumption aspects of homeownership, to a flow-of-services approach, which measures only the cost of shelter services consumed by homeowners. The new approach uses a rental equivalence method to calculate homeowner shelter costs by estimating the implicit
rent owners would have to pay to rent the homes they live in. The old method calculated homeowner costs as home purchase, mortgage interest costs, property taxes, property insurance, and maintenance and repair. The 1987 major revision of both the CPI-U and the CPI-W introduced weights based upon data from the 1982, 1983, and 1984 Consumer Expenditure Surveys. The 1998 CPI revision, which went into effect with the index for January 1998, uses expenditure data from the 1993–95 Consumer Expenditure Surveys and population data from the 1990 Decennial Census. Current Methodology The CPI selected 87 pricing areas, comprising 38 different index areas, from around the United States. BLS resamples the outlets and items in its sample on a five-year rotating basis. Before rotating the sample, the Bureau of the Census conducts a Point of Purchase Survey for BLS. This survey determines location of the retail outlets where consumers buy goods and services in various categories; it also determines how much they spend on each category in each reported outlet. BLS then draws outlet samples from the Point-of-Purchase Survey information. BLS field agents visit the selected retail outlets and sample within the item categories using checklists, which exhaustively define these categories of goods and services. The original selection of the specific items to be priced in a specific retail store is generally done by a data collector using the checklist in systematic stages that take into account in each stage sales information provided by the respondent. Outlets may be located outside of their pricing area to represent out-of-town purchases. After the initial selection, the same item (or a close substitute) is priced from period to period so that, as far as possible, differences in reported prices are measures of price change only. All taxes directly associated with the purchase or continued use of the items priced are included in the indexes. Foods, fuels, rents, and a few other items are priced monthly in all areas. Prices of most other commodities and services are obtained monthly in the three largest areas and every other month in the remaining areas, half in the odd months and half in the even months. Between scheduled survey dates, prices are held at the level of their last pricing. BLS agents also collect data for a sample of rental units drawn from the Decennial Census of Population and Housing. This sample is heavily augmented with renter-occupied housing units in areas where there are many owner-occupied units. This survey is the basis for the Rent and Owners’ equivalent rent components of the CPI.
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
BLS calculates basic indexes (elementary aggregates) for the 211 item strata in each of the 38 index areas. Basic indexes are combined with weights based on the 1993–95 Consumer Expenditure Surveys and the Census of Population. BLS publishes CPI indexes for a variety of commodities and services, by region, by size of city, for cross-classifications of regions and population size classes, and for 26 metropolitan areas. The purchasing power of the consumer dollar for any given date is calculated as the reciprocal of the index for that date, expressed in dollars, with the dollar’s value in 1982–84 equal to $1.00. It shows changes in the value of the dollar resulting from changes in prices of consumer goods and services. The purchasing power of the dollar with reference to other bases can be calculated by dividing the index for the desired base date by the index for the current date and expressing the result in dollars. The relative importance figures are percentage distributions of the cost or value weights used in the index calculation. At the time of their introduction, after a major weight revision, the cost weights represent average expenditures for specific classes of goods and services by consumers. However, in the subsequent pricing periods, the value weights and the corresponding relative importance figures change as prices change differentially; i.e., the relative importance increases for an item or group having a greater than average price increase and decreases for one having a less than average price increase. Since the index measures only price change, the cost weights eventually become unrepresentative of actual expenditures and must be revised on the basis of new surveys of consumer expenditures. Future Plans Since the CPI traditionally measured price changes for a fixed market basket of goods and services, it was criti-
313
cized as overstating inflation in that it did not account for the fact that consumers can substitute (buy more or less) as relative prices change. In 1999, the CPI began using a geometric mean formula to average the prices within most CPI item categories. This formula assumes a modest degree of substitution within CPI item categories as relative prices change. In 2002, the CPI plans to create an additional index using a “superlative” formula, to address consumer substitution across CPI item categories. This superlative index will be a new index; it will not replace the CPI-U and CPI-W. Historically, the weights in the CPI have been updated about every 10 years. Beginning in 2002, the CPI plans to update its expenditure weights every two years, to keep the weights more up-to-date with consumer spending patterns. Sources of Additional Information The entire December 1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review was devoted to a description and discussion of issues related to the 1998 CPI Revision. Further changes in methodology are described in BLS press releases. A press release dated April 1998, “Planned Change In The Consumer Price Index Formula,” describes the geometric mean methodology and one dated December 1998, “Future Schedule for Expenditure Weight Updates in the Consumer Price Index” announces the new biennial timetable for weight revision. A detailed description of the CPI before 1978 is contained in The Consumer Price Index: History and Techniques, BLS Bulletin 1517 (1966). For further information see The Consumer Price Index: Concepts and Content Over the Years, BLS Report 517 (1977). The Consumer Price Index Detailed Report is published monthly and contains occasional articles.
314
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-4. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1967–2000 (1982–1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year
All items
Food and beverages
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation 1
Education and communication 1
Other goods and services
1967 ..................................................... 1968 ..................................................... 1969 .....................................................
33.4 34.8 36.7
35.0 36.2 38.1
30.8 32.0 34.0
51.0 53.7 56.8
33.3 34.3 35.7
28.2 29.9 31.9
... ... ...
... ... ...
35.1 36.9 38.7
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
38.8 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3
40.1 41.4 43.1 48.8 55.5
36.4 38.0 39.4 41.2 45.8
59.2 61.1 62.3 64.6 69.4
37.5 39.5 39.9 41.2 45.8
34.0 36.1 37.3 38.8 42.4
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
40.9 42.9 44.7 46.4 49.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
53.8 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6
60.2 62.1 65.8 72.2 79.9
50.7 53.8 57.4 62.4 70.1
72.5 75.2 78.6 81.4 84.9
50.1 55.1 59.0 61.7 70.5
47.5 52.0 57.0 61.8 67.5
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
53.9 57.0 60.4 64.3 68.9
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
82.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9
86.7 93.5 97.3 99.5 103.2
81.1 90.4 96.9 99.5 103.6
90.9 95.3 97.8 100.2 102.1
83.1 93.2 97.0 99.3 103.7
74.9 82.9 92.5 100.6 106.8
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
75.2 82.6 91.1 101.1 107.9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0
105.6 109.1 113.5 118.2 124.9
107.7 110.9 114.2 118.5 123.0
105.0 105.9 110.6 115.4 118.6
106.4 102.3 105.4 108.7 114.1
113.5 122.0 130.1 138.6 149.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
114.5 121.4 128.5 137.0 147.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2
132.1 136.8 138.7 141.6 144.9
128.5 133.6 137.5 141.2 144.8
124.1 128.7 131.9 133.7 133.4
120.5 123.8 126.5 130.4 134.3
162.8 177.0 190.1 201.4 211.0
... ... ... 90.7 92.7
... ... ... 85.5 88.8
159.0 171.6 183.3 192.9 198.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6
148.9 153.7 157.7 161.1 164.6
148.5 152.8 156.8 160.4 163.9
132.0 131.7 132.9 133.0 131.3
139.1 143.0 144.3 141.6 144.4
220.5 228.2 234.6 242.1 250.6
94.5 97.4 99.6 101.1 102.0
92.2 95.3 98.4 100.3 101.2
206.9 215.4 224.8 237.7 258.3
2000 .....................................................
172.2
168.4
169.6
129.6
153.3
260.8
103.3
102.5
271.1
1. December 1997=100.
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
315
Table 6-5. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Commodity, Service, and Special Groups, 1967–2000 (1982–1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.)
Year
All items
All items less food
All items less shelter
All items less medical care
All items less energy
All items less food and energy
Commodities
Commodities less food and beverages
Energy commodities
Commodities less food and energy
Nondurables
1967 ..................................... 1968 ..................................... 1969 .....................................
33.4 34.8 36.7
33.4 34.9 36.8
35.2 36.7 38.4
33.7 35.1 37.0
34.4 35.9 38.0
34.7 36.3 38.4
36.8 38.1 39.9
38.3 39.7 41.4
23.9 24.4 25.2
41.3 42.9 44.7
35.7 37.1 38.9
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
38.8 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3
39.0 40.8 42.0 43.7 48.0
40.3 42.0 43.3 46.2 51.4
39.2 40.8 42.1 44.8 49.8
40.3 42.0 43.4 46.1 50.6
40.8 42.7 44.0 45.6 49.4
41.7 43.2 44.5 47.8 53.5
43.1 44.7 45.8 47.3 52.4
25.6 26.1 26.4 29.1 40.4
46.7 48.5 49.7 51.1 55.0
40.8 42.1 43.5 47.5 54.0
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
53.8 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6
52.5 56.0 59.6 63.9 71.2
56.0 59.3 63.1 67.4 74.2
54.3 57.2 60.8 65.4 72.9
55.1 58.2 61.9 66.7 73.4
53.9 57.4 61.0 65.5 71.9
58.2 60.7 64.2 68.8 76.6
57.3 60.2 63.6 67.3 75.2
43.4 45.4 48.7 51.0 68.7
60.1 63.2 66.5 70.5 76.4
58.3 60.5 64.0 68.6 77.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
82.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9
81.5 90.4 96.3 99.7 104.0
82.9 91.0 96.2 99.8 103.9
82.8 91.4 96.8 99.6 103.7
81.9 90.1 96.1 99.6 104.3
80.8 89.2 95.8 99.6 104.6
86.0 93.2 97.0 99.8 103.2
85.7 93.1 96.9 100.0 103.1
95.2 107.6 102.9 99.0 98.1
83.5 90.0 95.3 100.2 104.4
87.6 95.2 97.8 99.7 102.5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0
108.0 109.8 113.6 118.3 123.7
107.0 108.0 111.6 115.9 121.6
107.2 108.8 112.6 117.0 122.4
108.4 112.6 117.2 122.3 128.1
109.1 113.5 118.2 123.4 129.0
105.4 104.4 107.7 111.5 116.7
105.2 101.4 104.0 107.3 111.6
98.2 77.2 80.2 80.8 87.9
107.1 108.6 111.8 115.8 119.6
104.8 103.5 107.5 111.8 118.2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2
130.3 136.1 140.8 145.1 149.0
128.2 133.5 137.3 141.4 144.8
128.8 133.8 137.5 141.2 144.7
134.7 140.9 145.4 150.0 154.1
135.5 142.1 147.3 152.2 156.5
122.8 126.6 129.1 131.5 133.8
117.0 120.4 123.2 125.3 126.9
101.2 99.1 98.3 97.3 97.6
123.6 128.8 132.5 135.2 137.1
126.0 130.3 132.8 135.1 136.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6
153.1 157.5 161.1 163.4 167.0
148.6 152.8 155.9 157.2 160.2
148.6 152.8 156.3 158.6 162.0
158.7 163.1 167.1 170.9 174.4
161.2 165.6 169.5 173.4 177.0
136.4 139.9 141.8 141.9 144.4
128.9 131.5 132.2 130.5 132.5
98.8 105.7 105.7 92.1 100.0
139.3 141.3 142.3 143.2 144.1
139.3 143.5 146.4 146.9 151.2
2000 .....................................
172.2
173.0
165.7
167.3
178.6
181.3
149.2
137.7
129.5
144.9
158.2
See footnotes at end of table.
316
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-5. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Commodity, Service, and Special Groups, 1967–2000—Continued (1982–1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.)
Year
Nondurables less food
Nondurables less food and apparel
Services Total 1
Rent of shelter 2
Gas (piped) and electricity
Transporta- Medical care tion services services
Other services
Services less medical care
Energy
Services less energy
1967 ..................................... 1968 ..................................... 1969 .....................................
37.6 39.1 40.9
32.6 33.7 34.9
28.8 30.3 32.4
... ... ...
23.7 23.9 24.3
32.6 33.9 36.3
26.0 27.9 30.2
36.0 38.1 40.0
29.3 30.8 32.9
23.8 24.2 24.8
29.3 30.9 33.2
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
42.5 44.0 45.0 46.9 52.9
36.3 37.6 38.6 40.3 46.9
35.0 37.0 38.4 40.1 43.8
... ... ... ... ...
25.4 27.1 28.5 29.9 34.5
40.2 43.4 44.4 44.7 46.3
32.3 34.7 35.9 37.5 41.4
42.2 44.4 45.6 47.7 51.3
35.6 37.5 38.9 40.6 44.3
25.5 26.5 27.2 29.4 38.1
36.0 38.0 39.4 41.1 44.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
57.0 59.5 62.5 65.5 74.6
51.5 54.1 57.2 60.4 71.2
48.0 52.0 56.0 60.8 67.5
... ... ... ... ...
40.1 44.7 50.5 55.0 61.0
49.8 56.9 61.5 64.4 69.5
46.6 51.3 56.4 61.2 67.2
55.1 58.4 62.1 66.4 71.9
48.3 52.2 55.9 60.7 67.5
42.1 45.1 49.4 52.5 65.7
48.8 52.7 56.5 61.3 68.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
88.4 96.7 98.3 100.0 101.7
87.1 96.8 98.2 100.0 101.8
77.9 88.1 96.0 99.4 104.6
... ... ... 102.7 107.7
71.4 81.9 93.2 101.5 105.4
79.2 88.6 96.1 99.1 104.8
74.8 82.8 92.6 100.7 106.7
78.7 86.1 93.5 100.0 106.5
78.2 88.7 96.4 99.2 104.4
86.0 97.7 99.2 99.9 100.9
78.5 88.7 96.3 99.2 104.5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
104.1 98.5 101.8 105.8 111.7
104.1 96.9 100.3 104.0 111.3
109.9 115.4 120.2 125.7 131.9
113.9 120.2 125.9 132.0 138.0
107.1 105.7 103.8 104.6 107.5
110.0 116.3 121.9 128.0 135.6
113.2 121.9 130.0 138.3 148.9
113.0 119.4 125.7 132.6 140.9
109.6 114.6 119.1 124.3 130.1
101.6 88.2 88.6 89.3 94.3
110.2 116.5 122.0 127.9 134.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
119.9 124.5 127.6 129.3 129.7
120.9 125.7 128.9 130.7 131.6
139.2 146.3 152.0 157.9 163.1
145.5 152.1 157.3 162.0 167.0
109.3 112.6 114.8 118.5 119.2
144.2 151.2 155.7 162.9 168.6
162.7 177.1 190.5 202.9 213.4
150.2 159.8 168.5 177.0 185.4
136.8 143.3 148.4 153.6 158.4
102.1 102.5 103.0 104.2 104.6
142.3 149.8 155.9 161.9 167.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
130.9 134.5 136.3 134.6 139.4
134.1 139.5 141.8 139.2 147.5
168.7 174.1 179.4 184.2 188.8
172.4 178.0 183.4 189.6 195.0
119.2 122.1 125.1 121.2 120.9
175.9 180.5 185.0 187.9 190.7
224.2 232.4 239.1 246.8 255.1
193.3 201.4 209.6 216.9 223.1
163.5 168.7 173.9 178.4 182.7
105.2 110.1 111.5 102.9 106.6
173.7 179.4 185.0 190.6 195.7
2000 .....................................
149.1
162.9
195.3
201.3
128.0
196.1
266.0
229.9
188.9
124.6
202.1
1. Includes tenants and household insurance, water, sewer, trash, and household operations services, not shown separately. 2. December 1982=100.
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
317
Table 6-6. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Selected Groups, and Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar, 1913–2000 (1982–1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year
All items
Rent of primary residence
Food
Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence 1
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar 2
Apparel
1913 .............................................................................. 1914 ..............................................................................
9.9 10.0
10.0 10.2
21.0 21.0
... ...
14.9 15.0
10.077 9.942
1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
10.1 10.9 12.8 15.1 17.3
10.0 11.3 14.5 16.7 18.6
21.1 21.3 21.2 21.5 23.3
... ... ... ... ...
15.3 16.8 20.2 27.3 36.2
9.843 9.152 7.793 6.635 5.779
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
20.0 17.9 16.8 17.1 17.1
21.0 15.9 14.9 15.4 15.2
27.4 31.5 32.4 33.2 34.4
... ... ... ... ...
43.1 33.2 27.0 27.1 26.8
4.989 5.585 5.962 5.857 5.845
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
17.5 17.7 17.4 17.1 17.1
16.5 17.0 16.4 16.3 16.5
34.6 34.2 33.7 32.9 32.1
... ... ... ... ...
26.3 25.9 25.3 25.0 24.7
5.701 5.647 5.755 5.833 5.833
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
16.7 15.2 13.7 13.0 13.4
15.6 12.9 10.7 10.4 11.6
31.2 29.6 26.5 22.9 21.4
... ... ... ... ...
24.2 22.0 19.5 18.8 20.6
5.986 6.563 7.317 7.712 7.464
1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
13.7 13.9 14.4 14.1 13.9
12.4 12.6 13.1 12.1 11.8
21.4 21.9 22.9 23.7 23.7
... ... ... ... ...
20.8 21.0 22.0 21.9 21.6
7.281 7.213 6.961 7.093 7.195
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
14.0 14.7 16.3 17.3 17.6
12.0 13.1 15.4 17.1 16.9
23.7 24.2 24.7 24.7 24.8
... ... ... ... ...
21.8 22.8 26.7 27.8 29.8
7.126 6.788 6.132 5.779 5.680
1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
18.0 19.5 22.3 24.1 23.8
17.3 19.8 24.1 26.1 25.0
24.8 25.0 25.8 27.5 28.7
... ... ... ... ...
31.4 34.4 39.9 42.5 40.8
5.552 5.115 4.474 4.151 4.193
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
24.1 26.0 26.5 26.7 26.9
25.4 28.2 28.7 28.3 28.2
29.7 30.9 32.2 33.9 35.1
... ... ... ... ...
40.3 43.9 43.5 43.1 43.1
4.151 3.846 3.765 3.735 3.717
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
26.8 27.2 28.1 28.9 29.1
27.8 28.0 28.9 30.2 29.7
35.6 36.3 37.0 37.6 38.2
... ... ... ... ...
42.9 43.7 44.5 44.6 45.0
3.732 3.678 3.549 3.457 3.427
See footnotes at end of table.
318
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-6. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Selected Groups, and Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar, 1913–2000—Continued (1982–1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year
All items
Rent of primary residence
Food
Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence 1
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar 2
Apparel
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
29.6 29.9 30.2 30.6 31.0
30.0 30.4 30.6 31.1 31.5
38.7 39.2 39.7 40.1 40.5
... ... ... ... ...
45.7 46.1 46.3 46.9 47.3
3.373 3.340 3.304 3.265 3.220
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
31.5 32.4 33.4 34.8 36.7
32.2 33.8 34.1 35.3 37.1
40.9 41.5 42.2 43.3 44.7
... ... ... ... ...
47.8 49.0 51.0 53.7 56.8
3.166 3.080 2.993 2.873 2.726
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
38.8 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3
39.2 40.4 42.1 48.2 55.1
46.5 48.7 50.4 52.5 55.2
... ... ... ... ...
59.2 61.1 62.3 64.6 69.4
2.574 2.466 2.391 2.251 2.029
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
53.8 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6
59.8 61.6 65.5 72.0 79.9
58.0 61.1 64.8 69.3 74.3
... ... ... ... ...
72.5 75.2 78.6 81.4 84.9
1.859 1.757 1.649 1.532 1.380
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
82.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9
86.8 93.6 97.4 99.4 103.2
80.9 87.9 94.6 100.1 105.3
... ... ... 102.5 107.3
90.9 95.3 97.8 100.2 102.1
1.215 1.098 1.035 1.003 0.961
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0
105.6 109.0 113.5 118.2 125.1
111.8 118.3 123.1 127.8 132.8
113.2 119.4 124.8 131.1 137.4
105.0 105.9 110.6 115.4 118.6
0.928 0.913 0.880 0.846 0.807
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2
132.4 136.3 137.9 140.9 144.3
138.4 143.3 146.9 150.3 154.0
144.8 150.4 155.5 160.5 165.8
124.1 128.7 131.9 133.7 133.4
0.766 0.734 0.713 0.692 0.675
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6
148.4 153.3 157.3 160.7 164.1
157.8 162.0 166.7 172.1 177.5
171.3 176.8 181.9 187.8 192.9
132.0 131.7 132.9 133.0 131.3
0.656 0.638 0.623 0.614 0.600
2000 ..............................................................................
172.2
167.8
183.9
198.7
129.6
0.581
1. December 1982=100. 2. Purchasing power in 1982–1984= $1.00.
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
319
Table 6-7. Consumer Price Indexes, Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1913–2000 (1982–1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year
All items
Food and beverages
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation 1
Education and communication 1
Other goods and services
1913 .......................................................... 1914 ..........................................................
10.0 10.1
... ...
... ...
15.0 15.1
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
10.2 11.0 12.9 15.1 17.4
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
15.4 16.9 20.3 27.5 36.4
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
20.1 18.0 16.9 17.2 17.2
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
43.3 33.4 27.2 27.2 26.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
17.6 17.8 17.5 17.2 17.2
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
26.4 26.0 25.5 25.1 24.8
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
16.8 15.3 13.7 13.0 13.5
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
24.3 22.1 19.6 18.9 20.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
13.8 13.9 14.4 14.2 14.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
20.9 21.1 22.1 22.0 21.7
14.1 14.2 14.5 14.6 14.2
10.2 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.4
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
14.1 14.8 16.4 17.4 17.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
21.9 23.0 26.8 28.0 30.0
14.1 14.6 15.9 15.8 15.8
10.4 10.5 10.8 11.3 11.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
18.1 19.6 22.5 24.2 24.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
31.5 34.6 40.1 42.7 41.0
15.8 16.6 18.4 20.4 22.0
11.9 12.6 13.6 14.5 14.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
24.2 26.1 26.7 26.9 27.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
40.5 44.1 43.7 43.3 43.3
22.6 24.0 25.6 26.3 25.9
15.2 15.9 16.8 17.4 17.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
See footnote at end of table.
320
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-7. Consumer Price Indexes, Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1913–2000—Continued (1982–1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year
All items
Food and beverages
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation 1
Education and communication 1
Other goods and services
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
26.9 27.3 28.3 29.1 29.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
43.1 44.0 44.7 44.8 45.2
25.6 26.1 27.6 28.4 29.6
18.3 19.0 19.8 20.7 21.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
29.8 30.1 30.4 30.8 31.2
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
45.9 46.3 46.6 47.1 47.5
29.6 30.0 30.6 30.8 31.2
22.4 23.0 23.6 24.2 24.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
31.7 32.6 33.6 35.0 36.9
... ... 35.0 36.2 38.0
... ... 31.1 32.3 34.3
48.0 49.2 51.2 54.0 57.1
31.7 32.2 33.1 34.1 35.5
25.3 26.4 28.3 30.0 32.1
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... 35.4 37.2 39.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
39.0 40.7 42.1 44.7 49.6
40.1 41.3 43.1 48.8 55.5
36.7 38.3 39.8 41.5 46.2
59.5 61.4 62.7 65.0 69.8
37.3 39.2 39.7 41.0 45.5
34.1 36.3 37.5 39.0 42.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
41.3 43.3 45.1 46.9 50.2
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
54.1 57.2 60.9 65.6 73.1
60.2 62.0 65.7 72.1 79.9
51.1 54.2 57.9 62.9 70.7
72.9 75.6 79.0 81.7 85.2
49.8 54.7 58.6 61.5 70.4
47.7 52.3 57.3 62.1 68.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
54.4 57.6 60.9 64.8 69.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
82.9 91.4 96.9 99.8 103.3
86.9 93.6 97.3 99.5 103.2
81.7 91.1 97.7 100.0 102.2
90.9 95.6 97.8 100.2 102.0
82.9 93.0 97.0 99.2 103.8
75.6 83.5 92.5 100.5 106.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
75.6 82.5 90.9 101.3 107.9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
106.9 108.6 112.5 117.0 122.6
105.5 108.9 113.3 117.9 124.6
106.6 109.7 112.8 116.8 121.2
105.0 105.8 110.4 114.9 117.9
106.4 101.7 105.1 108.3 113.9
113.6 122.0 130.2 139.0 149.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
114.2 120.9 127.8 136.5 147.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
129.0 134.3 138.2 142.1 145.6
131.8 136.5 138.3 141.2 144.4
126.4 131.2 135.0 138.5 142.0
123.1 127.4 130.7 132.4 132.2
120.1 123.1 125.8 129.4 133.4
162.7 176.5 189.6 200.9 210.4
... ... ... 91.2 93.0
... ... ... 86.0 89.1
158.9 171.7 183.3 192.2 196.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
149.8 154.1 157.6 159.7 163.2
148.3 153.2 157.2 160.4 163.8
145.4 149.6 153.4 156.7 160.0
130.9 130.9 132.1 131.6 130.1
138.8 142.8 143.6 140.5 143.4
219.8 227.6 234.0 241.4 249.7
94.7 97.5 99.7 100.9 101.3
92.3 95.4 98.5 100.4 101.5
204.2 212.2 221.6 236.1 261.9
2000 ..........................................................
168.9
167.7
165.4
128.3
152.8
259.9
102.4
102.7
276.5
1. December 1997=100.
321
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
Table 6-8. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, by Expenditure Category, 1986–2000 (1982–1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Expenditure category
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
ALL ITEMS ...................................................................
109.6
113.6
118.3
124.0
130.7
136.2
140.3
144.5
148.2
152.4
156.9
160.5
163.0
166.6
172.2
Food And Beverages .................................................. Food .............................................................................. Food at home ............................................................ Cereals and bakery products ................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ............................... Dairy and related products .................................... Fruits and vegetables ............................................ Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials ............................................................ Other food at home ............................................... Sugar and sweets .............................................. Fats and oils ...................................................... Other foods ........................................................ Other miscellaneous foods 1 .......................... Food away from home ............................................... Other food away from home 1 ................................ Alcoholic beverages ......................................................
109.1 109.0 107.3 110.9 104.5 103.3 109.4
113.5 113.5 111.9 114.8 110.5 105.9 119.1
118.2 118.2 116.6 122.1 114.3 108.4 128.1
124.9 125.1 124.2 132.4 121.3 115.6 138.0
132.1 132.4 132.3 140.0 130.0 126.5 149.0
136.8 136.3 135.8 145.8 132.6 125.1 155.8
138.7 137.9 136.8 151.5 130.9 128.5 155.4
141.6 140.9 140.1 156.6 135.5 129.4 159.0
144.9 144.3 144.1 163.0 137.2 131.7 165.0
148.9 148.4 148.8 167.5 138.8 132.8 177.7
153.7 153.3 154.3 174.0 144.8 142.1 183.9
157.7 157.3 158.1 177.6 148.5 145.5 187.5
161.1 160.7 161.1 181.1 147.3 150.8 198.2
164.6 164.1 164.2 185.0 147.9 159.6 203.1
168.4 167.8 167.9 188.3 154.5 160.7 204.6
110.4 109.4 109.0 106.5 109.2 ... 112.5 ... 111.1
107.5 110.5 111.0 108.1 113.8 ... 117.0 ... 114.1
107.5 113.1 114.0 113.1 118.0 ... 121.8 ... 118.6
111.3 119.1 119.4 121.2 125.5 ... 127.4 ... 123.5
113.5 123.4 124.7 126.3 131.2 ... 133.4 ... 129.3
114.1 127.3 129.3 131.7 137.1 ... 137.9 ... 142.8
114.3 128.8 133.1 129.8 140.1 ... 140.7 ... 147.3
114.6 130.5 133.4 130.0 143.7 ... 143.2 ... 149.6
123.2 135.6 135.2 133.5 147.5 ... 145.7 ... 151.5
131.7 140.8 137.5 137.3 151.1 ... 149.0 ... 153.9
128.6 142.9 143.7 140.5 156.2 ... 152.7 ... 158.5
133.4 147.3 147.8 141.7 161.2 ... 157.0 ... 162.8
133.0 150.8 150.2 146.9 165.5 102.6 161.1 101.6 165.7
134.3 153.5 152.3 148.3 168.9 104.9 165.1 105.2 169.7
137.8 155.6 154.0 147.4 172.2 107.5 169.0 109.0 174.7
Housing ........................................................................ Shelter ........................................................................... Rent of primary residence ......................................... Lodging away from home 1 ........................................ Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence 2 ......... Tenants’ and household insurance 1 ......................... Fuels and utilities ........................................................... Fuels .......................................................................... Fuel oil and other household fuels ........................ Gas (piped) and electricity ..................................... Water and sewer and trash collection services 1 ....... Household furnishings and operation ............................ Household operations 1 .............................................
110.9 115.8 118.3 ... 119.4 ... 104.1 99.2 77.6 105.7 ... 105.2 ...
114.2 121.3 123.1 ... 124.8 ... 103.0 97.3 77.9 103.8 ... 107.1 ...
118.5 127.1 127.8 ... 131.1 ... 104.4 98.0 78.1 104.6 ... 109.4 ...
123.0 132.8 132.8 ... 137.4 ... 107.8 100.9 81.7 107.5 ... 111.2 ...
128.5 140.0 138.4 ... 144.8 ... 111.6 104.5 99.3 109.3 ... 113.3 ...
133.6 146.3 143.3 ... 150.4 ... 115.3 106.7 94.6 112.6 ... 116.0 ...
137.5 151.2 146.9 ... 155.5 ... 117.8 108.1 90.7 114.8 ... 118.0 ...
141.2 155.7 150.3 ... 160.5 ... 121.3 111.2 90.3 118.5 ... 119.3 ...
144.8 160.5 154.0 ... 165.8 ... 122.8 111.7 88.8 119.2 ... 121.0 ...
148.5 165.7 157.8 ... 171.3 ... 123.7 111.5 88.1 119.2 ... 123.0 ...
152.8 171.0 162.0 ... 176.8 ... 127.5 115.2 99.2 122.1 ... 124.7 ...
156.8 176.3 166.7 ... 181.9 ... 130.8 117.9 99.8 125.1 ... 125.4 ...
160.4 182.1 172.1 109.0 187.8 99.8 128.5 113.7 90.0 121.2 101.6 126.6 101.5
163.9 187.3 177.5 112.3 192.9 101.3 128.8 113.5 91.4 120.9 104.0 126.7 104.5
169.6 193.4 183.9 117.5 198.7 103.7 137.9 122.8 129.7 128.0 106.5 128.2 110.5
Apparel ......................................................................... Men’s and boys’ apparel ............................................... Women’s and girls’ apparel ........................................... Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel ........................................ Footwear .......................................................................
105.9 106.2 104.0 111.8 101.9
110.6 109.1 110.4 112.1 105.1
115.4 113.4 114.9 116.4 109.9
118.6 117.0 116.4 119.1 114.4
124.1 120.4 122.6 125.8 117.4
128.7 124.2 127.6 128.9 120.9
131.9 126.5 130.4 129.3 125.0
133.7 127.5 132.6 127.1 125.9
133.4 126.4 130.9 128.1 126.0
132.0 126.2 126.9 127.2 125.4
131.7 127.7 124.7 129.7 126.6
132.9 130.1 126.1 129.0 127.6
133.0 131.8 126.0 126.1 128.0
131.3 131.1 123.3 129.0 125.7
129.6 129.7 121.5 130.6 123.8
Transportation ............................................................. Private transportation .................................................... New and used motor vehicles 1 ................................. New vehicles ......................................................... Used cars and trucks ............................................. Motor fuel .................................................................. Gasoline (all types) ................................................ Motor vehicle parts and equipment ........................... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair ...................... Public transportation ......................................................
102.3 101.2 ... 110.6 108.8 77.1 77.0 95.4 110.3 117.0
105.4 104.2 ... 114.4 113.1 80.2 80.1 96.1 114.8 121.1
108.7 107.6 ... 116.5 118.0 80.9 80.8 97.9 119.7 123.3
114.1 112.9 ... 119.2 120.4 88.5 88.5 100.2 124.9 129.5
120.5 118.8 ... 121.4 117.6 101.2 101.0 100.9 130.1 142.6
123.8 121.9 ... 126.0 118.1 99.4 99.2 102.2 136.0 148.9
126.5 124.6 ... 129.2 123.2 99.0 99.0 103.1 141.3 151.4
130.4 127.5 91.8 132.7 133.9 98.0 97.7 101.6 145.9 167.0
134.3 131.4 95.5 137.6 141.7 98.5 98.2 101.4 150.2 172.0
139.1 136.3 99.4 141.0 156.5 100.0 99.8 102.1 154.0 175.9
143.0 140.0 101.0 143.7 157.0 106.3 105.9 102.2 158.4 181.9
144.3 141.0 100.5 144.3 151.1 106.2 105.8 101.9 162.7 186.7
141.6 137.9 100.1 143.4 150.6 92.2 91.6 101.1 167.1 190.3
144.4 140.5 100.1 142.9 152.0 100.7 100.1 100.5 171.9 197.7
153.3 149.1 100.8 142.8 155.8 129.3 128.6 101.5 177.3 209.6
Medical Care ................................................................ Medical care commodities ............................................. Medical care services .................................................... Professional services ................................................ Hospital and related services ....................................
122.0 122.8 121.9 120.8 123.1
130.1 131.0 130.0 128.8 131.6
138.6 139.9 138.3 137.5 143.9
149.3 150.8 148.9 146.4 160.5
162.8 163.4 162.7 156.1 178.0
177.0 176.8 177.1 165.7 196.1
190.1 188.1 190.5 175.8 214.0
201.4 195.0 202.9 184.7 231.9
211.0 200.7 213.4 192.5 245.6
220.5 204.5 224.2 201.0 257.8
228.2 210.4 232.4 208.3 269.5
234.6 215.3 239.1 215.4 278.4
242.1 221.8 246.8 222.2 287.5
250.6 230.7 255.1 229.2 299.5
260.8 238.1 266.0 237.7 317.3
Recreation 1 .................................................................. Video and audio 1 ..........................................................
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
90.7 96.5
92.7 95.4
94.5 95.1
97.4 96.6
99.6 99.4
101.1 101.1
102.0 100.7
103.3 101.0
Education And Communication 1 ............................... Education 1 .................................................................... Educational books and supplies ................................ Tuition, other school fees, and childcare ................... Communication 1 ........................................................... Information and information processing 1 .................. Telephone services 1 ................................................. Information and information processing other than telephone services 3 .............................................. Personal computers and peripheral equipment 1 .......................................................
... ... 128.1 129.6 ... ... ...
... ... 138.1 140.0 ... ... ...
... ... 148.1 151.0 ... ... ...
... ... 158.0 162.7 ... ... ...
... ... 171.3 175.7 ... ... ...
... ... 180.3 191.4 ... ... ...
... ... 190.3 208.5 ... ... ...
85.5 78.4 197.6 225.3 96.7 97.7 ...
88.8 83.3 205.5 239.8 97.6 98.6 ...
92.2 88.0 214.4 253.8 98.8 98.7 ...
95.3 92.7 226.9 267.1 99.6 99.5 ...
98.4 97.3 238.4 280.4 100.3 100.4 ...
100.3 102.1 250.8 294.2 98.7 98.5 100.7
101.2 107.0 261.7 308.4 96.0 95.5 100.1
102.5 112.5 279.9 324.0 93.6 92.8 98.5
...
...
...
96.3
93.5
88.6
83.7
78.8
72.0
63.8
57.2
50.1
39.9
30.5
25.9
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
78.2
53.5
41.1
Other Goods And Services ......................................... Tobacco and smoking products .................................... Personal care ................................................................ Personal care products ............................................. Personal care services .............................................. Miscellaneous personal services ...............................
121.4 124.7 111.9 111.3 112.5 125.1
128.5 133.6 115.1 113.9 116.2 133.8
137.0 145.8 119.4 118.1 120.7 140.3
147.7 164.4 125.0 123.2 126.8 148.1
159.0 181.5 130.4 128.2 132.8 158.4
171.6 202.7 134.9 132.8 137.0 168.8
183.3 219.8 138.3 136.5 140.0 177.5
192.9 228.4 141.5 139.0 144.0 186.1
198.5 220.0 144.6 141.5 147.9 195.9
206.9 225.7 147.1 143.1 151.5 205.9
215.4 232.8 150.1 144.3 156.6 215.6
224.8 243.7 152.7 144.2 162.4 226.1
237.7 274.8 156.7 148.3 166.0 234.7
258.3 355.8 161.1 151.8 171.4 243.0
271.1 394.9 165.6 153.7 178.1 252.3
1. December 1997=100. 2. December 1982=100. 3. December 1988=100.
322
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-9. Relative Importance of Components in the Consumer Price Index, U.S. City Average, New Series, December 1997–December 2000 (Percent of all items.) Index and year
All items
Food and beverages
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education and communication
Other goods and services
All URBAN CONSUMERS (CPI-U) December 1997 December 1998 December 1999 December 2000
................................... ................................... ................................... ...................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
16.3 16.4 16.3 16.2
39.6 39.8 39.6 40.0
4.9 4.8 4.7 4.4
17.6 17.0 17.5 17.6
5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8
6.1 6.1 6.0 5.9
5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3
4.3 4.6 4.7 4.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
17.9 18.0 17.9 17.8
36.5 36.7 36.5 36.8
5.3 5.2 5.0 4.8
19.8 19.2 19.7 19.9
4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7
6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7
5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2
4.5 5.0 5.1 5.2
URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND WORKERS (CPI-W) December 1997 December 1998 December 1999 December 2000
................................... ................................... ................................... ...................................
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
323
Table 6-10. Relative Importance of Components in the Consumer Price Index, U.S. City Average, Old Series, December 1997 and Dates of Major Weight Revisions (Percent of all items.) Index and year
All items
Food and beverages
Housing
Apparel and upkeep
Transportation
Medical care
Entertainment
Other goods and services
ALL URBAN CONSUMERS (CPI-U) December 1977 December 1982 December 1995 December 1997
................................... ................................... ................................... ...................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
18.8 20.1 17.3 17.5
43.9 37.7 41.3 41.5
5.8 5.2 5.3 5.3
18.0 21.8 17.0 16.6
5.0 6.0 7.4 7.4
4.1 4.2 4.4 4.3
4.4 5.0 7.1 7.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
35.4 32.2 25.2 20.5 21.3 19.3 19.4
33.7 33.5 34.9 40.7 34.9 38.9 39.0
11.0 9.4 10.6 5.8 5.0 5.5 5.3
8.1 11.3 14.0 20.2 24.1 19.0 18.6
4.1 4.8 5.7 4.5 5.6 6.3 6.3
2.8 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0
4.9 4.8 5.7 4.4 5.2 7.0 7.3
URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS (CPI-W) 1935-1939 ............................................ December 1952 ................................... December 1963 ................................... December 1977 ................................... December 1984 ................................... December 1995 ................................... December 1997 ...................................
324
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-11. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers, All Items, Selected Areas, Selected Years, 1955–2000 (1982–1984=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Area
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
27.1 27.9 26.4 26.3
30.2 30.6 29.8 29.7
32.6 32.8 32.5 31.4
41.2 40.8 40.2 38.1
57.6 56.8 55.8 52.4
82.1 83.6 82.6 81.0
90.1 92.1 91.8 89.3
95.3 96.6 95.5 94.4
99.8 99.4 99.8 101.1
104.8 104.1 104.7 104.5
108.7 108.8 109.4 106.9
112.3 111.5 112.2 108.2
118.0 116.8 117.1 111.4
27.5 27.7 27.0 25.7 25.9 27.1 26.6 26.5
30.4 29.7 29.5 28.3 28.3 29.2 29.1 29.3
31.7 31.2 31.7 29.6 30.1 31.0 30.5 32.2
38.9 39.5 38.8 37.2 37.4 37.5 37.4 39.0
52.8 53.9 52.6 50.2 51.2 50.8 51.8 53.2
82.2 85.3 82.5 78.9 78.9 81.4 82.1 83.6
90.0 93.2 90.1 87.2 88.6 90.7 87.9 90.5
96.2 97.0 96.6 94.0 97.4 95.9 94.9 95.0
100.0 99.8 100.1 101.2 99.5 100.2 100.8 100.5
103.8 103.2 103.3 104.8 103.1 103.8 104.3 104.5
107.7 106.8 107.1 107.8 107.0 107.0 106.6 107.7
110.0 108.3 108.6 109.4 108.4 107.4 107.6 108.7
114.5 111.7 112.2 112.7 111.6 111.5 111.9 113.1
26.7 27.4 ... ... 25.7 27.1 ... ... ...
29.8 29.7 ... ... 27.8 29.6 ... ... ...
31.6 31.9 ... 29.9 29.6 31.2 ... ... ...
39.1 39.8 ... 37.6 36.4 38.6 ... ... ...
55.2 54.7 ... 50.4 51.4 53.6 ... ... ...
83.7 82.9 ... 81.5 82.7 80.3 81.1 ... ...
91.5 90.5 ... 90.8 91.0 90.2 90.5 ... ...
95.6 95.5 ... 96.0 97.3 96.0 96.7 ... ...
99.9 99.8 ... 99.7 100.0 99.9 99.9 ... ...
104.5 104.6 ... 104.3 102.7 104.1 103.5 ... ...
108.2 109.0 ... 108.2 104.9 108.9 106.5 ... ...
110.9 112.2 ... 109.9 103.9 112.2 107.9 ... ...
114.2 116.2 ... 112.9 106.5 116.5 111.8 100.0 100.0
26.7 24.9 25.9 ... 26.8 ... ... ...
30.0 28.6 28.8 ... 29.8 ... ... ...
32.4 30.8 31.0 28.2 32.3 34.4 35.3 28.8
38.7 37.7 37.4 34.1 38.7 41.5 41.1 34.5
53.3 51.8 51.1 47.6 53.5 56.3 57.1 48.4
83.7 80.4 82.7 79.4 87.2 83.0 85.5 78.4
91.9 90.8 91.8 90.1 95.0 91.7 92.4 87.2
97.3 97.6 97.7 96.2 98.0 97.2 97.4 95.1
99.1 98.4 99.3 99.0 99.1 99.3 99.2 100.5
103.6 104.0 103.0 104.8 102.8 103.5 103.3 104.3
108.4 108.4 105.6 110.4 106.7 106.8 105.8 107.1
111.9 111.6 106.7 113.5 108.2 109.4 107.8 107.9
116.7 115.4 109.2 117.5 110.9 114.9 108.2 110.8
NORTHEAST New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island ................................... Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City .............................................. Boston-Brockton-Nashua ................................................................. Pittsburgh ......................................................................................... NORTH CENTRAL Chicago-Gary-Kenosha ................................................................... Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint ..................................................................... St. Louis ........................................................................................... Cleveland-Akron .............................................................................. Minneapolis-St. Paul ........................................................................ Milwaukee-Racine ............................................................................ Cincinnati-Hamilton .......................................................................... Kansas City ...................................................................................... SOUTH Baltimore .......................................................................................... Washington ...................................................................................... Washington-Baltimore 1 ................................................................... Dallas-Fort Worth ............................................................................. Houston-Galveston-Brazoria ............................................................ Atlanta .............................................................................................. Miami-Fort Lauderdale ..................................................................... Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater 2 ................................................. New Orleans 2 .................................................................................. WEST Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County ........................................... San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose ................................................... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton .............................................................. San Diego ........................................................................................ Portland-Salem ................................................................................ Honolulu ........................................................................................... Anchorage ........................................................................................ Denver-Boulder-Greeley ..................................................................
Area
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island ................................... Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City .............................................. Boston-Brockton-Nashua ................................................................. Pittsburgh .........................................................................................
123.7 122.4 124.2 114.9
130.6 128.3 131.3 120.1
138.5 135.8 138.9 126.2
144.8 142.2 145.0 131.3
150.0 146.6 148.6 136.0
154.5 150.2 152.9 139.9
158.2 154.6 154.9 144.6
162.2 158.7 158.6 149.2
166.9 162.8 163.3 153.2
170.8 166.5 167.9 157.0
173.6 168.2 171.7 159.2
177.0 171.9 176.0 162.5
182.5 176.5 183.6 168.0
119.0 116.1 115.7 116.7 117.2 115.9 116.1 117.4
125.0 122.3 121.8 122.7 122.0 120.8 120.9 121.6
131.7 128.6 128.1 129.0 127.0 126.2 126.5 126.0
137.0 133.1 132.1 134.2 130.4 132.2 131.4 131.2
141.1 135.9 134.7 136.8 135.0 137.1 134.1 134.3
145.4 139.6 137.5 140.3 139.2 142.1 137.8 138.1
148.6 144.0 141.3 144.4 143.6 147.0 142.4 141.3
153.3 148.6 145.2 147.9 147.0 151.0 146.2 145.3
157.4 152.5 149.6 152.0 151.9 154.7 149.6 151.6
161.7 156.3 152.9 156.1 155.4 157.7 152.1 155.8
165.0 159.8 154.5 159.8 158.3 160.3 155.1 157.8
168.4 163.9 157.6 162.5 163.3 163.7 159.2 160.1
173.8 169.8 163.1 168.0 170.1 168.6 164.8 166.6
119.3 121.0 ... 116.1 109.5 120.4 116.8 103.7 102.7
124.5 128.0 ... 119.5 114.1 126.1 121.5 107.2 107.2
130.8 135.6 ... 125.1 120.6 131.7 128.0 111.7 111.5
136.4 141.2 ... 130.8 125.1 135.9 132.3 116.4 116.0
140.1 144.7 ... 133.9 129.1 138.5 134.5 119.2 120.2
143.1 149.3 ... 137.3 133.4 143.4 139.1 124.0 124.7
146.9 152.2 ... 141.2 137.9 146.7 143.6 126.5 129.0
150.7 155.3 ... 144.9 139.8 150.9 148.9 129.7 133.4
154.2 159.6 ... 148.8 142.7 156.0 153.7 131.6 138.4
... ... 100.8 151.4 145.4 158.9 158.4 134.0 ...
... ... 102.1 153.6 146.8 161.2 160.5 137.5 ...
... ... 104.2 158.0 148.7 164.8 162.4 140.6 ...
... ... 107.6 164.7 154.2 170.6 167.8 145.7 ...
122.1 120.5 112.8 123.4 114.7 121.7 108.6 113.7
128.3 126.4 118.1 130.6 120.4 128.7 111.7 115.8
135.9 132.1 126.8 138.4 127.4 138.1 118.6 120.9
141.4 137.9 134.1 143.4 133.9 148.0 124.0 125.6
146.5 142.5 139.0 147.4 139.8 155.1 128.2 130.3
150.3 146.3 142.9 150.6 144.7 160.1 132.2 135.8
152.3 148.7 147.8 154.5 148.9 164.5 135.0 141.8
154.6 151.6 152.3 156.8 153.2 168.1 138.9 147.9
157.5 155.1 157.5 160.9 158.6 170.7 142.7 153.1
160.0 160.4 163.0 163.7 164.0 171.9 144.8 158.1
162.3 165.5 167.7 166.9 167.1 171.5 146.9 161.9
166.1 172.5 172.8 172.8 172.6 173.3 148.4 166.6
171.6 180.2 179.2 182.8 178.0 176.3 150.9 173.2
NORTHEAST
NORTH CENTRAL Chicago-Gary-Kenosha ................................................................... Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint ..................................................................... St. Louis ........................................................................................... Cleveland-Akron .............................................................................. Minneapolis-St. Paul ........................................................................ Milwaukee-Racine ............................................................................ Cincinnati-Hamilton .......................................................................... Kansas City ...................................................................................... SOUTH Baltimore .......................................................................................... Washington ...................................................................................... Washington-Baltimore 1 ................................................................... Dallas-Fort Worth ............................................................................. Houston-Galveston-Brazoria ............................................................ Atlanta .............................................................................................. Miami-Fort Lauderdale ..................................................................... Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater 2 ................................................. New Orleans 2 .................................................................................. WEST Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County ........................................... San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose ................................................... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton .............................................................. San Diego ........................................................................................ Portland-Salem ................................................................................ Honolulu ........................................................................................... Anchorage ........................................................................................ Denver-Boulder-Greeley .................................................................. 1. November 1996=100. 2. 1987=100.
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
325
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EXPORT AND IMPORT PRICE INDEXES Collection and Coverage United States export and import price indexes cover transactions in nonmilitary goods between the United States and the rest of the world. The export price indexes provide a measure of price change for U.S. products sold to other countries, and the import price indexes provide a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U.S. residents. Prices used in constructing the indexes are initially collected through personal visits by BLS field representatives; thereafter, the prices generally are collected each month by mail questionnaire or telephone. To the extent possible, products are priced at the U.S. border for exports and at both the foreign border and the U.S. border for imports. For a given product, however, only one price basis series is used in constructing the index. For most products, prices refer to transactions completed during the first week of the month. Indexes published here are based on the Standard Industrial Trade Classification System (SITC), a United Nations product classification system. The SITC is especially useful for international comparisons. These indexes are also published by End Use Category as well as the Harmonized System nomenclature.
include information on the number of units bought or sold, discount, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, etc. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change in order to obtain the “pure price change.” Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which allows for continued repricing of the item. At the elementary level, the price changes for individual items within a given Company/Classification Group cell are generally averaged together using equal weights in order to produce an index at the cell level. These cells are then averaged together using the relative importance of a given company’s trade in the product area, in order to produce an index at the Classification Group level. These Classification Group indexes are then averaged together using weights derived from these company weights in order to produce the lowest level publication strata. Successively higher levels of publication strata are then averaged together using their relative importance based on 1995 U.S. trade values. A limited number of import price indexes based on locality of origin indexes are also produced. BLS also publishes indexes for selected categories of internationally traded services calculated on an international basis. Sources of Additional Information
Prices are collected according to the specification method. The specifications for each product include detailed descriptions of the physical and functional characteristics of the product. The terms of transaction
Concepts and methodology are described in the BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2490, April 1997, Chapter 15, and in monthly press releases.
326
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000 (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.)
Categories
Relative importance 1
1986 March
June
1987
Septem- December ber
March
June
1988
Septem- December ber
March
June
Septem- December ber
ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................
100.00
80.5
80.1
79.3
80.2
81.1
82.8
83.3
84.9
86.4
88.7
90.5
90.3
Food And Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables, fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ............................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................
7.02 1.29
79.5 70.3
79.4 72.2
70.3 76.4
73.7 78.6
71.4 78.9
73.5 83.2
70.9 81.5
77.4 80.2
77.9 84.3
84.6 89.9
97.1 94.0
93.5 89.4
0.58 2.28 1.29 0.70 0.41
66.0 81.6 71.6 94.5 89.3
71.5 79.2 78.8 90.4 88.4
73.7 59.0 83.2 97.6 89.9
76.3 64.4 85.2 94.3 90.9
77.1 60.8 83.6 92.2 91.2
82.9 63.1 81.5 97.5 91.6
86.4 60.3 73.4 96.9 91.3
91.3 68.8 72.9 114.4 91.4
92.8 71.0 70.7 106.0 93.2
95.6 77.5 75.7 124.5 93.6
115.9 96.4 79.8 126.8 95.8
114.7 90.7 80.0 123.7 95.5
Beverages And Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................
1.54 1.27
67.0 66.8
67.6 67.3
67.5 67.3
71.2 71.1
71.2 71.1
72.9 72.8
73.2 73.2
74.2 74.2
76.1 76.1
76.8 76.8
77.7 77.7
77.5 77.5
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Hides, skins and furskins, raw ............................................... Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Pulp and waste paper ............................................................ Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Crude fertilizers and crude minerals ...................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................
5.44 0.34 0.94 0.91 1.01 0.74 0.32 0.79
59.3 70.5 87.1 37.6 38.7 65.9 102.1 58.7
59.8 76.0 86.3 37.5 43.2 64.4 100.6 57.3
58.3 70.3 85.7 38.1 47.9 48.0 100.1 58.7
59.9 75.2 83.7 40.0 48.1 59.8 99.0 56.6
61.8 85.6 79.4 41.2 53.6 64.3 96.4 57.8
67.0 97.1 89.3 43.1 55.7 73.9 96.1 62.6
69.4 95.9 83.6 52.5 56.8 76.6 93.6 68.7
73.3 102.0 96.3 54.1 59.6 73.4 93.6 73.6
76.1 111.2 101.6 55.7 63.6 70.7 94.8 77.1
81.9 108.3 125.7 55.5 66.7 72.3 96.3 85.4
82.4 101.7 136.0 55.6 67.5 66.3 96.9 84.8
79.5 88.8 119.3 55.1 67.6 68.1 96.8 88.0
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials ............. Coal, coke and briquettes ...................................................... Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials ...........
3.09 0.74 2.35
94.4 100.3 ...
86.7 99.4 ...
87.4 98.9 ...
87.8 97.4 ...
91.8 98.0 ...
93.4 93.3 ...
95.4 96.2 ...
93.1 95.0 91.9
89.5 95.9 83.4
92.7 97.4 89.4
89.8 98.3 82.0
89.6 98.8 81.2
Animal And Vegetable Oils, Fats And Waxes ...................
0.28
68.0
62.0
56.9
65.7
67.6
72.1
71.8
74.7
84.9
89.1
92.9
83.7
Chemicals And Related Products, n.e.s. ........................... Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Dyeing, tanning and coloring materials .................................. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils; polishing and cleansing preparations ............. Fertilizers 2 ............................................................................. Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ................................
10.76 2.63 0.85 0.49 1.23 0.77 0.46 1.78 0.83 1.72
73.9 67.8 ... ... 84.0 72.6 ... ... ... 76.0
72.6 64.1 ... ... 84.8 74.9 ... ... ... 76.9
70.9 63.1 ... ... 84.6 74.4 ... ... ... 73.7
70.5 63.6 ... ... 84.2 74.2 ... ... ... 73.5
73.8 70.2 ... ... 84.4 75.1 ... ... ... 73.6
79.0 81.5 ... ... 84.7 75.2 ... ... ... 73.8
79.8 80.0 ... ... 85.4 76.4 ... ... ... 73.3
83.6 85.1 ... ... 88.0 77.2 ... ... ... 74.2
87.4 93.0 ... ... 91.3 79.1 ... ... ... 75.8
90.1 99.6 ... ... 88.8 80.9 ... ... ... 76.8
92.6 105.6 ... ... 88.5 85.6 ... ... ... 78.6
93.0 103.9 ... ... 89.8 87.1 ... ... ... 79.6
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material ........ Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. ................................................. Cork and wood manufactures other than furniture ................ Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard ........................................................................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles, n.e.s. ................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. .............................. Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s. ...............................................
10.07 0.69 0.30
71.6 74.7 ...
72.4 74.2 ...
73.3 74.6 ...
73.6 74.9 ...
75.2 75.7 ...
76.2 76.0 ...
78.0 77.1 ...
78.6 77.3 ...
80.8 78.1 ...
83.2 80.7 ...
84.5 81.2 ...
85.2 81.9 ...
1.63 1.34 1.33 1.05 1.48 2.10
62.6 76.8 72.6 ... 69.5 75.5
65.2 78.0 73.5 ... 68.7 75.7
67.9 77.2 75.2 ... 70.2 75.8
68.9 77.2 77.5 ... 68.4 75.8
71.4 78.3 76.6 ... 71.1 76.3
72.8 78.6 78.0 ... 75.3 76.1
74.8 78.9 79.2 ... 82.0 76.9
76.2 79.7 79.9 ... 82.9 77.7
78.5 80.7 81.4 ... 89.3 78.5
80.3 81.8 81.9 ... 95.7 80.9
81.1 82.3 83.0 ... 99.4 82.6
81.6 84.6 83.8 ... 100.0 83.3
Machinery And Transport Equipment ................................ Power generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts, n.e.s. .. Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................
49.78 4.72 4.84 1.00 5.22 5.39
87.2 75.5 78.2 74.8 76.1 139.4
87.2 75.5 78.0 74.9 76.6 138.1
87.4 75.6 78.0 75.7 77.3 137.9
88.0 76.5 78.2 76.5 77.9 137.1
88.0 77.1 77.7 77.7 78.6 134.0
88.2 76.5 77.8 78.4 78.9 134.1
88.4 77.3 78.1 79.2 78.9 133.5
88.7 77.6 78.4 79.4 79.5 133.3
89.3 78.9 79.4 80.3 80.5 133.6
90.1 79.9 80.5 81.4 81.5 133.5
90.8 80.0 81.4 81.5 82.5 135.1
91.6 80.6 82.4 84.0 83.2 134.5
3.72 10.65 9.37
83.9 89.6 83.8
83.7 89.4 84.4
84.3 89.8 84.6
85.7 90.3 85.8
86.2 91.6 85.6
85.8 92.0 85.9
85.7 92.3 86.2
86.2 91.7 86.9
86.9 92.8 86.8
88.5 93.1 87.1
88.1 94.8 87.5
88.9 95.2 88.7
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. ................................................................ Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, n.e.s. ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. ..........................
11.35 0.66 1.20
80.6 82.5 ...
81.5 83.1 ...
81.5 83.3 ...
81.8 83.8 ...
82.4 86.4 ...
82.9 87.1 ...
83.1 87.1 ...
83.2 89.1 ...
84.2 90.0 ...
85.1 90.2 ...
85.8 90.4 ...
87.1 92.5 ...
3.86
71.0
71.8
71.7
72.1
72.7
73.5
74.1
74.6
76.6
77.4
78.4
79.3
0.95 4.21
95.8 89.2
96.5 89.8
96.3 89.6
96.0 90.2
96.5 90.4
96.3 90.1
93.1 91.1
92.1 91.0
91.7 90.7
94.1 91.6
93.5 91.6
93.9 93.5
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
327
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
Table 6-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000—Continued (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) 1989 Categories March
June
1990
September
December
March
June
1991
September
December
March
June
September
December
ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................
91.6
91.6
90.9
90.8
91.2
91.5
92.2
92.7
92.8
92.5
92.0
92.1
Food And Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables, fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ............................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................
96.2 91.2
94.5 88.0
90.3 81.9
88.6 80.3
87.9 86.4
89.0 84.9
83.6 85.3
81.1 88.4
83.8 88.7
86.0 87.9
85.2 89.0
87.2 86.4
111.4 96.4 79.0 121.4 97.5
104.7 94.7 82.4 113.5 98.3
90.3 90.3 82.6 109.9 98.1
87.1 89.8 80.0 101.6 98.8
86.6 87.5 83.1 95.8 99.8
83.6 90.6 83.6 93.2 100.4
85.6 80.5 80.9 94.7 100.2
84.0 75.0 80.3 98.4 101.5
83.5 77.2 93.3 99.0 100.3
80.4 80.7 99.5 95.5 100.9
74.8 80.7 92.7 100.5 100.2
80.2 85.7 85.8 101.2 100.4
Beverages And Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................
81.3 81.5
81.6 81.8
83.6 83.8
83.3 83.5
84.9 85.1
86.4 86.6
87.1 87.4
89.5 89.6
91.5 91.6
92.0 92.1
92.5 92.5
94.2 94.2
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Hides, skins and furskins, raw ............................................... Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Pulp and waste paper ............................................................ Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Crude fertilizers and crude minerals ...................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................
83.5 95.2 122.4 58.3 71.6 70.2 100.9 95.7
83.7 97.3 114.1 63.3 71.9 76.0 101.4 91.9
81.4 101.5 98.0 65.9 71.8 77.2 101.4 88.0
79.9 102.5 96.2 65.6 72.0 76.5 99.9 81.0
80.1 105.0 96.2 67.0 69.3 77.0 100.8 81.0
80.4 105.1 97.0 66.4 64.7 81.8 101.9 83.4
80.6 97.3 103.2 64.5 62.4 80.3 102.2 88.2
78.7 92.3 103.0 62.5 62.1 79.9 102.2 81.5
78.6 84.1 103.7 63.5 60.3 83.4 103.2 80.5
76.3 81.5 99.2 63.7 56.0 85.3 102.9 74.4
73.3 71.7 97.7 64.5 51.0 77.9 100.4 72.8
71.6 80.3 93.4 64.4 50.7 71.1 100.6 68.7
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials ............. Coal, coke and briquettes ...................................................... Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials ...........
92.2 99.1 86.9
97.1 99.8 96.9
99.2 101.2 99.9
102.8 101.9 107.0
102.5 101.8 104.4
100.1 103.2 99.9
116.6 103.6 134.2
120.2 103.7 137.7
102.9 103.4 103.1
98.7 101.7 95.3
98.7 101.7 95.5
99.8 101.8 97.4
Animal And Vegetable Oils, Fats And Waxes ...................
82.7
79.9
76.7
79.4
81.5
86.6
83.1
85.0
82.1
78.9
79.4
77.2
Chemicals And Related Products, n.e.s. ........................... Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Dyeing, tanning and coloring materials .................................. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils; polishing and cleansing preparations ............. Fertilizers 2 ............................................................................. Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ................................
93.0 103.0 ... ... 91.1 89.2 ... ... ... 81.9
90.4 99.9 ... ... 91.0 88.8 ... ... ... 82.6
87.2 92.3 ... ... 91.4 87.1 ... ... ... 82.7
85.3 88.0 ... ... 90.6 87.5 ... ... ... 83.2
85.5 84.7 ... ... 91.6 89.0 ... ... ... 85.2
85.6 81.7 ... ... 91.9 90.3 ... ... ... 85.9
88.2 86.5 ... ... 92.1 90.5 ... ... ... 87.5
91.9 91.4 ... ... 92.6 90.8 ... ... ... 89.4
90.9 87.6 ... ... 92.4 90.9 ... ... ... 91.2
87.5 81.4 ... ... 92.6 91.0 ... ... ... 90.0
86.1 77.1 ... ... 94.1 91.7 ... ... ... 89.0
85.5 77.1 ... ... 94.2 91.3 ... ... ... 88.9
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material ........ Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. ................................................. Cork and wood manufactures other than furniture ................ Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard ........................................................................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles, n.e.s. ................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. .............................. Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s. ...............................................
86.6 83.8 ...
87.0 83.8 ...
86.8 84.2 ...
86.6 84.6 ...
86.8 84.8 ...
86.9 84.9 ...
87.3 85.8 ...
87.2 87.9 ...
87.4 89.4 ...
87.1 90.1 ...
86.9 90.4 ...
86.8 90.8 ...
82.5 86.4 86.4 ... 101.1 84.6
83.2 87.4 87.8 ... 97.2 85.6
82.7 87.7 88.9 ... 93.6 86.0
81.5 88.6 89.6 ... 90.6 86.7
81.4 90.2 91.6 ... 87.5 87.7
81.1 89.7 91.1 ... 88.4 88.0
81.6 89.7 91.0 ... 90.6 88.2
81.8 90.6 91.9 ... 86.3 88.9
81.4 92.6 92.5 ... 82.3 90.1
81.1 93.7 92.5 ... 77.7 90.6
80.4 93.3 92.6 ... 77.1 90.8
80.6 93.6 93.4 ... 75.1 91.2
Machinery And Transport Equipment ................................ Power generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts, n.e.s. .. Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................
92.3 82.5 83.4 85.0 85.0 133.7
92.8 83.2 84.6 86.2 85.5 132.3
93.4 84.4 85.4 86.4 86.2 132.3
94.0 84.6 86.6 87.1 87.0 132.2
94.8 85.8 87.9 87.9 88.4 132.1
95.3 86.5 88.0 89.0 89.2 132.0
95.6 86.8 88.7 89.1 89.8 131.8
96.2 87.4 89.9 91.2 90.2 130.2
97.6 89.6 90.8 93.1 92.2 130.4
98.3 90.7 91.6 95.1 92.7 129.4
98.7 91.4 91.6 95.3 93.4 127.8
99.0 91.9 92.1 95.7 93.4 126.4
90.3 95.6 89.0
91.0 95.9 89.5
92.0 96.3 90.3
92.6 96.3 91.3
92.3 97.1 91.6
94.1 96.8 92.1
94.6 96.6 92.6
95.0 96.9 93.6
97.4 96.9 94.4
100.0 97.4 94.7
101.4 99.2 95.0
102.3 99.9 95.6
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. ................................................................ Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, n.e.s. ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. ..........................
87.8 92.6 ...
88.9 95.0 ...
89.5 94.9 ...
90.5 96.4 ...
90.9 97.6 ...
91.7 99.0 ...
93.1 98.8 ...
94.5 100.7 ...
95.7 102.5 ...
96.5 103.2 ...
96.8 103.4 ...
97.3 103.1 ...
80.5
82.3
83.3
84.5
85.4
86.9
88.9
90.9
91.9
93.1
93.3
94.2
92.6 94.8
93.3 94.6
93.4 94.9
95.0 95.8
92.3 96.4
91.8 96.9
93.1 97.5
95.5 98.1
95.9 99.8
95.7 100.0
95.5 100.6
96.5 100.5
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
328
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000—Continued (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) 1992 Categories March
June
1993
September
December
March
June
1994
September
December
March
June
September
December
ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................
92.5
92.8
93.0
92.7
92.9
93.2
93.2
93.7
94.5
94.8
95.4
97.2
Food And Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables, fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ............................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................
90.6 90.4
87.8 91.5
85.8 90.2
85.3 92.0
84.9 93.7
83.5 96.2
87.3 92.2
92.0 92.4
92.7 95.3
88.7 92.5
87.4 92.9
91.1 94.0
86.7 91.2 87.0 97.4 99.7
83.3 87.4 82.0 97.6 100.6
81.4 82.6 82.5 100.3 101.4
77.0 81.8 84.4 99.2 101.6
78.5 80.7 84.9 95.5 100.3
82.0 75.7 84.4 96.2 100.8
76.9 80.0 96.7 102.7 100.5
75.0 92.7 93.7 105.0 96.8
80.1 93.4 91.9 101.9 98.2
83.3 84.9 89.8 101.4 98.3
90.0 80.1 89.8 99.3 99.4
94.2 86.6 92.9 94.7 99.5
Beverages And Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................
94.8 94.8
95.5 95.5
96.3 96.4
97.2 97.3
98.0 98.2
98.4 98.3
99.2 99.1
98.1 98.0
98.6 98.5
98.7 98.6
98.4 98.3
98.6 98.4
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Hides, skins and furskins, raw ............................................... Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Pulp and waste paper ............................................................ Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Crude fertilizers and crude minerals ...................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................
72.7 78.8 95.1 68.5 51.4 67.8 101.4 71.7
74.7 80.8 98.3 71.7 53.4 68.6 101.5 71.1
75.1 82.8 92.0 78.0 54.4 65.6 101.3 71.7
74.8 86.8 92.1 81.4 51.2 65.2 97.3 68.6
77.6 82.1 95.6 95.5 46.3 67.7 96.6 69.2
79.6 79.1 97.8 105.1 45.4 66.6 96.7 70.1
78.3 82.9 108.7 96.8 43.1 64.7 99.0 70.1
78.9 86.0 111.9 95.6 43.5 66.2 99.1 71.2
83.7 91.3 112.2 99.6 49.2 78.5 97.1 75.7
86.4 94.3 112.7 97.3 61.1 83.7 97.3 76.2
87.1 103.9 96.1 97.1 67.9 81.2 97.9 83.7
93.4 110.4 91.8 98.6 82.0 88.2 98.1 97.3
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials ............. Coal, coke and briquettes ...................................................... Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials ...........
91.2 100.6 82.3
95.0 99.8 92.0
96.3 99.1 94.9
94.7 99.8 90.8
96.0 98.1 93.0
96.6 96.8 96.0
94.0 96.7 91.5
89.9 96.9 83.8
92.0 98.2 87.0
96.0 96.8 95.7
96.2 96.2 96.6
98.1 97.0 98.5
Animal And Vegetable Oils, Fats And Waxes ...................
77.0
79.7
80.1
83.2
82.2
82.7
84.8
88.8
92.5
92.5
97.7
111.0
Chemicals And Related Products, n.e.s. ........................... Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Dyeing, tanning and coloring materials .................................. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils; polishing and cleansing preparations ............. Fertilizers 2 ............................................................................. Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ................................
85.3 77.0 ... ... 95.2 92.9 ... ... ... 89.5
85.5 78.8 ... ... 95.8 93.5 ... ... ... 89.5
85.3 80.0 ... ... 95.8 92.5 ... ... ... 90.0
84.2 78.0 86.4 ... 96.0 92.4 ... 74.7 92.1 90.0
84.3 77.6 84.6 ... 97.3 93.5 ... 74.6 91.8 91.3
84.4 77.9 83.7 ... 98.5 93.4 ... 76.4 89.2 91.9
83.7 76.4 81.1 ... 98.8 94.0 ... 75.8 89.9 92.0
83.8 75.5 81.1 97.7 99.6 94.6 ... 75.1 89.8 92.0
84.7 76.3 78.4 99.5 100.2 95.9 ... 76.0 90.5 94.1
86.9 79.8 81.5 97.3 99.8 98.4 ... 79.6 91.7 94.6
91.2 85.2 86.8 98.3 99.3 98.9 ... 90.8 93.4 94.8
95.9 93.4 88.9 98.4 98.9 98.6 ... 100.1 96.6 96.4
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material ........ Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. ................................................. Cork and wood manufactures other than furniture ................ Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard ........................................................................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles, n.e.s. ................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. .............................. Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s. ...............................................
87.3 90.6 ...
87.6 90.6 ...
87.9 91.2 ...
87.8 91.5 93.4
88.6 92.5 102.1
87.7 93.1 92.4
88.2 93.5 96.1
87.8 93.3 98.7
89.7 93.5 98.9
90.9 93.7 101.5
92.8 94.6 103.7
96.5 94.9 106.3
80.3 95.0 93.6 ... 76.5 91.3
80.2 95.1 94.6 ... 77.5 91.4
79.7 95.4 94.8 ... 77.6 92.0
79.3 95.7 94.9 ... 75.1 92.9
78.2 95.7 95.1 ... 75.5 93.4
76.5 96.2 96.4 ... 71.7 92.7
75.7 96.2 97.5 ... 73.4 93.5
75.9 95.4 96.7 90.5 69.7 94.1
76.4 96.1 97.8 92.4 77.5 94.9
78.4 96.1 98.1 93.4 81.6 94.7
83.0 95.4 98.4 94.3 87.1 95.1
90.5 95.6 99.3 95.9 98.2 97.0
99.4 93.2 92.9 96.9 94.7 125.6
99.7 94.9 93.5 97.4 94.9 124.5
99.9 94.8 94.0 97.4 95.3 123.6
99.9 95.0 94.7 97.3 95.8 120.8
99.6 95.8 95.3 98.9 96.4 116.8
99.8 95.9 95.8 99.1 96.8 115.3
99.5 96.3 96.3 98.9 97.4 112.9
99.7 96.8 96.8 98.9 97.9 111.3
99.7 97.6 96.8 98.7 98.3 108.6
99.4 97.7 97.3 98.8 98.4 106.5
99.0 98.5 97.4 98.0 98.8 103.7
99.0 99.3 97.4 98.8 98.8 102.7
101.0 101.0 95.7
101.8 100.3 96.2
102.2 100.8 96.4
102.3 100.7 96.8
101.5 99.8 97.2
102.9 100.2 97.3
102.1 99.5 97.3
102.1 100.2 97.6
101.1 100.4 98.2
100.9 99.9 98.4
100.3 98.6 98.6
100.0 98.3 99.2
98.0 104.1 ...
98.3 103.8 ...
98.5 103.4 ...
98.6 103.8 ...
98.8 101.4 ...
99.0 99.7 ...
99.0 99.6 ...
98.9 99.9 98.9
98.8 100.0 99.0
99.1 100.3 99.8
99.5 100.9 99.7
99.4 99.6 100.1
95.2
95.6
95.5
95.6
96.4
96.9
97.6
97.5
98.0
98.2
99.0
99.1
96.4 100.9
95.4 101.8
96.2 102.3
96.8 102.1
95.9 101.6
98.0 101.2
98.2 100.4
98.5 100.3
98.8 99.3
99.0 99.6
100.3 99.4
99.8 99.4
Machinery And Transport Equipment ................................ Power generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts, n.e.s. .. Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................ Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. ................................................................ Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, n.e.s. ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. ..........................
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
329
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
Table 6-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000—Continued (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) 1995 Categories March
June
1996
September
December
March
June
1997
September
December
March
June
September
December
ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................
99.1
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.6
101.4
99.9
99.3
99.7
99.3
99.0
98.2
Food And Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables, fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ............................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................
92.4 96.9
97.4 99.9
105.6 103.7
110.0 105.8
114.5 98.1
122.0 101.6
107.3 98.5
101.9 97.8
103.4 96.4
98.5 95.3
99.5 95.2
96.7 94.6
102.9 86.0 95.8 92.8 99.3
103.2 95.4 96.2 98.3 101.3
101.7 107.1 110.0 100.4 100.4
92.8 120.2 99.7 114.8 101.8
87.9 131.0 103.1 121.4 102.5
89.4 145.6 105.7 122.5 103.2
93.4 109.3 106.8 127.0 102.8
96.8 100.5 101.0 120.0 103.7
89.1 104.9 101.2 125.3 103.3
85.3 92.3 101.6 127.2 103.5
99.1 95.0 97.6 120.8 105.0
93.1 94.4 92.0 113.5 104.9
Beverages And Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................
99.6 99.5
99.9 100.0
100.4 100.5
100.2 100.3
100.5 100.4
100.6 100.6
100.5 100.5
100.4 100.4
100.2 100.1
100.8 100.9
101.0 101.0
100.6 100.4
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Hides, skins and furskins, raw ............................................... Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Pulp and waste paper ............................................................ Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Crude fertilizers and crude minerals ...................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................
101.9 109.6 93.6 102.4 100.9 105.7 100.1 104.3
104.1 103.4 96.6 102.1 111.6 106.9 99.4 104.2
98.9 90.0 102.9 96.8 101.8 97.8 100.4 98.5
96.3 91.1 113.7 97.3 86.3 98.5 99.7 91.7
91.0 91.1 119.5 98.1 59.5 92.4 98.8 90.5
90.3 95.7 127.0 94.7 56.8 91.1 96.8 89.3
90.8 109.4 131.7 96.3 58.1 86.7 96.6 85.6
88.7 113.7 114.9 97.6 55.9 83.5 97.2 85.7
93.2 115.6 133.1 96.0 58.6 85.2 96.9 89.7
93.4 100.8 134.6 93.2 65.9 83.4 97.8 91.7
91.6 100.1 120.2 90.9 68.2 83.9 97.9 94.4
87.8 102.6 116.5 85.6 66.8 80.0 97.4 83.9
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials ............. Coal, coke and briquettes ...................................................... Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials ...........
97.7 97.6 97.5
102.0 100.3 103.6
100.4 101.5 99.7
102.0 101.6 102.9
106.9 102.6 111.4
109.1 103.1 113.7
112.5 101.5 121.0
116.8 101.8 128.5
111.4 102.2 119.5
110.9 102.0 119.4
111.8 101.9 121.8
112.8 101.3 119.0
Animal And Vegetable Oils, Fats And Waxes ...................
102.5
96.5
97.1
98.7
89.3
95.4
101.7
93.0
96.5
94.7
94.9
106.5
Chemicals And Related Products, n.e.s. ........................... Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Dyeing, tanning and coloring materials .................................. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils; polishing and cleansing preparations ............. Fertilizers 2 ............................................................................. Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ................................
101.3 101.8 100.8 99.8 99.7 99.5 ... 106.0 98.1 98.5
102.6 106.8 99.3 100.3 100.6 99.6 ... 104.8 100.9 100.0
98.7 97.9 100.0 100.9 100.6 100.0 ... 94.5 101.1 100.8
96.5 92.1 100.6 100.5 100.1 100.9 ... 89.5 100.4 100.7
97.0 90.4 103.8 100.7 102.1 99.9 ... 91.4 100.6 100.9
97.1 87.8 104.4 100.8 101.8 100.8 ... 95.5 99.9 102.0
96.3 85.0 101.6 100.8 101.9 101.7 ... 96.1 98.0 102.8
96.1 84.9 101.8 102.1 101.8 101.5 100.0 93.8 97.4 103.1
96.8 86.1 99.3 102.4 100.9 102.2 96.2 97.8 98.7 103.5
96.5 84.9 99.4 102.0 101.5 102.9 96.1 97.1 99.1 103.9
95.5 83.7 98.7 102.7 101.2 103.7 95.0 93.7 98.9 103.6
94.9 83.5 99.2 102.7 100.9 101.9 94.2 93.1 98.7 101.9
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material ........ Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. ................................................. Cork and wood manufactures other than furniture ................ Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard ........................................................................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles, n.e.s. ................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. .............................. Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s. ...............................................
99.2 99.4 101.6
100.8 99.8 100.0
100.7 101.3 99.8
99.5 102.5 97.4
98.7 102.2 92.3
97.9 102.8 91.8
97.1 102.7 90.1
97.0 103.0 90.8
97.5 102.7 92.7
98.2 103.2 90.8
98.7 101.9 91.3
98.5 102.1 91.9
96.5 97.4 99.9 98.6 101.7 99.3
103.3 101.1 100.1 100.8 99.7 100.1
101.9 100.9 100.1 100.8 100.4 100.6
97.4 102.0 101.0 101.5 95.2 101.1
92.6 103.1 102.0 101.5 93.0 102.4
87.3 103.8 101.2 102.7 93.4 101.5
87.5 103.1 102.2 101.5 88.7 101.5
84.9 102.4 103.9 101.7 88.3 101.6
83.1 101.7 104.0 103.4 91.7 103.2
83.5 103.3 104.3 102.8 93.4 104.4
85.0 103.3 106.1 102.9 93.2 104.3
85.1 103.1 107.1 103.1 91.0 104.4
Machinery And Transport Equipment ................................ Power generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts, n.e.s. .. Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................
99.5 99.2 98.9 99.7 99.9 101.2
100.0 99.4 99.9 100.0 99.4 100.8
100.2 99.7 100.9 100.6 100.7 98.9
100.5 101.4 101.3 100.6 100.4 97.6
100.6 103.2 102.0 101.6 101.7 95.4
100.9 104.3 102.7 102.3 102.5 93.7
100.5 104.3 103.1 102.5 102.7 90.4
100.5 104.6 102.9 102.4 103.1 87.9
100.5 105.6 103.7 104.8 104.1 86.7
100.6 106.0 104.2 104.3 105.2 84.7
100.1 106.2 104.5 104.5 105.2 83.7
99.8 106.2 104.9 105.7 105.4 81.6
100.0 99.0 99.7
100.3 100.7 99.8
99.8 100.9 100.0
99.0 100.3 100.9
101.1 99.8 100.9
101.1 99.1 101.0
100.2 97.9 101.0
100.7 97.5 101.4
99.9 96.7 101.8
99.6 96.5 101.8
99.2 95.1 101.7
98.7 94.4 102.0
99.7 99.4 99.9
99.9 100.1 99.0
100.0 100.3 100.9
100.2 100.6 99.1
100.7 102.2 99.5
100.8 101.5 100.3
100.9 101.9 100.7
101.3 102.0 100.9
101.5 102.6 101.4
101.7 103.6 101.3
101.8 103.5 103.5
101.8 103.8 103.5
99.6
100.1
100.2
100.2
101.2
101.6
101.9
102.7
103.8
103.4
103.4
103.5
100.3 99.7
100.5 99.7
99.3 99.7
99.1 100.6
99.2 100.7
98.5 100.6
98.7 100.4
99.2 100.6
98.4 100.1
99.0 100.6
98.6 100.4
98.0 100.2
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. ................................................................ Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, n.e.s. ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. ..........................
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
330
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000—Continued (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) 1998 Categories March
June
1999
September
December
March
June
2000
September
December
March
June
September
December
ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................
96.9
96.1
94.8
94.8
94.2
94.5
94.8
95.2
96.3
96.3
96.6
96.3
Food And Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables, fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ............................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................
92.5 92.1
90.9 97.8
86.7 96.3
89.5 89.9
87.8 90.0
89.2 91.5
86.6 97.5
85.6 100.9
86.8 99.4
87.4 109.3
85.9 105.2
88.7 105.9
82.9 90.4 91.7 101.1 104.8
80.7 82.6 98.4 95.0 105.0
95.9 70.2 99.2 88.5 106.3
95.7 78.9 99.7 92.2 106.8
105.8 75.8 94.9 90.7 106.8
118.5 75.9 98.5 86.7 107.0
97.1 72.7 94.3 87.7 107.4
98.9 68.5 91.2 91.3 107.6
95.3 74.4 88.6 92.0 106.6
96.9 71.6 87.8 94.1 106.8
96.4 67.8 91.9 93.0 106.9
94.8 75.8 88.9 98.1 107.1
Beverages And Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................
100.2 100.2
99.9 99.7
99.7 99.4
100.7 100.4
101.2 101.2
101.2 101.2
101.5 101.7
101.9 102.1
101.9 102.1
101.7 101.8
101.6 101.9
101.6 101.9
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Hides, skins and furskins, raw ............................................... Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Pulp and waste paper ............................................................ Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Crude fertilizers and crude minerals ...................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................
84.2 90.1 108.4 84.0 65.0 77.9 97.1 79.7
82.0 84.8 102.6 82.0 64.0 79.3 97.0 76.6
77.9 83.5 91.8 82.2 62.7 76.3 96.9 69.7
76.3 85.7 95.6 81.4 57.7 70.6 95.1 67.9
74.0 81.5 78.3 81.5 62.0 69.7 93.6 69.8
74.9 79.0 79.2 82.0 66.0 68.6 93.5 70.7
77.7 86.5 85.0 82.8 75.2 64.4 93.3 73.5
78.9 90.5 79.6 85.0 80.9 62.5 94.1 78.4
83.2 87.7 86.0 87.2 90.0 68.6 93.5 80.9
84.4 86.7 86.3 86.7 97.6 69.6 93.3 78.2
83.7 100.5 83.8 86.9 90.7 72.2 91.5 78.7
82.6 103.3 85.0 85.9 85.9 73.2 90.6 74.7
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials ............. Coal, coke and briquettes ...................................................... Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials ...........
106.2 101.0 110.5
103.2 100.1 106.8
93.4 99.4 90.8
93.7 99.4 92.2
93.1 99.3 90.9
102.0 98.3 107.6
115.3 97.6 128.6
126.6 97.5 140.1
152.1 96.1 179.2
144.9 93.8 168.2
166.3 93.1 203.3
157.4 93.0 183.6
Animal And Vegetable Oils, Fats And Waxes ...................
100.8
107.9
102.7
99.7
82.6
76.6
78.8
78.0
70.8
67.1
61.7
58.7
Chemicals And Related Products, n.e.s. ........................... Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Dyeing, tanning and coloring materials .................................. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils; polishing and cleansing preparations ............. Fertilizers 2 ............................................................................. Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ................................
93.6 79.3 102.0 102.1 102.3 101.5 92.0 91.7 99.7 100.5
92.6 77.1 103.5 100.7 101.6 101.4 96.1 88.9 97.9 100.6
91.8 75.1 103.2 99.6 101.6 102.7 97.9 87.6 97.3 100.0
91.0 74.2 103.4 100.1 100.6 101.6 95.9 85.6 95.4 101.2
90.5 73.7 103.0 101.4 100.4 101.5 94.0 84.4 96.4 100.4
91.2 75.2 101.0 101.1 100.6 101.9 89.6 88.4 97.2 99.6
92.3 78.8 98.7 101.0 99.8 102.1 84.9 92.1 97.6 99.2
93.6 83.8 98.0 100.0 100.3 103.4 73.4 95.0 98.0 99.1
94.4 85.9 98.0 99.3 100.2 103.0 72.4 95.5 100.1 99.6
95.5 88.8 99.6 99.5 99.7 102.8 72.1 98.1 99.3 99.1
94.4 86.9 98.2 99.4 100.2 103.4 79.0 92.8 99.3 99.2
93.0 83.5 99.7 99.4 100.1 103.2 76.6 90.0 98.3 99.9
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material ........ Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. ................................................. Cork and wood manufactures other than furniture ................ Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard ........................................................................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles, n.e.s. ................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. .............................. Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s. ...............................................
98.3 102.1 92.2
97.9 101.9 89.6
96.8 102.4 92.7
96.4 106.0 92.7
96.4 106.8 95.8
96.8 105.5 96.6
97.5 106.9 93.5
98.3 108.5 93.0
99.7 103.6 93.4
100.3 104.4 93.1
101.1 104.7 91.6
100.5 103.8 92.7
84.7 103.6 107.0 100.7 91.2 105.0
83.8 103.2 106.7 100.5 88.1 107.0
81.3 101.3 106.8 99.8 85.5 106.7
81.3 101.0 107.3 97.0 83.9 106.4
80.9 99.6 106.5 95.6 84.0 108.2
83.4 99.2 106.3 94.5 85.0 108.7
86.3 98.7 106.1 94.6 88.0 107.4
87.2 98.7 105.8 94.7 92.3 107.2
88.4 98.4 106.2 96.8 101.9 107.0
89.8 98.6 106.5 98.1 100.1 109.4
90.0 98.5 106.1 96.9 105.0 110.1
89.1 96.8 105.6 96.4 104.9 109.7
Machinery And Transport Equipment ................................ Power generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts, n.e.s. .. Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................
99.3 106.8 105.0 107.8 105.8 79.8
98.7 107.1 105.2 108.4 106.1 76.5
98.2 107.0 105.5 108.5 106.4 74.8
98.2 108.5 105.2 108.9 106.5 74.4
97.9 109.4 105.7 109.0 107.2 73.0
97.6 109.6 106.1 108.8 107.3 71.6
97.2 110.1 105.9 108.8 107.6 70.2
97.2 111.0 104.7 108.5 107.9 70.2
97.3 111.8 106.1 108.5 108.0 68.7
97.3 112.0 106.5 107.6 108.2 68.2
97.4 112.4 106.3 108.5 108.2 67.8
97.4 113.7 106.6 108.2 108.5 67.6
98.6 93.1 101.8
98.7 92.1 101.9
98.2 91.2 102.0
97.6 90.6 102.1
97.5 89.3 102.2
96.9 88.6 102.5
96.9 87.6 102.4
96.7 86.7 103.1
96.6 86.3 104.0
96.9 85.7 103.9
96.8 85.8 104.1
96.3 85.4 104.0
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. ................................................................ Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, n.e.s. ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. ..........................
101.4 104.4 103.8
100.8 104.0 103.8
100.6 104.1 102.5
100.6 104.2 100.9
101.0 104.2 101.1
101.0 104.7 100.3
101.2 105.5 100.4
101.3 105.3 100.1
100.9 105.2 96.7
101.0 105.9 96.4
101.5 105.5 95.6
101.6 106.9 96.1
103.6
103.8
103.8
104.1
105.0
105.2
105.4
105.3
105.7
105.8
106.5
106.6
95.5 99.4
93.7 98.1
92.5 98.3
94.4 98.1
95.1 98.0
94.4 98.3
95.7 98.2
97.3 98.2
95.0 98.5
95.2 98.6
98.7 98.8
98.3 98.7
Note: n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. 1. Percent of total, relative importance in December 1999, based on 1995 trade values. 2. December 1996=100.
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
331
Table 6-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000 (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.)
Categories
Relative importance 1
1986 March
June
1987
Septem- December ber
March
June
1988
Septem- December ber
March
June
Septem- December ber
ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................
100.00
74.6
74.7
76.4
77.2
80.4
83.1
83.8
85.1
86.0
88.3
87.1
88.8
Food And Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables, fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ............................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures thereof ...........
3.67 0.33
86.3 84.1
81.5 81.8
85.0 88.9
82.9 93.1
79.8 89.5
82.2 92.1
82.8 97.5
85.4 96.7
86.6 95.0
86.5 91.2
85.6 94.8
86.8 92.6
1.05 1.07 0.35
66.0 67.0 132.8
68.2 68.7 108.3
70.4 72.8 112.2
73.5 71.6 97.0
75.2 70.0 83.1
77.7 75.6 80.3
80.5 75.5 78.6
80.9 79.8 83.7
81.8 79.2 87.2
79.8 82.6 86.3
77.7 85.0 80.7
78.2 87.7 83.7
Beverages And Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages ..............................................................................
0.87 0.74
69.7 69.6
71.0 70.8
70.1 71.7
72.0 73.1
72.7 74.8
76.1 76.2
75.7 76.6
76.5 77.5
78.3 79.2
78.4 80.0
77.8 79.3
78.4 80.0
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Woodpulp and recovered paper ............................................ Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s. 2 .....................
2.68 0.91 0.45 0.60 0.25
64.6 64.1 47.0 66.1 ...
66.6 65.7 50.1 71.7 ...
68.5 67.7 53.9 73.6 ...
68.2 66.0 58.3 69.7 ...
72.0 71.5 63.4 72.4 ...
72.7 69.4 65.9 73.4 ...
75.3 73.9 66.6 75.8 ...
76.4 68.5 70.4 81.3 ...
80.8 70.8 75.4 89.1 ...
86.2 70.2 80.1 98.8 ...
84.7 69.1 84.7 101.5 ...
89.6 67.9 87.2 121.1 ...
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials ............. Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials ........... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................
15.15 12.13 2.91
88.8 83.7 ...
75.1 70.2 ...
76.1 71.7 ...
81.5 78.9 ...
98.3 96.7 ...
108.2 106.8 ...
108.4 107.9 ...
98.0 97.2 ...
88.4 86.7 ...
92.5 91.2 ...
84.2 82.7 ...
82.2 80.5 109.2
Chemicals And Related Products, n.e.s. ........................... Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Dyeing, tanning and coloring materials .................................. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils; polishing and cleansing preps ........................ Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ................................
5.39 1.63 0.63 0.25 0.88 0.28 0.37 0.49 0.63
74.9 82.1 99.5 ... 56.2 62.5 ... ... 70.7
74.5 77.9 99.5 ... 57.1 65.1 ... ... 71.6
74.5 75.6 100.1 ... 59.4 65.1 ... ... 72.4
73.9 74.6 97.7 ... 58.3 65.5 ... ... 73.3
76.6 81.9 93.5 ... 61.6 72.0 ... ... 74.8
78.3 85.0 92.8 ... 63.3 72.1 ... ... 76.5
78.9 83.7 92.8 ... 63.8 73.0 ... ... 78.4
82.2 87.8 93.1 ... 64.8 75.4 ... ... 81.1
85.3 90.2 95.1 ... 69.4 77.0 ... ... 90.1
86.9 91.5 95.3 ... 72.0 77.3 ... ... 96.5
89.0 94.9 96.1 ... 74.6 78.1 ... ... 99.7
91.3 98.2 99.3 ... 75.1 79.9 ... ... 101.7
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material ........ Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. ................................................. Cork and wood manufactures other than furniture ................ Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, n.e.s., and related products ............................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. .............................. Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s. ...............................................
12.41 0.67 0.51 1.64
67.2 82.4 62.7 66.2
68.2 83.3 64.5 66.4
69.6 83.9 65.4 66.6
70.2 83.8 68.2 69.1
71.5 85.8 68.5 69.1
74.1 86.1 72.2 69.1
76.6 85.0 74.5 72.7
78.9 86.1 74.5 74.0
81.9 87.2 77.8 77.3
87.0 88.6 80.3 78.0
87.1 89.8 79.1 78.8
88.9 91.4 77.9 79.0
1.31 2.05 1.89 2.31 1.87
71.7 59.9 72.1 64.1 69.9
72.8 61.9 71.9 64.7 71.9
74.1 65.3 72.7 67.6 71.8
74.5 66.0 73.3 66.4 72.2
76.2 67.5 74.7 67.0 74.7
77.2 71.0 77.5 73.5 75.2
79.1 73.0 79.5 79.1 76.4
81.8 74.7 82.9 82.3 78.6
82.8 76.9 87.3 86.8 80.7
83.2 79.9 92.5 104.4 84.6
82.2 78.2 94.4 103.9 85.0
83.2 79.5 95.1 110.6 87.2
Machinery And Transport Equipment ................................ Power generating machinery and equipment 2 ...................... Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts, n.e.s. ........................................................................ Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................
42.95 2.94 2.53 0.77
74.2 ... 59.9 62.5
76.5 ... 61.9 62.2
78.3 ... 64.9 64.7
79.3 ... 65.1 66.5
81.5 ... 69.0 69.5
83.1 ... 72.0 70.5
83.1 ... 71.1 71.7
85.3 ... 75.2 74.6
86.9 ... 77.7 77.0
88.3 ... 79.3 78.4
87.9 ... 76.1 76.9
90.1 ... 79.8 79.3
3.27 5.19
61.3 108.0
64.1 112.4
66.1 113.2
66.7 112.2
70.5 113.3
72.2 117.4
71.8 118.3
75.6 121.9
77.4 121.7
79.3 123.1
77.0 122.3
79.5 122.3
4.02 8.66 14.54
94.2 74.2 70.3
97.5 76.6 72.1
100.0 78.3 73.5
99.8 79.0 75.5
101.3 80.9 77.2
101.0 83.4 78.4
101.0 82.9 78.5
102.7 85.1 79.8
103.4 88.0 81.7
104.2 89.4 83.1
104.4 90.7 82.7
105.8 93.1 85.1
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing, heat and lighting fixtures, n.e.s. .................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags and similar containers .................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. ................................................................ Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, n.e.s. ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. ..........................
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
16.56
73.4
74.5
76.5
77.0
79.9
82.2
82.7
85.0
86.7
87.7
86.7
88.3
0.36 1.17 0.49 5.61 1.73
71.5 75.9 73.6 79.8 75.7
73.5 77.3 73.9 80.0 76.3
75.1 78.8 74.6 80.8 78.2
75.0 78.9 75.3 81.6 79.3
75.5 82.3 76.9 84.6 81.1
79.1 82.7 77.3 86.8 84.6
78.6 83.5 78.5 89.0 84.1
81.9 84.2 82.1 89.3 87.8
83.5 86.8 85.0 91.9 88.6
85.8 88.0 86.9 91.3 91.6
84.2 88.2 87.7 92.8 90.4
86.1 90.5 87.0 93.2 91.2
1.50
64.3
67.7
70.4
70.3
75.4
78.0
76.1
79.6
80.4
81.8
77.9
81.5
1.27 4.43
72.2 68.5
74.3 69.9
77.1 72.9
77.7 72.9
80.8 75.8
82.3 78.3
79.7 79.1
83.2 82.3
84.4 83.6
84.5 85.5
81.9 82.9
85.3 85.0
332
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000—Continued (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) 1989 Categories March
June
1990
September
December
March
June
1991
September
December
March
June
September
December
ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................
90.8
91.0
89.8
91.1
91.9
90.3
95.9
97.8
94.5
92.8
92.8
93.7
Food And Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables, fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ............................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures thereof ...........
86.6 94.8
84.5 93.5
80.5 105.7
82.2 114.3
84.7 111.1
84.9 116.3
86.6 119.6
88.2 118.4
88.2 118.8
88.1 122.8
87.2 117.5
88.1 113.9
78.4 84.8 84.3
75.7 84.6 78.9
75.1 81.8 57.7
75.4 88.0 53.0
77.7 90.2 60.2
77.9 86.5 61.3
81.8 82.7 64.3
84.7 90.1 60.7
87.6 87.8 60.8
86.7 90.9 57.4
85.9 91.4 57.0
86.0 95.1 57.2
Beverages And Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages ..............................................................................
78.9 80.5
79.1 80.5
81.4 82.0
82.6 82.8
84.1 84.7
86.1 86.4
87.3 87.7
89.6 89.2
94.8 94.9
96.1 96.0
96.0 95.5
97.1 96.6
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Woodpulp and recovered paper ............................................ Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s. 2 .....................
91.5 70.6 92.2 120.5 ...
90.3 70.8 94.8 125.2 ...
85.8 71.5 94.9 108.1 ...
85.1 70.3 94.6 104.1 ...
83.2 71.7 93.3 99.1 ...
82.4 72.5 91.5 94.7 ...
80.3 71.9 88.3 91.7 ...
77.5 67.0 82.9 90.6 ...
76.9 68.3 76.2 90.5 ...
77.5 76.2 70.4 88.0 ...
74.6 72.4 63.3 88.2 ...
74.3 73.9 61.7 87.6 ...
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials ............. Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials ........... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................
97.4 96.5 112.2
107.0 106.7 111.5
100.3 99.7 110.0
108.0 107.3 120.0
109.3 108.0 130.9
92.9 91.7 112.7
148.2 150.3 118.5
157.9 159.2 142.0
111.7 110.9 126.3
105.8 105.5 111.1
108.0 108.0 109.6
107.5 106.9 118.6
Chemicals And Related Products, n.e.s. ........................... Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Dyeing, tanning and coloring materials .................................. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils; polishing and cleansing preps ........................ Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ................................
92.3 100.3 96.2 ... 79.4 79.8 ... ... 100.6
90.0 97.2 89.4 ... 78.7 79.8 ... ... 98.5
87.9 94.0 88.5 ... 76.6 77.9 ... ... 97.6
88.8 96.1 88.9 ... 76.8 82.8 ... ... 98.0
88.8 97.3 87.2 ... 78.1 80.4 ... ... 97.6
88.3 96.7 87.5 ... 78.2 81.4 ... ... 93.4
89.4 98.5 88.7 ... 79.1 81.9 ... ... 92.0
92.0 103.2 92.0 ... 81.1 84.1 ... ... 90.6
91.8 100.3 92.8 ... 80.7 83.0 ... ... 90.1
90.3 97.1 91.6 ... 79.3 82.8 ... ... 88.5
89.9 94.7 89.6 ... 80.7 85.3 ... ... 88.7
90.1 95.7 86.7 ... 83.8 84.6 ... ... 90.5
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material ........ Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. ................................................. Cork and wood manufactures other than furniture ................ Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, n.e.s., and related products ............................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. .............................. Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s. ...............................................
90.4 91.9 79.5 79.5
89.5 92.3 81.2 79.6
89.0 93.5 81.8 78.9
88.2 93.8 81.6 78.3
88.0 94.7 82.2 77.5
88.8 95.1 83.9 79.9
90.6 95.2 85.3 80.4
89.8 96.3 82.8 80.8
90.2 96.1 81.7 82.5
88.6 95.9 82.4 80.4
87.8 95.5 83.4 79.0
88.0 96.5 83.8 78.6
83.2 82.7 96.4 113.0 88.2
84.3 83.8 97.1 103.7 88.4
84.0 85.0 97.2 98.5 88.8
84.8 85.8 95.1 94.2 89.2
86.1 88.3 93.5 90.1 90.4
86.8 89.5 91.5 93.7 89.7
88.7 90.0 90.5 103.1 91.0
90.0 90.9 91.7 93.1 91.8
91.5 92.5 91.5 91.4 92.5
90.6 92.7 91.2 84.5 91.8
92.0 92.8 90.3 81.2 91.3
93.4 93.7 90.6 78.8 92.6
90.2 ... 78.9 78.6
89.6 ... 77.1 76.8
89.4 ... 77.1 79.2
90.3 ... 78.5 79.3
90.9 ... 83.3 81.4
90.2 ... 84.1 82.3
91.1 ... 87.3 83.6
93.2 ... 90.9 86.3
94.3 ... 92.3 87.0
92.8 ... 87.9 83.9
92.9 ... 87.6 83.9
94.3 ... 90.1 86.3
79.8 123.2
78.9 122.9
79.2 120.7
80.3 121.4
83.3 120.5
84.4 119.2
87.6 118.2
90.2 119.6
91.0 118.4
87.7 116.1
87.8 114.8
90.3 115.1
106.0 93.9 85.0
106.1 93.3 84.3
105.4 92.7 84.3
104.4 92.9 85.8
103.4 93.5 85.4
102.0 92.0 84.3
100.7 93.2 85.2
101.3 94.2 87.8
100.2 95.5 89.5
99.6 93.7 88.7
99.0 93.3 89.2
99.5 94.7 90.5
Machinery And Transport Equipment ................................ Power generating machinery and equipment 2 ...................... Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts, n.e.s. ........................................................................ Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................ Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing, heat and lighting fixtures, n.e.s. .................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags and similar containers .................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. ................................................................ Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, n.e.s. ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. ..........................
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
88.4
88.3
88.8
89.8
91.9
92.1
93.5
94.9
95.0
93.7
93.9
95.3
87.9 89.1 86.8 94.2 89.9
89.0 88.9 88.0 95.3 90.3
90.0 91.1 89.8 96.1 90.9
92.4 91.0 90.2 96.7 92.5
96.0 92.9 91.0 96.8 95.9
95.3 93.7 91.2 97.6 97.2
97.3 94.8 90.2 97.5 98.9
98.6 96.7 92.0 96.6 100.7
95.2 97.2 92.0 96.6 100.9
94.9 95.7 92.5 95.9 99.1
94.8 96.0 92.3 96.4 98.8
96.0 96.7 93.2 97.0 99.5
81.0
78.3
78.2
78.7
82.2
83.5
86.2
90.8
91.9
87.5
87.2
89.6
85.1 85.2
83.6 85.0
82.5 85.3
84.1 86.5
85.9 90.1
86.1 88.8
88.9 90.9
90.6 92.8
90.8 92.8
88.0 92.3
88.3 92.5
90.4 95.0
333
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
Table 6-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000—Continued (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) 1992 Categories March
June
1993
September
December
March
June
1994
September
December
March
June
September
December
ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................
93.4
94.3
95.4
93.9
94.2
94.4
93.9
93.0
93.5
95.8
96.7
97.9
Food And Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables, fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ............................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures thereof ...........
89.8 112.8
84.3 110.4
84.9 109.6
85.9 107.6
84.1 111.5
87.0 115.6
88.1 113.9
87.9 109.3
88.8 112.3
93.9 105.9
102.2 106.9
102.2 106.6
86.9 107.1 52.3
86.9 89.4 47.6
88.3 89.0 47.4
86.0 91.2 55.8
86.6 84.9 52.2
86.9 96.0 50.0
87.8 93.1 60.5
91.9 88.8 62.6
93.9 87.5 63.5
97.6 89.6 84.5
99.5 87.5 124.6
103.0 98.4 106.2
Beverages And Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages ..............................................................................
98.0 97.5
98.4 97.9
99.4 99.2
98.1 97.6
97.7 97.6
97.7 98.2
97.0 97.5
97.8 97.8
97.5 97.7
98.2 98.1
98.4 98.8
98.5 98.8
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Woodpulp and recovered paper ............................................ Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s. 2 .....................
77.2 81.8 63.7 87.3 ...
77.5 82.7 66.2 85.7 ...
78.7 83.8 69.2 86.7 ...
78.3 85.9 65.8 85.1 ...
84.1 115.0 58.3 84.2 ...
77.1 92.2 56.7 83.0 ...
78.3 100.4 53.8 81.8 ...
82.7 120.5 52.0 78.2 ...
85.1 118.1 54.8 84.8 ...
86.3 113.2 62.4 84.2 ...
87.7 110.0 71.2 86.8 ...
92.6 105.9 80.7 91.4 ...
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials ............. Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials ........... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................
96.5 96.1 102.1
110.1 110.4 105.5
110.9 110.8 113.7
101.9 100.8 119.3
104.4 103.8 112.7
101.6 100.8 113.8
93.4 92.0 115.5
81.0 78.7 118.6
81.9 79.8 114.2
96.9 96.4 105.4
93.5 92.4 110.1
95.7 94.8 111.3
Chemicals And Related Products, n.e.s. ........................... Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Dyeing, tanning and coloring materials .................................. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils; polishing and cleansing preps ........................ Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ................................
90.7 95.6 87.2 ... 84.7 86.6 ... ... 94.5
91.2 95.4 86.0 ... 85.0 87.6 ... ... 97.6
91.8 95.1 85.7 ... 87.4 87.8 ... ... 101.4
91.5 93.0 90.5 92.7 87.1 87.8 91.7 88.0 100.5
91.5 92.6 90.6 91.9 88.2 89.6 92.5 87.4 99.2
92.1 93.2 89.5 93.6 93.0 90.8 90.7 87.6 98.4
91.5 93.0 89.3 92.6 91.6 89.1 91.4 86.9 96.6
90.8 91.5 89.1 92.6 92.2 90.1 91.4 85.8 95.0
90.8 91.3 88.5 93.6 92.9 88.5 92.5 83.9 95.9
92.0 93.8 89.5 94.0 93.0 88.8 92.8 86.6 95.0
94.7 98.5 91.3 95.0 94.7 90.5 93.2 90.5 98.3
97.5 103.0 95.6 95.3 95.4 92.9 94.4 94.3 96.8
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material ........ Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. ................................................. Cork and wood manufactures other than furniture ................ Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, n.e.s., and related products ............................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. .............................. Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s. ...............................................
88.5 97.4 87.4 76.1
88.8 97.2 90.3 75.0
89.4 98.5 92.4 75.5
87.9 98.4 89.8 75.4
88.3 99.1 97.6 76.6
88.6 99.0 100.8 77.0
88.2 98.3 101.7 76.0
87.3 98.4 100.9 75.0
88.7 96.8 103.0 74.8
90.2 97.6 105.7 76.1
92.0 96.7 98.7 79.1
95.0 97.5 96.5 83.8
94.0 93.9 90.0 82.0 93.3
93.2 94.7 89.6 84.2 93.5
95.8 95.5 88.4 84.2 95.2
94.4 95.2 88.4 78.0 93.6
94.4 95.8 88.6 76.0 93.8
95.0 96.8 90.2 72.8 94.8
94.0 96.7 90.0 72.1 94.7
93.2 96.8 89.9 68.7 94.3
93.9 96.7 90.7 76.3 94.2
95.7 97.4 91.0 81.0 94.9
96.7 98.5 92.9 86.4 96.2
96.9 99.1 94.7 98.0 96.6
Machinery And Transport Equipment ................................ Power generating machinery and equipment 2 ...................... Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts, n.e.s. ........................................................................ Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................
94.5 ... 91.0 86.5
94.5 ... 91.0 86.7
95.7 ... 95.6 88.9
94.9 ... 92.1 87.8
94.9 ... 91.6 87.6
95.9 ... 92.9 89.9
96.4 ... 92.5 90.3
97.0 ... 92.7 90.8
97.2 ... 93.5 91.0
97.6 ... 94.7 91.9
98.2 ... 96.3 94.0
98.7 ... 97.2 95.0
90.5 115.4
90.6 114.2
93.3 114.6
91.5 113.5
91.0 111.8
92.4 109.7
92.4 108.2
93.1 106.9
93.6 105.4
94.1 104.0
95.2 102.7
96.4 101.2
99.1 94.5 90.6
99.0 95.2 90.4
99.0 96.1 91.1
99.3 94.7 91.3
99.0 95.2 91.5
99.9 96.9 92.8
100.9 98.7 93.3
100.0 98.2 95.5
99.2 98.4 95.9
99.2 98.9 96.6
99.4 99.3 97.3
99.6 99.3 98.6
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing, heat and lighting fixtures, n.e.s. .................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags and similar containers .................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. ................................................................ Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, n.e.s. ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. ..........................
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
96.4
96.6
98.2
97.2
97.0
97.9
97.9
97.8
97.8
98.2
98.5
98.7
97.0 97.4 94.3 98.0 100.1
98.2 97.7 97.6 98.8 100.7
99.7 100.1 98.1 98.6 102.2
98.6 98.3 95.9 99.0 99.5
97.5 97.8 96.2 98.6 98.8
98.8 98.4 96.9 99.2 99.4
98.9 97.8 97.2 99.3 98.5
98.6 97.3 96.4 98.9 98.3
98.0 97.8 96.3 98.8 97.8
96.4 98.2 95.9 99.2 98.4
97.5 98.5 97.1 99.0 99.1
96.5 98.8 97.4 99.3 99.3
89.7
89.4
94.9
92.2
92.7
94.7
93.9
94.6
95.6
96.8
97.6
98.5
91.0 96.7
90.4 96.1
93.6 98.0
92.1 97.1
92.1 97.1
93.9 98.1
94.8 98.3
95.6 98.2
95.4 98.3
95.9 98.3
97.3 98.6
97.2 98.7
334
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000—Continued (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) 1995 Categories March
June
1996
September
December
March
June
1997
September
December
March
June
September
December
ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................
99.4
100.8
100.3
100.4
101.0
100.1
101.3
101.9
99.4
98.2
97.8
96.6
Food And Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables, fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ............................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures thereof ...........
103.8 103.1
100.1 99.1
98.4 95.6
96.6 97.9
95.2 92.1
94.7 90.4
96.6 100.8
94.6 98.9
101.8 103.5
103.7 101.9
101.3 103.9
99.6 104.2
102.8 99.9 113.2
101.6 97.0 102.4
98.0 100.4 96.3
95.0 105.8 82.5
95.4 101.8 83.9
97.5 98.3 83.5
97.0 106.5 78.9
98.2 101.8 75.0
99.7 111.1 98.6
103.6 101.7 118.4
104.5 103.4 100.0
105.6 102.5 92.1
Beverages And Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages ..............................................................................
99.3 99.6
99.7 99.9
100.6 100.5
102.0 100.8
102.6 100.9
103.6 101.4
104.9 102.4
105.2 102.9
106.9 103.3
107.5 104.0
107.8 104.3
108.6 105.2
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Woodpulp and recovered paper ............................................ Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s. 2 .....................
98.1 101.4 93.2 100.2 ...
99.8 92.7 103.2 100.0 ...
103.5 102.9 105.8 103.2 ...
101.2 96.1 108.6 101.8 ...
96.4 99.2 78.6 101.9 ...
94.3 113.6 62.1 101.7 ...
97.0 126.0 66.6 97.4 ...
96.3 120.6 66.2 97.5 100.0
99.0 126.2 64.9 103.0 105.2
97.4 122.5 65.8 105.8 97.3
96.6 121.2 68.2 104.5 103.1
93.5 113.1 68.7 102.3 107.0
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials ............. Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials ........... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................
100.6 100.6 100.2
105.1 105.4 101.2
97.8 97.8 96.8
100.6 100.7 100.8
112.5 112.8 112.3
110.6 111.0 108.2
123.4 124.3 115.7
135.5 133.9 157.5
113.9 113.1 125.9
104.6 104.0 113.3
107.0 105.5 123.7
103.3 100.1 133.4
Chemicals And Related Products, n.e.s. ........................... Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Dyeing, tanning and coloring materials .................................. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils; polishing and cleansing preps ........................ Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ................................
99.4 101.0 100.5 98.6 96.2 95.7 97.9 101.7 97.0
100.7 99.2 101.6 100.6 101.2 101.1 100.5 103.9 99.2
100.4 99.6 101.3 100.6 101.0 101.9 99.5 99.8 102.1
100.3 98.8 100.7 101.7 102.4 102.6 102.2 94.1 104.7
100.4 99.2 101.9 103.2 100.7 103.8 102.5 88.8 107.9
98.8 98.4 99.8 102.1 99.7 100.3 97.2 87.1 107.6
99.0 98.9 100.4 102.6 101.3 100.2 93.5 86.7 108.0
99.1 99.4 103.5 100.4 99.0 100.1 95.0 86.7 105.8
97.8 99.8 101.5 96.9 96.0 98.2 91.6 86.1 104.6
96.4 95.8 99.0 97.9 96.3 97.0 91.6 88.6 103.5
96.2 97.1 99.7 94.0 95.7 96.9 92.6 86.9 103.2
95.2 95.3 97.3 96.9 96.8 97.5 92.0 82.8 103.1
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material ........ Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. ................................................. Cork and wood manufactures other than furniture ................ Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, n.e.s., and related products ............................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. .............................. Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s. ...............................................
97.5 98.0 98.5 91.1
99.8 100.1 99.7 99.6
102.1 101.3 97.2 107.9
101.4 101.7 97.9 108.8
100.5 100.1 98.5 106.5
99.2 100.2 101.3 100.9
97.0 99.6 100.7 93.1
95.5 98.5 98.8 86.2
96.0 97.4 99.2 85.0
96.8 97.6 99.0 87.5
96.8 95.1 99.4 88.8
96.0 95.5 99.1 88.5
98.1 99.4 96.9 100.6 98.4
101.0 99.9 99.6 98.6 100.5
101.0 100.3 103.1 100.8 100.5
100.8 100.5 100.7 97.1 101.2
100.6 101.6 98.6 95.1 101.3
100.1 101.5 97.7 93.8 100.4
100.3 102.3 97.7 86.7 101.1
100.5 103.0 97.1 84.6 101.0
100.5 103.2 96.2 91.1 99.5
100.5 102.6 96.3 95.1 99.0
100.0 102.1 96.3 96.9 98.1
99.3 101.7 96.3 92.1 98.5
99.1 ... 98.5 96.6
100.6 ... 101.1 102.1
100.3 ... 100.2 101.5
100.3 ... 102.0 102.1
99.5 ... 102.7 101.5
98.6 ... 101.1 101.3
98.6 ... 101.3 101.6
98.1 100.0 101.5 101.3
96.5 99.5 99.7 97.8
95.7 99.2 99.3 98.3
94.8 98.8 98.4 97.3
94.0 99.0 99.1 98.7
97.6 100.3
100.7 100.4
100.9 99.6
101.6 98.1
101.0 95.2
100.5 91.7
101.4 89.9
100.7 88.2
98.5 84.4
98.3 81.2
97.2 78.2
97.3 76.8
99.5 99.6 99.2
100.5 101.6 100.0
100.4 99.7 100.5
99.6 98.9 100.9
98.3 97.6 100.5
97.3 95.5 100.4
96.5 94.9 101.0
95.8 92.7 100.8
94.4 90.8 100.8
93.4 90.2 100.8
92.6 89.2 101.3
91.7 86.6 101.5
Machinery And Transport Equipment ................................ Power generating machinery and equipment 2 ...................... Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts, n.e.s. ........................................................................ Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................ Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing, heat and lighting fixtures, n.e.s. .................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags and similar containers .................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. ................................................................ Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, n.e.s. ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. ..........................
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
99.4
100.4
100.3
100.8
100.8
100.7
100.7
100.3
100.1
100.2
99.8
99.7
100.1 99.2 97.9 99.9 99.3
100.4 100.7 100.0 100.1 100.0
101.1 100.5 102.0 100.1 100.4
102.5 101.1 100.8 100.6 100.9
101.5 100.7 101.1 101.0 101.4
99.5 100.8 101.1 101.5 101.3
101.5 100.8 101.2 101.2 101.0
99.2 101.8 100.7 101.1 100.9
96.0 102.4 101.4 101.7 101.0
96.2 102.9 101.2 102.6 101.1
95.2 102.4 101.0 102.8 100.8
96.3 103.1 100.4 102.8 101.2
98.5
100.5
100.7
100.3
100.6
99.3
100.3
99.8
97.4
97.1
96.9
96.3
97.6 99.9
101.4 100.3
100.8 99.9
100.8 101.0
99.4 100.8
97.4 100.9
97.8 100.9
96.9 100.3
95.3 99.8
94.4 99.4
93.6 98.6
93.1 98.1
335
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
Table 6-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1986–2000—Continued (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) 1998 Categories March
June
1999
September
December
March
June
2000
September
December
March
June
September
December
ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................
93.6
92.6
91.6
90.4
90.9
92.4
95.2
96.8
99.3
99.6
101.0
100.0
Food And Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables, fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ............................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures thereof ...........
97.9 101.2
98.0 98.3
95.5 97.2
95.2 91.8
93.2 94.0
93.3 94.5
91.5 99.4
94.7 98.4
93.1 99.1
91.3 99.1
91.2 99.0
92.4 97.3
107.1 95.7 94.0
109.4 103.5 82.1
103.7 106.7 77.4
100.1 110.6 75.0
103.3 101.7 71.0
104.3 103.2 69.4
103.1 101.6 61.4
106.8 103.6 70.6
108.0 101.2 61.0
109.1 95.7 59.5
112.6 97.8 54.5
109.1 104.5 50.8
Beverages And Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages ..............................................................................
109.2 105.8
109.6 106.3
109.7 106.4
109.9 106.6
110.4 106.9
110.4 107.2
112.2 109.1
112.0 108.7
111.7 108.5
113.0 110.1
113.6 110.7
113.2 110.5
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Woodpulp and recovered paper ............................................ Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s. 2 .....................
91.1 110.6 64.2 100.4 110.0
87.7 101.2 66.1 98.6 113.1
85.7 107.3 60.8 92.9 105.2
84.1 106.9 57.8 92.8 99.4
86.3 113.2 57.6 89.9 109.4
90.3 122.3 60.6 91.9 101.7
91.7 121.7 66.0 94.3 111.1
92.2 118.7 68.2 99.0 111.9
94.3 118.6 72.4 104.0 111.9
90.7 110.1 80.1 100.7 92.7
88.9 99.7 82.0 101.6 103.0
88.5 101.7 83.4 98.8 97.1
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials ............. Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials ........... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................
80.3 76.1 114.7
77.6 73.4 111.9
77.5 74.0 106.4
64.6 58.7 110.7
73.2 70.2 97.4
92.7 91.3 106.5
126.5 125.7 142.2
141.2 141.4 150.2
165.4 166.6 170.5
172.0 171.0 195.4
189.0 187.6 218.1
180.2 163.9 331.8
Chemicals And Related Products, n.e.s. ........................... Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Dyeing, tanning and coloring materials .................................. Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils; polishing and cleansing preps ........................ Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ................................
93.5 92.1 94.8 94.9 95.8 94.4 94.4 81.5 101.7
93.6 92.3 97.8 94.9 95.3 94.8 94.0 79.1 101.4
91.8 91.3 93.9 94.8 94.6 93.8 91.6 74.1 100.6
91.1 89.7 90.9 96.5 95.7 95.2 91.3 73.7 99.4
90.8 90.3 88.6 94.3 96.7 93.5 92.0 73.1 97.9
90.6 90.2 86.7 91.9 96.2 92.4 93.6 75.6 97.4
91.3 91.8 86.6 90.2 97.0 92.3 93.8 77.9 98.1
92.0 92.9 88.0 89.7 97.3 90.2 94.0 79.7 99.5
92.8 94.5 88.8 88.4 97.3 89.7 93.9 80.4 100.6
94.1 99.0 91.5 86.1 96.8 89.6 94.3 80.8 99.7
95.4 101.0 92.5 87.9 96.7 88.8 95.3 80.8 101.1
94.9 100.6 94.2 86.9 95.7 85.5 95.8 78.6 100.6
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material ........ Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. ................................................. Cork and wood manufactures other than furniture ................ Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, n.e.s., and related products ............................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. .............................. Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals, n.e.s. ...............................................
94.7 94.7 92.9 87.9
94.0 95.0 92.8 87.5
92.7 94.3 95.8 87.0
91.7 94.4 95.2 86.1
91.8 94.5 100.5 85.8
92.0 94.3 104.6 83.7
92.6 95.0 103.7 83.7
93.9 94.4 99.8 86.2
98.0 92.3 103.2 87.1
97.6 91.8 96.3 89.1
97.9 91.7 93.0 91.4
97.3 91.8 91.3 92.2
97.9 100.6 94.9 91.2 97.3
97.2 100.6 93.0 90.9 96.5
96.7 100.1 90.1 86.3 96.6
96.4 100.6 87.2 83.0 96.6
95.6 101.3 85.0 85.9 95.9
94.7 100.9 85.7 87.7 96.1
94.9 101.1 86.2 91.1 95.8
94.8 101.2 89.0 95.6 95.9
95.6 100.8 93.5 115.1 96.1
94.7 100.5 96.8 110.7 95.7
94.8 100.8 93.8 114.4 95.4
94.6 100.2 91.2 114.4 95.0
92.9 99.9 98.1 97.6
91.8 97.9 97.6 96.9
90.9 97.2 96.7 96.6
91.2 97.9 98.4 97.6
90.9 98.7 98.3 96.1
90.3 98.3 97.6 94.6
89.9 98.4 97.6 94.3
89.7 99.1 97.8 95.2
89.6 99.4 97.3 93.9
89.6 100.2 96.1 92.6
89.3 99.7 95.9 94.0
89.0 99.9 95.3 93.5
96.6 73.0
96.7 70.4
96.6 68.7
98.4 66.7
98.4 64.4
97.6 63.1
97.4 61.6
97.0 61.7
97.0 61.0
96.2 60.0
96.1 59.8
95.4 58.7
90.8 85.5 101.5
89.4 84.5 101.1
88.9 83.2 100.7
88.3 84.1 101.5
88.4 83.8 101.9
87.6 82.7 102.3
87.1 82.5 102.2
85.6 82.1 102.3
84.9 82.2 102.6
84.6 83.3 102.8
84.1 82.6 102.6
83.6 82.2 102.8
Machinery And Transport Equipment ................................ Power generating machinery and equipment 2 ...................... Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts, n.e.s. ........................................................................ Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................ Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing, heat and lighting fixtures, n.e.s. .................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags and similar containers .................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. ................................................................ Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, n.e.s. ........................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. ..........................
99.2
98.6
98.3
98.2
98.3
97.8
97.9
97.9
97.6
96.9
97.0
96.9
96.7 102.9 99.5 102.7 100.7
96.0 100.2 101.1 102.7 100.7
95.5 100.1 100.1 102.9 100.9
94.3 100.3 101.0 102.1 100.9
93.3 100.2 100.7 102.2 101.1
93.0 98.7 101.8 101.8 100.7
91.2 98.4 102.5 102.2 100.8
92.9 97.8 101.7 101.9 100.8
94.2 98.1 102.1 101.6 100.7
92.7 97.3 101.3 100.7 100.3
92.9 97.9 101.4 100.8 100.9
92.7 97.3 101.3 101.0 100.6
95.0
94.9
94.5
95.0
94.6
94.1
94.5
95.0
93.8
93.5
93.6
93.0
91.8 97.5
91.0 96.2
90.1 95.2
91.1 95.5
91.8 95.6
91.3 95.0
91.4 95.0
92.5 94.9
91.8 94.5
91.6 94.0
91.4 93.7
90.7 93.9
Note: n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. 1. Percent of total, relative importance in December 1999, based on 1995 trade values. 2. December 1996=100.
336
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-14. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1991–2000 (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Category and year
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES .....................................................................................................................................
Percent of U.S. imports 1995
Months March
June
September
December
55.6
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
90.5 90.0 91.4 93.1
88.7 90.4 92.3 94.3
88.8 91.8 92.4 95.7
89.8 90.9 92.6 97.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
98.3 100.6 98.3 95.5 95.0
100.7 99.7 97.4 94.9 95.7
100.9 100.3 97.3 94.2 97.3
100.9 100.3 97.0 94.7 98.5
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
100.5
101.0
101.8
102.3
Manufactured Goods .............................................................................................................................................
52.2
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
89.9 90.1 91.0 93.3
88.4 90.0 92.0 94.1
88.4 91.3 92.4 95.6
89.6 90.7 92.8 97.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
98.1 100.3 97.7 96.0 95.8
100.7 99.3 97.1 95.7 95.9
101.0 99.5 97.0 94.9 96.3
101.0 98.8 96.8 95.5 97.1
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
98.3
98.0
98.4
98.0
Nonmanufactured Goods ......................................................................................................................................
3.1
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
97.7 94.4 98.2 88.6
94.6 97.0 97.0 97.9
94.8 98.3 94.0 97.9
95.4 96.9 89.4 97.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
100.9 109.0 111.5 90.2 86.5
102.9 110.0 104.8 86.4 99.0
99.2 115.6 105.6 87.1 119.7
100.4 128.3 104.2 84.8 126.6
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
141.0
155.5
163.5
179.8
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ...................................................................................................................................
42.7
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
96.4 94.5 96.6 92.4
95.8 97.1 95.8 96.6
96.1 97.3 94.6 97.3
95.9 96.8 91.8 98.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
100.0 102.3 103.1 94.7 89.9
101.2 101.5 101.9 93.0 92.6
99.9 103.8 101.2 91.7 96.8
100.1 105.3 99.0 89.0 99.3
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
102.3
102.9
105.0
102.0
Manufactured Goods .............................................................................................................................................
35.4
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
97.3 97.6 96.8 96.4
97.2 97.8 96.7 97.2
97.0 97.8 96.4 97.9
97.3 97.5 95.9 98.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
99.2 100.7 100.3 95.7 91.4
100.6 100.3 99.7 94.5 91.5
100.5 99.8 99.0 93.0 91.6
100.3 100.4 97.4 92.1 91.8
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
92.3
92.3
92.8
92.7
Nonmanufactured Goods ......................................................................................................................................
7.1
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
95.6 90.0 95.7 76.7
94.0 96.5 92.6 94.0
95.2 97.3 87.1 95.6
94.0 93.9 76.5 96.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
102.5 108.6 111.8 84.2 78.1
103.7 106.3 107.1 80.9 93.8
97.4 119.3 106.4 80.3 118.4
99.2 124.6 101.5 69.0 131.5
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
147.3
151.0
161.0
143.5
See footnote at end of table.
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
337
Table 6-14. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1991–2000—Continued (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Category and year
CANADA ..................................................................................................................................................................
Percent of U.S. imports 1995
Months March
June
September
December
18.9
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
93.3 92.5 92.5 91.5
93.4 93.5 91.9 93.3
93.0 93.7 91.2 94.3
93.3 92.3 91.1 96.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
98.6 100.9 99.7 96.4 95.0
100.4 100.0 99.1 96.0 96.9
101.5 100.3 99.7 95.6 100.0
101.4 101.8 98.4 94.9 101.3
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
104.1
106.7
109.6
113.0
Manufactured Goods .............................................................................................................................................
16.5
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
93.9 93.6 92.3 92.1
93.8 93.2 91.5 93.0
93.7 93.1 91.1 94.3
94.3 92.1 91.6 96.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
98.7 99.7 98.7 97.4 96.3
100.2 98.7 98.7 97.3 96.8
101.5 98.4 99.1 97.0 97.6
101.3 98.1 98.0 96.2 98.5
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
99.6
99.7
102.1
102.5
Nonmanufactured Goods ......................................................................................................................................
2.2
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
93.9 92.2 96.2 86.7
94.5 96.4 95.6 96.9
93.4 97.1 92.2 95.3
93.0 95.2 87.7 95.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
98.0 111.5 110.9 92.7 89.6
102.1 112.2 105.6 89.8 101.9
101.4 118.0 108.1 89.6 121.9
102.8 133.8 105.3 89.3 126.8
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
141.8
164.4
170.6
197.3
EUROPEAN UNION ................................................................................................................................................
17.0
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
96.3 95.2 93.2 92.8
92.6 96.0 93.9 94.1
92.7 98.7 93.0 95.9
95.0 94.1 92.7 97.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
98.7 102.4 101.6 100.0 99.9
100.5 102.1 101.1 99.9 100.1
100.8 102.8 100.2 99.8 100.9
101.5 103.0 101.2 100.5 101.4
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
101.9
101.1
101.1
100.0
Manufactured Goods .............................................................................................................................................
16.4
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
94.8 95.1 93.0 92.9
92.1 95.7 93.7 93.8
92.0 98.9 93.0 95.8
94.4 93.8 92.8 97.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
98.6 102.3 101.0 100.4 100.9
100.4 101.8 100.8 100.6 100.6
100.9 102.4 100.1 100.5 100.8
101.5 102.3 101.0 101.5 100.8
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
100.8
99.9
99.6
98.6
Nonmanufactured Goods ......................................................................................................................................
0.5
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
106.4 101.2 103.7 93.6
99.4 102.3 100.8 101.8
100.4 103.8 97.5 99.6
102.2 102.7 93.7 99.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
100.9 109.2 123.7 90.9 74.3
103.2 111.7 113.9 81.3 92.2
98.6 118.7 106.0 81.5 112.7
101.2 127.0 108.7 74.0 122.9
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
139.1
142.6
149.5
147.2
See footnote at end of table.
338
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 6-14. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1991–2000—Continued (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Category and year
Percent of U.S. imports 1995
Months March
June
September
December
LATIN AMERICA 1 ...................................................................................................................................................
14.1
...
...
...
...
1997 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1998 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1999 .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ...
... 94.7 91.8
... 94.3 95.8
... 93.2 101.9
100.0 90.3 105.9
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
111.1
113.3
116.3
111.8
Manufactured Goods 1 ...........................................................................................................................................
10.4
...
...
...
...
1997 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1998 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1999 .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ...
... 97.6 94.7
... 97.8 96.3
... 96.5 97.4
100.0 96.2 98.9
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
101.1
102.5
104.5
105.3
Nonmanufactured Goods 1 ....................................................................................................................................
3.5
...
...
...
...
1997 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1998 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1999 .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ...
... 85.9 83.8
... 84.3 94.9
... 84.0 116.0
100.0 73.3 127.4
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
141.6
146.3
152.3
132.3
JAPAN .....................................................................................................................................................................
16.6
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
85.1 86.3 88.8 94.8
84.1 86.0 90.9 95.3
84.6 86.8 93.2 96.4
85.7 88.0 94.0 97.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
97.8 99.1 94.2 89.9 88.5
101.3 97.6 93.0 88.5 88.4
100.9 97.1 92.5 87.2 88.9
100.0 95.9 91.0 88.3 89.7
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
89.7
90.1
90.0
90.0
ASIAN NEWLY INDUSTRALIZED COUNTRIES ....................................................................................................
10.9
...
...
...
...
1991 1992 1993 1994
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
99.5 100.4 100.4 99.7
99.4 100.6 100.1 99.5
99.5 100.7 100.1 99.3
100.0 100.6 99.8 99.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
99.9 99.6 96.3 89.8 83.7
100.2 98.8 95.3 86.9 83.3
100.4 97.6 94.0 85.1 83.2
99.8 96.9 92.0 84.3 83.3
2000 .........................................................................................................................................................................
...
83.2
82.5
82.6
82.1
1. December 1997=100.
PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS
339
Table 6-15. U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes and Percent Changes for Selected Categories of Services, December 1999–December 2000 (1995=100, unless otherwise indicated.) Index
Percent change Annual
Trade 1995 (millions of dollars)
September 2000
December 2000
Air Freight ........................................................................................................................... Atlantic ................................................................................................................................. Pacific ..................................................................................................................................
3 188 1 278 1 674
88.5 81.8 93.0
Air Passenger Fares .......................................................................................................... Atlantic .............................................................................................................................. Pacific ................................................................................................................................ Latin American/Caribbean ................................................................................................
11 127 4 922 2 340 3 021
Crude Oil Tanker Freight ................................................................................................. Ocean Liner Freight ........................................................................................................... U.S. East Coast ................................................................................................................... from Atlantic ..................................................................................................................... from Pacific ...................................................................................................................... U.S. West Coast ................................................................................................................
Category
Quarterly
December 1999 to December 2000
December 1999 to March 2000
March 2000 to June 2000
June September 2000 2000 to to September December 2000 2000
87.4 80.7 91.5
-3.6 -8.2 -2.1
-2.0 -3.9 -1.3
-0.6 3.4 0.8
0.1 0.2 (1)
-1.2 -1.3 -1.6
109.1 114.6 91.5 115.6
103.2 104.0 85.9 122.3
1.0 3.7 -7.1 11.3
0.4 2.3 -3.4 2.5
5.2 9.4 2.0 2.6
1.1 2.1 0.3 0.1
-5.4 -9.2 -6.1 5.8
1 346
144.8
...
...
26.8
18.0
24.6
...
9 868 4 271 1 952 1 774 5 596
142.8 111.1 96.4 129.9 167.1
142.8 111.3 96.4 130.3 167.1
2.4 2.9 -3.7 6.9 2.3
-2.2 -0.8 -1.9
-0.1
(1)
(1) (1) (1)
0.2
-2.9
4.9 3.5 -1.8 6.6 5.5
-0.2
(1)
IMPORTS
(1)
(1)
0.3
EXPORTS Air Freight (12/96 = 100) ....................................................................................................
2 562
92.6
92.6
1.0
(1)
1.2
-0.2
(1)
Air Passenger Fares .......................................................................................................... Atlantic ............................................................................................................................... Pacific ................................................................................................................................ Latin American/Caribbean ................................................................................................... Canadian ..............................................................................................................................
17 272 4 120 10 700 1 392 1 006
115.5 114.2 102.8 127.0 196.6
111.9 107.1 98.3 133.6 193.3
4.8 10.8 -0.3 12.0 0.5
0.5 2.0 -2.1 5.3 1.2
5.6 11.3 5.3 0.9 -0.1
1.9 4.1 1.2 0.2 1.1
-3.1 -6.2 -4.4 5.2 -1.7
1. Value less than 0.05.
PART SEVEN CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES HIGHLIGHTS The principal objective of the Consumer Expenditure Survey is to collect information on the buying habits of American households. The unique aspect of the survey is that the expenditures can be shown for the different demographic characteristics of the population such as income, age, family size, regions, etc. These data are used in a variety of research projects by government, business, and academic analysts. Another very important use of the survey is to provide expenditure weights for the periodic revisions of the Consumer Price Index.
Percent Distribution of Major Consumer Expenditures by Region, 1999 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Housing
Transportation Northeast
Midwest
Food South
Health care West
These four components average over 70 percent of total annual expenditures. Housing is the largest spending component in all regions, and is notoriously high in the Northeast (35 percent) and West (34 percent) regions. The share of transportation is higher in the South (18 percent) as a result of larger vehicle purchases and consumption of gasoline. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: •
• • •
Payments for pensions and social security are about 9.4 percent of total expenditures for the 25–64 years working age group and only 2.4 percent for the over 65 group in 1999. On the other hand, the out-of-pocket health care share for the over 65 group is over 11 percent and more than double the share for the 25–64 working age group. (Table 7-3) The highest quintile (20 percent) income group accounts for almost 40 percent of aggregate expenditures in 1999. (Table 7-2) In 1999, average annual expenditures by single men were 15 percent higher than those of single women. While the share of health care in total annual expenditure is about 4.0 percent for single men, this share jumps to almost double at 7.4 percent for single women. (Tables 7-16, 7-17) In 1999, the share of education in total annual expenditures in the urban areas is more than double that in rural areas, at 1.8 percent and 0.8 percent respectively. (Table 7-7)
343
344
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Purpose, Collection, and Coverage The buying habits of American consumers change over time as a result of changes in relative prices, real income, family size and composition, and other determinants of people’s tastes and preferences. The introduction into the marketplace of new products and the emergence of new concepts in retailing also influence consumer buying habits. As the only national survey that can relate family expenditures to demographic characteristics, data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) are of great importance to researchers. The survey data are also used to revise the Consumer Price Index market baskets and item samples. The Bureau of Labor Statistics historically conducted surveys of consumer expenditures at intervals of approximately 10 years. The last such survey was conducted in 1972–73. In late 1979, in a significant departure from previous surveys, BLS initiated a survey to be conducted on a continuous basis, with rotating panels of respondents. The regular flow of data that results from this design substantially enhances the usefulness of the survey by providing more timely information on consumption patterns of different kinds of consumer units. The current CEX is similar to its 1972–73 predecessor in that it consists of two separate components, each with its own questionnaire and sample: (1) an interview panel survey in which each consumer unit in the sample is visited by an interviewer every 3 months over a 12-month period, and (2) a diary, or record-keeping, survey, completed by other consumer units for two consecutive oneweek periods. The Bureau of the Census, under contract to BLS, collects the data for both components of the survey. Beginning in 1999, the sample was increased to from 5,000 to 7,500 households. The Interview survey is designed to collect data on the types of expenditures that respondents can be expected to recall for a period of 3 months or longer. These include relatively large expenditures—such as those for property, travel, automobiles, and major appliances—and expenditures that occur on a regular basis—such as rent, utilities, insurance premiums, and clothing. The interview also obtains “global estimates” of food expenditures both for food at home and food away from home. For food-athome expenditures, respondents are asked to estimate the usual weekly expenditure at the grocery store, and how much of the expenditure was for nonfood items. Nonfood items are then subtracted from the total expenditure. Convenience and specialty stores are also included in the food-at-home estimates. The Interview survey
collects approximately 95 percent of total expenditures. Excluded from the interview survey are nonprescription drugs, household supplies, and personal care products. The Diary survey is designed to collect expenditures on frequently purchased items that are more difficult to recall over longer periods of time. Respondents keep detailed records of expenses for food and beverages at home and meals in eating-places away from home. Expenditures for tobacco, drugs—including nonprescription drugs—and personal care supplies and services are also collected in the diary. Participants in both surveys record dollar amounts for goods and services purchased during the reporting period whether or not payment is made at the time of purchase. Excluded from both surveys are business-related expenditures as well as expenditures for which the family is reimbursed. At the initial interview for each survey, information is collected on demographic and family characteristics. The tables present integrated data from the Diary and Interview surveys, providing a complete accounting of consumer expenditures and income, which neither survey component alone is designed to do. Data on some expenditure items are collected only in either the Diary or Interview survey. For example, the Diary does not collect data for expenditures on overnight travel, or information on reimbursements, as the Interview does. Examples of expenditures for which any reimbursements (e.g., from insurance) are netted out include those for medical care; auto repair; and construction, repairs, alterations, and maintenance of property. For items unique to one or the other survey, the choice of which survey to use as the source of data is obvious. However, there is considerable overlap in coverage between the surveys. Because of this, integrating the data presents the problem of determining the appropriate survey component. When data are available from both survey sources, the more reliable of the two is selected as determined by statistical methods. As a result, some items are selected from the Interview survey and others from the Diary survey. Data Included in this Book The data in this edition are for the calendar year 1998 for a single characteristic or for an average of 1997 and 1998 for the tables cross-classified by two characteristics. Income values from the survey are derived from “com-
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
plete income reporters” only. Complete income reporters are defined as consumer units that provide values for at least one of the major sources of their income: wages and salaries; self-employment income; retirement income; dividends and interest; and welfare benefits. Some consumer units are defined as complete income reporters even though they may not have provided a full accounting of all income from all sources. Consumer units are classified by quintiles of income before taxes; age of reference person; size of consumer unit; region; composition of consumer unit; number of earners in consumer unit; housing tenure; race; type of area (urban or rural); and occupation. Concepts and Definitions A consumer unit comprises either (1) all members of a particular household who are related by blood, marriage, adoption, or other legal arrangements; (2) a person living alone or sharing a household with others or living as a roomer in a private home or lodging house or in permanent living quarters in a hotel or motel, but who is financially independent; or (3) two or more persons living together who pool their income to make joint expenditure decisions. Financial independence is determined by the three major expense categories: housing, food, and other living expenses. To be considered financially independent, at least two of the three major expense categories have to be provided by the respondent. The terms “family,” “household,” and “consumer unit” are used interchangeably in descriptions of the CEX. The “householder” or “reference person” is the first member of the consumer unit mentioned by the respondent as owner or renter of the premises at the time of the initial interview.
345
Expenditures are averages for consumer units with the specified characteristics, regardless of whether a particular unit incurred an expense for that specific item or service during the record-keeping period. An individual consumer unit may have spent substantially more or substantially less than the average. The less frequently an item or service is purchased, the greater the difference between the average for all consumer units and the average of those purchasing. Income, age of family members, taste, personal preferences, and geographic location are among the factors that influence expenditures and should be considered when relating averages to individual circumstances. Expenditures reported are the direct out-of-pocket expenditures of consumer units. Indirect expenditures may be significant for some expenditure categories, for example, utilities. Rental contracts may include some or all utilities, and renters with such contracts would record little or no direct expense for utilities. Therefore, caution should be exercised in making comparisons of expenditures for utilities by consumers of various income classes and types of housing. Earner is a consumer unit member who reported having worked at least 1 week during the 12 months prior to the interview date. Sources of Additional Information A 2-year report, published biennially by the BLS, includes analytical articles, tables of integrated Diary and Interview survey data, a glossary, a description of survey methods, and a survey source of data for the integrated tables. Also see BLS news release 00-369.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-1. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Income Before Taxes, 1999
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...........
All consumer units
Complete reporting of income, total
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 and over
108 465
81 692
3 909
7 588
8 639
6 995
11 560
9 453
7 381
10 999
15 168
Average Income Before Taxes1 ........................................
$43 951
$43 951
$1 633
$7 631
$12 338
$17 311
$24 467
$34 353
$44 321
$58 473
$113 441
Age Of Reference Person ..................................................
47.9
47.9
39.1
55.3
55.8
50.9
48.8
45.8
44.7
43.9
45.8
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ................................................................................ Children under 18 ................................................................ Persons 65 and over ............................................................ Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0
1.9 0.5 0.2 0.9 1.0
1.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.9
2.0 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.3
2.2 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.5
2.5 0.7 0.4 1.1 1.8
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.1
2.6 0.7 0.2 1.6 2.3
2.9 0.8 0.1 1.9 2.5
3.1 0.9 0.1 2.1 2.8
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ..................................................
65
64
29
43
54
53
61
63
67
77
88
With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage .................................................................
38 27
38 26
13 16
8 35
15 39
18 34
28 33
37 26
46 20
59 18
72 16
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................
$36 995
$39 143
$17 983
$14 921
$19 710
$24 367
$28 916
$35 048
$40 826
$49 606
$76 742
Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home .........................................................
5 031 2 915 448 749 322 500 896 2 116
5 216 3 010 461 758 338 515 938 2 206
2 873 1 804 271 492 204 323 514 1 069
2 576 1 817 301 507 190 307 510 759
2 917 1 993 306 526 220 361 580 923
3 821 2 520 385 671 266 440 758 1 301
4 322 2 697 395 709 296 471 825 1 625
5 060 2 918 440 742 334 486 916 2 142
5 823 3 457 518 854 383 591 1 112 2 365
6 527 3 724 581 913 428 598 1 204 2 803
8 725 4 328 667 1 023 499 753 1 386 4 398
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................
318
348
271
100
180
205
267
292
345
443
696
Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................
12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499
12 314 7 061 4 506 2 081 475 2 368 717 549 1 619
6 403 3 887 1 281 2 357 249 1 311 267 238 700
5 737 3 265 1 170 1 965 130 1 506 221 258 488
7 106 4 011 1 718 2 128 165 1 825 300 285 684
8 323 4 601 1 923 2 480 198 1 944 442 347 990
9 419 5 304 2 745 2 300 260 2 159 377 451 1 127
10 863 6 323 3 556 2 469 297 2 298 385 515 1 343
12 643 7 404 4 375 2 674 355 2 491 624 575 1 549
14 873 8 306 5 945 1 850 511 2 795 801 784 2 188
23 067 13 381 10 739 1 325 1 317 3 412 1 898 945 3 431
Apparel And Services ........................................................
1 743
1 871
993
699
893
1 356
1 553
1 904
1 677
2 139
3 625
Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................
7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397
7 222 3 407 1 071 2 335 408
3 117 1 453 552 951 161
2 240 947 425 707 162
3 697 1 797 603 1 119 178
4 576 2 110 736 1 478 252
5 485 2 500 928 1 781 276
6 973 3 239 1 124 2 296 314
8 352 4 138 1 246 2 610 358
9 380 4 317 1 451 3 145 468
13 363 6 437 1 666 4 322 939
Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies ..................................................................
1 959 923 558 370 109
2 042 945 579 398 119
935 343 359 180 54
1 162 604 206 299 53
1 641 810 290 432 110
1 921 876 452 503 91
2 019 969 517 430 102
1 970 965 552 351 102
2 023 1 032 522 331 138
2 391 1 065 748 419 159
2 870 1 220 1 016 459 174
Entertainment .....................................................................
1 891
1 978
908
643
969
1 014
1 323
1 681
1 882
2 754
4 121
Personal Care Products And Services ............................
408
447
233
219
209
294
385
452
500
525
794
Reading ...............................................................................
159
169
68
68
102
106
132
147
166
209
330
Education ............................................................................
635
593
863
354
267
255
309
347
425
602
1 430
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies .....................
300
315
259
223
257
295
305
336
376
391
328
Miscellaneous ....................................................................
867
936
359
348
377
579
705
875
948
1 102
1 951
Cash Contributions ............................................................
1 181
1 341
299
245
504
608
845
1 057
1 118
1 847
3 270
Personal Insurance And Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................
3 436 394 3 042
4 352 408 3 944
401 139 262
306 119 187
590 168 423
1 014 169 844
1 849 264 1 585
3 092 342 2 750
4 548 349 4 199
6 421 517 5 904
12 172 970 11 202
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only.
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
347
Table 7-2. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Quintiles of Income Before Taxes, 1999
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ....
All consumer units
Complete reporting of income, total
Lowest 20 percent
Second 20 percent
Third 20 percent
Fourth 20 percent
Incomplete reporting of income
Highest 20 percent
108 465
81 692
16 307
16 351
16 332
16 341
16 361
26 773
Average Income Before Taxes1 .................................
$43 951
$43 951
$7 264
$18 033
$31 876
$52 331
$110 105
(1)
Age Of Reference Person ..........................................
47.9
47.9
51.6
51.6
46.5
44.1
45.9
47.8
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ........................................................................ Children under 18 ......................................................... Persons 65 and over .................................................... Earners ......................................................................... Vehicles ........................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0
1.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 1.0
2.2 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.6
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.8 0.8 0.2 1.8 2.4
3.1 0.8 0.1 2.0 2.8
2.6 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.8
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ...........................................
65
64
43
55
63
73
88
67
With mortgage .............................................................. Without mortgage .........................................................
38 27
38 26
11 31
19 36
35 28
54 19
72 17
37 30
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .......................
$36 995
$39 143
$16 750
$24 840
$33 029
$45 998
$75 015
$30 787
Food ............................................................................. Food at home ............................................................... Cereals and bakery products .................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................... Dairy products .......................................................... Fruits and vegetables ............................................... Other food at home ................................................... Food away from home ..................................................
5 031 2 915 448 749 322 500 896 2 116
5 216 3 010 461 758 338 515 938 2 206
2 715 1 834 292 504 199 318 520 882
3 773 2 472 372 655 267 436 742 1 301
4 799 2 832 424 713 319 487 887 1 968
6 218 3 637 555 911 411 589 1 171 2 580
8 568 4 273 661 1 008 492 744 1 369 4 295
4 581 2 683 418 726 285 462 793 1 897
Alcoholic Beverages ..................................................
318
348
161
224
280
385
687
245
Housing ....................................................................... Shelter .......................................................................... Owned dwellings ...................................................... Rented dwellings ...................................................... Other lodging ............................................................ Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................ Household operations ................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .........................
12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499
12 314 7 061 4 506 2 081 475 2 368 717 549 1 619
6 197 3 584 1 355 2 076 153 1 549 248 248 569
8 446 4 720 2 069 2 421 229 1 971 391 384 981
10 424 5 990 3 322 2 392 277 2 272 389 486 1 288
13 892 7 890 5 274 2 200 416 2 670 740 697 1 896
22 589 13 110 10 496 1 316 1 298 3 377 1 818 928 3 356
11 341 6 877 4 582 1 861 433 2 406 508 377 1 173
Apparel And Services ................................................
1 743
1 871
788
1 339
1 760
1 985
3 478
1 427
Transportation ............................................................ Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ..................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................. Other vehicle expenses ................................................ Public transportation .....................................................
7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397
7 222 3 407 1 071 2 335 408
2 790 1 218 505 902 164
4 752 2 277 759 1 461 255
6 384 2 899 1 079 2 119 286
8 998 4 346 1 350 2 898 403
13 170 6 287 1 661 4 291 931
6 374 2 995 1 004 2 010 365
Health Care .................................................................. Health insurance ........................................................... Medical services ........................................................... Drugs ............................................................................ Medical supplies ...........................................................
1 959 923 558 370 109
2 042 945 579 398 119
1 248 600 266 307 75
1 912 899 447 472 93
1 960 959 522 372 106
2 222 1 049 650 375 148
2 862 1 217 1 009 463 173
1 716 854 492 293 77
Entertainment .............................................................
1 891
1 978
812
1 083
1 555
2 405
4 030
1 636
Personal Care Products And Services .....................
408
447
217
304
428
507
778
315
Reading .......................................................................
159
169
78
112
144
185
328
129
Education ....................................................................
635
593
459
265
335
520
1 385
765
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ..............
300
315
236
291
329
390
329
255
Miscellaneous .............................................................
867
936
353
576
800
1 069
1 878
668
Cash Contributions ....................................................
1 181
1 341
301
637
1 045
1 574
3 145
692
Personal Insurance And Pensions ........................... Life and other personal insurance ................................ Pensions and Social Security .......................................
3 436 394 3 042
4 352 408 3 944
395 133 262
1 126 209 917
2 786 311 2 475
5 647 450 5 197
11 788 936 10 852
643 353 290
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-3. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Age of Reference Person, 1999
Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........
All consumer units
Under 25 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
108 465
8 164
19 332
24 405
20 903
13 647
22 015
Average Income Before Taxes1 .....................................
$43 951
$18 276
$42 470
$53 579
$59 822
$49 436
$26 581
Age Of Reference Person ...............................................
47.9
21.4
29.7
39.5
49.2
59.1
74.8
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ............................................................................. Children under 18 .............................................................. Persons 65 and over ......................................................... Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
1.8 0.4
2.9 1.1
3.2 1.3
2.7 0.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.3 1.1
1.5 1.7
1.7 2.1
1.8 2.5
2.2 0.2 0.1 1.3 2.2
1.7 0.1 1.4 0.4 1.5
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ................................................
65
13
45
67
77
80
80
With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage ..............................................................
38 27
7 6
37 8
54 13
54 22
40 40
16 64
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ...........................
$36 995
$21 704
$36 158
$42 792
$46 511
$39 394
$26 521
Food .................................................................................. Food at home .................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ....................................... Dairy products ............................................................... Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ....................................................... Food away from home .......................................................
5 031 2 915 448 749 322 500 896 2 116
3 354 1 828 271 469 195 283 610 1 526
5 140 2 890 432 751 322 475 910 2 250
6 109 3 537 561 897 410 572 1 097 2 572
5 945 3 340 509 878 354 563 1 037 2 605
5 056 2 920 433 761 305 525 895 2 136
3 511 2 266 357 563 255 450 641 1 245
Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................
318
369
365
384
320
330
172
Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ........................................................... Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ....................................................... Housekeeping supplies ..................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................
12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499
6 585 4 140 596 3 296 248 1 166 181 221 877
12 519 7 612 3 935 3 447 230 2 249 772 441 1 445
14 215 8 606 6 110 2 121 375 2 586 830 604 1 590
14 513 8 534 6 203 1 532 799 2 819 606 574 1 980
12 093 6 660 4 812 1 206 642 2 608 476 570 1 779
8 944 4 576 2 971 1 182 423 2 145 746 423 1 054
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTCS
Apparel And Services .....................................................
1 743
1 192
2 047
2 053
2 048
1 722
1 070
Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ...................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................
7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397
5 037 2 859 708 1 253 217
7 150 3 500 1 066 2 249 335
8 041 3 807 1 259 2 565 411
9 010 4 117 1 349 3 085 459
7 330 3 406 1 093 2 339 492
4 385 1 911 644 1 443 387
Health Care ...................................................................... Health insurance ............................................................... Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................
1 959 923 558 370 109
551 233 184 97 36
1 170 597 351 162 60
1 631 746 531 254 101
2 183 942 754 368 118
2 450 1 063 751 497 139
3 019 1 554 601 706 158
Entertainment ..................................................................
1 891
1 149
1 776
2 254
2 367
2 175
1 238
Personal Care Products And Services ..........................
408
254
381
471
475
449
333
Reading ............................................................................
159
70
116
157
210
195
163
Education .........................................................................
635
1 277
453
637
1 125
552
139
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ...................
300
220
295
370
395
329
148
Miscellaneous ..................................................................
867
353
727
946
1 089
1 021
790
Cash Contributions .........................................................
1 181
182
585
1 067
1 415
1 750
1 627
Personal Insurance And Pensions ................................ Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................
3 436 394 3 042
1 110 61 1 049
3 433 238 3 195
4 455 418 4 037
5 415 616 4 799
3 941 533 3 408
980 333 647
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Value less than 0.05.
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
349
Table 7-4. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Size of Consumer Unit, 1999
Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...................................
All consumer units
One person
Two or more persons
Two persons
Three persons
Four persons
Five or more persons
108 465
31 550
76 915
33 798
17 200
15 039
10 878
Average Income Before Taxes1 ...............................................................
$43 951
$25 247
$51 895
$47 779
$52 334
$59 551
$53 340
Age Of Reference Person .........................................................................
47.9
51.2
46.5
52.8
42.9
40.5
41.3
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ....................................................................................................... Children under 18 ........................................................................................ Persons 65 and over ................................................................................... Earners ........................................................................................................ Vehicles .......................................................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
1.0 ... 0.3 0.6 1.0
3.1 0.9 0.3 1.6 2.3
2.0 0.1 0.5 1.2 2.1
3.0 0.8 0.1 1.8 2.3
4.0 1.6 0.1 2.0 2.6
5.6 2.8 0.1 2.2 2.6
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ..........................................................................
65
49
71
73
68
75
68
With mortgage ............................................................................................. Without mortgage ........................................................................................
38 27
19 31
46 25
36 37
49 19
60 15
53 15
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .....................................................
$36 995
$22 373
$42 961
$38 856
$42 848
$49 096
$47 564
Food ............................................................................................................ Food at home .............................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products .................................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................. Dairy products ......................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables .............................................................................. Other food at home ................................................................................. Food away from home .................................................................................
5 031 2 915 448 749 322 500 896 2 116
2 685 1 449 222 340 155 264 468 1 236
5 975 3 504 539 913 389 594 1 068 2 471
5 085 2 843 423 743 307 509 861 2 243
5 770 3 412 535 875 377 563 1 063 2 357
7 021 4 098 658 1 020 469 678 1 273 2 923
7 716 4 966 754 1 377 567 805 1 462 2 750
Alcoholic Beverages .................................................................................
318
286
331
378
314
291
259
Housing ...................................................................................................... Shelter ......................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ..................................................................................... Rented dwellings ..................................................................................... Other lodging ........................................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ............................................................... Household operations ................................................................................. Housekeeping supplies ............................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ........................................................
12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499
8 206 5 142 2 307 2 517 317 1 551 469 238 807
13 632 7 785 5 434 1 826 525 2 716 747 603 1 782
12 171 6 952 4 608 1 745 599 2 432 489 542 1 756
13 620 7 804 5 342 2 003 459 2 732 809 551 1 723
15 953 9 068 6 936 1 599 534 3 017 1 189 726 1 953
14 991 8 567 6 073 2 108 386 3 160 837 711 1 717
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Apparel And Services ...............................................................................
1 743
933
2 069
1 645
1 982
2 698
2 690
Transportation ........................................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ................................................................................ Other vehicle expenses ............................................................................... Public transportation ....................................................................................
7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397
3 536 1 507 565 1 215 250
8 437 4 043 1 256 2 680 458
7 427 3 525 1 065 2 333 505
8 726 4 172 1 280 2 869 405
9 486 4 584 1 440 3 046 415
9 665 4 702 1 556 2 952 455
Health Care ................................................................................................ Health insurance ......................................................................................... Medical services .......................................................................................... Drugs ........................................................................................................... Medical supplies ..........................................................................................
1 959 923 558 370 109
1 336 614 346 304 72
2 214 1 049 644 397 124
2 475 1 177 648 514 136
1 946 903 607 333 104
2 070 996 677 274 123
2 024 958 647 304 115
Entertainment ............................................................................................
1 891
1 040
2 238
2 037
2 291
2 638
2 236
Personal Care Products And Services ....................................................
408
254
470
434
474
519
516
Reading ......................................................................................................
159
122
175
185
171
182
136
Education ...................................................................................................
635
421
722
507
795
1 013
874
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies .............................................
300
189
346
301
372
387
385
Miscellaneous ............................................................................................
867
663
950
890
1 054
979
937
Cash Contributions ...................................................................................
1 181
1 013
1 250
1 521
1 070
919
1 147
Personal Insurance And Pensions .......................................................... Life and other personal insurance ............................................................... Pensions and Social Security ......................................................................
3 436 394 3 042
1 689 133 1 556
4 153 502 3 651
3 798 454 3 345
4 264 475 3 790
4 941 643 4 298
3 988 497 3 491
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only.
350
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-5. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Composition of Consumer Unit, 1999
Husband and wife consumer units
Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........
All consumer units
Husband and wife with children Husband and wife only
Total
Oldest child Oldest child Oldest child under 6 6 to 17 18 years years years or over
Total
Other husband and wife consumer units
One parent, at least one child under 18 years
Single person and other consumer units
108 465
56 429
23 406
28 535
5 304
15 378
7 853
4 488
6 571
45 465
Average Income Before Taxes1 ......................................
$43 951
$59 126
$54 062
$63 666
$57 922
$63 558
$68 094
$56 519
$25 685
$28 281
Age Of Reference Person ...............................................
47.9
48.2
56.8
41.2
31.7
39.5
50.9
48.4
36.3
49.2
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons .............................................................................. Children under 18 .............................................................. Persons 65 and over .......................................................... Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
3.2 0.9 0.3 1.7 2.6
2.0 ... 0.7 1.2 2.4
3.9 1.6 0.1 2.0 2.7
3.5 1.5
4.1 2.1
(2)
(2)
1.8 2.6
4.9 1.5 0.4 2.4 2.9
2.9 1.8
1.6 2.1
3.9 0.6 0.2 2.6 3.2
1.1 1.2
1.6 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.3
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ................................................
65
81
84
79
67
79
86
76
39
49
With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage ..............................................................
38 27
52 28
40 44
63 16
60 8
65 14
60 26
50 26
29 10
22 28
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................
$36 995
$47 149
$42 133
$51 154
$46 085
$51 453
$54 214
$47 942
$27 900
$25 835
Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home .......................................................
5 031 2 915 448 749 322 500 896 2 116
6 372 3 695 567 939 419 633 1 136 2 677
5 380 3 000 446 771 329 548 906 2 380
7 034 4 146 653 1 031 484 680 1 297 2 888
5 379 3 360 503 769 407 560 1 120 2 020
7 472 4 381 713 1 078 521 716 1 353 3 090
7 415 4 287 646 1 152 465 702 1 322 3 129
7 419 4 528 656 1 264 481 793 1 334 2 891
4 526 2 942 509 770 301 457 904 1 584
3 507 1 987 299 520 211 348 610 1 520
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
(2)
Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................
318
337
388
299
261
322
276
309
144
321
Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................
12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499
14 789 8 411 6 405 1 370 637 2 860 848 676 1 994
12 964 7 270 5 335 1 195 740 2 585 534 622 1 953
16 349 9 416 7 381 1 460 575 3 015 1 126 727 2 066
17 168 10 074 7 563 2 244 267 2 570 2 142 535 1 848
16 411 9 473 7 570 1 418 485 3 009 1 066 770 2 093
15 736 8 859 6 888 1 012 959 3 326 559 793 2 201
14 376 7 976 5 779 1 707 490 3 312 717 632 1 739
10 105 5 875 2 648 3 088 139 2 194 696 356 984
8 970 5 449 2 463 2 688 298 1 805 436 310 971
Apparel And Services ......................................................
1 743
2 169
1 679
2 520
2 078
2 696
2 496
2 517
1 946
1 202
Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................
7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397
9 289 4 421 1 376 2 977 515
8 066 3 790 1 146 2 549 580
10 214 4 946 1 522 3 289 457
9 368 4 855 1 281 2 904 328
9 585 4 727 1 454 2 988 417
12 029 5 435 1 819 4 153 621
9 785 4 372 1 643 3 223 547
4 694 2 260 720 1 484 230
4 521 2 072 704 1 470 275
Health Care ....................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................ Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................
1 959 923 558 370 109
2 522 1 201 736 443 141
2 908 1 390 747 612 159
2 200 1 049 718 303 130
1 705 905 517 199 84
2 154 993 741 291 129
2 630 1 255 811 402 162
2 553 1 185 791 452 125
1 003 481 306 165 51
1 401 641 373 311 77
Entertainment ...................................................................
1 891
2 519
2 275
2 784
2 111
3 140
2 549
2 095
1 367
1 193
Personal Care Products And Services ..........................
408
506
471
541
450
552
597
460
362
299
Reading .............................................................................
159
201
215
197
160
201
214
150
71
121
Education .........................................................................
635
829
528
1 115
317
1 030
1 822
582
426
424
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ...................
300
324
269
342
239
344
406
500
239
279
Miscellaneous ..................................................................
867
1 019
911
1 063
1 090
965
1 206
1 321
824
686
Cash Contributions .........................................................
1 181
1 463
1 787
1 197
808
1 198
1 457
1 462
368
949
Personal Insurance And Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................
3 436 394 3 042
4 812 602 4 210
4 291 548 3 743
5 301 644 4 658
4 951 398 4 553
5 382 703 4 679
5 380 693 4 687
4 413 616 3 798
1 827 170 1 657
1 962 170 1 792
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Value less than 0.05.
351
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
Table 7-6. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Number of Earners, 1999
Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...................................
All consumer units
Single consumers No earner
Consumer units of two or more persons
One earner
No earner
One earner
Two earners
Three or more earners
108 465
11 965
19 585
9 810
21 647
35 123
10 336
Average Income Before Taxes1 ...............................................................
$43 951
$16 231
$30 236
$22 281
$40 719
$61 923
$68 409
Age Of Reference Person .........................................................................
47.9
68.9
40.4
65.4
45.7
42.0
45.8
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ....................................................................................................... Children under 18 ........................................................................................ Persons 65 and over ................................................................................... Earners ........................................................................................................ Vehicles .......................................................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
1.0 ... 0.7 ... 0.8
1.0 ... 0.1 1.0 1.1
2.3 0.4 1.3 ... 1.8
3.0 1.1 0.3 1.0 1.9
3.1 0.9 0.1 2.0 2.4
4.4 1.2 0.1 3.3 3.2
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ..........................................................................
65
63
41
75
65
73
79
With mortgage ............................................................................................. Without mortgage ........................................................................................
38 27
9 54
24 16
16 58
38 27
55 17
60 19
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .....................................................
$36 995
$17 272
$25 497
$27 645
$36 459
$47 785
$54 698
Food ............................................................................................................ Food at home .............................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products .................................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................. Dairy products ......................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables .............................................................................. Other food at home ................................................................................. Food away from home .................................................................................
5 031 2 915 448 749 322 500 896 2 116
2 084 1 452 241 342 163 283 424 632
3 056 1 447 211 338 151 252 496 1 609
4 154 2 790 439 734 308 529 780 1 365
5 342 3 271 505 854 368 560 985 2 071
6 307 3 566 548 918 396 589 1 115 2 742
7 895 4 487 677 1 201 493 754 1 361 3 408
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages .................................................................................
318
118
389
195
245
401
385
Housing ...................................................................................................... Shelter ......................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ..................................................................................... Rented dwellings ..................................................................................... Other lodging ........................................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ............................................................... Household operations ................................................................................. Housekeeping supplies ............................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ........................................................
12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499
7 024 3 745 1 879 1 655 211 1 578 870 258 573
8 929 5 995 2 568 3 043 383 1 535 224 225 950
9 105 4 676 2 854 1 371 451 2 295 446 477 1 211
12 484 7 125 4 620 2 043 462 2 555 664 536 1 605
15 044 8 779 6 369 1 873 537 2 759 922 639 1 944
15 534 8 737 6 413 1 639 685 3 310 611 734 2 142
Apparel And Services ...............................................................................
1 743
718
1 066
1 136
1 849
2 254
2 784
Transportation ........................................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ................................................................................ Other vehicle expenses ............................................................................... Public transportation ....................................................................................
7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397
2 170 860 355 773 182
4 370 1 902 693 1 485 291
4 999 2 351 730 1 541 377
6 427 2 954 1 044 2 041 389
9 603 4 771 1 358 2 972 502
11 947 5 457 1 852 4 109 529
Health Care ................................................................................................ Health insurance ......................................................................................... Medical services .......................................................................................... Drugs ........................................................................................................... Medical supplies ..........................................................................................
1 959 923 558 370 109
1 928 944 415 475 94
974 412 304 200 58
3 160 1 576 664 753 167
2 098 974 612 409 103
1 994 944 636 303 111
2 312 1 066 722 356 168
Entertainment ............................................................................................
1 891
701
1 248
1 494
2 030
2 469
2 590
Personal Care Products And Services ....................................................
408
217
277
306
409
504
637
Reading ......................................................................................................
159
108
131
150
149
189
200
Education ...................................................................................................
635
152
586
200
546
789
1 357
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies .............................................
300
147
214
186
317
365
494
Miscellaneous ............................................................................................
867
767
600
658
757
1 050
1 290
Cash Contributions ...................................................................................
1 181
1 020
1 008
1 544
844
1 370
1 411
Personal Insurance And Pensions .......................................................... Life and other personal insurance ............................................................... Pensions and Social Security ......................................................................
3 436 394 3 042
117 109 28
2 649 148 2 417
357 324 233
2 960 449 2 511
5 446 509 4 937
5 861 756 5 105
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Data are likely to have large sampling errors.
352
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-7. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Housing Tenure, Type of Area, Race and Hispanic Origin of Reference Person, 1999
Housing tenure Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...........
All consumer units
Homeowner
Type of area
Renter
Urban
Race of reference person
Rural
White and Other
Hispanic origin of reference person
Black
Hispanic
NonHispanic
108 465
70 469
37 996
95 174
13 291
95 293
13 172
9 111
99 354
Average Income Before Taxes1 ........................................
$43 951
$53 056
$27 514
$45 597
$32 414
$45 688
$30 427
$33 803
$44 955
Age Of Reference Person ..................................................
47.9
52.1
40.1
47.5
50.9
48.3
44.9
41.2
48.5
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ................................................................................ Children under 18 ................................................................ Persons 65 and over ............................................................ Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.6 0.7 0.4 1.4 2.3
2.3 0.7 0.2 1.2 1.2
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.4 1.3 2.4
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 2.0
2.7 0.9 0.2 1.3 1.3
3.5 1.3 0.2 1.6 1.6
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 2.0
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ..................................................
65
100
...
63
82
68
47
44
67
With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage .................................................................
38 27
59 41
... ...
38 24
37 45
39 28
29 17
30 14
39 28
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................
$36 995
$42 753
$26 310
$37 871
$30 817
$38 323
$27 340
$33 044
$37 356
Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home .........................................................
5 031 2 915 448 749 322 500 896 2 116
5 580 3 205 495 808 357 549 995 2 376
4 009 2 376 361 638 257 407 713 1 633
5 145 2 949 455 758 323 509 905 2 196
4 262 2 688 405 687 319 436 841 1 574
5 149 2 948 454 732 334 508 921 2 201
4 146 2 665 405 878 233 439 710 1 482
5 493 3 556 495 1 097 377 663 924 1 937
4 986 2 854 444 716 317 484 894 2 132
Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................
318
320
313
335
202
339
158
269
322
Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................
12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499
13 647 7 552 6 926 56 569 2 796 837 606 1 856
9 105 6 022 71 5 681 270 1 600 348 298 836
12 550 7 429 4 720 2 211 498 2 376 710 499 1 536
8 526 4 057 3 127 705 226 2 391 349 491 1 237
12 380 7 225 4 780 1 936 509 2 374 695 516 1 570
9 707 5 501 2 675 2 683 142 2 403 457 362 984
11 001 6 778 3 186 3 420 171 2 124 470 445 1 184
12 154 7 038 4 647 1 899 491 2 401 684 503 1 529
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Apparel And Services ........................................................
1 743
1 926
1 403
1 818
1 224
1 725
1 877
2 071
1 712
Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................
7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397
8 118 3 807 1 209 2 645 456
4 959 2 375 768 1 528 289
6 973 3 221 1 036 2 289 427
7 288 3 909 1 187 2 007 185
7 275 3 434 1 096 2 333 412
5 106 2 374 757 1 683 292
6 801 3 362 1 116 1 979 344
7 031 3 300 1 049 2 279 402
Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies ..................................................................
1 959 923 558 370 109
2 441 1 151 706 447 136
1 065 498 283 226 58
1 934 905 561 359 109
2 134 1 050 534 445 106
2 078 972 602 388 116
1 093 564 239 235 56
1 119 534 313 211 62
2 036 958 580 385 113
Entertainment .....................................................................
1 891
2 298
1 135
1 921
1 674
2 022
936
1 245
1 950
Personal Care Products And Services ............................
408
471
291
419
337
409
401
404
409
Reading ...............................................................................
159
193
98
164
126
170
81
71
168
Education ............................................................................
635
672
565
688
250
666
410
366
659
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies .....................
300
294
312
287
391
313
208
172
312
Miscellaneous ....................................................................
867
1 030
564
872
834
908
570
637
888
Cash Contributions ............................................................
1 181
1 544
507
1 209
982
1 269
541
678
1 227
Personal Insurance And Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................
3 436 394 3 042
4 219 525 3 693
1 985 152 1 833
3 555 402 3 153
2 586 343 2 243
3 620 406 3 214
2 107 308 1 799
2 718 191 2 528
3 502 413 3 089
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only.
353
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
Table 7-8. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Region of Residence, 1999
Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...........
All consumer units
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
108 465
20 979
25 765
37 816
23 906
Average Income Before Taxes1 ........................................
$43 951
$48 307
$41 983
$40 387
$47 494
Age Of Reference Person ..................................................
47.9
49.3
48.4
47.6
46.6
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ................................................................................ Children under 18 ................................................................ Persons 65 and over ............................................................ Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.6
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.1
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ..................................................
65
63
69
67
59
With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage .................................................................
38 27
35 28
39 30
38 29
40 19
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................
$36 995
$38 403
$36 302
$33 303
$42 335
Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home .........................................................
5 031 2 915 448 749 322 500 896 2 116
5 480 3 084 487 830 361 564 843 2 396
4 865 2 740 428 655 307 438 912 2 126
4 615 2 729 416 739 290 451 832 1 887
5 462 3 245 485 793 355 584 1 029 2 216
Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................
318
367
324
256
365
Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................
12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499
13 366 8 256 5 313 2 423 520 2 455 658 502 1 496
11 525 6 491 4 451 1 599 441 2 401 587 541 1 506
10 338 5 540 3 541 1 645 354 2 445 555 458 1 339
14 199 8 827 5 468 2 743 616 2 178 933 512 1 749
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Apparel And Services ........................................................
1 743
1 817
1 591
1 598
2 070
Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................
7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397
6 466 2 706 907 2 315 538
6 939 3 382 1 038 2 169 349
6 863 3 466 1 069 2 043 286
7 802 3 495 1 180 2 625 503
Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies ..................................................................
1 959 923 558 370 109
1 804 840 568 292 103
2 087 1 009 559 405 114
1 956 926 524 412 93
1 962 896 600 334 132
Entertainment .....................................................................
1 891
1 828
2 067
1 567
2 269
Personal Care Products And Services ............................
408
404
401
385
457
Reading ...............................................................................
159
195
166
117
189
Education ............................................................................
635
939
568
452
728
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies .....................
300
318
346
302
232
Miscellaneous ....................................................................
867
827
854
778
1 057
Cash Contributions ............................................................
1 181
1 100
1 151
1 132
1 362
Personal Insurance And Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................
3 436 394 3 042
3 494 403 3 092
3 418 378 3 041
2 946 411 2 535
4 181 379 3 801
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only.
354
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-9. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Occupation of Reference Person, 1999
Wage and salary earners All consumer units
Selfemployed workers
108 465
6 077
71 180
Average Income Before Taxes1 ........................................
$43 951
$56 480
Age Of Reference Person ..................................................
47.9
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ................................................................................ Children under 18 ................................................................ Persons 65 and over ............................................................ Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................
Service workers
24 961
20 248
9 389
4 900
11 681
19 665
11 544
$50 710
$71 439
$42 965
$32 159
$47 750
$35 179
$24 217
$26 886
49.7
41.1
43.2
39.8
40.4
40.8
39.9
72.6
46.5
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.2 1.7 2.2
2.7 0.8 0.1 1.7 2.1
2.6 0.7 0.1 1.7 2.2
2.5 0.7 0.1 1.7 1.9
2.7 0.8 0.1 1.7 1.7
3.1 1.0 0.1 1.9 2.7
3.0 1.0 0.1 1.8 2.1
1.7 0.1 1.2 0.2 1.6
2.8 0.9 0.2 0.7 1.5
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ..................................................
65
79
62
72
57
47
69
57
81
51
With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage .................................................................
38 27
47 32
45 17
56 16
41 15
30 17
50 19
38 19
17 64
27 24
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................
$36 995
$47 496
$40 603
$53 159
$36 595
$28 870
$37 351
$31 607
$26 284
$27 357
Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home .........................................................
5 031 2 915 448 749 322 500 896 2 116
6 143 3 286 497 827 371 566 1 026 2 857
5 495 3 074 470 787 338 515 965 2 421
6 591 3 402 530 802 382 602 1 086 3 189
5 091 2 858 440 717 314 470 916 2 233
4 284 2 659 411 746 284 443 775 1 625
5 461 3 310 493 928 353 507 1 029 2 152
4 873 2 987 434 843 321 472 917 1 886
3 424 2 241 355 562 252 436 637 1 183
4 253 2 866 444 786 320 476 840 1 387
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...........
Total wage Managers and salary and earners Professionals
Construction Operators workers fabricators and and mechanics laborers
All other, including not reporting
Technical sales and clerical workers
Item
Retired
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................
318
394
370
499
300
284
296
319
177
188
Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................
12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499
14 249 8 071 5 908 1 474 688 2 748 777 729 1 924
13 113 7 850 5 071 2 292 487 2 434 674 510 1 645
17 230 10 467 7 470 2 151 846 2 784 1 037 637 2 305
12 088 7 258 4 384 2 520 354 2 292 607 511 1 419
9 710 5 820 2 876 2 696 248 2 068 318 347 1 156
11 646 6 805 4 708 1 758 340 2 460 539 450 1 392
9 461 5 353 3 051 2 100 202 2 214 357 399 1 137
8 988 4 560 3 026 1 110 425 2 147 770 436 1 075
9 613 5 501 2 984 2 240 278 2 228 380 411 1 093
Apparel And Services ........................................................
1 743
2 326
1 953
2 510
1 812
1 462
1 457
1 627
1 073
1 258
Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................
7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397
8 066 3 460 1 184 2 873 549
7 924 3 795 1 188 2 529 412
9 768 4 657 1 297 3 168 646
7 225 3 505 1 085 2 302 332
5 860 2 732 985 1 836 308
8 116 3 742 1 475 2 595 304
6 776 3 333 1 175 2 088 180
4 469 1 934 672 1 475 388
5 157 2 539 819 1 557 242
Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies ..................................................................
1 959 923 558 370 109
2 755 1 295 805 516 138
1 655 771 521 265 99
2 155 973 713 331 137
1 456 712 417 239 88
1 193 551 359 221 62
1 541 772 450 225 94
1 354 615 448 221 71
3 026 1 521 660 686 160
1 595 644 481 406 64
Entertainment .....................................................................
1 891
2 498
2 060
2 768
1 828
1 337
1 791
1 648
1 444
1 285
Personal Care Products And Services ............................
408
569
443
558
400
356
382
373
303
284
Reading ...............................................................................
159
216
162
249
140
92
119
88
165
105
Education ............................................................................
635
985
756
1 132
672
510
538
384
116
587
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies .....................
300
341
326
225
306
343
497
491
165
349
Miscellaneous ....................................................................
867
1 086
899
1 194
798
549
997
692
809
649
Cash Contributions ............................................................
1 181
2 233
1 089
1 788
913
500
769
507
1 564
543
Personal Insurance And Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................
3 436 394 3 042
5 634 601 5 033
4 359 423 3 936
6 492 654 5 838
3 568 322 3 246
2 390 240 2 149
3 742 324 3 418
3 014 293 2 721
559 275 284
1 492 313 1 179
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only.
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
355
Table 7-10. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Under Age 25
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
Complete reporting of income, total
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 and over
6 214
1 461
1 089
871
687
961
526
618
Average Income Before Taxes1 ...............................................
$17 547
$2 769
$7 174
$12 071
$17 162
$24 321
$34 391
$54 033
Age Of Reference Person ........................................................
21.4
20.4
20.9
21.5
21.9
22.3
22.1
22.6
1.8 0.4
1.3 0.2
1.5 0.3
1.6 0.3
1.9 0.4
2.1 0.4
2.3 0.5
2.8 0.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.3 1.1
1.0 0.5
1.0 0.7
1.1 1.0
1.4 1.2
1.5 1.5
1.7 1.8
2.0 2.2
PERCENT HOMEOWNER .........................................................
10
3
5
4
8
14
25
30
With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
7 3
(3)
3
1 4
1 3
5 3
10 4
20 5
26 4
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
$21 532
$11 596
$13 520
$18 138
$21 806
$27 698
$30 577
$43 178
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
3 231 1 585 234 370 186 254 541 1 646
1 981 843 127 164 123 135 294 1 139
2 547 1 247 191 293 143 190 431 1 300
2 668 1 278 203 305 146 193 432 1 390
3 161 1 837 254 382 226 349 625 1 325
3 577 1 723 236 444 192 293 558 1 855
4 494 2 184 317 511 266 358 732 2 309
4 996 2 485 380 602 263 345 895 2 511
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 ....................................................................... Persons 65 and over .................................................................. Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
375
298
190
342
364
462
493
581
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
6 457 4 001 467 3 291 243 1 130 204 218 904
3 280 2 106 112 1 610 384 542 94 94 443
4 189 2 776 98 2 435 242 741 80 140 452
5 510 3 450 61 3 233 156 1 074 167 152 667
7 298 4 821 237 4 326 258 1 301 258 186 732
8 007 5 016 635 4 209 173 1 485 219 239 1 048
9 453 5 832 1 137 4 544 151 1 713 335 242 1 331
12 948 7 364 1 951 5 211 202 2 044 535 544 2 462
Apparel And Services ..............................................................
1 239
685
837
1 151
1 107
1 606
1 448
2 222
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
4 838 2 640 700 1 293 205
2 211 1 162 393 442 215
1 872 659 471 599 144
4 322 2 556 605 986 175
4 888 2 702 685 1 311 190
7 312 4 419 906 1 791 197
7 027 3 302 1 130 2 347 249
11 224 6 344 1 294 3 259 328
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
532 236 173 92 31
193 52 76 46 419
206 74 67 43 23
362 152 82 107 421
639 263 198 147 32
771 359 290 82 39
979 516 278 137 48
1 245 615 418 160 52
Entertainment ...........................................................................
1 105
676
797
1 117
887
1 212
1 530
2 247
Personal Care Products And Services ...................................
281
171
188
233
261
348
342
496
Reading .....................................................................................
69
51
56
62
75
70
103
114
Education ..................................................................................
1 234
1 555
1 729
978
1 211
1 207
689
491
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ............................
220
115
128
219
239
301
315
405
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
336
107
155
215
277
653
487
760
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
238
77
171
158
164
251
291
870
Personal Insurance And Pensions ......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
1 375 59 1 316
197 422 175
456 442 414
801 417 784
1 235 44 1 190
1 921 88 1 833
2 926 102 2 825
4 578 168 4 409
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Value less than 0.05. 3. Value less than 0.5. 4. Data are likely to have large sampling errors.
356
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-11. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Age 25–34
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
Complete reporting of income, total
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 and over
18 558
591
870
1 038
1 040
2 528
2 404
2 122
3 433
4 533
Average Income Before Taxes1 ...............................................
$52 216
$1 152
$7 662
$12 638
$17 447
$24 584
$34 497
$44 313
$58 412
$108 269
Age Of Reference Person ........................................................
39.5
39.1
39.4
39.5
39.2
39.3
39.4
39.6
39.6
39.8
3.2 1.3
3.6 1.4
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 ....................................................................... Persons 65 and over .................................................................. Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.8 1.2
2.4 0.9
3.0 1.4
3.0 1.4
3.1 1.3
3.0 1.2
3.2 1.3
3.4 1.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.7 2.2
1.2 1.4
0.9 1.1
1.2 1.2
1.4 1.6
1.5 1.8
1.7 2.2
1.8 2.4
2.0 2.6
2.0 2.8
PERCENT HOMEOWNER .........................................................
68
45
30
37
41
57
62
68
81
90
With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
57 11
29 16
16 13
23 14
28 13
42 15
51 11
58 10
72 9
82 8
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
$44 920
$23 949
$18 379
$20 390
$25 450
$28 479
$34 910
$40 994
$50 010
$75 542
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
6 179 3 541 562 894 407 562 1 115 2 638
4 167 2 778 427 757 282 480 833 1 389
4 391 3 033 516 917 311 419 870 1 359
3 538 2 332 391 672 278 333 658 1 206
4 532 2 947 438 851 319 441 899 1 585
4 471 2 837 447 748 318 472 852 1 634
5 003 2 976 456 776 342 497 906 2 026
5 821 3 518 528 907 396 568 1 119 2 303
6 989 3 953 649 971 472 575 1 287 3 035
9 017 4 599 738 1 060 538 763 1 500 4 418
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
397
321
252
119
155
253
283
369
415
707
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
14 346 8 479 6 000 2 083 396 2 648 817 629 1 773
8 662 5 279 2 655 2 433 3191 1 970 300 292 820
7 031 4 043 1 228 2 767 348 1 723 272 334 659
7 902 4 823 1 524 3 241 57 1 946 159 310 665
8 563 5 188 2 095 2 957 137 1 963 349 323 738
9 952 5 711 2 971 2 611 129 2 322 285 382 1 252
10 883 6 541 3 880 2 487 174 2 355 373 473 1 140
12 397 7 385 4 724 2 408 254 2 574 537 522 1 378
14 998 8 693 6 760 1 533 401 2 869 743 810 1 883
24 046 14 261 12 107 1 195 958 3 435 1 967 1 027 3 356
Apparel And Services ..............................................................
2 219
1 724
1 065
1 351
1 648
1 411
2 000
2 065
2 172
3 531
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
8 296 3 935 1 260 2 704 398
4 308 1 726 859 1 532 191
2 345 31 026 532 673 114
3 109 1 226 639 1 060 184
5 027 2 446 883 1 539 159
5 404 2 480 970 1 758 197
6 732 2 889 1 205 2 371 267
8 124 3 853 1 356 2 639 277
9 643 4 656 1 463 3 174 350
13 398 6 599 1 672 4 269 859
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
1 728 787 564 266 112
954 382 335 193 344
616 278 179 125 333
834 305 196 219 114
924 434 257 200 34
1 250 607 383 203 58
1 438 727 428 207 77
1 723 800 525 307 91
2 097 896 722 335 145
2 582 1 172 896 325 188
Entertainment ...........................................................................
2 419
1 130
938
936
1 020
1 259
1 616
2 227
2 992
4 286
Personal Care Products And Services ...................................
499
453
318
269
219
285
458
414
547
818
Reading .....................................................................................
170
108
45
62
63
114
125
150
199
295
Education ..................................................................................
614
177
106
180
407
262
345
572
601
1 286
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ............................
375
445
405
446
432
372
387
393
449
261
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
1 048
488
299
451
605
648
1 015
1 095
1 240
1 578
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
1 070
3522
3136
330
390
459
923
755
1 210
2 105
Personal Insurance And Pensions ......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
5 559 429 5 130
491 3285 206
431 69 362
862 88 775
1 466 190 1 275
2 339 196 2 143
3 701 301 3 400
4 889 325 4 564
6 458 478 5 981
11 632 861 10 771
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Value less than 0.05. 3. Data are likely to have large sampling errors.
357
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
Table 7-12. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Age 35–44
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
Complete reporting of income, total
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 and over
18 558
591
870
1 038
1 040
2 528
2 404
2 122
3 433
4 533
Average Income Before Taxes1 ...............................................
$52 216
$1 152
$7 662
$12 638
$17 447
$24 584
$34 497
$44 313
$58 412
$108 269
Age Of Reference Person ........................................................
40.0
39.0
39.0
40.0
39.0
39.0
39.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
3.0 1.0
4.0 1.0
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 ....................................................................... Persons 65 and over .................................................................. Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
3.0 1.0
2.0 1.0
3.0 1.0
3.0 1.0
3.0 1.0
3.0 1.0
3.0 1.0
3.0 1.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
2.0 2.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
2.0 3.0
2.0 3.0
PERCENT HOMEOWNER .........................................................
68
45
30
37
41
57
62
68
81
90
With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
57 11
29 16
16 13
23 14
28 13
42 15
51 11
58 10
72 9
82 8
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
$44 920
$23 949
$18 379
$20 390
$25 450
$28 479
$34 910
$40 994
$50 010
$75 542
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
6 179 3 541 562 894 407 562 1 115 2 638
4 167 2 778 427 757 282 480 833 1 389
4 391 3 033 516 917 311 419 870 1 359
3 538 2 332 391 672 278 333 658 1 206
4 532 2 947 438 851 319 441 899 1 585
4 471 2 837 447 748 318 472 852 1 634
5 003 2 976 456 776 342 497 906 2 026
5 821 3 518 528 907 396 568 1 119 2 303
6 989 3 953 649 971 472 575 1 287 3 035
9 017 4 599 738 1 060 538 763 1 500 4 418
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
397
321
252
119
155
253
283
369
415
707
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
14 346 8 479 6 000 2 083 396 2 648 817 629 1 773
8 662 5 279 2 655 2 433 3191 1 970 300 292 820
7 031 4 043 1 228 2 767 348 1 723 272 334 659
7 902 4 823 1 524 3 241 57 1 946 159 310 665
8 563 5 188 2 095 2 957 137 1 963 349 323 738
9 952 5 711 2 971 2 611 129 2 322 285 382 1 252
10 883 6 541 3 880 2 487 174 2 355 373 473 1 140
12 397 7 385 4 724 2 408 254 2 574 537 522 1 378
14 998 8 693 6 760 1 533 401 2 869 743 810 1 883
24 046 14 261 12 107 1 195 958 3 435 1 967 1 027 3 356
Apparel And Services ..............................................................
2 219
1 724
1 065
1 351
1 648
1 411
2 000
2 065
2 172
3 531
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
8 296 3 935 1 260 2 704 398
4 308 31 726 859 1 532 191
2 345 1 026 532 673 114
3 109 1 226 639 1 060 184
5 027 2 446 883 1 539 159
5 404 2 480 970 1 758 197
6 732 2 889 1 205 2 371 267
8 124 3 853 1 356 2 639 277
9 643 4 656 1 463 3 174 350
13 398 6 599 1 672 4 269 859
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
1 728 787 564 266 112
954 382 335 193 344
616 278 179 125 333
834 305 196 219 114
924 434 257 200 34
1 250 607 383 203 58
1 438 727 428 207 77
1 723 800 525 307 91
2 097 896 722 335 145
2 582 1 172 896 325 188
Entertainment ...........................................................................
2 419
1 130
938
936
1 020
1 259
1 616
2 227
2 992
4 286
Personal Care Products And Services ...................................
499
453
318
269
219
285
458
414
547
818
Reading .....................................................................................
170
108
45
62
63
114
125
150
199
295
Education ..................................................................................
614
177
106
180
407
262
345
572
601
1 286
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ............................
375
445
405
446
432
372
387
393
449
261
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
1 048
488
299
451
605
648
1 015
1 095
1 240
1 578
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
1 070
522
136
330
390
459
923
755
1 210
2 105
Personal Insurance And Pensions ......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
5 559 429 5 130
491 285 206
431 69 362
862 88 775
1 466 190 1 275
2 339 196 2 143
3 701 301 3 400
4 889 325 4 564
6 458 478 5 981
11 632 861 10 771
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Value less than 0.05. 3. Data are likely to have large sampling errors.
358
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-13. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Age 45–54
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
Complete reporting of income, total
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 and over
15 468
455
739
779
783
1 540
1 849
1 594
2 794
4 934
Average Income Before Taxes1 ...............................................
$59 263
$-1 529
$7 644
$12 328
$17 433
$24 702
$34 355
$44 360
$58 925
$111 780
Age Of Reference Person ........................................................
49.1
49.5
49.7
49.2
49.0
48.9
49.3
49.1
49.1
49.1
2.7 0.6
2.6 0.7
2.3 0.4
2.6 0.5
2.9 0.7
3.1 0.7
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.5 2.0
1.6 2.3
1.8 2.4
2.1 2.8
2.3 3.2
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 ....................................................................... Persons 65 and over .................................................................. Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.0 0.5
2.0 0.5
2.1 0.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.8 2.5
0.9 1.3
0.7 1.1
1.1 1.6
2.4 0.5 0.1 1.2 1.6
PERCENT HOMEOWNER .........................................................
76
41
34
52
51
60
70
79
86
93
With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
56 20
22 19
12 22
30 22
24 28
39 20
47 23
61 18
65 20
77 16
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
$48 912
$21 936
$18 035
$22 126
$23 722
$30 140
$36 269
$40 659
$50 582
$77 186
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
6 347 3 593 534 926 379 614 1 142 2 754
3 316 2 264 339 622 239 376 687 1 052
3 431 2 457 346 759 277 385 690 974
3 341 2 181 321 601 230 371 658 1 160
3 553 2 528 368 771 258 463 668 1 026
4 778 3 302 489 841 345 586 1 040 1 476
5 234 3 182 464 857 331 507 1 024 2 052
5 859 3 502 529 897 350 607 1 120 2 358
6 982 4 095 576 1 119 420 683 1 297 2 887
8 934 4 370 676 1 021 476 764 1 433 4 563
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
353
284
146
226
149
193
257
299
333
582
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
14 531 8 392 6 050 1 566 776 2 813 564 647 2 115
8 352 4 890 2 175 2 502 213 2 009 228 269 956
6 721 3 887 1 357 2 391 139 1 775 100 272 686
7 607 4 204 1 861 2 184 159 1 903 301 435 763
8 212 4 735 1 790 2 775 170 2 107 140 238 991
9 819 5 736 3 070 2 504 161 2 241 196 490 1 156
11 449 6 297 3 912 2 051 335 2 469 262 662 1 759
12 484 7 245 5 074 1 703 469 2 681 447 585 1 525
14 281 7 946 6 154 1 163 629 2 954 483 818 2 081
21 888 12 869 10 436 775 1 658 3 570 1 084 836 3 529
Apparel And Services ..............................................................
2 313
1 375
738
1 090
874
1 878
2 062
1 875
2 206
3 621
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
9 005 4 090 1 342 3 068 506
3 310 31 126 746 1 293 145
3 248 31 543 609 819 277
4 379 2 219 791 1 220 149
5 278 2 638 841 1 675 124
5 609 2 525 991 1 896 197
6 701 2 748 1 147 2 495 311
7 390 3 195 1 319 2 545 330
10 134 4 797 1 529 3 379 429
13 528 6 150 1 756 4 663 959
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
2 243 921 776 415 131
1 452 629 455 286 81
904 340 242 271 51
1 229 418 385 370 56
1 339 551 306 441 40
1 522 607 462 329 123
1 888 841 562 405 80
2 225 1 047 599 463 116
2 391 1 024 795 418 154
3 107 1 203 1 246 469 189
Entertainment ...........................................................................
2 350
965
612
1 072
813
1 279
1 876
1 682
2 533
3 845
Personal Care Products And Services ...................................
560
543
369
312
271
442
416
473
580
812
Reading .....................................................................................
219
108
64
66
83
102
141
175
232
370
Education ..................................................................................
1 018
386
144
83
161
343
508
445
1 085
2 045
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ............................
380
340
444
444
435
423
390
423
354
338
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
1 152
586
305
732
630
778
800
939
1 125
1 841
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
1 652
3174
355
455
523
609
827
1 260
1 412
3 249
Personal Insurance And Pensions ......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
6 790 612 6 178
746 382 363
554 177 378
1 091 262 829
1 401 203 1 199
2 366 222 2 144
3 722 370 3 352
5 129 363 4 767
6 931 514 6 417
13 024 1 168 11 856
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Value less than 0.05. 3. Data are likely to have large sampling errors.
359
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
Table 7-14. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Age 55–64
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
Complete reporting of income, total
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 and over
9 768
417
1 024
912
803
1 410
1 049
961
1 161
2 032
Average Income Before Taxes1 ...............................................
$46 870
$2 102
$7 647
$12 455
$17 221
$24 669
$34 478
$44 481
$58 787
$119 082
Age Of Reference Person ........................................................
59.3
59.5
60.4
59.8
59.6
60.0
59.0
59.0
58.7
58.5
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 ....................................................................... Persons 65 and over .................................................................. Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.1 0.2 0.1 1.3 2.2
1.7 0.2
2.0 0.2 0.2 0.9 1.7
2.0 0.1 0.1 1.1 2.3
2.2 0.2 0.1 1.4 2.1
2.2 0.1 0.1 1.5 2.6
2.4 0.2 0.1 1.8 2.6
2.5 0.2 0.1 2.0 2.9
PERCENT HOMEOWNER .........................................................
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
20.1 20.1
1.6
20.1
0.7 1.3
0.5 1.2
2.0 0.3 0.1 0.8 1.9
78
54
54
63
65
82
83
84
87
94
With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
39 39
17 37
14 40
19 43
22 43
32 51
42 41
44 40
51 35
66 28
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
$40 457
$21 778
$15 719
$20 442
$21 673
$28 571
$35 759
$40 725
$49 237
$78 680
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
5 097 2 957 430 782 317 536 893 2 139
2 885 2 104 312 642 198 418 535 781
2 444 1 779 260 523 195 281 520 665
2 938 2 078 304 579 233 357 606 860
3 154 2 078 305 552 234 359 627 1 076
4 096 2 677 355 737 274 478 832 1 419
4 852 2 915 436 726 319 545 889 1 937
5 349 3 254 479 893 338 581 963 2 095
6 115 3 370 483 845 389 622 1 031 2 745
8 720 4 308 638 1 108 441 804 1 317 4 411
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
342
241
74
168
140
239
246
257
546
676
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
12 188 6 647 4 730 1 250 667 2 565 482 586 1 908
8 702 4 641 2 454 1 985 202 1 935 447 279 1 400
6 158 3 148 1 515 1 450 182 1 794 128 329 759
7 371 3 926 1 688 1 933 305 1 993 187 318 948
7 480 3 945 1 931 1 719 295 2 010 145 466 914
8 823 4 451 3 101 1 007 344 2 313 288 487 1 284
11 054 6 336 4 668 1 341 327 2 466 271 528 1 454
11 596 5 966 4 174 1 343 448 2 644 369 634 1 983
14 541 7 891 5 818 1 140 934 2 848 473 748 2 581
21 745 12 407 10 090 649 1 668 3 584 1 235 918 3 602
Apparel And Services ..............................................................
1 664
675
768
571
729
1 273
1 257
1 550
1 764
3 767
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
7 336 3 221 1 106 2 439 569
2 921 2916 583 1 265 158
2 311 2812 451 856 193
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
2 394 1 040 739 482 134
1 645 639 644 301 261
Entertainment ...........................................................................
2 168
Personal Care Products And Services ................................... Reading .....................................................................................
3 723
4 012
21 434
21 469
750 1 258 280
873 1 517 153
5 301 2 138 1 014 1 903 245
7 752 4 034 1 098 2 266 355
7 945 3 708 1 196 2 539 502
9 264 3 866 1 501 3 039 859
13 520 6 135 1 597 4 450 1 337
1 280 542 411 278 48
1 803 729 510 488 75
2 258 994 597 598 70
2 261 1 126 529 479 128
2 224 1 028 627 431 138
2 379 1 052 684 454 190
2 721 1 185 881 491 164
3 423 1 387 1 233 602 202
1 665
736
988
936
1 613
1 599
1 909
2 291
4 713
452
146
185
243
274
383
466
422
518
840
204
117
76
84
93
156
208
197
243
394
Education ..................................................................................
432
2275
245
251
107
160
275
210
393
1 268
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ............................
345
406
262
351
353
315
399
339
347
361
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
1 152
834
737
496
672
1 248
1 124
1 076
1 366
1 803
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
1 784
664
359
726
408
620
1 183
1 863
2 880
4 204
Personal Insurance And Pensions ......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
4 899 630 4 268
603 214 389
282 134 149
729 293 436
1 056 252 804
2 083 453 1 630
3 119 468 2 651
5 631 1 247 4 385
6 249 782 5 467
13 248 1 095 12 153
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Data are likely to have large sampling errors.
360
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-15. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999: Reference Person Age 65 and Over
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
Complete reporting of income, total
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 and over
17 348
504
3 314
3 816
2 548
3 169
1 578
782
883
754
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS Average Income Before Taxes1 ...............................................
$25 274
$2 326
$7 878
$12 307
$17 493
$24 329
$34 448
$44 493
$58 926
$134 453
Age Of Reference Person ........................................................
74.6
74.1
76.5
76.1
74.3
74.0
73.3
72.1
72.1
71.4
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 ....................................................................... Persons 65 and over .................................................................. Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
1.7 0.1 1.4 0.4 1.6
1.4
1.3 0.1 1.1 0.2 0.8
1.4 1.2 0.2 1.2
1.8 0.1 1.5 0.3 1.5
1.9 0.1 1.6 0.5 1.9
2.0 0.1 1.6 0.6 2.1
2.1
1.2 0.3 1.1
1.5 0.8 2.4
2.3 0.1 1.5 1.1 2.7
2.5 0.2 1.5 1.4 2.8
PERCENT HOMEOWNER .........................................................
79
60
61
76
85
89
86
93
92
95
With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
16 64
13 47
7 54
14 62
15 69
16 72
19 67
23 70
28 64
41 55
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
$26 861
$18 178
$13 088
$19 229
$24 248
$28 753
$32 414
$40 402
$51 188
$79 558
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
3 647 2 351 372 589 260 453 677 1 296
2 682 1 690 247 450 213 321 460 992
1 950 1 477 252 371 153 278 424 473
2 598 1 889 303 454 218 382 532 710
3 512 2 421 378 629 264 442 708 1 091
4 115 2 607 420 653 287 510 737 1 508
5 120 3 208 529 793 340 624 922 1 912
5 654 3 266 474 798 369 605 1 021 2 388
6 238 3 692 586 905 443 686 1 072 2 547
8 067 3 913 548 1 018 436 788 1 122 4 154
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
199
135
48
107
164
227
284
513
359
694
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
8 882 4 506 2 947 1 149 410 2 171 665 439 1 100
6 466 3 999 2 184 1 596 219 1 575 189 254 449
5 427 2 806 1 356 1 359 90 1 630 337 201 453
7 257 4 036 2 467 1 328 241 1 857 379 332 654
8 376 4 217 2 807 1 154 256 2 132 520 434 1 072
9 212 4 584 3 236 923 425 2 359 546 546 1 177
9 786 5 083 3 272 1 192 620 2 480 476 515 1 232
11 538 5 700 4 185 744 771 2 752 879 630 1 576
13 221 6 351 4 765 778 808 2 863 1 031 671 2 305
24 527 10 748 8 038 724 1 985 3 811 4 637 1 134 4 197
Apparel And Services ..............................................................
1 040
598
509
566
1 020
1 065
1 196
1 347
2 005
4 403
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
4 337 1 824 652 1 460 401
2 830 31 264 429 960 177
1 693 689 318 546 140
3 233 1 493 490 1 071 179
3 773 1 521 592 1 285 374
4 987 1 973 773 1 761 481
4 877 1 599 844 1 983 451
8 367 4 197 1 081 2 378 711
8 762 3 759 1 139 3 106 757
11 279 5 005 1 377 3 176 1 721
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
3 103 1 589 625 724 165
2 219 1 057 575 471 116
1 851 1 029 272 471 78
2 504 1 323 423 627 131
3 654 1 671 836 918 229
3 640 1 894 720 871 156
3 867 2 027 823 797 220
3 826 1 963 772 730 362
4 143 2 008 1 149 834 152
4 612 2 394 938 999 280
Entertainment ...........................................................................
1 175
505
416
842
1 012
1 202
1 365
1 833
2 519
4 348
Personal Care Products And Services ...................................
366
286
175
274
329
418
532
595
612
842
Reading .....................................................................................
173
99
75
133
163
198
234
257
323
398
Education ..................................................................................
123
344
29
44
41
131
159
146
535
674
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ............................
156
189
120
123
139
147
138
267
282
316
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
790
835
359
498
647
796
888
934
1 116
3 818
(2)
(2)
30.1
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
1 791
355
284
806
1 034
1 855
2 590
3 116
6 101
8 553
Personal Insurance And Pensions ......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
1 079 349 730
935 422 513
151 135 16
243 195 48
383 272 111
762 403 359
1 378 520 858
2 010 491 1 520
4 972 769 4 202
7 027 1 058 5 969
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Value less than 0.05. 3. Data are likely to have large sampling errors.
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
361
Table 7-16. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Men by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .......................
All single men
Complete reporting of income, total
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 and over
13 258
10 530
1 101
1 593
1 429
975
1 606
1 360
2 466
Average Income Before Taxes1 ....................................................
$28 509
$28 509
$1 297
$7 568
$12 122
$17 284
$24 496
$33 857
$67 782
Age Of Reference Person .............................................................
43.9
43.9
32.9
48.5
50.3
45.3
42.9
41.5
43.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ........................................................................................... Children under 18 ............................................................................ Persons 65 and over ....................................................................... Earners ............................................................................................ Vehicles ...........................................................................................
1.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
0.2 0.7 1.2
0.2 0.8 1.3
0.1 0.8 0.8
0.3 0.5 0.8
0.4 0.6 1.2
0.3 0.7 1.1
0.2 0.8 1.6
0.1 0.9 1.6
0.1 0.9 1.6
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ..............................................................
40
40
15
27
39
33
42
48
58
With mortgage ................................................................................. Without mortgage ............................................................................
20 20
20 20
3 12
5 21
7 32
7 26
21 21
35 14
42 15
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..........................................
$23 739
$25 254
$12 943
$11 847
$17 434
$17 891
$22 804
$28 421
$46 219
Food ................................................................................................ Food at home .................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ....................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ...................................................... Dairy products ............................................................................. Fruits and vegetables .................................................................. Other food at home ...................................................................... Food away from home .....................................................................
3 019 1 348 198 341 140 221 448 1 672
3 201 1 433 207 360 151 236 478 1 768
2 143 880 119 189 105 121 345 1 263
1 940 1 126 178 283 130 181 353 814
2 370 1 295 211 318 147 218 401 1 076
2 678 1 397 212 383 162 202 438 1 281
3 249 1 621 241 396 171 283 531 1 628
3 558 1 398 192 327 128 228 523 2 160
4 692 1 770 233 465 173 306 593 2 923
Alcoholic Beverages .....................................................................
475
521
332
201
317
436
572
485
890
Housing .......................................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................................. Owned dwellings ......................................................................... Rented dwellings ......................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................... Household operations ...................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ............................................
7 962 5 277 2 124 2 792 362 1 443 240 197 806
8 136 5 297 2 121 2 777 398 1 475 267 224 874
4 499 2 913 410 2 113 390 839 98 101 548
4 465 2 933 659 2 148 126 1 006 55 112 359
5 990 3 799 1 183 2 417 199 1 258 328 196 409
6 271 3 983 944 2 950 89 1 379 156 169 584
7 679 4 996 1 845 2 946 204 1 525 199 227 733
8 967 5 973 2 607 3 143 223 1 706 209 231 848
13 887 9 098 4 750 3 309 1 039 2 065 564 356 1 805
Apparel And Services ...................................................................
806
874
304
402
370
399
924
1 276
1 619
Transportation ............................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ........................................................ Gasoline and motor oil ..................................................................... Other vehicle expenses ................................................................... Public transportation ........................................................................
4 040 1 683 700 1 373 285
4 221 1 753 723 1 457 287
2 514 035 503 728 248
1 615 516 393 549 156
3 281 1 511 621 990 160
3 244 1 306 632 1 139 169
3 968 1 461 770 1 518 219
5 364 2 377 968 1 716 303
7 129 3 034 965 2 582 548
Health Care ..................................................................................... Health insurance .............................................................................. Medical services .............................................................................. Drugs ............................................................................................... Medical supplies ..............................................................................
960 448 291 173 48
1 024 469 318 184 53
337 157 109 53 417
748 377 169 176 26
1 237 548 321 290 78
851 451 215 156 428
1 025 458 335 178 54
1 020 508 336 144 32
1 446 614 526 214 91
Entertainment ................................................................................
1 302
1 324
681
628
935
804
1 108
1 504
2 499
Personal Care Products And Services ........................................
140
152
82
65
109
85
173
193
242
Reading ..........................................................................................
112
121
65
58
101
85
118
123
213
Education .......................................................................................
493
506
1 093
760
380
529
501
111
368
41
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies .................................
270
279
206
261
282
311
300
371
246
Miscellaneous ................................................................................
711
750
311
185
585
531
652
1 022
1 399
Cash Contributions .......................................................................
1 229
1 408
133
189
872
575
487
1 112
4 167
Personal Insurance And Pensions .............................................. Life and other personal insurance ................................................... Pensions and Social Security ..........................................................
2 219 152 2 066
2 737 159 2 577
242 35 207
332 75 257
605 80 524
1 092 120 971
2 049 151 1 898
3 312 149 3 164
7 421 342 7 079
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Value less than 0.05. 3. No data reported. 4. Data are likely to have large sampling errors.
362
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-17. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Women by Income Before Taxes, 1998–1999
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .......................
All single women
Complete reporting of income, total
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 and over
17 859
14 046
1 335
3 414
2 914
1 537
1 824
1 282
1 740
Average Income Before Taxes1 ....................................................
$20 779
$20 779
$2 559
$7 624
$12 168
$17 286
$24 447
$34 184
$64 340
Age Of Reference Person .............................................................
55.8
55.8
39.6
63.2
65.8
57.2
52.0
46.6
46.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ........................................................................................... Children under 18 ............................................................................ Persons 65 and over ....................................................................... Earners ............................................................................................ Vehicles ...........................................................................................
1.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
0.4 0.5 0.8
0.4 0.5 0.9
0.2 0.7 0.6
0.6 0.3 0.6
0.7 0.3 0.8
0.5 0.6 1.0
0.3 0.7 1.1
0.1 0.9 1.1
0.1 0.9 1.1
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ..............................................................
52
52
19
47
61
58
52
53
66
With mortgage ................................................................................. Without mortgage ............................................................................
18 35
18 34
6 13
6 42
11 50
16 42
21 32
35 18
50 16
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..........................................
$20 575
$21 775
$12 016
$12 441
$17 597
$21 140
$24 713
$29 444
$46 763
Food ................................................................................................ Food at home .................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ....................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ...................................................... Dairy products ............................................................................. Fruits and vegetables .................................................................. Other food at home ...................................................................... Food away from home .....................................................................
2 398 1 488 233 333 163 291 469 910
2 497 1 540 241 334 170 299 497 956
1 661 1 038 160 206 119 210 343 623
1 957 1 372 229 337 148 253 405 585
2 194 1 504 254 327 174 298 450 689
2 606 1 701 253 376 191 349 530 905
2 690 1 566 233 311 183 319 521 1 124
3 102 1 563 237 278 173 299 575 1 539
4 054 2 177 306 466 219 406 781 1 877
Alcoholic Beverages .....................................................................
156
163
146
76
137
97
140
310
382
Housing .......................................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................................. Owned dwellings ......................................................................... Rented dwellings ......................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................... Household operations ...................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ............................................
8 025 4 762 2 242 2 274 246 1 619 470 293 882
8 256 4 807 2 255 2 297 255 1 637 531 326 955
4 257 2 712 598 1 940 174 927 86 152 381
5 015 2 704 1 026 1 575 104 1 376 316 204 415
6 992 4 031 1 908 1 932 190 1 630 350 303 679
8 010 4 576 2 105 2 248 222 1 686 600 364 784
9 351 5 441 2 220 2 974 247 1 785 396 405 1 324
11 034 7 017 3 334 3 376 307 1 828 243 394 1 551
16 884 9 753 5 893 3 135 725 2 363 1 884 604 2 280
Apparel And Services ...................................................................
1 051
1 156
919
559
628
1 071
1 458
1 562
2 949
Transportation ............................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ........................................................ Gasoline and motor oil ..................................................................... Other vehicle expenses ................................................................... Public transportation ........................................................................
2 985 1 252 433 1 036 264
3 085 1 286 441 1 084 275
1 537 4536 321 547 133
1 551 653 265 475 158
2 593 1 225 362 789 218
3 242 1 353 487 1 149 253
3 515 1 259 575 1 418 264
5 195 2 439 610 1 805 341
5 973 2 323 703 2 254 693
Health Care ..................................................................................... Health insurance .............................................................................. Medical services .............................................................................. Drugs ............................................................................................... Medical supplies ..............................................................................
1 515 692 391 350 83
1 585 707 422 365 91
753 288 252 177 35
1 330 693 211 356 69
1 989 961 401 524 102
2 082 844 665 471 102
1 524 637 480 293 114
1 339 571 462 239 67
1 860 680 699 342 139
Entertainment ................................................................................
840
906
783
429
739
844
1 127
1 099
1 937
Personal Care Products And Services ........................................
335
361
201
237
321
424
339
567
639
Reading ..........................................................................................
128
137
71
69
121
137
176
209
253
Education .......................................................................................
349
359
963
266
206
194
211
303
677
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies .................................
117
121
112
104
118
144
150
97
130
Miscellaneous ................................................................................
639
696
293
403
528
578
866
674
1 807
Cash Contributions .......................................................................
775
888
127
237
648
802
1 294
642
2 979
Personal Insurance And Pensions .............................................. Life and other personal insurance ................................................... Pensions and Social Security ..........................................................
1 261 136 1 125
1 566 147 1 419
192 56 136
208 94 114
383 136 248
909 132 777
1 873 240 1 633
3 312 177 3 136
6 238 236 6 003
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only. 2. Value less than 0.05. 3. No data reported. 4. Data are likely to have large sampling errors.
363
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
Table 7-18. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1998–1999: Northeast Region
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
All consumer units in the Northeast
New York
Philadelphia
Boston
Pittsburgh
20 933
7 633
1 912
2 456
1 094
Average Income Before Taxes1 ...............................................
$46 809
$55 680
$48 442
$51 409
$36 860
Age Of Reference Person ........................................................
49.0
48.3
49.9
46.9
52.2
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 ....................................................................... Persons 65 and over .................................................................. Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.7
2.7 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.4
2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.8
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.6
2.2 0.5 0.4 1.2 1.8
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
PERCENT HOMEOWNER .........................................................
62
53
73
62
68
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
$37 950
$43 998
$40 147
$39 234
$34 511
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
5 314 3 001 474 808 342 539 838 2 313
6 265 3 374 525 983 375 628 863 2 891
4 753 2 596 381 768 291 474 681 2 157
4 904 2 486 382 659 285 508 653 2 417
4 981 2 803 465 715 331 447 846 2 177
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
368
405
350
519
280
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
13 229 8 150 5 209 2 390 550 2 457 581 474 1 567
16 182 10 554 6 404 3 544 606 2 592 758 497 1 781
14 783 9 239 6 615 1 875 750 2 841 518 477 1 709
14 612 9 480 6 111 2 396 973 2 419 667 363 1 684
9 993 4 946 3 080 1 587 278 2 426 398 688 1 535
Apparel And Services ..............................................................
1 831
2 327
1 433
1 671
2 331
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
6 503 2 761 901 2 266 575
6 972 2 655 877 2 523 917
7 896 3 865 869 2 706 457
6 312 2 645 923 2 143 600
5 795 2 443 862 2 184 307
Health Care ...............................................................................
1 788
1 863
1 781
1 686
1 932
Entertainment ...........................................................................
1 821
2 007
1 721
1 937
1 631
Personal Care Products And Services ...................................
399
485
295
344
522
Reading .....................................................................................
198
216
192
226
181
Education ..................................................................................
877
975
1 088
1 252
467
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ............................
309
304
260
292
296
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
857
924
927
710
986
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
994
1 021
1 093
1 138
1 408
Personal Insurance And Pensions ......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
3 461 424 3 037
4 052 464 3 588
3 576 543 3 033
3 631 396 3 235
3 710 1 078 2 632
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only.
364
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-19. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1998–1999: South Region
Complete reporting of income Item
All consumer units in the South
Washington, D.C.
37 577
1 852
941
1 725
1 402
1 019
2 035
1 700
Average Income Before Taxes1 ...............................................
$39 371
$65 387
$48 355
$49 483
$45 233
$40 101
$52 874
$50 313
Age Of Reference Person ........................................................
47.6
46.5
48.7
45.6
49.2
50.8
44.6
44.8
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 ....................................................................... Persons 65 and over .................................................................. Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.6 0.7 0.3 1.5 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.7
2.6 0.7 0.2 1.5 2.0
2.6 0.7 0.4 1.4 1.6
2.3 0.5 0.4 1.2 1.7
2.6 0.7 0.2 1.5 1.9
2.8 0.9 0.2 1.5 1.9
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
Baltimore
Atlanta
Miami
DallasFort Worth
Tampa
Houston
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
PERCENT HOMEOWNER .........................................................
67
64
66
68
64
70
59
56
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
$33 135
$46 801
$39 782
$38 727
$38 099
$32 928
$44 224
$43 038
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
4 533 2 660 401 725 282 438 815 1 873
5 358 2 907 412 696 291 602 906 2 451
5 165 2 967 441 799 312 502 913 2 198
4 449 2 390 365 649 234 415 727 2 060
4 791 2 884 465 905 326 497 692 1 908
4 750 2 741 398 786 295 438 825 2 009
6 490 3 512 535 910 384 601 1 082 2 979
5 624 2 948 409 819 294 522 904 2 676
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
253
419
371
240
306
405
329
412
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
10 303 5 467 3 465 1 641 361 2 482 553 473 1 328
16 386 10 477 6 505 3 052 921 2 640 815 473 1 981
13 484 8 164 5 751 1 784 629 2 356 606 661 1 697
13 740 8 136 5 397 2 230 508 3 054 793 340 1 417
13 966 8 446 5 384 2 744 319 2 724 1 017 407 1 372
11 040 6 255 3 832 1 873 550 2 457 639 449 1 240
13 227 7 358 4 393 2 662 302 2 909 797 538 1 624
13 108 7 166 4 122 2 572 472 2 882 762 489 1 809
Apparel And Services ..............................................................
1 610
2 279
1 660
1 712
1 734
1 330
2 492
1 950
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
6 738 3 354 1 052 2 033 298
8 171 3 914 1 040 2 463 755
6 347 2 801 1 012 2 100 435
8 058 3 814 1 074 2 824 346
7 425 2 840 1 085 3 054 446
5 986 2 602 900 2 074 411
7 835 3 687 1 272 2 468 407
9 569 5 039 1 243 2 853 435
Health Care ...............................................................................
1 971
2 202
1 581
1 835
1 481
2 294
2 148
1 919
Entertainment ...........................................................................
1 574
2 261
2 104
1 692
1 780
1 471
2 011
1 847
Personal Care Products And Services ...................................
393
640
462
343
408
292
528
537
Reading .....................................................................................
121
244
129
177
88
118
163
130
Education ..................................................................................
431
856
671
545
433
392
535
490
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ............................
288
228
243
198
204
284
301
346
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
750
1 038
2 090
727
608
707
794
959
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
1 122
1 366
1 122
1 488
1 059
834
2 251
1 388
Personal Insurance And Pensions ......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
3 048 414 2 635
5 353 674 4 679
4 354 433 3 921
3 523 503 3 020
3 815 341 3 474
3 026 324 2 702
5 121 545 4 575
4 758 478 4 280
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only.
365
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
Table 7-20. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1998–1999: Midwest Region
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...................
All consumer units in the Midwest
Chicago
Detroit
Milwaukee
MinneapolisSt. Paul
Cleveland
Cincinnati
St. Louis
Kansas City
25 556
3 055
1 995
686
1 242
1 200
838
993
768
Average Income Before Taxes1 ................................................
$41 447
$47 591
$47 539
$43 855
$58 032
$47 202
$44 872
$43 121
$49 495
Age Of Reference Person .........................................................
48.2
48.3
47.2
49.0
47.0
49.7
47.5
50.8
43.8
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons ........................................................................................ Children under 18 ........................................................................ Persons 65 and over .................................................................... Earners ........................................................................................ Vehicles .......................................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.1
2.6 0.8 0.3 1.4 1.6
2.6 0.8 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.5 0.7 0.4 1.4 2.0
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.5 2.6
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.4 1.4 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.2 1.5 2.2
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ..........................................................
69
64
71
63
68
71
62
75
63
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ......................................
$35 352
$38 153
$38 097
$36 862
$48 445
$37 676
$37 376
$36 101
$36 870
Food ............................................................................................ Food at home ............................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .................................................. Dairy products .......................................................................... Fruits and vegetables .............................................................. Other food at home .................................................................. Food away from home .................................................................
4 802 2 733 430 671 304 442 887 2 069
5 092 2 802 423 731 285 514 849 2 290
5 580 3 126 504 845 329 510 939 2 454
4 344 2 473 363 538 281 391 900 1 871
5 778 3 050 435 656 382 535 1 042 2 728
4 940 2 892 437 833 302 465 854 2 048
4 994 2 605 397 600 312 384 912 2 389
5 270 3 193 499 912 314 536 931 2 078
5 115 3 254 437 916 332 565 1 005 1 861
Alcoholic Beverages .................................................................
304
411
346
356
507
295
356
222
244
Housing ...................................................................................... Shelter ......................................................................................... Owned dwellings ...................................................................... Rented dwellings ..................................................................... Other lodging ........................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ............................................... Household operations .................................................................. Housekeeping supplies ................................................................ Household furnishings and equipment ........................................
11 195 6 269 4 282 1 558 429 2 401 542 508 1 475
13 730 8 406 5 624 2 238 545 2 647 520 567 1 590
13 023 7 603 5 478 1 668 458 2 607 673 558 1 582
13 147 8 249 5 538 2 326 384 2 277 590 500 1 531
14 975 8 812 6 065 2 029 719 2 284 1 003 659 2 217
11 945 6 942 4 926 1 469 547 2 523 410 554 1 515
12 071 6 932 4 330 2 153 449 2 341 797 433 1 568
11 300 6 432 4 536 1 589 308 2 680 744 328 1 115
11 419 6 537 4 192 1 979 366 2 597 619 378 1 290
Apparel And Services ................................................................
1 607
1 888
2 056
1 319
1 979
1 777
1 595
1 911
1 708
Transportation ........................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ............................................................... Public transportation ....................................................................
6 617 3 081 1 036 2 159 341
6 233 2 779 928 1 958 568
7 162 2 854 1 054 2 835 419
7 271 3 643 1 022 2 140 466
8 847 4 175 1 172 2 891 610
7 133 3 471 916 2 304 442
6 857 3 108 1 029 2 388 332
7 014 3 582 970 2 168 294
7 789 3 948 1 155 2 383 303
Health Care .................................................................................
2 048
1 951
1 701
2 050
2 262
1 661
2 280
1 985
2 043
Entertainment .............................................................................
1 984
1 771
2 123
1 676
2 498
2 294
1 851
1 641
1 649
Personal Care Products And Services ....................................
385
429
532
270
526
481
369
342
307
Reading .......................................................................................
168
151
178
182
247
201
183
140
144
Education ...................................................................................
583
938
399
469
767
632
691
508
642
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies .............................
331
266
403
413
344
321
402
233
302
Miscellaneous ............................................................................
855
778
813
981
1 402
1 345
948
867
920
Cash Contributions ...................................................................
1 120
1 248
676
1 085
1 454
928
1 752
1 290
917
Personal Insurance And Pensions ........................................... Life and other personal insurance ............................................... Pensions and Social Security ......................................................
3 355 387 2 968
3 267 392 2 875
3 106 394 2 712
3 300 359 2 941
6 859 419 6 440
3 723 416 3 307
3 029 371 2 658
3 377 361 3 016
3 671 401 3 270
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only.
366
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 7-21. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1998–1999: West Region
Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........
All consumer units in the West
Los Angeles
San Francisco
San Diego
Portland
Seattle
Honolulu
Anchorage
Phoenix
Denver
23 758
5 483
2 781
945
1 053
1 337
298
92
1 220
1 131
Average Income Before Taxes1 ......................................
$45 736
$51 552
$59 224
$49 988
$47 414
$52 304
$53 537
$59 391
$44 090
$52 948
Age Of Reference Person ...............................................
46.5
47.0
47.3
49.0
47.2
48.1
51.9
42.5
46.1
44.7
Average Number In Consumer Unit Persons .............................................................................. Children under 18 .............................................................. Persons 65 and over .......................................................... Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................
2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0
2.8 0.8 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.2 2.0
2.5 0.7 0.2 1.4 2.2
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 2.5
2.9 0.7 0.4 1.5 1.7
2.6 0.8 0.1 1.5 2.6
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.8
2.4 0.6 0.2 1.5 2.2
PERCENT HOMEOWNER ................................................
59
53
59
53
59
66
57
58
60
67
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................
$40 647
$43 192
$51 015
$44 179
$43 331
$44 065
$42 474
$50 955
$40 167
$44 413
Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home .......................................................
5 312 3 132 466 761 341 562 1 001 2 180
5 204 3 013 435 815 319 563 881 2 192
6 963 4 214 660 1 047 409 794 1 304 2 749
5 292 2 849 444 671 304 530 901 2 443
5 855 3 557 539 770 397 670 1 182 2 298
6 080 3 486 545 805 362 641 1 133 2 594
6 300 3 423 501 935 298 690 999 2 877
6 267 3 922 524 977 408 699 1 313 2 345
4 981 2 670 371 607 334 454 904 2 311
5 172 2 793 432 593 318 439 1 012 2 378
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................
372
297
516
462
430
541
406
508
437
490
Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................
13 756 8 515 5 230 2 709 575 2 179 781 513 1 768
15 934 10 087 5 804 3 671 612 2 267 1 256 469 1 856
18 058 11 885 7 376 3 818 691 2 193 1 128 620 2 232
16 266 10 457 6 101 3 756 600 1 977 989 514 2 327
13 847 8 708 5 568 2 601 539 2 160 675 506 1 799
14 905 9 393 6 166 2 461 766 2 262 666 693 1 890
14 676 10 079 6 156 3 403 520 2 032 514 554 1 497
17 375 10 531 6 169 3 367 995 2 614 958 700 2 573
12 891 7 723 4 689 2 538 496 2 459 669 479 1 562
15 417 9 728 6 120 2 296 1 312 2 200 860 482 2 147
Apparel And Services ......................................................
1 863
2 158
2 444
2 018
1 687
1 932
1 995
1 957
2 057
1 958
Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................
7 423 3 180 1 129 2 585 530
7 551 2 976 1 157 2 860 558
8 186 3 164 1 232 2 954 836
8 550 3 988 1 177 2 748 637
8 117 4 123 1 103 2 373 519
7 650 2 867 1 216 2 843 725
5 354 999 1 060 2 262 1 033
9 284 3 812 1 300 3 191 981
8 212 4 035 1 016 2 697 464
8 233 3 116 1 107 3 380 631
Health Care .......................................................................
1 869
1 757
1 792
1 850
1 837
1 931
2 188
2 324
2 007
1 915
Entertainment ...................................................................
2 139
1 905
2 395
2 684
2 283
3 060
2 083
3 562
2 036
2 570
Personal Care Products And Services ..........................
449
472
558
544
424
522
638
524
455
419
Reading .............................................................................
181
144
257
191
198
256
193
312
182
234
Education .........................................................................
676
668
875
398
728
618
1 147
576
535
632
Tobacco Products And Smoking Supplies ...................
217
177
192
166
256
311
217
419
251
288
Miscellaneous ..................................................................
1 058
1 305
1 136
847
826
1 087
978
1 480
958
1 325
Cash Contributions .........................................................
1 342
1 352
2 056
842
2 036
873
1 410
1 225
1 538
969
Personal Insurance And Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................
3 990 355 3 636
4 269 349 3 920
5 587 330 5 257
4 070 452 3 618
4 807 462 4 345
4 299 427 3 872
4 890 687 4 203
5 141 574 4 568
3 627 336 3 290
4 791 427 4 363
1. Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income reporters" only.
PART EIGHT OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH HIGHLIGHTS This part includes data on work-related illnesses and injuries and fatal work injuries based on the Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Data are classified by industry, occupation, worker characteristics, and major exposure.
Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Rates by Industry, 1998 and 1999 (Incidence Rates per 100 Full-time Workers) Durable Goods Manufacturing Construction Nondurable Goods Manufacturing Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Transportation and Public Utilities Wholesale and Retail Trade Services Mining Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 0
2
4
6 1998
8
10
12
1999
Incidence rates for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses continued to decline for all major industries except for transportation and public utilities which stayed the same. The durable goods manufacturing industry continued to have the highest rate. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: • •
• •
In 1999, 17 workers on average were fatally injured each day. Highway crashes were the greatest single cause, constituting 25 percent of the total occupational fatalities. (Tables 8-4, 8-5) Transportation and material moving was the occupational group with the largest number of fatal injuries (22 percent). Truck drivers constituted the highest proportion of fatal occupational injuries in 1999 at 15 percent, and averaged 2.4 fatalities each day. Also truck drivers had the highest share of nonfatal occupational injuries and illness at 8 percent in 1999. (Tables 8-3, 8-5) In 1999, while women represented 7 percent of total fatal injuries, this rate jumps to 33 percent for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses. (Tables 8-2, 8-4) The age group of 25–44 years constituted 55 percent of the nonfatal occupational injuries and 44 percent of the fatal occupational injuries. (Tables 8-2, 8-4)
369
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NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Collection and Coverage The Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is designed to collect data on injuries and illnesses based on records that employers maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The survey sample selected by BLS consists of approximately 250,000 units in the following private industry groups: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services (except private households). Excluded from the survey are self-employed individuals; farmers with fewer than 11 employees; employers regulated by other federal safety and health laws; and federal, state, and local government agencies. Mining and railroad data are furnished to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration and are included in the tabulations. Federal grants covering a portion of the operating cost permit states to develop estimates of occupational injuries and illnesses and to provide the data from which BLS produces national results and provides technical assistance to the state agencies. Industry data are classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification. Concepts and Definitions Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses are: (1) nonfatal occupational illnesses; or (2) nonfatal occupational injuries that involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment (other than first aid). The annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses. To better address fatalities, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (see below). Occupational injury is any injury—such as a cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, and so forth—that results from a work accident or from exposure involving a single incident in the work environment.
Lost workday cases are cases that involve days away from work, days of restricted work activity, or both. The data are presented in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses or cases of lost workdays per 100 full-time employees. The formula is (N/EH) x 200,000, where N=number of injuries and illnesses or lost workday cases, EH=total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year, and 200,000 represents the base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). Comparable data for individual states are available from the BLS Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions. Fatal Occupational Injuries Beginning in 1992, BLS has collected a comprehensive count of work-related deaths in the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). The BLS fatality census covers not only private wage and salary workers, but also workers on small farms, the self-employed and family workers, and public sector workers. The CFOI program is a cooperative venture between the state and federal governments. The program collects and cross checks fatality information from multiple sources, including death certificates, state and federal workers’ compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Mine Safety and Health Administration records, medical examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, state motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up questionnaires to employers. Fatality counts from the BLS Census are combined with annual average employment from the Current Population Survey to produce a fatal work injury rate. For a fatality to be included in the CFOI, the decedent must have been employed at the time of the event and present at the site of the incident as a job requirement. Because of the latency period of many occupational illnesses and the resulting difficulty associated with linking illnesses to work, it is difficult to compile a complete count of all fatal illnesses in a given year. Thus, information on illness related deaths is excluded from the basic fatality count. Sources of Additional Information
Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illness or disease that may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. Long-term latent illnesses can be difficult to relate to the workplace and are believed to be understated in this survey.
For more extensive definitions and description of collection methods see BLS news release USDL 01-71 for illnesses, USDL 00-236 for fatalities, and occasional articles in Compensation and Working Conditions.
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Table 8-1. Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Incidence Rates by Industry and Case Types, 1989–1999 (Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers.) Industry and type of case
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
PRIVATE INDUSTRY 1, 2 Total cases .................................................................................................. Lost workday cases .....................................................................................
8.6 4.0
8.8 4.1
8.4 3.9
8.9 3.9
8.5 3.8
8.4 3.8
8.1 3.6
7.4 3.4
7.1 3.3
6.7 3.1
6.3 3.0
10.9 5.7
11.6 5.9
10.8 5.4
11.6 5.4
11.2 5.0
10.0 4.7
9.7 4.3
8.7 3.9
8.4 4.1
7.9 3.9
7.3 3.4
8.5 4.8
8.3 5.0
7.4 4.5
7.3 4.1
6.8 3.9
6.3 3.9
6.2 3.9
5.4 3.2
5.9 3.7
4.9 2.9
4.4 2.7
Total cases .................................................................................................. Lost workday cases .....................................................................................
14.3 6.8
14.2 6.7
13.0 6.1
13.1 5.8
12.2 5.5
11.8 5.5
10.6 4.9
9.9 4.5
9.5 4.4
8.8 4.0
8.6 4.2
General building contractors Total cases .............................................................................................. Lost workday cases .................................................................................
13.9 6.5
13.4 6.4
12.0 5.5
12.2 5.4
11.5 5.1
10.9 5.1
9.8 4.4
9.0 4.0
8.5 3.7
8.4 3.9
8.0 3.7
Heavy construction, except building Total cases .............................................................................................. Lost workday cases .................................................................................
13.8 6.5
13.8 6.3
12.8 6.0
12.1 5.4
11.1 5.1
10.2 5.0
9.9 4.8
9.0 4.3
8.7 4.3
8.2 4.1
7.8 3.8
Special trade contractors Total cases .............................................................................................. Lost workday cases .................................................................................
14.6 6.9
14.7 6.9
13.5 6.3
13.8 6.1
12.8 5.8
12.5 5.8
11.1 5.0
10.4 4.8
10.0 4.7
9.1 4.1
8.9 4.4
Total cases .................................................................................................. Lost workday cases .....................................................................................
13.1 5.8
13.2 5.8
12.7 5.6
12.5 5.4
12.1 5.3
12.2 5.5
11.6 5.3
10.6 4.9
10.3 4.8
9.7 4.7
9.2 4.6
Durable goods Total cases .............................................................................................. Lost workday cases .................................................................................
14.1 6.0
14.2 6.0
13.6 5.7
13.4 5.5
13.1 5.4
13.5 5.7
12.8 5.6
11.6 5.1
11.3 5.1
10.7 5.0
10.1 4.8
Lumber and wood products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
18.4 9.4
18.1 8.8
16.8 8.3
16.3 7.6
15.9 7.6
15.7 7.7
14.9 7.0
14.2 6.8
13.5 6.5
13.2 6.8
13.0 6.7
Furniture and fixtures Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
16.1 7.2
16.9 7.8
15.9 7.2
14.8 6.6
14.6 6.5
15.0 7.0
13.9 6.4
12.2 5.4
12.0 5.8
11.4 5.7
11.5 5.9
Stone, clay, and glass products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
15.5 7.4
15.4 7.3
14.8 6.8
13.6 6.1
13.8 6.3
13.2 6.5
12.3 5.7
12.4 6.0
11.8 5.7
11.8 6.0
10.7 5.4
Primary metal industries Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
18.7 8.1
19.0 8.1
17.7 7.4
17.5 7.1
17.0 7.3
16.8 7.2
16.5 7.2
15.0 6.8
15.0 7.2
14.0 7.0
12.9 6.3
Fabricated metal products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
18.5 7.9
18.7 7.9
17.4 7.1
16.8 6.6
16.2 6.7
16.4 6.7
15.8 6.9
14.4 6.2
14.2 6.4
13.9 6.5
12.6 6.0
Industrial machinery and equipment Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
12.1 4.8
12.0 4.7
11.2 4.4
11.1 4.2
11.1 4.2
11.6 4.4
11.2 4.4
9.9 4.0
10.0 4.1
9.5 4.0
8.5 3.7
Electronic and other electric equipment Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
9.1 3.9
9.1 3.8
8.6 3.7
8.4 3.6
8.3 3.5
8.3 3.6
7.6 3.3
6.8 3.1
6.6 3.1
5.9 2.8
5.7 2.8
Transportation equipment Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
17.7 6.8
17.8 6.9
18.3 7.0
18.7 7.1
18.5 7.1
19.6 7.8
18.6 7.9
16.3 7.0
15.4 6.6
14.6 6.6
13.7 6.4
Instruments and related products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
5.6 2.5
5.9 2.7
6.0 2.7
5.9 2.7
5.6 2.5
5.9 2.7
5.3 2.4
5.1 2.3
4.8 2.3
4.0 1.9
4.0 1.8
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
11.1 5.1
11.3 5.1
11.3 5.1
10.7 5.0
10.0 4.6
9.9 4.5
9.1 4.3
9.5 4.4
8.9 4.2
8.1 3.9
8.4 4.0
Agriculture, Forestry, And Fishing 2 Total cases .................................................................................................. Lost workday cases ..................................................................................... Mining 3 Total cases .................................................................................................. Lost workday cases ..................................................................................... Construction
Manufacturing
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
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Table 8-1. Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Incidence Rates by Industry and Case Types, 1989–1999—Continued (Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers.) Industry and type of case
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Nondurable goods Total cases .............................................................................................. Lost workday cases .................................................................................
11.6 5.5
11.7 5.6
11.5 5.5
11.3 5.3
10.7 5.0
10.5 5.1
9.9 4.9
9.2 4.6
8.8 4.4
8.2 4.3
7.8 4.2
Food and kindred products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
18.5 9.3
20.0 9.9
19.5 9.9
18.8 9.5
17.6 8.9
17.1 9.2
16.3 8.7
15.0 8.0
14.5 8.0
13.6 7.5
12.7 7.3
Tobacco products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
8.7 3.4
7.7 3.2
6.4 2.8
6.0 2.4
5.8 2.3
5.3 2.4
5.6 2.6
6.7 2.8
5.9 2.7
6.4 3.1
5.5 2.2
Textile mill products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
10.3 4.2
9.6 4.0
10.0 4.4
9.9 4.2
9.7 4.1
8.7 4.0
8.2 4.1
7.8 3.6
6.7 3.1
6.7 3.4
6.4 3.2
Apparel and other textile products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
8.6 3.8
8.8 3.9
9.2 4.2
9.5 4.0
9.0 3.8
8.9 3.9
8.2 3.6
7.4 3.3
7.0 3.1
6.2 2.6
5.8 2.8
Paper and allied products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
12.7 5.8
12.1 5.5
11.2 5.0
11.0 5.0
9.9 4.6
9.6 4.5
8.5 4.2
7.9 3.8
7.3 3.7
7.1 3.7
7.0 3.7
Printing and publishing Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
6.9 3.3
6.9 3.3
6.7 3.2
7.3 3.2
6.9 3.1
6.7 3.0
6.4 3.0
6.0 2.8
5.7 2.7
5.4 2.8
5.0 2.6
Chemicals and allied products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
7.0 3.2
6.5 3.1
6.4 3.1
6.0 2.8
5.9 2.7
5.7 2.8
5.5 2.7
4.8 2.4
4.8 2.3
4.2 2.1
4.4 2.3
Petroleum and coal products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
6.6 3.3
6.6 3.1
6.2 2.9
5.9 2.8
5.2 2.5
4.7 2.3
4.8 2.4
4.6 2.5
4.3 2.2
3.9 1.8
4.1 1.8
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
16.2 8.0
16.2 7.8
15.1 7.2
14.5 6.8
13.9 6.5
14.0 6.7
12.9 6.5
12.3 6.3
11.9 5.8
11.2 5.8
10.1 5.5
Leather and leather products Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
13.6 6.5
12.1 5.9
12.5 5.9
12.1 5.4
12.1 5.5
12.0 5.3
11.4 4.8
10.7 4.5
10.6 4.3
9.8 4.5
10.3 5.0
9.2 5.3
9.6 5.5
9.3 5.4
9.1 5.1
9.5 5.4
9.3 5.5
9.1 5.2
8.7 5.1
8.2 4.8
7.3 4.3
7.3 4.4
Total cases .................................................................................................. Lost workday cases .....................................................................................
8.0 3.6
7.9 3.5
7.6 3.4
8.4 3.5
8.1 3.4
7.9 3.4
7.5 3.2
6.8 2.9
6.7 3.0
6.5 2.8
6.1 2.7
Wholesale trade Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
7.7 4.0
7.4 3.7
7.2 3.7
7.6 3.6
7.8 3.7
7.7 3.8
7.5 3.6
6.6 3.4
6.5 3.2
6.5 3.3
6.3 3.3
Retail trade Total cases .......................................................................................... Lost workday cases .............................................................................
8.1 3.4
8.1 3.4
7.7 3.3
8.7 3.4
8.2 3.3
7.9 3.3
7.5 3.0
6.9 2.8
6.8 2.9
6.5 2.7
6.1 2.5
2.0 0.9
2.4 1.1
2.4 1.1
2.9 1.2
2.9 1.2
2.7 1.1
2.6 1.0
2.4 0.9
2.2 0.9
1.9 0.7
1.8 0.8
5.5 2.7
6.0 2.8
6.2 2.8
7.1 3.0
6.7 2.8
6.5 2.8
6.4 2.8
6.0 2.6
5.6 2.5
5.2 2.4
4.9 2.2
Transportation And Public Utilities 3 Total cases .................................................................................................. Lost workday cases ..................................................................................... Wholesale And Retail Trade
Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate Total cases .................................................................................................. Lost workday cases ..................................................................................... Services Total cases .................................................................................................. Lost workday cases .....................................................................................
Note: Because of rounding, components may not add to totals. 1. Totals include data for industries not shown separately. 2. Exclude farms with fewer than 11 employees. 3. Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; and the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal, and nonmetal mining industries.
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Table 8-2. Number of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work 1 by Selected Worker Characteristics and Industry Division, Private Industry, 1999 (Numbers in thousands.) Goods producing Characteristic
Total cases 2
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2
Mining 3
Construction
Service producing
Manufacturing
Transportation and public utilities 3
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
TOTAL CASES .................................................................
1 702.5
34.9
11.3
193.8
403.6
196.7
136.1
291.6
39.5
394.9
Sex Men .................................................................................... Women ..............................................................................
1 129.2 558.1
28.6 6.2
11.0 0.3
188.6 4.6
301.6 100.4
149.8 39.6
116.0 19.3
161.1 128.8
18.1 21.3
154.3 237.7
Age 4 14 to 15 years .................................................................... 16 to 19 years .................................................................... 20 to 24 years .................................................................... 25 to 34 years .................................................................... 35 to 44 years .................................................................... 45 to 54 years .................................................................... 55 to 64 years .................................................................... 65 and over ........................................................................
0.9 58.2 197.8 457.6 483.5 310.5 138.4 22.5
... 1.3 5.4 10.5 9.7 4.7 2.1 0.4
... 0.2 0.8 2.5 3.4 3.3 0.8
... 5.0 27.0 58.2 59.2 28.3 10.6 0.8
(5)
8.0 42.0 109.1 118.4 81.9 36.4 3.2
... 3.4 16.4 54.4 61.8 39.8 15.2 1.9
... 2.8 15.5 39.4 41.7 23.1 9.3 1.3
0.3 26.1 47.4 73.9 67.4 42.0 21.6 6.3
... 0.6 3.5 8.9 10.8 8.7 4.4 1.0
0.5 10.9 39.8 100.6 111.0 78.6 38.1 7.6
Occupation Managerial and professional specialty ............................... Technical, sales, and administrative support ..................... Service ............................................................................... Farming, forestry, and fishing ............................................ Precision production, craft, and repair ............................... Operators, fabricators, and laborers ..................................
94.7 249.4 289.5 42.9 298.0 719.7
0.5 1.5 0.5 27.4 1.3 3.5
0.3 0.1 ... 5.3 5.2
2.1 2.5 0.5 0.4 114.6 72.6
5.6 22.8 7.2 2.8 72.3 290.9
3.2 27.6 12.3 0.3 26.5 126.5
4.9 20.6 1.4 1.7 16.3 90.2
10.8 91.6 79.6 1.0 30.7 76.8
5.5 16.0 7.5 2.9 5.0 2.1
61.8 66.7 180.4 6.5 25.8 51.8
Length Of Service With Employer Less than 3 months ........................................................... 3 to 11 months ................................................................... 1 to 5 years ........................................................................ More than 5 years .............................................................. Not reported .......................................................................
230.0 308.3 549.7 413.8 200.7
7.4 8.0 11.3 6.4 1.9
1.5 1.6 3.8 3.8 0.6
41.2 43.2 63.0 33.1 13.3
45.5 65.3 126.0 130.6 36.2
16.2 23.7 53.4 50.0 53.5
17.1 24.5 50.5 35.0 9.0
47.1 62.9 94.1 50.5 37.0
3.7 6.6 15.0 10.1 4.1
50.4 72.5 132.6 94.3 45.1
Race Or Ethnic Origin White, non-Hispanic ........................................................... Black, non-Hispanic ........................................................... Hispanic ............................................................................. Asian or Pacific Islander .................................................... American Indian or Alaskan Native .................................... Not reported .......................................................................
859.6 155.1 182.9 25.3 6.8 472.7
14.0 1.3 14.6 0.2 0.1 4.6
2.2 0.1 1.1
121.5 9.6 28.8 1.3 1.1 31.6
219.3 35.4 46.4 6.1 1.5 94.9
68.8 15.6 8.9 1.6 0.4 101.4
78.0 11.6 16.4 1.9 0.8 27.4
149.4 22.2 26.9 6.0 0.7 86.6
19.2 3.9 3.8 1.1 0.3 11.2
187.1 55.5 36.0 7.2 1.8 107.3
(5)
(5)
(5)
... 7.8
Note: Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, components may not add to totals. 1. Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work activity. 2. Exclude farms with fewer than 11 employees. 3. Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; and the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal, and nonmetal mining industries. 4. Information is not shown separately for injured workers under age 14; they accounted for fewer than 50 cases. 5. Value less than 50 cases.
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 8-3. Number and Percent Distribution of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work 1 by Selected Occupation and Number of Days Away from Work, Private Industry, 1999 (Numbers, percent, days.) Percent of days-away-from-work-cases involving: 11 to 20 days
21 to 30 days
31 days and over
Median days away from work
13.3
11.4
6.3
19.6
6
18.9 20.2 24.2 20.2 21.6
14.1 14.7 13.4 13.7 15.4
13.4 11.2 10.4 9.4 11.0
6.8 6.1 4.3 7.2 5.7
24.7 17.6 16.6 21.6 17.3
8 5 5 6 5
11.9 13.2 15.5 16.3 15.5
16.9 17.9 26.4 25.3 23.2
14.0 12.8 14.8 14.5 14.8
11.0 10.1 8.0 10.5 9.8
7.1 7.2 5.7 5.7 4.6
22.1 24.5 13.4 13.5 14.7
7 7 4 5 4
13.5 19.2 23.7 15.0 16.6
13.8 14.7 12.7 14.2 12.3
22.5 21.9 17.5 23.2 23.8
11.2 14.2 12.2 12.9 9.8
11.2 13.0 10.2 11.5 13.0
7.9 3.1 6.8 6.1 5.9
20.0 13.8 16.9 17.0 18.6
6 4 5 5 5
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
14.7 14.4 17.5 19.7 18.3
13.9 13.6 10.3 13.2 11.9
22.5 19.9 19.2 20.2 23.8
15.6 12.8 12.5 12.4 11.9
9.3 11.3 14.2 10.2 9.2
4.7 6.1 5.3 7.7 6.6
19.3 21.9 21.0 16.5 18.3
5 6 7 5 5
14.5 14.1 13.9 13.2 12.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
11.2 17.6 18.4 15.3 13.7
12.4 15.5 11.6 16.0 13.1
23.1 25.5 18.5 21.9 19.5
14.1 13.1 10.8 13.7 14.4
11.0 9.5 12.9 11.2 10.7
7.3 5.2 6.6 5.0 7.0
20.9 13.6 21.1 16.8 21.6
6 4 6 5 6
Repairers, industrial machinery ............................................................................ Licensed practical nurses ..................................................................................... Mechanics, bus, truck, stationary engine ............................................................. Farm workers ....................................................................................................... Packaging, filling machine operators ....................................................................
11.9 11.7 11.6 11.5 11.5
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
16.6 15.3 17.7 10.9 16.1
11.5 12.3 11.9 13.0 14.7
16.4 24.5 17.2 22.1 18.6
11.5 15.5 11.8 14.8 13.8
13.4 7.4 8.6 11.6 9.9
8.3 4.9 8.5 6.3 6.8
22.3 19.9 24.3 21.3 20.1
8 5 7 6 6
Stock and inventory clerks ................................................................................... Supervisors, production workers .......................................................................... Health aides, except nursing ................................................................................ Hand packers and packagers ............................................................................... Butchers and meat cutters ...................................................................................
11.4 10.7 10.1 9.8 9.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
14.7 18.0 15.8 21.2 19.4
16.7 16.1 15.9 12.7 14.7
20.2 18.3 28.5 20.4 18.6
10.4 12.5 11.7 11.3 16.0
11.9 12.3 9.0 11.6 10.8
7.1 5.8 6.0 4.8 4.6
19.0 17.1 13.1 18.0 15.9
5 5 5 5 5
Guards and police, except public ......................................................................... Attendants, public transportation .......................................................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ........................................ Machinists ............................................................................................................ Helpers, construction trades .................................................................................
9.1 9.0 8.9 8.7 8.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
14.1 4.9 15.9 20.1 22.6
12.5 9.7 10.4 10.8 11.2
19.1 20.5 17.8 18.4 21.0
10.6 16.1 11.4 12.7 10.6
12.3 15.9 10.5 10.8 13.4
5.5 7.8 10.4 7.2 5.4
26.0 25.1 23.5 20.0 15.7
7 10 10 6 5
Total cases (thousands) 2
Percent of total cases
TOTAL CASES ....................................................................................................
1 702.5
100.0
16.0
12.9
20.5
Truck drivers ......................................................................................................... Laborers, nonconstruction .................................................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies ........................................................................................ Construction laborers ........................................................................................... Janitors and cleaners ...........................................................................................
141.1 89.1 75.7 46.5 43.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
11.0 17.7 16.5 15.5 16.8
11.1 12.4 14.6 12.5 12.2
Assemblers ........................................................................................................... Carpenters ............................................................................................................ Cooks ................................................................................................................... Stock handlers and baggers ................................................................................. Registered nurses ................................................................................................
40.0 35.0 28.0 27.3 25.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
17.0 14.3 16.2 14.2 17.5
Supervisors and proprietors ................................................................................. Miscellaneous food preparation ........................................................................... Welders and cutters ............................................................................................. Cashiers ............................................................................................................... Sales workers, other commodities .......................................................................
25.4 24.9 24.7 22.8 21.9
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Maids and housemen ........................................................................................... Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm ...................................................... Electricians ........................................................................................................... Shipping and receiving clerks ............................................................................... Mechanics, automobile .........................................................................................
21.4 18.9 17.9 16.6 16.5
Driver-sales workers ............................................................................................. Kitchen workers .................................................................................................... Industrial truck operators ...................................................................................... Waiters and waitresses ........................................................................................ Plumbers and pipefitters .......................................................................................
Occupation
1 day
2 days
Note: Because of rounding and nonclassifiable responses, percentages may not add to 100. 1. Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work activity. 2. Exclude farms with fewer than 11 employees.
3 to 5 days
6 to 10 days
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
375
Table 8-4. Fatal Occupational Injuries and Employment by Selected Worker Characteristics, 1999
Employment 1 (thousands)
Fatalities Characteristics Number
TOTAL ....................................................................................................................................................................
Percent
6 023
Number
Most frequent event 2 (percent of total)
Percent
100
134 666
100
Highway (25%)
Highway (27%) Homicides (14%)
Employee Status Wage and salary workers ........................................................................................................................................
4 884
81
124 445
92
Self-employed 3 .......................................................................................................................................................
1 139
19
10 221
8
Men .........................................................................................................................................................................
5 582
93
72 457
54
Women ....................................................................................................................................................................
441
7
62 209
46
Both sexes, by age Under 16 years ....................................................................................................................................................
26
...
...
...
16 to 17 years ......................................................................................................................................................
46
1
2 796
2
18 to 19 years ......................................................................................................................................................
122
2
4 494
3
20 to 24 years ......................................................................................................................................................
450
7
13 242
10
25 to 34 years ......................................................................................................................................................
1 171
19
31 280
24
35 to 44 years ......................................................................................................................................................
1 499
25
36 983
28
45 to 54 years ......................................................................................................................................................
1 326
22
28 671
21
55 to 64 years ......................................................................................................................................................
814
14
13 317
10
65 and over .........................................................................................................................................................
559
9
3 883
3
White .......................................................................................................................................................................
4 990
83
113 023
84
Black ........................................................................................................................................................................
626
10
15 284
11
Asian or Pacific Islander ..........................................................................................................................................
57
1
...
...
American Indian, Aleut, Eskimo ..............................................................................................................................
191
3
...
...
Other .......................................................................................................................................................................
159
3
...
...
725
12
13 811
12
Sex And Age Highway (24%) Highway (34%)
4
Highway (35%) Highway (28%) Highway (26%) Highway (26%) Highway (24%) Highway (24%) Highway (25%) Highway (25%) Highway (23%)
Race Highway (26%) Highway (23%) Homicides (46%) Highway (18%) Highway (20%)
Hispanic Origin Hispanic 5 ................................................................................................................................................................
Highway (21%)
Note: Totals may include subcategories not shown separately. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding. (. . .) indicate less than 0.5 percent or data that are not available or that do not meet publication criteria. 1. Employment is an annual average of employed civilians 16 years of age and older, plus resident armed forces, from the Current Population Survey, 1999. 2. "Highway" includes deaths to vehicle occupants resulting from traffic incidents that occur on the public roadway, shoulder, or surrounding area. It excludes incidents occurring entirely off the roadway, such as in parking lots and on farms. Incidents involving trains and deaths to pedestrians or other nonpassengers are excluded from both categories. 3. Includes paid and unpaid family workers and may include owners of incorporated businesses or members of partnerships. 4. There were 10 fatalities for which age was not reported. 5. Persons identified as Hispanic may be of any race. Hispanic employment does not include resident armed forces.
376
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 8-5. Fatal Occupational Injuries by Occupation and Major Event or Exposure, 1999
Major event or exposure 2 (percent)
Fatalities Occupation 1 Number
Percent
Highway 3
Homicide
Struck by object
Fall to lower level
TOTAL ..............................................................................................................................................................
6 023
100
25
11
10
11
Managerial And Professional Specialty ........................................................................................................ Executive, administrative and managerial ......................................................................................................... Professional specialty ........................................................................................................................................
597 371 226
10 6 4
24 22 27
19 26 8
4 5 3
7 8 6
Technical, Sales, And Administrative Support ............................................................................................. Technicians and related support occupations ................................................................................................... Airplane pilots and navigators ...................................................................................................................... Sales occupations ............................................................................................................................................. Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations ............................................................................................ Sales workers, retail and personal services .................................................................................................. Cashiers .................................................................................................................................................... Administrative support occupations including clerical .......................................................................................
610 158 94 356 140 144 55 96
10 3 2 6 2 2 1 2
27 16 ... 28 13 27 ... 44
32 ... ... 49 62 51 80 19
2 3 ... 2 4 ... ... ...
3 3 ... 2 2 ... ... 4
Service Occupations ....................................................................................................................................... Protective service occupations .......................................................................................................................... Firefighting and fire prevention occupations, including supervisors .............................................................. Police and detectives including supervisors .................................................................................................. Guards, including supervisors .......................................................................................................................
468 261 57 132 72
8 4 1 2 1
20 26 18 39 10
33 32 ... 36 50
1 1 ... ... ...
9 3 5 ... 4
Farming, Forestry, And Fishing ..................................................................................................................... Farming operators and managers ..................................................................................................................... Farmers except horticultural .......................................................................................................................... Managers, farms, except horticultural ........................................................................................................... Other agricultural and related occupations ........................................................................................................ Farm workers including supervisors .............................................................................................................. Forestry and logging occupations ..................................................................................................................... Fishers, hunters and trappers ........................................................................................................................... Fishers including vessel captains and officers ..............................................................................................
897 362 233 118 335 206 122 78 78
15 6 4 2 6 3 2 1 1
13 13 13 13 18 22 6 ... ...
2 1 ... ... 4 4 ... ... ...
21 15 17 10 14 9 67 ... ...
5 3 3 4 8 4 3 ... ...
Precision Production, Craft, And Repair ....................................................................................................... Mechanics and repairers ................................................................................................................................... Construction trades ........................................................................................................................................... Carpenters and apprentices .......................................................................................................................... Electricans and apprentices .......................................................................................................................... Painters ......................................................................................................................................................... Roofers .......................................................................................................................................................... Structural metal workers ................................................................................................................................
1 142 353 633 103 105 38 59 43
19 6 11 2 2 1 1 1
11 12 11 6 15 ... 5 ...
3 7 1 ... ... ... ... ...
12 19 7 13 4 ... ... 19
28 13 39 48 12 68 85 77
Operators, Fabricators, And Laborers .......................................................................................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ............................................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations .............................................................................................. Motor vehicle operators ................................................................................................................................. Truck drivers .............................................................................................................................................. Driver-sales workers .................................................................................................................................. Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs ................................................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators ........................................................................................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ....................................................................................... Construction laborers .................................................................................................................................... Laborers, except construction .......................................................................................................................
2 194 216 1 320 1 063 898 42 74 205 658 341 193
36 4 22 18 15 1 1 3 11 6 3
37 5 56 67 70 79 28 14 11 11 11
5 4 6 8 2 10 69 ... 4 ... 6
10 14 7 5 6 ... ... 14 14 14 16
8 15 2 2 2 ... ... 5 17 25 10
Military 4 ...........................................................................................................................................................
80
1
24
...
4
...
Note: Totals for major categories may include subcategories not shown separately. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding. There were 35 fatalities for which there was insufficient information to determine an occupation classification. (. . .) indicate less than 0.5 percent or data that are not available or that do not meet publication criteria. 1. Based on the 1990 Occupational Classification System developed by the Bureau of the Census. 2. The figure shown is the percent of the total fatalities for that occupational group. 3. "Highway" includes deaths to vehicle occupants resulting from traffic incidents that occur on the public roadway, shoulder, or surrounding area. It excludes incidents occurring entirely off the roadway, such as in parking lots and on farms; incidents involving trains; and deaths to pedestrians or other nonpassengers. 4. Resident armed forces.
PART NINE LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS
LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS HIGHLIGHTS This part is concerned with historical trends in union membership and earnings and in work stoppages (strikes and lockouts).
Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Union Affiliation and Occupation, 2000 900 800 700 Dollars
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Technical, Managerial and Sales, and Professional Administrative Specialty Support
Service Occupations
Represented by unions
Precision Production, Craft, and Repair
Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers
Farming, Forestry, and Fishing
Nonunion
In all major occupational groups, median earnings of full-time wage and salary workers are higher for those employees represented by unions than for nonunion members. However, the difference varies by occupation, being least for managerial and professional specialties and greater for lower-paid workers. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: • •
• •
While median weekly earnings of members of unions exceed those of non-union members by 28 percent in the year 2000, the difference has declined from 35 percent in 1995. (Table 9-4) Union membership continued to be higher among men (15.2 percent) than women (11.5 percent) in 2000, but with a positive growth rate of women members of 3.9 percent from 1995 compared with -3.5 percent for men. Within both sexes, workers aged 45–64 years were most likely to be union members, with the rate of growth for women at 16 percent from 1995, almost 4 times that rate for men at 4 percent. (Table 9-2) Black men had the highest union membership rate (19.1 percent) among major demographic groups. While Blacks and Whites have recorded negative rates of growth for union membership since 1995 of -1.2 percent and 0.4 percent respectively, Hispanics reported a positive rate of 14.5 percent during that period. (Table 9-2) In 2000, New York had the highest rate of members in unions (25.5 percent), while North Carolina had the lowest rate at 3.6 percent. Members of unions in California, New York and Illinois constitute almost one-third of all U.S. union members. (Table 9-6)
379
380
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS WORK STOPPAGES Collection and Coverage
number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment (excluding forestry, fisheries, and private household workers) in the period.
Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the year, the number of workers involved, and the amount of time lost because of stoppage.
Sources of Additional Information
Data are largely from newspaper accounts and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service.
UNION MEMBERSHIP
The current series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981, which covered strikes involving six workers or more.
Additional information is available in BLS news release USDL 01-41.
Collection, Coverage, and Definitions The estimates of union membership are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers.
Concepts and Definitions Stoppages are strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Workers involved are workers directly involved in the stoppage. Number of days idle is the aggregate number of workdays lost by workers involved in the stoppages. Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time is aggregate workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate
Union members are members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Represented by unions refers to union members as well as workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contract. Sources of Additional Information Additional information is available in BLS news release USDL 01-21, Union Membership (Annual).
LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS
381
Table 9-1. Work Stoppages Involving 1,000 Workers or More, 1947–2000
Stoppages beginning in the year 1 Year
Workers involved (thousands)
Number
Days idle during the year 1 Number (thousands)
Percent of estimated total working time 2
1947 .................................................................................................................................................................... 1948 .................................................................................................................................................................... 1949 ....................................................................................................................................................................
270 245 262
1 629 1 435 2 537
25 720 26 127 43 420
... 0.22 0.38
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................
424 415 470 437 265
1 698 1 462 2 746 1 623 1 075
30 390 15 070 48 820 18 130 16 630
0.26 0.12 0.38 0.14 0.13
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................
363 287 279 332 245
2 055 1 370 887 1 587 1 381
21 180 26 840 10 340 17 900 60 850
0.16 0.20 0.07 0.13 0.43
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................
222 195 211 181 246
896 1 031 793 512 1 183
13 260 10 140 11 760 10 020 16 220
0.09 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.11
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................
268 321 381 392 412
999 1 300 2 192 1 855 1 576
15 140 16 000 31 320 35 367 29 397
0.10 0.10 0.18 0.20 0.16
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................
381 298 250 317 424
2 468 2 516 975 1 400 1 796
52 761 35 538 16 764 16 260 31 809
0.29 0.19 0.09 0.08 0.16
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................
235 231 298 219 235
965 1 519 1 212 1 006 1 021
17 563 23 962 21 258 23 774 20 409
0.09 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.09
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................
187 145 96 81 62
795 729 656 909 376
20 844 16 908 9 061 17 461 8 499
0.09 0.07 0.04 0.08 0.04
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................
54 69 46 40 51
324 533 174 118 452
7 079 11 861 4 481 4 381 16 996
0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.07
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................
44 40 35 35 45
185 392 364 182 322
5 926 4 584 3 989 3 981 5 020
0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................
31 37 29 34 17
192 273 339 387 73
5 771 4 889 4 497 5 116 1 996
0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01
2000 ....................................................................................................................................................................
39
394
20 419
0.06
1. The number of stoppages and workers relate to stoppages that began in the year. Days of idleness include all stoppages in effect. Workers are counted more than once if they are involved in more than one stoppage during the year. 2. Working time is for all employees, except those in private households, forestry, and fisheries.
382
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 9-2. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers by Selected Characteristics, 1995–2000 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) 1995
Characteristics
Total employed
Members of unions 1
Total
Percent of employed
1996 Represented by unions 2
Total
Percent of employed
Total employed
Members of unions 1
Total
Percent of employed
1997 Represented by unions 2
Total
Percent of employed
Total employed
Members of unions 1
Total
Percent of employed
Represented by unions 2
Total
Percent of employed
SEX AND AGE TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER ........... 110 038
16 360
14.9
18 346
16.7 111 960
16 269
14.5
18 158
16.2 114 533
16 110
14.1
17 923
15.6
16 to 24 years ........................................ 25 years and over .................................. 25 to 34 years .................................... 35 to 44 years .................................... 45 to 54 years .................................... 55 to 64 years .................................... 65 years and over ..............................
18 205 91 833 29 761 29 800 20 623 9 202 2 448
1 022 15 337 3 596 5 254 4 483 1 801 203
5.6 16.7 12.1 17.6 21.7 19.6 8.3
1 199 17 148 4 090 5 883 4 964 1 980 231
6.6 18.7 13.7 19.7 24.1 21.5 9.4
18 106 93 854 29 564 30 619 21 641 9 527 2 503
991 15 278 3 536 5 132 4 626 1 795 189
5.5 16.3 12.0 16.8 21.4 18.8 7.5
1 146 17 012 3 994 5 716 5 106 1 984 211
6.3 18.1 13.5 18.7 23.6 20.8 8.4
18 571 95 962 29 408 31 461 22 714 9 871 2 509
968 15 142 3 434 4 987 4 645 1 894 182
5.2 15.8 11.7 15.9 20.5 19.2 7.3
1 140 16 783 3 870 5 571 5 092 2 045 205
6.1 17.5 13.2 17.7 22.4 20.7 8.2
Men, 16 Years And Over ..................... 16 to 24 years ........................................ 25 years and over .................................. 25 to 34 years .................................... 35 to 44 years .................................... 45 to 54 years .................................... 55 to 64 years .................................... 65 years and over ..............................
57 669 9 531 48 137 16 094 15 505 10 521 4 779 1 238
9 929 640 9 289 2 220 3 169 2 679 1 117 105
17.2 6.7 19.3 13.8 20.4 25.5 23.4 8.5
10 868 721 10 146 2 469 3 460 2 885 1 209 123
18.8 7.6 21.1 15.3 22.3 27.4 25.3 9.9
58 473 9 392 49 080 15 930 15 921 10 936 4 978 1 315
9 859 627 9 232 2 205 3 100 2 739 1 079 109
16.9 6.7 18.8 13.8 19.5 25.0 21.7 8.3
10 761 709 10 052 2 434 3 368 2 960 1 166 124
18.4 7.5 20.5 15.3 21.2 27.1 23.4 9.5
59 825 9 666 50 159 15 832 16 430 11 471 5 101 1 324
9 763 612 9 150 2 132 3 068 2 718 1 130 103
16.3 6.3 18.2 13.5 18.7 23.7 22.1 7.8
10 619 691 9 928 2 359 3 346 2 908 1 198 118
17.7 7.1 19.8 14.9 20.4 25.4 23.5 8.9
Women, 16 Years And Over ............... 16 to 24 years ........................................ 25 years and over .................................. 25 to 34 years .................................... 35 to 44 years .................................... 45 to 54 years .................................... 55 to 64 years .................................... 65 years and over ..............................
52 369 8 673 43 696 13 667 14 295 10 101 4 423 1 210
6 430 382 6 048 1 377 2 085 1 804 685 98
12.3 4.4 13.8 10.1 14.6 17.9 15.5 8.1
7 479 478 7 001 1 621 2 423 2 078 771 108
14.3 5.5 16.0 11.9 16.9 20.6 17.4 8.9
53 488 8 714 44 773 13 634 14 698 10 705 4 549 1 187
6 410 364 6 046 1 331 2 032 1 887 716 80
12.0 4.2 13.5 9.8 13.8 17.6 15.7 6.7
7 397 437 6 960 1 560 2 349 2 146 818 87
13.8 5.0 15.5 11.4 16.0 20.0 18.0 7.3
54 708 8 906 45 802 13 575 15 030 11 242 4 770 1 184
6 347 355 5 992 1 302 1 919 1 927 764 80
11.6 4.0 13.1 9.6 12.8 17.1 16.0 6.7
7 304 449 6 855 1 512 2 225 2 184 847 87
13.4 5.0 15.0 11.1 14.8 19.4 17.8 7.3
White, 16 Years And Over ................... Men ....................................................... Women ..................................................
92 760 49 162 43 598
13 149 8 178 4 971
14.2 16.6 11.4
14 747 8 960 5 787
15.9 18.2 13.3
94 306 49 961 44 345
13 232 8 216 5 016
14.0 16.4 11.3
14 761 8 961 5 800
15.7 17.9 13.1
96 104 50 941 45 163
13 088 8 171 4 917
13.6 16.0 10.9
14 538 8 859 5 679
15.1 17.4 12.6
Black,16 Years And Over .................... Men ....................................................... Women ..................................................
12 644 6 005 6 639
2 519 1 353 1 167
19.9 22.5 17.6
2 819 1 460 1 358
22.3 24.3 20.5
12 909 6 031 6 878
2 441 1 303 1 138
18.9 21.6 16.5
2 733 1 428 1 305
21.2 23.7 19.0
13 346 6 201 7 145
2 394 1 251 1 143
17.9 20.2 16.0
2 688 1 378 1 309
20.1 22.2 18.3
Hispanic, 16 Years And Over ............. Men ....................................................... Women ..................................................
10 401 6 223 4 178
1 357 871 486
13.0 14.0 11.6
1 535 969 565
14.8 15.6 13.5
10 800 6 455 4 345
1 394 881 513
12.9 13.7 11.8
1 573 971 602
14.6 15.0 13.9
11 881 7 153 4 728
1 407 904 503
11.8 12.6 10.6
1 602 1 023 579
13.5 14.3 12.2
Full-Time Workers ...............................
89 282
14 790
16.6
16 531
18.5
90 918
14 762
16.2
16 429
18.1
93 578
14 619
15.6
16 227
17.3
Part-Time Workers ..............................
20 550
1 537
7.5
1 781
8.7
20 810
1 477
7.1
1 697
8.2
20 710
1 449
7.0
1 653
8.0
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS 3
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS
383
Table 9-2. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers by Selected Characteristics, 1995–2000—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) 1998
Characteristics
Total employed
Members of unions 1
Total
Percent of employed
1999 Represented by unions 2
Total
Percent of employed
Total employed
Members of unions 1
Total
Percent of employed
2000 Represented by unions 2
Total
Percent of employed
Total employed
Members of unions 1
Total
Percent of employed
Represented by unions 2
Total
Percent of employed
SEX AND AGE TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER ........... 116 730
16 211
13.9
17 918
15.4 118 963
16 477
13.9
18 182
15.3 120 786
16 258
13.5
17 944
14.9
16 to 24 years ........................................ 25 years and over .................................. 25 to 34 years .................................... 35 to 44 years .................................... 45 to 54 years .................................... 55 to 64 years .................................... 65 years and over ..............................
19 164 97 566 29 121 31 865 23 579 10 427 2 574
1 014 15 198 3 332 5 013 4 737 1 923 193
5.3 15.6 11.4 15.7 20.1 18.4 7.5
1 151 16 767 3 711 5 511 5 220 2 110 214
6.0 17.2 12.7 17.3 22.1 20.2 8.3
19 606 99 358 28 657 32 438 24 665 10 880 2 718
1 110 15 367 3 415 4 918 4 881 1 932 221
5.7 15.5 11.9 15.2 19.8 17.8 8.1
1 239 16 943 3 785 5 428 5 377 2 107 247
6.3 20 166 17.1 100 620 13.2 28 406 16.7 32 470 21.8 25 651 19.4 11 204 9.1 2 889
1 010 15 248 3 369 4 822 4 815 1 998 243
5.0 15.2 11.9 14.9 18.8 17.8 8.4
1 152 16 792 3 720 5 293 5 305 2 193 281
5.7 16.7 13.1 16.3 20.7 19.6 9.7
Men, 16 Years And Over ..................... 16 to 24 years ........................................ 25 years and over .................................. 25 to 34 years .................................... 35 to 44 years .................................... 45 to 54 years .................................... 55 to 64 years .................................... 65 years and over ..............................
60 973 9 927 51 046 15 656 16 768 11 874 5 404 1 343
9 850 637 9 213 2 112 3 055 2 771 1 177 98
16.2 6.4 18.0 13.5 18.2 23.3 21.8 7.3
10 638 719 9 919 2 301 3 264 2 982 1 265 108
17.4 7.2 19.4 14.7 19.5 25.1 23.4 8.0
61 914 10 116 51 797 15 330 17 020 12 395 5 622 1 431
9 949 716 9 232 2 142 2 993 2 800 1 186 111
16.1 7.1 17.8 14.0 17.6 22.6 21.1 7.7
10 758 781 9 977 2 325 3 241 3 026 1 267 118
17.4 7.7 19.3 15.2 19.0 24.4 22.5 8.2
62 853 10 440 52 412 15 197 17 028 12 898 5 770 1 519
9 578 618 8 960 2 030 2 871 2 739 1 191 129
15.2 5.9 17.1 13.4 16.9 21.2 20.6 8.5
10 355 697 9 657 2 207 3 077 2 956 1 268 148
16.5 6.7 18.4 14.5 18.1 22.9 22.0 9.8
Women, 16 Years And Over ............... 16 to 24 years ........................................ 25 years and over .................................. 25 to 34 years .................................... 35 to 44 years .................................... 45 to 54 years .................................... 55 to 64 years .................................... 65 years and over ..............................
55 757 9 237 46 520 13 464 15 097 11 705 5 023 1 231
6 362 377 5 985 1 219 1 958 1 967 746 95
11.4 4.1 12.9 9.1 13.0 16.8 14.9 7.7
7 280 432 6 848 1 410 2 248 2 238 845 106
13.1 4.7 14.7 10.5 14.9 19.1 16.8 8.6
57 050 9 489 47 560 13 327 15 418 12 270 5 258 1 287
6 528 393 6 135 1 273 1 924 2 081 746 110
11.4 4.1 12.9 9.6 12.5 17.0 14.2 8.5
7 425 458 6 966 1 460 2 187 2 351 839 129
13.0 4.8 14.6 11.0 14.2 19.2 16.0 10.0
57 933 9 726 48 207 13 209 15 441 12 752 5 434 1 370
6 680 392 6 288 1 340 1 951 2 077 807 114
11.5 4.0 13.0 10.1 12.6 16.3 14.9 8.3
7 590 455 7 135 1 513 2 215 2 348 925 133
13.1 4.7 14.8 11.5 14.3 18.4 17.0 9.7
White, 16 Years And Over ................... Men ....................................................... Women ..................................................
97 531 51 700 45 831
13 118 8 166 4 952
13.5 15.8 10.8
14 460 8 788 5 673
14.8 17.0 12.4
99 147 52 492 46 655
13 349 8 246 5 103
13.5 15.7 10.9
14 668 8 896 5 771
14.8 100 455 16.9 53 105 12.4 47 350
13 094 7 911 5 183
13.0 14.9 10.9
14 453 8 541 5 912
14.4 16.1 12.5
Black,16 Years And Over .................... Men ....................................................... Women ..................................................
13 894 6 452 7 443
2 460 1 337 1 123
17.7 20.7 15.1
2 739 1 458 1 282
19.7 22.6 17.2
14 346 6 585 7 760
2 463 1 348 1 116
17.2 20.5 14.4
2 757 1 464 1 293
19.2 22.2 16.7
14 544 6 701 7 843
2 489 1 282 1 208
17.1 19.1 15.4
2 744 1 388 1 356
18.9 20.7 17.3
Hispanic, 16 Years And Over ............. Men ....................................................... Women ..................................................
12 374 7 360 5 015
1 471 937 534
11.9 12.7 10.6
1 634 1 017 617
13.2 13.8 12.3
12 810 7 457 5 353
1 525 966 559
11.9 13.0 10.4
1 684 1 052 632
13.1 14.1 11.8
13 609 7 884 5 725
1 554 972 582
11.4 12.3 10.2
1 740 1 063 677
12.8 13.5 11.8
Full-Time Workers ...............................
95 595
14 825
15.5
16 323
17.1
97 626
14 974
15.3
16 501
16.9
99 917
14 822
14.8
16 306
16.3
Part-Time Workers ..............................
20 862
1 354
6.5
1 559
7.5
21 065
1 459
6.9
1 634
7.8
20 619
1 395
6.8
1 593
7.7
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS 3
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the Other races group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the White and Black population groups. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. 1. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3. The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
384
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 9-3. Union Affiliation of Wage and Salary Workers by Occupation and Industry, 1998–2000 (Thousands of persons, percent.) 1998
Characteristics
Total employed
Members of unions 1
Total
Percent of employed
1999 Represented by unions 2
Total
Total emPercent ployed of employed
Members of unions 1
Total
Percent of employed
2000 Represented by unions 2
Total
Total emPercent ployed of employed
Members of unions 1
Total
Percent of employed
Represented by unions 2
Total
Percent of employed
OCCUPATION Managerial And Professional Specialty .................... 33 102 Executive, administrative, and managerial .................... 15 473 Professional specialty .................................................... 17 629
4 252 812 3 440
12.8 5.2 19.5
5 015 1 017 3 998
15.2 6.6 22.7
34 693 16 000 18 693
4 594 903 3 691
13.2 5.6 19.7
5 352 1 138 4 215
15.4 7.1 22.5
35 378 16 434 18 944
4 536 875 3 661
12.8 5.3 19.3
5 277 1 075 4 202
14.9 6.5 22.2
Technical, Sales, And Administrative Support ......... 35 379 Technicians and related support ................................... 4 150 Sales occupations ......................................................... 13 378 Administrative support, including clerical ...................... 17 851
3 239 433 544 2 262
9.2 10.4 4.1 12.7
3 677 498 620 2 558
10.4 12.0 4.6 14.3
35 514 4 188 13 451 17 874
3 191 461 549 2 182
9.0 11.0 4.1 12.2
3 609 523 613 2 474
10.2 12.5 4.6 13.8
36 124 4 279 13 677 18 167
3 119 431 481 2 207
8.6 10.1 3.5 12.1
3 521 500 533 2 487
9.7 11.7 3.9 13.7
Service Occupations ................................................... 16 594 Protective service .......................................................... 2 399 Service, except protective service ................................. 14 195
2 209 991 1 218
13.3 41.3 8.6
2 398 1 048 1 350
14.5 43.7 9.5
16 829 2 427 14 403
2 151 927 1 224
12.8 38.2 8.5
2 336 991 1 346
13.9 40.8 9.3
16 953 2 384 14 569
2 234 938 1 295
13.2 39.4 8.9
2 441 1 003 1 438
14.4 42.1 9.9
Precision Production, Craft, And Repair ................... 12 274
2 708
22.1
2 834
23.1
12 474
2 800
22.4
2 929
23.5
12 716
2 783
21.9
2 910
22.9
Operators, Fabricators, And Laborers ...................... 17 443 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ........... 7 498 Transportation and material moving occupations .......... 4 935 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ... 5 010
3 713 1 603 1 204 906
21.3 21.4 24.4 18.1
3 894 1 672 1 267 956
22.3 22.3 25.7 19.1
17 514 7 255 5 041 5 218
3 627 1 490 1 148 989
20.7 20.5 22.8 18.9
3 830 1 572 1 216 1 042
21.9 21.7 24.1 20.0
17 642 7 043 5 182 5 417
3 498 1 366 1 195 938
19.8 19.4 23.1 17.3
3 687 1 442 1 260 984
20.9 20.5 24.3 18.2
1 938
90
4.6
100
5.2
1 940
113
5.8
125
6.4
1 974
89
4.5
109
5.5
Agriculture Wage And Salary Workers .....................
1 739
26
1.5
31
1.8
1 721
43
2.5
48
2.8
1 821
38
2.1
45
2.5
Private Nonagricultural Wage And Salary Workers ........................................................................ Mining ............................................................................ Construction .................................................................. Manufacturing ................................................................ Durable goods ........................................................... Nondurable goods ..................................................... Transportation and public utilities .................................. Transportation ........................................................... Communications and public utilities .......................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................. Wholesale trade ........................................................ Retail trade ................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate .............................. Services .........................................................................
96 590 589 5 946 19 763 11 999 7 763 7 147 4 316 2 831 24 230 4 425 19 805 7 420 31 493
9 280 72 1 056 3 127 1 990 1 138 1 843 1 108 735 1 283 259 1 024 150 1 750
9.6 12.2 17.8 15.8 16.6 14.7 25.8 25.7 26.0 5.3 5.9 5.2 2.0 5.6
10 073 79 1 093 3 315 2 097 1 218 1 931 1 156 775 1 387 275 1 113 195 2 073
10.4 13.4 18.4 16.8 17.5 15.7 27.0 26.8 27.4 5.7 6.2 5.6 2.6 6.6
98 304 531 6 230 19 323 11 824 7 499 7 317 4 450 2 866 24 671 4 573 20 098 7 588 32 645
9 376 57 1 187 3 024 1 941 1 083 1 865 1 136 729 1 278 248 1 030 156 1 809
9.5 10.6 19.1 15.6 16.4 14.4 25.5 25.5 25.4 5.2 5.4 5.1 2.1 5.5
10 168 60 1 224 3 209 2 063 1 146 1 956 1 186 770 1 406 281 1 126 191 2 121
10.3 11.4 19.6 16.6 17.5 15.3 26.7 26.7 26.9 5.7 6.1 5.6 2.5 6.5
99 989 499 6 666 19 167 11 688 7 480 7 508 4 573 2 935 25 133 4 766 20 366 7 488 33 528
9 110 54 1 220 2 832 1 791 1 041 1 805 1 135 670 1 194 243 951 121 1 884
9.1 10.9 18.3 14.8 15.3 13.9 24.0 24.8 22.8 4.7 5.1 4.7 1.6 5.6
9 924 57 1 268 2 999 1 894 1 105 1 920 1 203 717 1 315 265 1 049 156 2 208
9.9 11.4 19.0 15.6 16.2 14.8 25.6 26.3 24.4 5.2 5.6 5.2 2.1 6.6
Government Workers .................................................. 18 401 Federal .......................................................................... 3 269 State .............................................................................. 5 150 Local .............................................................................. 9 982
6 905 1 105 1 431 4 370
37.5 33.8 27.8 43.8
7 815 1 299 1 667 4 849
42.5 39.7 32.4 48.6
18 938 3 264 5 233 10 440
7 058 1 047 1 527 4 484
37.3 32.1 29.2 42.9
7 966 1 275 1 781 4 911
42.1 39.0 34.0 47.0
18 976 3 233 5 464 10 278
7 110 1 033 1 641 4 436
37.5 32.0 30.0 43.2
7 976 1 186 1 867 4 923
42.0 36.7 34.2 47.9
Farming, Forestry, And Fishing ................................. INDUSTRY
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 1. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS
385
Table 9-4. Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Union Affiliation, Occupation, and Industry, 1995–2000 (Dollars.)
Characteristics Total
TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER ......................................................
1995
1996
RepreMemsented bers of by unions 1 unions 2
RepreMemsented bers of by unions 1 unions 2
Nonunion
Total
1997
Nonunion
Total
Members of unions 1
Represented by unions 2
Nonunion
$479
$602
$598
$447
$490
$615
$610
$462
$503
$640
$632
$478
Managerial And Professional Specialty ....................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ....................................... Professional specialty .......................................................................
703 684 718
745 727 750
737 722 741
694 681 707
718 699 730
758 742 762
749 745 750
708 694 721
738 725 750
776 757 782
766 752 769
731 721 742
Technical, Sales, And Administrative Support ............................ Technicians and related support ...................................................... Sales occupations ............................................................................ Administrative support, including clerical ..........................................
426 558 454 399
522 629 457 517
516 619 466 510
414 542 453 383
441 573 474 405
532 664 451 524
524 661 459 516
427 554 475 389
456 582 482 419
550 677 467 545
541 675 469 534
441 566 483 404
Service Occupations ...................................................................... Protective service ............................................................................. Service, except protective service ....................................................
299 528 274
484 678 366
477 676 359
275 399 264
305 538 283
490 693 379
484 686 379
282 413 271
313 550 293
516 724 398
505 713 393
293 418 283
OCCUPATION
Precision Production, Craft, And Repair ......................................
519
688
684
478
540
703
698
494
548
724
718
501
Operators, Fabricators, And Laborers ......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............................. Transportation and material moving occupations ............................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers and laborers .......................
380 368 476 319
524 509 612 480
519 504 606 473
338 328 420 297
391 380 476 330
528 512 610 481
522 508 601 477
353 345 425 308
401 390 498 329
572 533 658 509
561 524 642 506
365 356 451 310
Farming, Forestry, And Fishing ....................................................
287
404
404
280
294
439
423
288
295
505
475
290
Agricultural Wage And Salary Workers ........................................
291
(3)
(3)
289
306
(3)
(3)
305
306
(3)
(3)
305
Private Nonagricultural Wage And Salary Workers .................... Mining ............................................................................................... Construction ..................................................................................... Manufacturing ................................................................................... Durable goods .............................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................................ Transportation and public utilities ..................................................... Transportation .............................................................................. Communications and public utilities ............................................. Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................ Wholesale trade ............................................................................ Retail trade ................................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ................................................. Services ............................................................................................
462 667 487 494 517 454 590 523 675 370 492 333 501 444
573 684 741 548 576 506 676 659 690 466 541 425 477 489
567 682 730 544 573 504 673 651 690 454 524 419 490 491
443 663 442 479 503 438 545 488 661 363 489 325 502 440
475 693 504 507 533 466 596 527 693 380 503 343 521 456
584 698 748 560 588 510 680 656 707 450 566 408 534 501
579 699 742 558 587 507 676 649 705 444 551 408 533 498
458 690 464 494 517 453 555 491 684 375 500 338 520 451
490 680 518 517 548 484 617 573 709 391 525 352 546 475
610 717 771 595 619 536 718 702 746 457 545 419 487 517
603 717 760 592 616 529 714 697 743 451 536 415 501 512
476 668 484 503 523 470 580 513 690 387 524 347 548 470
Government Workers ..................................................................... Federal ............................................................................................. State ................................................................................................. Local .................................................................................................
575 ... ... ...
638 ... ... ...
633 ... ... ...
500 ... ... ...
592 672 557 580
657 677 610 671
651 679 605 661
518 663 514 473
605 684 584 592
681 689 628 697
671 687 621 682
530 678 540 479
INDUSTRY
See footnotes and Note at end of table.
386
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 9-4. Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers by Union Affiliation, Occupation, and Industry, 1995–2000—Continued (Dollars.)
Characteristics Total
TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER ......................................................
1998
1999
RepreMemsented bers of by unions 1 unions 2
RepreMemsented bers of by unions 1 unions 2
Nonunion
Total
2000
Nonunion
Total
Members of unions 1
Represented by unions 2
Nonunion
$523
$659
$653
$499
$549
$672
$667
$516
$576
$696
$691
$542
Managerial And Professional Specialty ....................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ....................................... Professional specialty .......................................................................
759 755 763
789 801 787
774 789 772
756 753 759
797 792 800
826 823 826
819 829 817
792 789 794
836 840 832
840 834 841
834 854 829
836 839 832
Technical, Sales, And Administrative Support ............................ Technicians and related support ...................................................... Sales occupations ............................................................................ Administrative support, including clerical ..........................................
477 599 502 438
575 708 496 563
569 688 492 558
463 590 502 418
488 618 523 447
583 714 513 574
580 711 519 564
477 608 523 429
506 648 550 469
598 748 526 588
590 741 522 579
497 635 552 453
Service Occupations ...................................................................... Protective service ............................................................................. Service, except protective service ....................................................
327 598 305
557 736 403
542 732 402
305 450 295
336 592 311
536 737 412
529 728 409
314 477 303
355 623 324
554 786 423
542 771 419
327 502 316
OCCUPATION
Precision Production, Craft, And Repair ......................................
572
753
747
514
594
755
747
546
613
784
778
570
Operators, Fabricators, And Laborers ......................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .............................. Transportation and material moving occupations ............................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers and laborers .......................
415 406 510 351
585 559 655 514
580 556 644 514
381 375 468 326
429 423 513 363
591 572 668 507
584 566 657 499
398 394 478 340
446 436 540 378
605 575 694 555
602 572 690 551
411 408 502 355
Farming, Forestry, And Fishing ....................................................
302
471
462
299
331
512
514
322
334
516
506
325
Agricultural Wage And Salary Workers ........................................
315
(3)
(3)
314
340
(3)
(3)
337
347
(3)
(3)
344
Private Nonagricultural Wage And Salary Workers .................... Mining ............................................................................................... Construction ..................................................................................... Manufacturing ................................................................................... Durable goods .............................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................................ Transportation and public utilities ..................................................... Transportation .............................................................................. Communications and public utilities ............................................. Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................ Wholesale trade ............................................................................ Retail trade ................................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ................................................. Services ............................................................................................
509 684 534 551 581 507 624 570 727 410 562 373 577 498
626 733 790 606 629 565 731 704 763 480 611 442 545 540
620 723 783 603 625 562 724 695 760 476 604 439 554 548
496 673 496 532 566 495 586 519 699 405 557 369 578 494
525 734 552 576 594 529 651 596 751 421 573 391 598 517
634 710 778 614 628 584 748 727 773 499 584 472 582 554
628 731 772 611 625 579 742 718 770 492 570 463 587 563
513 735 509 561 584 518 613 551 738 418 573 387 599 515
555 768 584 595 618 553 679 615 776 444 595 403 620 543
664 746 814 630 662 594 768 744 808 518 607 495 596 567
657 748 810 628 659 594 762 741 798 514 608 490 593 574
537 774 529 587 610 537 639 582 766 439 593 399 621 540
Government Workers ..................................................................... Federal ............................................................................................. State ................................................................................................. Local .................................................................................................
620 694 596 612
694 690 646 712
688 693 638 702
558 696 563 501
641 729 615 623
714 721 683 726
709 723 677 720
585 737 578 525
665 745 633 650
730 736 685 746
726 738 681 738
609 755 606 562
INDUSTRY
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. 1. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3. Data not shown where base is less than 50,000 workers.
387
LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS
Table 9-5. Wage and Salary Employees Who Were Union or Employee Association Members, 1977–2000 Wage and salary employees who were union or employee association members (thousands)
Total wage and salary employment (thousands)
1977 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1978 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1979 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
19 335 19 548 20 986
81 334 84 968 87 117
23.8 23.0 24.1
1980 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1981 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1982 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1983 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1984 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
20 095 ... ... 17 717 17 340
87 480 ... ... 88 290 92 194
23.0 ... ... 20.1 18.8
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
16 996 16 975 16 913 17 002 16 980
94 521 96 903 99 303 101 407 103 480
18.0 17.5 17.0 16.8 16.4
1990 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1991 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1992 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1993 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1994 2 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................
16 740 16 568 16 390 16 598 16 748
103 905 102 786 103 688 105 087 107 989
16.1 16.1 15.8 15.8 15.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
16 360 16 269 16 110 16 211 16 477
110 038 111 960 114 533 116 730 118 963
14.9 14.5 14.1 13.9 13.9
2000 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
16 258
120 786
13.5
Year
Union or association members as a percent of wage and salary employment
1. Annual average data beginning in 1983 are not directly comparable with the May data for 1977–1980. 2. Data beginning in 1994 are not strictly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey questionnaire and collection methodology and the introduction of 1990 census-based population controls.
388
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 9-6. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers by State, 1999–2000 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) 1999 State
Members of Total employed
unions 1 Percent of employed
Total
2000 Represented by
unions 2
Percent of employed
Total
Members of unions 1 Total employed
Percent of employed
Total
Represented by unions 2 Percent of employed
Total
U.S. TOTAL .......................................................................
118 963
16 477
13.9
18 182
15.3
120 786
16 258
13.5
17 944
14.9
Alabama ............................................................................. Alaska ................................................................................ Arizona ............................................................................... Arkansas ............................................................................ California ............................................................................
1 833 251 2 047 1 058 13 811
201 51 137 79 2 286
11.0 20.4 6.7 7.5 16.6
225 59 168 91 2 527
12.3 23.6 8.2 8.6 18.3
1 878 259 2 015 1 052 14 359
181 57 130 61 2 295
9.6 21.9 6.4 5.8 16.0
198 64 148 71 2 546
10.5 24.8 7.3 6.7 17.7
Colorado ............................................................................ Connecticut ........................................................................ Delaware ............................................................................ District of Columbia ............................................................ Florida ................................................................................
1 927 1 455 339 245 6 263
181 264 47 32 410
9.4 18.2 13.8 13.1 6.5
199 279 53 38 543
10.4 19.2 15.5 15.4 8.7
1 923 1 508 353 244 6 399
173 246 47 36 434
9.0 16.3 13.3 14.7 6.8
193 262 52 40 554
10.0 17.4 14.6 16.5 8.7
Georgia .............................................................................. Hawaii ................................................................................ Idaho .................................................................................. Illinois ................................................................................. Indiana ...............................................................................
3 483 494 527 5 514 2 704
253 114 48 993 424
7.3 23.2 9.2 18.0 15.7
313 124 59 1 054 454
9.0 25.0 11.3 19.1 16.8
3 632 497 533 5 639 2 687
228 124 41 1 046 418
6.3 24.8 7.6 18.6 15.6
267 129 48 1 101 461
7.4 26.0 9.0 19.5 17.1
Iowa ................................................................................... Kansas ............................................................................... Kentucky ............................................................................ Louisiana ........................................................................... Maine .................................................................................
1 334 1 224 1 656 1 795 544
184 119 192 145 84
13.8 9.7 11.6 8.1 15.4
209 141 213 180 93
15.7 11.5 12.9 10.0 17.1
1 333 1 200 1 729 1 711 556
182 109 208 122 78
13.6 9.0 12.0 7.1 14.0
215 135 235 155 92
16.1 11.2 13.6 9.0 16.6
Maryland ............................................................................ Massachusetts ................................................................... Michigan ............................................................................ Minnesota .......................................................................... Mississippi .........................................................................
2 444 2 875 4 490 2 302 1 086
367 465 963 444 67
15.0 16.2 21.5 19.3 6.2
438 492 1 009 471 94
17.9 17.1 22.5 20.5 8.6
2 423 2 841 4 513 2 307 1 120
353 406 938 419 68
14.6 14.3 20.8 18.2 6.0
406 445 985 434 104
16.7 15.7 21.8 18.8 9.3
Missouri ............................................................................. Montana ............................................................................. Nebraska ........................................................................... Nevada .............................................................................. New Hampshire .................................................................
2 458 362 748 823 565
353 55 66 161 60
14.4 15.3 8.8 19.5 10.6
376 62 92 172 69
15.3 17.2 12.2 20.9 12.2
2 567 369 775 881 576
338 51 65 151 60
13.2 13.9 8.4 17.1 10.4
365 58 89 165 67
14.2 15.7 11.5 18.8 11.6
New Jersey ........................................................................ New Mexico ....................................................................... New York ........................................................................... North Carolina .................................................................... North Dakota ......................................................................
3 609 660 7 490 3 359 268
741 65 1 897 109 25
20.5 9.9 25.3 3.2 9.3
807 78 1 986 132 27
22.4 11.8 26.5 3.9 10.1
3 668 692 7 683 3 404 272
762 56 1 958 124 18
20.8 8.1 25.5 3.6 6.5
801 70 2 036 148 21
21.8 10.1 26.5 4.4 7.8
Ohio ................................................................................... Oklahoma .......................................................................... Oregon ............................................................................... Pennsylvania ..................................................................... Rhode Island ......................................................................
5 008 1 403 1 420 5 152 433
896 124 216 896 77
17.9 8.8 15.2 17.4 17.7
955 140 234 960 81
19.1 10.0 16.5 18.6 18.8
5 071 1 384 1 457 5 149 438
879 94 234 870 80
17.3 6.8 16.1 16.9 18.2
955 108 251 926 83
18.8 7.8 17.2 18.0 18.8
South Carolina ................................................................... South Dakota ..................................................................... Tennessee ......................................................................... Texas ................................................................................. Utah ...................................................................................
1 716 332 2 411 8 725 935
61 20 181 520 60
3.5 6.0 7.5 6.0 6.4
65 26 213 611 70
3.8 7.8 8.8 7.0 7.5
1 740 329 2 387 8 755 945
70 18 212 505 69
4.0 5.5 8.9 5.8 7.3
89 22 239 645 85
5.1 6.7 10.0 7.4 9.0
Vermont ............................................................................. Virginia ............................................................................... Washington ........................................................................ West Virginia ...................................................................... Wisconsin ..........................................................................
273 3 107 2 585 702 2 505
26 204 535 107 452
9.7 6.6 20.7 15.2 18.1
29 249 610 113 476
10.8 8.0 23.6 16.1 19.0
274 3 199 2 593 718 2 533
28 179 471 103 446
10.3 5.6 18.2 14.3 17.6
34 227 516 111 473
12.4 7.1 19.9 15.5 18.7
Wyoming ............................................................................
212
19
9.1
23
10.8
216
18
8.3
22
10.0
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 1. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
PART TEN FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS
FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS HIGHLIGHTS This part compares several summary statistics of labor force status, manufacturing productivity and consumer prices from the U.S. with other countries. Different concepts and methodologies make comparisons difficult and BLS makes such adjustments as it can to reconcile some of the data. There are lags in receipt of the data from other countries, so comparisons here are based on the latest available data.
Unemployment Rates (U.S. Concepts), Selected Countries, 1990 and 2000 (Percent of Civilian Labor Force) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 U.S.
Canada
Japan
France 1990
Germany
Italy
2000
The United States had the lowest unemployment rate among the major industrial countries at 4.0 percent in 2000, followed by Japan at 4.8 percent. The United States and Canada have reduced unemployment since 1990, while major industrial countries in Asia and Europe showed increases. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: • •
•
The United States increased employment by 8.3 percent 1995 to 2000, while employment in Japan was slightly less (-0.2 percent) in 2000 than in 1995. (Table 10-1) Output per hour in manufacturing increased in 1999 from the previous year in most of the major industrial countries. The United States had the highest rate of increase at 6.5 percent, followed by the United Kingdom at 4.5 percent. For the United States, this reflected a high rate (5.8 percent) of output increase achieved with a 0.9 percent decline in hours. In the United Kingdom, on the other hand, output was unchanged while hours dropped 4.2 percent, more than any other country shown. (Table 10-2) In the United States, compensation costs per hour for production workers in manufacturing were $19.20 per hour in 1999, a 2.9 percent increase from the 1998 level. This U.S. cost level was lower than in 10 of the other 28 countries shown for 1999. In Europe, costs declined 1.5 percent, whereas they increased 6.3 percent in the Asian newly industrialized economies. (Table 10-3)
391
392
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Collection and Coverage From its inception, BLS has conducted a program of research and statistical analysis to compare labor conditions in the United States and selected foreign countries. The principal comparative measures cover the labor force, employment and unemployment; trends in labor productivity and unit labor costs in manufacturing; and hourly compensation costs for manufacturing production workers. All of the measures are based upon statistical data and other source materials from (a) the statistical agencies of the foreign countries studied; (b) international and supranational bodies such as the United Nations, the International Labour Office (ILO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT), which attempt to obtain comparable country data; and (c) other secondary sources. International statistical comparisons should be used cautiously because statistical concepts and methods in each country are fashioned primarily to meet domestic rather than international needs. Wherever possible, the Bureau adjusts the data to improve comparability.
The first table provides the Bureau’s comparative measures of the civilian labor force participation rate, employment, and unemployment approximating U.S. concepts. The second table provides trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation, unit labor costs (labor compensation per unit of output), and related measures for the United States and 11 other countries. The next table is limited to production workers in manufacturing for 29 countries and 6 country groups, and shows hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars. Changes in unadjusted compensation costs reflect both the movements of costs in national currencies and changes in exchange rates. The final tables provide consumer price index levels and rates of change for selected countries. No adjustments for comparability are made in the total indexes except to convert them to a uniform base year (1982–84=100). Additional Information More information is in BLS news releases USDL 01-78 and 00-121. An extensive description of the methodology can be found in the BLS Handbook of Methods, April 1997.
FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS
393
Table 10-1. Employment Status of the Working-Age Population, Approximating U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries, 1965–2000 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Year and category
United States
Canada1
Australia
Japan
France
Germany 2
Netherlands
Italy
Sweden
United Kingdom
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
58.9 59.2 59.6 59.6 60.1
56.5 57.3 57.6 57.6 57.9
59.9 60.6 61.2 61.2 61.4
64.4 64.6 64.8 64.9 64.6
57.4 57.3 57.4 57.1 57.3
58.7 58.2 57.0 56.9 57.0
51.4 50.0 50.2 49.7 49.3
... ... ... ... ...
64.1 64.2 63.3 63.8 63.8
62.4 62.3 62.0 61.6 61.4
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.2
57.8 58.1 58.6 59.7 60.5
62.1 62.2 62.3 62.6 63.0
64.5 64.3 63.8 64.0 63.1
57.5 57.4 57.2 57.3 57.4
56.9 56.5 56.2 56.3 55.7
49.0 48.7 47.7 47.6 47.7
... ... ... 53.4 53.5
64.0 64.2 64.1 64.1 64.8
61.1 60.4 60.8 62.4 62.2
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7
61.1
62.8 63.6 64.4
63.2 62.7 62.7 61.9 61.6
62.4 62.4 62.5 62.8 62.7
57.2 57.5 57.8 57.7 57.8
55.0 54.6 54.4 54.4 54.5
47.7 48.0 48.2 47.8 48.0
54.5 54.1 54.2 54.0 54.2
65.9 66.0 65.9 66.1 66.6
62.6 62.7 62.7 62.8 62.5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4
64.9 65.6 64.8 65.1 65.4
62.1 61.9 61.7 61.4 61.5
62.6 62.6 62.7 63.1 62.7
57.5 57.5 57.5 57.2 57.2
54.7 54.7 54.6 354.3 54.4
48.2 48.3 47.7 47.5 47.3
55.4 56.7 56.6 355.7 55.7
66.9 66.8 66.8 66.7 66.6
62.5 62.3 61.9 61.6 62.3
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5
65.9 66.3 66.7 67.0 67.4
61.6 62.8 63.0 63.3 64.0
62.3 62.1 61.9 61.9 62.2
56.8 56.7 56.5 56.2 56.1
54.7 54.9 55.0 55.1 55.2
47.2
55.5 56.0 56.3 354.7 54.8
366.4
66.9 67.0 66.9 67.3
62.4 62.5 62.9 63.5 64.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
366.5
66.2 66.4 66.3 366.6
67.3 66.7 65.9 65.5 65.2
64.6 64.1 63.9 63.6 63.9
62.6 63.2 63.4 63.3 63.1
355.8
55.9 55.9
358.9
347.7
55.6 55.5
58.3 58.0 57.6
47.5 347.9 47.3
56.1 56.8 57.7 58.2 59.0
67.4 67.0 65.7 64.5 63.7
64.1 63.7 63.1 62.8 62.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1
64.9 64.7 65.0 65.4 65.8
64.6 64.6 64.3 64.4 64.2
62.9 63.0 63.2 62.8 62.4
55.3 55.5 55.3 55.7 56.0
57.3 57.4 57.7 57.7 457.9
47.1 47.1 47.2 47.6 47.8
58.9 60.3 60.6 61.4 61.5
64.1 64.0 63.3 62.8 463.2
62.7 62.7 62.8 62.7 462.9
2000 .......................................................................................
67.2
65.9
64.7
462.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
362.5
55.3
347.8
47.6 47.4 47.3 47.2
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5
3.6 3.4 3.8 4.5 4.4
1.3 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.8
1.2 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
1.6 1.6 2.1 2.7 2.3
0.3 0.3 1.3 1.1 0.6
3.5 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.5
... ... ... ... ...
1.2 1.6 2.1 2.2 1.9
2.1 2.3 3.3 3.2 3.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6
5.7 6.2 6.2 5.5 5.3
1.6 1.9 2.6 2.3 2.7
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4
2.5 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.6
3.2 3.3 3.8 3.7 3.1
... ... ... 3.1 3.6
1.5 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.0
3.1 3.9 4.2 3.2 3.1
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8
6.9
7.8 8.1 7.2
4.9 4.8 5.6 6.3 6.3
1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.1
4.2 4.6 5.2 5.4 6.1
3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 2.9
3.4 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.4
5.1 5.4 4.9 5.1 5.1
1.6 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.1
4.6 5.9 6.4 6.3 5.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5
7.2 7.3 10.6 11.5 10.9
6.1 5.8 7.2 10.0 9.0
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.8
6.5 7.6 8.3 8.6 10.0
2.8 4.0 5.6 36.9 7.1
4.4 4.9 5.4 5.9 5.9
6.0 8.9 10.2 311.4 11.5
2.0 2.5 3.1 3.5 3.1
7.0 10.5 11.3 11.8 11.7
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3
10.2 9.2 8.4 7.3 7.0
8.3 8.1 8.1 7.2 6.2
2.6 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.3
10.5 10.6 10.8 10.3 9.6
7.2 6.6 6.3 6.3 5.7
6.0
9.6 10.0 10.0 37.7 7.0
32.2
2.8 2.6 1.9 1.6
11.2 11.2 10.3 8.6 7.2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
35.6
6.8 7.5 6.9 36.1
7.7 9.8 10.6 10.7 9.4
6.9 9.6 10.8 10.9 9.7
2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.9
310.4
9.1 9.6
35.6
36.9
11.8 12.3
6.7 7.9 8.5
7.3 310.2 11.2
6.2 5.9 5.6 6.5 7.2
1.8 3.1 5.6 9.3 9.6
6.9 8.8 10.1 10.5 9.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2
8.5 8.7 8.2 7.5 6.8
8.5 8.6 8.6 8.0 7.2
3.2 3.4 3.4 4.1 4.7
11.8 12.5 12.4 11.8 11.2
8.2 8.9 9.9 9.3 8.7
11.8 11.7 11.9 12.0 11.5
7.1 6.3 5.3 4.0 3.4
9.1 9.9 10.1 8.4 7.1
8.7 8.2 7.0 6.3 46.1
2000 .......................................................................................
4.0
5.8
6.6
44.8
49.7
48.3
410.7
...
45.9
...
See footnotes at end of table.
36.8
5.0
37.5
7.9 7.9 7.8 7.0
394
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 10-1. Employment Status of the Working-Age Population, Approximating U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries, 1965–2000—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Year and category
United States
Canada1
Australia
Japan
France
Germany 2
Netherlands
Italy
Sweden
United Kingdom
EMPLOYED 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
71 088 72 895 74 372 75 920 77 902
6 944 7 242 7 451 7 593 7 832
4 628 4 785 4 928 5 046 5 188
46 210 47 200 48 180 49 100 49 570
19 340 19 530 19 650 19 640 19 990
26 290 26 220 25 390 25 400 25 790
19 210 18 890 19 130 19 080 18 940
... ... ... ... ...
3 700 3 736 3 693 3 737 3 778
24 700 24 760 24 470 24 370 24 390
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
78 678 79 367 82 153 85 064 86 794
7 919 8 104 8 344 8 761 9 125
5 388 5 517 5 601 5 765 5 891
50 140 50 480 50 590 51 910 51 710
20 270 20 420 20 540 20 840 21 030
26 100 26 220 26 280 26 590 26 240
19 080 19 020 18 710 18 870 19 280
... ... ... 5 050 5 100
3 850 3 854 3 856 3 873 3 956
24 330 23 970 24 120 24 610 24 680
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
85 846 88 752 92 017 96 048 98 824
9 284
9 822 10 115 10 550
5 866 5 946 6 000 6 038 6 111
51 530 52 020 52 720 53 370 54 040
20 860 21 030 21 220 21 320 21 390
25 540 25 400 25 430 25 650 26 080
19 400 19 500 19 670 19 720 19 930
5 070 5 100 5 210 5 260 5 350
4 056 4 082 4 093 4 109 4 174
24 560 24 360 24 400 24 610 24 940
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
99 303 100 397 99 526 100 834 105 005
10 857 11 184 10 850 10 940 11 209
6 284 6 416 6 415 6 300 6 494
54 600 55 060 55 620 56 550 56 870
21 440 21 330 21 390 21 380 21 200
26 490 26 450 26 150 325 770 25 830
20 200 20 280 20 250 20 320 20 390
5 520 5 550 5 520 35 420 5 490
4 226 4 219 4 213 4 218 4 249
24 670 23 800 23 560 23 470 23 930
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
107 150 109 597 112 440 114 968 117 342
11 516 11 866 12 209 12 591 12 866
6 697 6 974 7 129 7 398 7 720
57 260 57 740 58 320 59 310 60 500
21 150 21 240 21 320 21 520 21 850
26 010 26 380 26 590 26 800 27 200
20 490
5 650 5 740 5 850 35 880 5 990
34 340
4 293 4 326
4 410 4 480
24 290 24 470 25 010 25 850 26 510
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
3118 793
12 961 12 747 12 672 12 770 13 027
7 859 7 676 7 637 7 680 7 921
61 710 62 920 63 620 63 810 63 860
22 080 22 120 22 020 21 740 21 730
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
3129 558 3131 463 3133 488
124 900 126 708
13 271 13 380 13 705 14 068 14 456
8 235 8 344 8 429 8 597 8 785
63 890 64 200 64 900 64 450 63 920
2000 .......................................................................................
3135 208
14 827
9 043
117 718 118 492 120 259 3123 060
39 680
27 950
320 610
20 590 20 870 20 770
336 920
321 360
36 420 36 030 35 890
21 080
21 230 320 270 19 940
6 230 6 380 6 540 6 590 6 680
4 513 4 447 4 265 4 028 3 992
26 740 26 090 25 530 25 340 25 550
21 910 21 960 22 090 22 520 22 970
35 900 35 680 35 570 35 830 36 170
19 820 19 920 19 990 20 210 20 460
6 730 6 970 7 110 7 360 7 490
4 056 4 019 3 973 4 034 4 117
26 000 26 280 26 740 27 050 427 330
463 790
...
...
...
...
...
...
UNEMPLOYED 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832
263 251 296 358 362
61 76 94 94 96
570 650 630 590 570
310 320 420 550 480
70 70 340 290 170
690 730 670 700 680
... ... ... ... ...
44 59 80 85 73
540 570 830 810 770
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
476 535 553 515 514
91 107 150 136 162
590 640 730 680 730
530 580 610 590 630
140 160 190 190 420
640 640 740 720 620
... ... ... 160 190
59 101 107 98 80
770 980 1 070 820 790
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
690 826 888 824
302 298 358 405 408
1 000 1 080 1 100 1 240 1 170
910 1 020 1 160 1 220 1 390
890 890 900 870 780
690 790 840 850 920
270 290 270 280 290
67 66 75 94 88
1 180 1 540 1 660 1 650 1 420
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
847 881 1 286 1 424 1 366
409 394 495 697 641
1 140 1 260 1 360 1 560 1 610
1 490 1 760 1 930 2 020 2 360
770 1 090 1 560 31 900 1 970
920 1 040 1 160 1 270 1 280
350 540 630 3700 710
86 108 137 151 136
1 850 2 790 3 000 3 140 3 180
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528
1 303 1 204 1 116 991 975
603 613 629 576 508
1 560 1 670 1 730 1 550 1 420
2 470 2 520 2 570 2 460 2 320
2 010 1 860 1 800 1 810 1 640
1 310
600 640 650 3490 450
125 117 397 84 72
3 060 3 080 2 860 2 420 2 070
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
37 047
1 076 1 381 1 496 1 530 1 359
585 814 925 939 856
1 340 1 360 1 420 1 660 1 920
32 550
2 210 2 350
32 210
31 580
2 900 3 060
2 620 3 110 3 320
1 680 32 300 2 510
410 400 390 460 520
84 144 255 415 426
1 990 2 520 2 880 2 970 2 730
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
36 739 36 210 35 880
7 404 7 236
1 229 1 271 1 230 1 148 1 058
766 783 791 750 685
2 100 2 250 2 300 2 790 3 170
2 920 3 130 3 130 3 020 2 890
3 200 3 500 3 910 3 690 3 460
2 640 2 650 2 690 2 750 2 670
510 470 400 310 260
404 440 445 368 313
2 480 2 340 2 020 1 820 41 760
2000 .......................................................................................
35 655
918
638
43 200
...
...
...
...
...
...
8 628 9 613 8 940 37 996
3709
1 460
31 680
1 760 1 790 1 760 1 590
1. There is a break in the published series as of 1966, resulting from sampling changes and a raising of the lower age limit from 14 to 15. The effect was to lower the as-published unemployment rate by about 0.4 percentage point. 2. Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany. 3. Break in series. 4. Preliminary.
FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS
395
Table 10-2. Indexes of Manufacturing Productivity and Related Measures, 12 Countries, 1970 and 1985–1999 (1992=100.) Item and year
United States
Canada
Japan
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany 1
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
United Kingdom
OUTPUT PER HOUR 2 1970 .......................................................................
...
56.6
37.5
32.9
52.7
43.0
52.0
37.9
38.1
58.3
52.2
44.7
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
86.0 86.0 92.9 96.9 95.7
92.4 90.0 90.6 90.9 93.7
76.5 76.1 80.2 83.9 88.5
87.0 87.8 88.9 92.0 96.9
96.7 91.1 90.6 94.1 99.6
79.1 80.4 81.8 87.5 91.9
89.1 89.6 88.1 91.5 94.6
82.6 83.8 85.7 86.7 89.4
89.0 90.8 91.6 93.7 97.1
90.2 89.0 93.3 92.2 94.6
86.2 87.5 89.2 90.5 93.2
72.3 74.8 79.4 82.3 86.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
96.9 97.9 100.0 102.1 107.3
95.7 95.3 100.0 104.5 109.9
94.4 99.0 100.0 101.7 103.3
96.8 99.1 100.0 102.5 108.4
99.1 99.6 100.0 104.5 ...
93.5 96.9 100.0 100.6 108.5
99.0 101.9 100.0 100.6 107.9
92.5 95.2 100.0 102.9 105.6
98.6 99.6 100.0 101.4 112.7
96.6 97.5 100.0 100.6 101.4
94.6 95.5 100.0 107.3 119.4
88.3 92.1 100.0 104.0 106.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
113.8 117.0 121.2 126.8 135.1
111.0 109.5 112.8 112.5 115.2
111.0 116.1 121.0 121.2 125.8
113.2 117.1 126.8 128.8 128.9
... ... ... ... ...
114.5 115.0 122.6 124.0 128.9
111.2 115.1 121.8 127.1 ...
109.3 109.5 111.5 111.1 112.9
117.7 119.7 121.9 124.6 127.3
102.0 102.0 103.0 103.9 103.9
121.9 124.5 132.9 136.7 140.8
104.3 102.3 103.0 102.9 107.5
OUTPUT 1970 .......................................................................
...
60.6
39.2
57.6
68.0
64.1
70.9
45.8
59.5
89.9
80.7
90.3
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
90.0 88.6 96.4 103.2 102.4
98.3 99.4 103.9 110.1 112.6
76.7 75.5 79.0 85.3 90.9
89.1 89.1 88.8 93.3 99.1
103.5 103.5 99.3 100.8 104.3
87.3 87.3 87.2 92.2 97.2
88.3 89.7 88.0 90.9 94.0
83.3 85.5 88.7 94.5 98.1
86.1 88.3 89.5 92.8 96.9
108.5 108.1 110.7 105.3 101.3
102.9 104.0 106.6 109.8 110.9
89.0 90.1 94.4 101.4 105.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
101.6 98.3 100.0 103.5 111.1
108.6 99.0 100.0 104.6 113.2
97.1 102.0 100.0 96.3 94.9
101.0 100.7 100.0 97.0 101.4
102.7 101.7 100.0 99.0 109.3
99.1 99.8 100.0 95.7 100.3
99.1 102.8 100.0 91.8 93.5
99.6 99.2 100.0 96.4 102.2
100.1 100.6 100.0 98.2 104.2
100.2 98.3 100.0 102.7 106.7
110.1 104.1 100.0 101.9 117.1
105.3 100.0 100.0 101.4 106.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
118.4 121.3 127.9 133.3 141.0
118.1 119.8 128.1 133.1 141.3
98.9 103.0 106.5 100.2 101.0
104.2 106.6 113.8 116.3 117.7
114.7 109.7 112.6 115.3 111.5
104.9 104.6 109.7 111.5 114.2
93.7 92.5 95.8 100.7 ...
107.2 105.6 108.3 110.3 111.4
107.8 108.4 111.2 114.9 118.4
109.0 110.1 115.7 117.6 114.0
128.4 131.1 138.6 144.6 150.7
107.8 108.2 109.6 110.1 110.1
1970 .......................................................................
104.4
107.1
104.4
174.7
129.0
149.0
136.3
120.9
156.2
154.3
154.7
202.1
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
104.6 103.0 103.8 106.6 107.1
106.4 110.5 114.7 121.2 120.2
100.3 99.2 98.5 101.7 102.7
102.4 101.5 100.0 101.5 102.3
107.0 113.7 109.6 107.2 104.7
110.4 108.6 106.6 105.4 105.8
99.1 100.1 99.9 99.3 99.3
100.8 102.1 103.5 108.9 109.7
96.7 97.3 97.7 99.0 99.8
120.2 121.6 118.6 114.3 107.1
119.4 118.9 119.5 121.4 119.0
123.1 120.5 118.9 123.2 122.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
104.8 100.4 100.0 101.4 103.6
113.5 103.9 100.0 100.1 103.0
102.9 103.1 100.0 94.7 91.9
104.3 101.5 100.0 94.7 93.6
103.7 102.1 100.0 94.8 ...
105.9 103.0 100.0 95.1 92.4
100.1 100.9 100.0 91.3 86.7
107.7 104.2 100.0 93.6 96.7
101.5 101.0 100.0 96.9 92.4
103.7 100.8 100.0 102.1 105.2
116.4 109.0 100.0 94.9 98.1
119.3 108.6 100.0 97.5 99.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
104.0 103.7 105.5 105.2 104.3
106.4 109.4 113.5 118.3 122.7
89.1 88.7 88.0 82.7 80.3
92.0 91.1 89.7 90.3 91.3
... ... ... ... ...
91.6 91.0 89.5 89.9 88.6
84.3 80.4 78.6 79.3 ...
98.0 96.5 97.1 99.3 98.6
91.6 90.5 91.2 92.2 93.0
106.8 107.9 112.3 113.2 109.8
105.3 105.3 104.3 105.8 107.1
103.3 105.8 106.4 107.0 102.5
TOTAL HOURS
COMPENSATION PER HOUR NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS 2, 3 1970 .......................................................................
23.7
17.0
16.4
13.7
13.3
10.3
20.7
4.7
20.2
11.8
10.7
6.3
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
75.1 78.5 80.7 84.0 86.6
71.8 72.8 74.6 77.4 82.5
72.4 76.0 77.8 79.1 84.0
75.3 77.3 79.7 81.1 85.9
71.7 73.2 80.1 82.9 87.7
72.8 75.8 78.6 81.6 86.0
70.0 72.8 76.0 79.1 83.2
60.8 63.3 66.8 69.3 75.9
81.8 85.0 87.8 87.7 88.5
63.4 69.1 78.4 83.3 87.2
58.6 63.4 67.6 71.8 79.4
53.1 57.6 64.8 67.7 72.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
90.8 95.6 100.0 102.7 105.6
88.3 95.0 100.0 102.0 103.7
90.5 96.4 100.0 102.8 104.9
90.1 97.3 100.0 104.8 106.1
92.7 95.9 100.0 104.6 ...
90.6 96.2 100.0 103.0 105.6
89.4 95.1 100.0 105.9 111.7
84.4 93.6 100.0 107.5 107.8
90.8 95.2 100.0 103.7 108.2
92.3 97.5 100.0 101.5 104.4
87.8 95.5 100.0 97.1 99.8
80.9 90.5 100.0 104.3 106.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
107.9 109.3 111.4 117.3 122.0
106.0 105.1 108.2 111.2 113.0
108.3 109.2 112.9 115.8 115.5
109.2 110.9 114.7 116.4 116.8
... ... ... ... ...
108.4 110.2 113.0 114.9 119.3
117.7 123.7 126.6 127.6 ...
112.8 120.3 125.4 123.0 126.5
110.6 113.2 116.2 119.8 123.5
109.2 113.6 118.7 126.2 133.4
106.3 114.1 119.1 124.1 127.1
107.0 107.1 110.3 114.6 119.7
See footnotes at end of table.
396
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 10-2. Indexes of Manufacturing Productivity and Related Measures, 12 Countries, 1970 and 1985–1999—Continued (1992=100.) Item and year
United States
Canada
Japan
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany 1
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
United Kingdom
COMPENSATION PER HOUR U.S. CURRENCY BASIS 2, 3 1970 .......................................................................
23.7
19.7
5.8
8.9
10.7
9.9
8.9
9.2
9.8
10.3
12.0
8.6
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
75.1 78.5 80.7 84.0 86.6
63.5 63.3 68.0 76.0 84.1
38.5 57.2 68.2 78.2 77.1
40.8 55.6 68.6 70.9 70.1
40.9 54.6 70.6 74.3 72.3
42.9 57.9 69.2 72.5 71.4
37.2 52.4 66.0 70.4 69.1
39.2 52.3 63.5 65.5 68.1
43.3 61.1 76.2 78.0 73.4
45.8 58.0 72.3 79.3 78.4
39.7 51.8 62.1 68.2 71.6
39.0 47.8 60.2 68.3 67.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
90.8 95.6 100.0 102.7 105.6
91.5 100.1 100.0 95.5 91.7
79.1 90.8 100.0 117.3 130.1
86.6 91.5 100.0 97.4 102.1
90.4 90.5 100.0 97.4 ...
88.0 90.2 100.0 96.2 100.8
86.4 89.4 100.0 100.0 107.6
86.8 92.9 100.0 84.2 82.4
87.7 89.4 100.0 98.1 104.6
91.7 93.3 100.0 88.8 91.9
86.4 91.9 100.0 72.6 75.3
81.7 90.5 100.0 88.7 92.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
107.9 109.3 111.4 117.3 122.0
93.3 93.1 94.4 90.6 91.9
146.2 127.2 118.3 112.0 128.8
119.1 115.1 103.0 103.0 99.2
... ... ... ... ...
115.1 114.1 102.5 103.1 102.6
128.3 128.4 114.0 113.3 ...
85.3 96.1 90.7 87.3 85.8
121.2 118.0 104.6 106.2 105.0
107.1 109.3 104.1 103.8 106.2
86.7 99.1 90.7 90.9 89.5
95.6 94.7 102.3 107.5 109.6
UNIT LABOR COSTS NATIONAL CURRENCY BASIS 2, 3 1970 .......................................................................
...
30.1
43.8
41.7
25.2
24.0
39.8
12.4
52.9
20.3
20.6
14.1
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
87.3 91.2 86.9 86.7 90.5
77.7 81.0 82.4 85.2 88.0
94.6 99.9 97.0 94.3 94.9
86.5 88.0 89.7 88.1 88.7
74.2 80.4 88.4 88.2 88.1
92.0 94.3 96.1 93.3 93.6
78.6 81.2 86.3 86.5 87.9
73.5 75.6 78.0 79.9 84.9
91.8 93.7 95.9 93.6 91.1
70.2 77.7 84.1 90.4 92.2
68.0 72.4 75.8 79.4 85.1
73.5 77.0 81.6 82.3 84.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
93.7 97.6 100.0 100.6 98.5
92.3 99.7 100.0 97.6 94.3
95.9 97.4 100.0 101.1 101.5
93.0 98.1 100.0 102.3 97.9
93.6 96.3 100.0 100.1 93.0
96.8 99.3 100.0 102.4 97.3
90.3 93.3 100.0 105.3 103.6
91.3 98.4 100.0 104.4 102.1
92.1 95.5 100.0 102.3 96.0
95.6 100.0 100.0 100.9 102.9
92.9 100.0 100.0 90.5 83.5
91.7 98.2 100.0 100.3 99.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
94.8 93.5 91.9 92.5 90.3
95.5 95.9 95.9 98.8 98.1
97.6 94.0 93.3 95.5 91.8
96.4 94.7 90.5 90.3 90.6
93.8 100.9 102.0 102.8 108.9
94.7 95.9 92.2 92.7 92.6
105.9 107.5 103.9 100.4 ...
103.2 109.9 112.4 110.8 112.0
94.0 94.5 95.3 96.1 97.0
107.0 111.4 115.2 121.5 128.4
87.2 91.7 89.6 90.8 90.3
102.6 104.8 107.1 111.4 111.4
UNIT LABOR COSTS U.S. CURRENCY BASIS 2, 3 1970 .......................................................................
...
34.8
15.5
27.0
20.3
23.0
17.1
24.4
25.7
17.6
23.1
19.2
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
87.3 91.2 86.9 86.7 90.5
68.7 70.4 75.1 83.6 89.8
50.3 75.2 85.0 93.2 87.1
46.9 63.4 77.2 77.0 72.3
42.3 60.0 77.9 79.0 72.6
54.2 72.1 84.6 82.9 77.6
41.7 58.5 74.9 76.9 73.0
47.5 62.4 74.1 75.6 76.2
48.7 67.3 83.2 83.2 75.5
50.8 65.3 77.5 86.1 82.9
46.1 59.2 69.6 75.4 76.8
54.0 64.0 75.8 83.0 78.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
93.7 97.6 100.0 100.6 98.5
95.6 105.1 100.0 91.4 83.4
83.8 91.7 100.0 115.4 125.9
89.5 92.3 100.0 95.1 94.2
91.3 90.8 100.0 93.2 88.3
94.1 93.1 100.0 95.6 92.9
87.3 87.8 100.0 99.4 99.8
93.8 97.6 100.0 81.8 78.1
88.9 89.8 100.0 96.8 92.8
95.0 95.7 100.0 88.3 90.7
91.3 96.3 100.0 67.7 63.1
92.6 98.3 100.0 85.3 86.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
94.8 93.5 91.9 92.5 90.3
84.1 85.0 83.6 80.5 79.8
131.7 109.6 97.7 92.4 102.4
105.2 98.3 81.2 80.0 76.9
101.1 105.0 93.1 92.6 94.1
100.6 99.2 83.6 83.2 79.6
115.5 111.6 93.5 89.1 ...
78.0 87.8 81.3 78.6 75.9
103.0 98.6 85.9 85.2 82.4
105.0 107.1 101.0 100.0 102.2
71.1 79.6 68.3 66.5 63.6
91.7 92.6 99.3 104.5 102.0
1970 .......................................................................
100.0
115.8
35.4
64.7
80.5
95.7
42.8
196.5
48.6
86.9
112.3
135.6
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
88.5 87.0 91.1 98.2 102.1
53.2 75.3 87.7 98.9 91.8
54.2 72.0 86.1 87.4 81.6
57.0 74.6 88.2 89.6 82.5
58.9 76.4 88.0 88.8 83.0
53.1 72.0 86.9 88.9 83.0
64.5 82.6 95.0 94.6 89.8
53.0 71.8 86.8 88.9 82.9
72.3 84.0 92.2 95.2 89.9
67.7 81.7 91.8 94.9 90.2
73.5 83.1 92.8 100.8 92.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
103.6 105.5 100.0 93.7 88.4
87.4 94.2 100.0 114.1 124.1
96.2 94.0 100.0 93.0 96.2
97.5 94.3 100.0 93.1 95.0
97.2 93.7 100.0 93.4 95.4
96.6 94.0 100.0 94.4 96.3
102.8 99.3 100.0 78.3 76.5
96.6 93.9 100.0 94.6 96.7
99.4 95.7 100.0 87.5 88.1
98.4 96.3 100.0 74.7 75.5
101.0 100.1 100.0 85.0 86.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
88.1 88.6 87.3 81.5 81.3
134.9 116.5 104.7 96.8 111.5
109.1 103.8 89.8 88.5 84.9
107.8 104.1 91.3 90.1 86.4
106.2 103.5 90.7 89.7 86.0
109.1 103.8 90.0 88.8 85.1
75.6 79.9 72.3 70.9 67.8
109.6 104.3 90.1 88.7 85.0
98.1 96.2 87.7 82.3 79.6
81.6 86.8 76.2 73.3 70.4
89.4 88.4 92.7 93.8 91.6
EXCHANGE RATE 4
1. Former West Germany. 2. The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. 3. Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. 4. Index of value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.
FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS
397
Table 10-3. Hourly Compensation Costs in U.S. Dollars for Production Workers in Manufacturing, 29 Countries and Selected Areas, Selected Years, 1975–1999
Country or area
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
United States ............................................................
$6.36
$9.87
$13.01
$14.91
$15.58
$16.09
$16.51
$16.87
$17.19
$17.70
$18.27
$18.66
$19.20
Canada ..................................................................... Mexico ......................................................................
5.96 1.47
8.67 2.21
10.95 1.59
15.95 1.58
17.28 1.84
17.17 2.17
16.55 2.40
15.88 2.47
16.10 1.51
16.64 1.54
16.47 1.78
15.60 1.84
15.60 2.12
Australia ................................................................... Hong Kong SAR 1 ...................................................... Israel ........................................................................
5.62 0.76 2.25
8.47 1.51 3.79
8.20 1.73 4.06
13.07 3.20 8.55
13.53 3.58 8.79
13.02 3.92 9.09
12.49 4.29 8.82
14.12 4.61 9.19
15.27 4.82 10.54
16.88 5.14 11.32
16.58 5.42 12.04
14.92 5.47 12.02
15.89 5.44 11.91
Japan ....................................................................... Korea ........................................................................ New Zealand ............................................................ Singapore ................................................................. Sri Lanka .................................................................. Taiwan ......................................................................
3.00 0.32 3.15 0.84 0.28 0.40
5.52 0.96 5.22 1.49 0.22 1.00
6.34 1.23 4.38 2.47 0.28 1.50
12.80 3.71 8.17 3.78 0.35 3.93
14.67 4.61 8.20 4.35 0.40 4.36
16.38 5.22 7.76 4.95 0.40 5.09
19.21 5.64 7.85 5.25 0.42 5.24
21.35 6.40 8.76 6.29 0.45 5.56
23.82 7.29 9.91 7.33 0.48 5.94
21.00 8.22 10.81 8.32 0.48 5.95
19.54 7.86 10.81 8.24 0.46 5.90
18.29 5.39 9.01 7.77 0.47 5.27
20.89 6.71 9.14 7.18 ... 5.62
Austria ...................................................................... Belgium .................................................................... Denmark ................................................................... Finland ..................................................................... France ......................................................................
4.51 6.41 6.28 4.61 4.52
8.88 13.11 10.83 8.24 8.94
7.58 8.97 8.13 8.16 7.52
17.75 19.17 18.04 21.03 15.49
18.09 19.75 18.39 21.25 15.65
20.29 22.05 20.20 19.92 17.47
20.16 21.44 19.11 16.63 16.79
21.55 23.07 20.30 19.06 17.63
25.32 26.65 24.07 24.10 20.01
24.80 25.97 24.11 23.41 19.93
21.97 22.88 22.03 21.32 17.99
22.21 23.20 22.69 21.66 18.28
21.83 22.82 22.96 21.10 17.98
Germany, Former West ............................................ Germany, Unified ...................................................... Greece ..................................................................... Ireland ...................................................................... Italy ...........................................................................
6.31 ... 1.69 3.03 4.67
12.25 ... 3.73 5.95 8.15
9.53 ... 3.66 5.92 7.63
21.88 ... 6.76 11.66 17.45
22.63 ... 6.95 11.91 18.32
25.38 ... 7.60 13.12 19.35
25.19 24.44 7.23 11.90 15.80
26.70 25.86 7.73 12.42 15.89
31.58 30.65 9.17 13.61 16.22
31.20 30.26 9.59 13.91 17.75
27.68 26.84 9.20 13.61 17.57
27.52 26.76 8.91 13.39 17.11
26.93 26.18 ... 13.57 16.60
Luxembourg ............................................................. Netherlands .............................................................. Norway ..................................................................... Portugal ....................................................................
6.50 6.58 6.77 1.58
12.03 12.06 11.59 2.06
7.81 8.75 10.37 1.53
16.74 18.06 21.47 3.77
17.14 18.13 21.63 4.24
19.10 20.10 23.03 5.17
18.74 19.94 20.21 4.50
20.33 20.73 20.97 4.60
23.35 24.12 24.38 5.37
22.55 23.22 25.05 5.58
... 20.98 23.72 5.38
... 21.17 23.50 5.48
... 20.94 23.91 ...
Spain ........................................................................ Sweden .................................................................... Switzerland ............................................................... United Kingdom ........................................................
2.53 7.18 6.09 3.37
5.89 12.51 11.09 7.56
4.66 9.66 9.66 6.27
11.38 20.93 20.86 12.70
12.29 22.15 21.69 13.74
13.50 24.59 23.23 14.37
11.62 17.59 22.63 12.41
11.54 18.62 24.91 12.80
12.88 21.44 29.30 13.67
13.51 24.37 28.34 14.09
12.24 22.22 24.19 15.47
12.14 22.02 24.38 16.43
12.11 21.58 23.56 16.56
3.83 4.25 4.82 5.10 5.03 0.52
6.60 7.30 8.30 9.90 9.83 1.17
6.75 7.40 8.48 7.96 7.85 1.65
12.36 13.49 15.54 17.31 17.09 3.72
13.35 14.56 16.73 17.96 17.74 4.30
14.27 15.52 17.79 19.67 19.46 4.91
14.34 15.57 17.80 18.31 18.09 5.20
15.00 16.25 18.55 19.24 18.97 5.78
16.36 17.72 20.36 21.97 21.60 6.41
16.09 17.36 19.88 22.07 21.74 6.92
15.30 16.45 18.79 20.43 20.22 6.83
14.72 15.85 18.21 20.61 20.40 5.83
15.24 16.44 18.80 20.31 20.12 6.20
TRADE-WEIGHTED MEASURES 2, 3 All 28 foreign economies ........................................... OECD 4 ...................................................................... OECD less Mexico, Korea 5 ...................................... Europe 6 .................................................................... European Union 6 ...................................................... Asian NIEs 7 ..............................................................
1. Hong Kong Special Administration Region of China. 2. The trade weights used to compute the average compensation cost measures for selected country or economic groups are relative importances derived from the sum of the U.S. imports of manufactured products for consumption (customs value) and the U.S. exports of domestic manufactured products (free alongside ship value) in 1992 for each country or area and each economic group. 3. Data for Germany relate to the former West Germany only. 4. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 5. Mexico joined the OECD in 1994; Korea joined in 1996. 6. The European Union (EU) consists of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Europe includes the EU countries plus Norway and Switzerland. 7. The Asian NIEs consists of the four newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.
398
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Table 10-4. Consumer Price Indexes, 16 Countries, 1950 and 1955–2000 (1982–1984=100.) Consumer price index 1 Year
United Canada 3 States 2
Japan
Australia 4
Austria
Belgium 5
Denmark 6
France 7
Germany 8
Italy
NetherNorway 9 lands
Spain
Sweden
Switzer- United land 10 Kingdom
1950 ....................................
24.1
21.6
14.8
12.6
...
24.0
12.3
11.1
...
...
...
13.6
5.5
13.3
33.2
9.8
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
26.8 27.2 28.1 28.9 29.1
24.4 24.8 25.6 26.3 26.6
20.2 20.3 20.9 20.8 21.1
18.9 20.1 20.7 20.9 21.3
... ... ... ... ...
26.6 27.4 28.2 28.6 29.0
15.0 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.5
14.5 14.8 15.3 17.6 18.7
... ... ... ... ...
10.8 11.1 11.3 11.6 11.6
... ... ... ... ...
18.4 19.1 19.6 20.6 21.0
6.3 6.7 7.4 8.4 9.0
17.5 18.4 19.2 20.0 20.2
36.0 36.6 37.3 38.0 37.7
12.8 13.5 14.0 14.4 14.5
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
29.6 29.9 30.2 30.6 31.0
26.9 27.1 27.4 27.9 28.4
21.8 23.0 24.6 26.4 27.4
22.1 22.6 22.6 22.7 23.2
32.6 33.8 35.3 36.2 37.6
29.1 29.3 29.8 30.4 31.7
16.7 17.4 18.8 19.8 20.5
19.4 20.0 21.0 22.0 22.7
41.6 42.6 43.8 45.1 46.2
11.7 12.0 12.6 13.6 14.4
... ... ... ... ...
21.1 21.6 22.8 23.4 24.7
9.1 9.2 9.7 10.6 11.3
21.0 21.5 22.5 23.2 23.9
38.2 38.9 40.6 42.0 43.3
14.6 15.1 15.8 16.1 16.6
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
31.5 32.4 33.4 34.8 36.7
29.1 30.2 31.3 32.5 34.0
29.5 31.0 32.3 34.0 35.8
24.1 24.9 25.7 26.3 27.1
39.5 40.3 41.9 43.1 44.4
32.9 34.3 35.3 36.3 37.6
21.8 23.3 25.0 27.0 27.9
23.3 23.9 24.6 25.7 27.3
47.8 49.4 50.1 50.8 51.8
15.0 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.3
... ... ... ... 40.6
25.7 26.6 27.8 28.7 29.6
12.8 13.6 14.5 15.2 15.5
25.1 26.8 27.9 28.4 29.2
44.8 46.9 48.8 50.0 51.3
17.4 18.1 18.5 19.4 20.5
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
38.8 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3
35.1 36.2 37.9 40.7 45.2
38.5 40.9 42.9 47.9 59.1
28.2 29.9 31.6 34.6 39.9
46.4 48.5 51.6 55.5 60.8
39.1 40.8 43.0 46.0 51.9
29.8 31.5 33.6 36.7 42.3
28.8 30.3 32.2 34.6 39.3
53.5 56.2 59.2 63.2 67.6
17.1 17.9 18.9 20.9 25.0
42.1 45.3 48.9 52.9 58.1
32.8 34.8 37.3 40.1 43.8
16.4 17.7 19.2 21.4 24.8
31.3 33.6 35.6 38.0 41.7
53.1 56.6 60.4 65.7 72.1
21.8 23.8 25.5 27.9 32.3
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
53.8 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6
50.1 53.8 58.1 63.3 69.1
66.0 72.2 78.1 81.4 84.4
45.9 52.1 58.5 63.1 68.8
65.9 70.8 74.6 77.3 80.2
58.5 63.8 68.4 71.4 74.6
46.4 50.5 56.1 61.8 67.7
43.9 48.2 52.7 57.5 63.6
71.7 74.8 77.4 79.4 82.4
29.3 34.1 40.3 45.3 52.4
63.8 69.6 74.1 77.2 80.5
49.0 53.5 58.3 63.1 66.1
29.0 34.1 42.4 50.8 58.8
45.8 50.5 56.3 61.9 66.4
76.9 78.2 79.2 80.1 83.0
40.1 46.8 54.2 58.7 66.6
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
82.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9
76.1 85.6 94.9 100.4 104.7
90.9 95.4 98.0 99.8 102.1
75.8 83.2 92.4 101.8 105.8
85.3 91.1 96.0 99.2 104.8
79.6 85.6 93.1 100.3 106.6
76.1 85.0 93.6 100.0 106.4
72.3 82.0 91.6 100.5 107.9
86.7 92.2 97.1 100.3 102.7
64.0 75.4 87.8 100.7 111.5
86.1 91.9 97.2 99.8 103.0
73.3 83.3 92.7 100.5 106.8
67.9 77.8 89.0 99.9 111.1
75.5 84.6 91.9 100.0 108.1
86.3 91.9 97.1 100.0 102.9
78.5 87.9 95.4 99.8 104.8
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0
108.9 113.4 118.4 123.2 129.3
104.2 104.8 104.9 105.7 108.1
112.9 123.2 133.7 142.9 154.1
108.2 110.0 111.6 113.8 116.6
111.8 113.3 115.0 116.4 120.0
111.4 115.4 120.0 125.5 131.5
114.2 117.2 120.9 124.2 128.6
104.8 104.7 104.9 106.3 109.2
121.8 129.0 135.1 141.9 150.8
105.3 105.6 105.1 106.1 107.1
112.9 121.0 131.6 140.4 146.8
120.9 131.5 138.5 145.1 155.0
116.0 121.0 126.1 133.4 142.0
106.4 107.2 108.8 110.8 114.3
111.1 114.9 119.7 125.6 135.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2
135.5 143.1 145.3 147.9 148.2
111.4 115.1 117.0 118.5 119.3
165.3 170.7 172.4 175.5 178.8
120.5 124.4 129.5 134.1 138.2
124.1 128.1 131.2 134.8 138.0
135.0 138.2 141.1 142.9 145.8
133.0 137.2 140.6 143.5 145.9
112.1 116.2 120.9 125.2 128.6
160.5 170.6 179.4 187.5 195.0
109.9 113.3 116.9 120.0 123.3
152.8 158.0 161.7 165.4 167.7
165.4 175.2 185.6 194.1 203.3
156.7 171.5 175.6 183.9 187.8
120.5 127.5 132.7 137.0 138.3
148.2 156.9 162.7 165.3 169.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6
151.4 153.8 156.2 157.7 160.5
119.2 119.3 121.5 122.2 121.8
187.1 192.0 192.5 194.1 197.0
141.3 143.9 145.8 147.1 147.9
140.1 142.9 145.3 146.7 148.3
148.8 151.9 155.3 158.2 162.0
148.4 151.3 153.2 154.3 155.0
130.7 132.4 134.8 136.0 136.9
205.1 213.4 217.7 222.0 225.7
125.7 128.2 131.0 133.6 136.5
171.8 174.0 178.5 182.5 186.7
212.8 220.3 224.8 228.8 234.2
192.4 193.5 194.8 194.2 195.1
140.8 141.9 142.5 142.7 143.8
175.2 179.4 185.1 191.4 194.3
2000 ....................................
172.2
164.8
121.0
205.8
151.4
152.1
166.8
157.7
139.7
231.4
140.0
192.5
242.1
196.9
146.0
200.1
1. The indexes are calculated by rebasing the official indexes of each country to the official U.S. base year. Because of the rebasing to 1982-84, the indexes may differ from official indexes published by national statistical agencies. 2. Urban worker households prior to 1978. 3. All households from January 1995, all urban households from September 1978 to December 1994, and middle-income urban households prior to September 1978. In February 1994, excise and duty taxes on cigarettes were reduced by the federal government and three provinces. 4. Urban worker households prior to September 1998. 5. Excluding rent and several other services prior to 1976. 6. Excluding rent prior to 1964. 7. Paris only prior to 1962. Urban worker households prior to 1993. 8. Former West Germany. 9. Urban worker households prior to 1960. 10. Urban worker households prior to May 1993.
399
FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS
Table 10-5. Consumer Price Indexes, 16 Countries, Percent Change from Previous Year, 1956–2000
Percent change in consumer price index 1 Year
United Canada 3 States 2
Japan
Australia 4
Austria
Belgium 5
Denmark 6
France 7
Germany 8
Italy
Netherlands
Norway 9
Spain
Sweden
Switzer- United land 10 Kingdom
1956 1957 1958 1959
.................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
1.5 3.3 2.8 0.7
1.5 3.2 2.6 1.1
0.4 3.1 -0.5 1.1
6.3 2.7 1.1 1.9
... ... ... ...
2.9 3.1 1.3 1.2
5.3 2.2 0.7 1.8
1.9 3.5 15.1 6.1
... ... ... ...
3.4 1.3 2.8 -0.4
... ... ... ...
3.7 2.7 4.8 2.2
5.9 10.8 13.4 7.3
5.0 4.3 4.4 0.8
1.5 1.9 1.8 -0.7
4.9 3.7 3.0 0.6
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
1.7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3
1.2 0.9 1.2 1.8 1.8
3.7 5.3 6.8 7.6 3.8
4.0 2.6 -0.3 0.5 2.4
... 3.6 4.4 2.7 3.8
0.3 1.0 1.4 2.1 4.2
1.2 4.2 7.5 5.3 3.6
3.6 3.3 4.8 4.8 3.4
... ... ... 2.9 2.4
2.3 2.1 4.7 7.5 5.9
... ... ... ... ...
0.3 2.6 5.3 2.5 5.7
1.2 1.1 5.7 8.8 7.0
4.1 2.1 4.8 2.9 3.4
1.4 1.9 4.3 3.4 3.1
1.0 3.4 4.3 2.0 3.3
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
1.6 2.9 3.1 4.2 5.5
2.4 3.7 3.5 4.1 4.5
7.6 5.1 4.0 5.3 5.2
4.0 3.0 3.2 2.7 2.9
5.0 2.2 4.0 2.8 3.1
4.1 4.2 2.9 2.8 3.7
6.5 6.7 7.5 8.0 3.5
2.5 2.7 2.7 4.5 6.4
3.1 3.7 1.7 1.5 1.9
4.6 2.3 3.7 1.4 2.7
... ... ... ... ...
4.3 3.2 4.4 3.5 3.1
13.2 6.2 6.4 4.9 2.2
5.0 6.4 4.2 1.9 2.7
3.4 4.7 4.0 2.4 2.5
4.8 3.9 2.5 4.7 5.4
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
5.7 4.4 3.2 6.2 11.0
3.3 2.9 4.8 7.5 10.9
7.7 6.3 4.9 11.7 23.2
3.9 6.1 5.9 9.5 15.1
4.4 4.7 6.3 7.6 9.5
3.9 4.3 5.5 7.0 12.7
6.5 5.8 6.6 9.3 15.2
5.2 5.5 6.2 7.3 13.7
3.4 5.3 5.5 6.9 7.0
4.9 4.8 5.7 10.8 19.1
3.7 7.6 8.0 8.1 9.8
10.6 6.2 7.2 7.5 9.4
5.7 8.2 8.3 11.5 15.7
7.0 7.4 6.0 6.8 9.9
3.6 6.6 6.7 8.7 9.8
6.4 9.4 7.1 9.2 16.0
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
9.1 5.8 6.5 7.6 11.3
10.8 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.1
11.7 9.4 8.1 4.2 3.7
15.1 13.5 12.3 7.9 9.1
8.4 7.3 5.5 3.6 3.7
12.8 9.2 7.1 4.4 4.5
9.6 9.0 11.1 10.1 9.6
11.8 9.6 9.4 9.1 10.8
6.0 4.3 3.7 2.7 4.1
17.0 16.8 17.0 12.1 14.8
9.9 9.0 6.4 4.2 4.3
11.7 9.1 9.1 8.1 4.8
17.0 17.6 24.5 19.8 15.7
9.8 10.3 11.4 10.0 7.2
6.7 1.7 1.3 1.1 3.6
24.2 16.5 15.8 8.3 13.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
13.5 10.3 6.2 3.2 4.3
10.1 12.5 10.8 5.8 4.4
7.7 4.9 2.8 1.9 2.3
10.2 9.7 11.2 10.1 4.0
6.4 6.8 5.4 3.3 5.6
6.6 7.6 8.7 7.7 6.3
12.3 11.7 10.1 6.9 6.3
13.6 13.4 11.8 9.6 7.4
5.4 6.3 5.3 3.3 2.4
21.2 17.8 16.5 14.7 10.8
7.0 6.7 5.7 2.7 3.2
10.9 13.6 11.3 8.4 6.2
15.5 14.6 14.5 12.2 11.3
13.7 12.1 8.6 8.9 8.1
4.0 6.5 5.6 2.9 3.0
18.0 11.9 8.6 4.6 5.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
3.6 1.9 3.6 4.1 4.8
4.0 4.1 4.4 4.1 5.0
2.0 0.6 0.1 0.7 2.3
6.7 9.1 8.5 6.9 7.9
3.2 1.7 1.4 2.0 2.5
4.9 1.3 1.6 1.2 3.1
4.7 3.6 4.0 4.6 4.8
5.8 2.7 3.1 2.7 3.6
2.1 -0.1 0.2 1.3 2.8
9.2 5.9 4.7 5.0 6.3
2.3 0.2 -0.4 0.9 1.0
5.7 7.2 8.7 6.7 4.6
8.8 8.8 5.3 4.8 6.8
7.3 4.3 4.2 5.8 6.5
3.4 0.7 1.5 1.8 3.2
6.1 3.4 4.2 4.9 7.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
5.4 4.2 3.0 3.0 2.6
4.8 5.6 1.5 1.8 0.2
3.1 3.3 1.6 1.3 0.7
7.3 3.2 1.0 1.8 1.9
3.3 3.3 4.1 3.6 3.0
3.5 3.2 2.4 2.8 2.4
2.6 2.4 2.1 1.2 2.0
3.4 3.2 2.4 2.1 1.7
2.7 3.7 4.0 3.6 2.7
6.5 6.3 5.2 4.5 4.0
2.6 3.1 3.2 2.6 2.7
4.1 3.4 2.3 2.3 1.4
6.7 6.0 5.9 4.6 4.8
10.4 9.4 2.4 4.7 2.1
5.4 5.8 4.0 3.3 0.9
9.5 5.9 3.7 1.6 2.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
2.8 3.0 2.3 1.6 2.2
2.1 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.7
-0.1 0.1 1.8 0.6 -0.3
4.6 2.6 0.3 0.9 1.5
2.2 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.6
1.5 2.1 1.6 1.0 1.1
2.1 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.5
1.7 2.0 1.2 0.7 0.5
1.6 1.3 1.9 0.9 0.7
5.2 4.0 2.0 2.0 1.7
2.0 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.2
2.4 1.3 2.6 2.3 2.3
4.6 3.6 2.0 1.8 2.3
2.5 0.5 0.7 -0.3 0.5
1.8 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8
3.5 2.4 3.1 3.4 1.5
2000 ....................................
3.4
2.7
-0.7
4.5
2.3
2.5
3.0
1.7
2.0
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.4
0.9
1.5
3.0
1. The figures may differ from official percent changes published by national statistical agencies due to rounding. In the case of Sweden, the official percent changes are not calculated from the published index. 2. Urban worker households prior to 1978. 3. All households from January 1995, all urban households from September 1978 to December 1994, and middle-income urban households prior to September 1978. In February 1994, excise and duty taxes on cigarettes were reduced by the federal government and three provinces. In 1994, the consumer price index excluding tobacco increased 1.5 percent. 4. Urban worker households prior to September 1998. 5. Excluding rent and several other services prior to 1976. 6. Excluding rent prior to 1964. 7. Paris only prior to 1962. Urban worker households prior to 1993. 8. Former West Germany. 9. Urban worker households prior to 1960. 10. Urban worker households prior to May 1993.
INDEX
INDEX
A ABSENCES FROM WORK Defined, 5 Full-time workers, 121 ACCOUNTING AND BOOKKEEPING Producer Price Indexes, 311 ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES AND SUPPORT Compensation of employees employment cost index, 248, 263 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Employment and wages by occupation, 295 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Projections of labor force and employment, 213 Training hours of formal training, 149 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 AGE Absences from work full-time workers by age, 121 Children under 18 employment status of parents, 82 Children under 3 employment status of parents, 84 Civilian labor force employment status by age, 33 participation rates, 42 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by age, 12, 24 Consumer Expenditure Survey averages for age groups by income before taxes, 355 Days away from work due to injury or illness, 373 Educational attainment statistics, 74 Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers employment status by age, 51 Employed civilians, 55 Labor management relations union membership by age, 382 Multiple jobholder statistics, 77 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 117 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by age, 375 Participation rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 135 Percent of the population with experience by age, 111 Persons not in the labor force, 54 Population rations, 64 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by age, 208
Tenure of full-time workers by age, 122 Unemployed persons by age, 86, 109 Unemployment rates by age, 95, 109, 137 AGGREGATE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE Defined, 206 AGGREGATE WEEKLY HOURS Defined, 159 AGRICULTURE Civilians employed by, 70, 73 Classes of workers, 73 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Employment and wages by occupation, 295 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 nonfatal rates, 371 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Projections of labor force and employment, 212, 218 Salaried workers, 73 Self-employed workers, 73 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 Unpaid family workers, 73 Wage earners, 73 AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING Compensation of employees employment cost index, 253 AIR FARES Export price indexes, 339 Import price indexes, 339 AIR FREIGHT Export price indexes, 339 Import price indexes, 339 AIR TRANSPORTATION Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Producer Price Indexes, 311 ALTERNATIVE WORK ARRANGEMENTS Collection of data, 141 Defined, 141 Earnings median usual weekly earnings of workers, 147 Employed workers with alternative work arrangements, 143 ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND VEGETABLE OILS Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 APPAREL PRODUCTS Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Producer Price Indexes, 309
403
404
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Productivity and related costs, 238 Projections of labor force and employment, 210 ARCHITECTS Employment and wages by occupation, 290 Producer Price Indexes, 311 Projections of labor force and employment, 213 ARMED FORCES Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 ART AND DESIGN Employment and wages by occupation, 292 ASIAN NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES Import price indexes, 338 AT WORK PART-TIME FOR ECONOMIC REASONS Defined, 5 AT WORK PART-TIME FOR NONECONOMIC REASONS Defined, 5 AUSTRALIA Hourly compensation costs, 397 AUSTRIA Hourly compensation costs, 397 AUTO REPAIR SERVICES Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 AVAILABILITY FOR WORK Persons not in the labor force employment statistics, 54 AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS Defined, 160 AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS Defined, 159 AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS Defined, 160 AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS Defined, 159 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours, 178, 179 Production or nonsupervisory workers manufacturing payrolls by industry, 174 private nonfarm payrolls, 173
B BANKING Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 259 Employment and wages by occupation, 289 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 BELGIUM Hourly compensation costs, 397
BENEFITS Collection of statistics, 278 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 247, 267 Definitions, 246, 278 Full-time workers percent of full-time employees participating in benefit programs, 279, 280 Insurance carriers percent of employees participating, 282 State and local government workers, 270, 281 BLACK RACE Defined, 6 Generally see RACE BLUE COLLAR WORKERS Benefits, 267 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 249, 264 BONUSES Definitions, 246 BUILDING AND GROUNDS CLEANING Employment and wages by occupation, 294 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Historical perspective, xviii National Compensation Survey, xvii BUSINESS SECTOR Employment and wages by occupation, 289 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Output defined, 226
C CABLE AND PAY TELEVISION SERVICES Producer Price Indexes, 311 CANADA Hourly compensation costs, 397 Import price indexes, 337 CAPITAL SERVICES Defined, 227 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Producer Price Indexes, 310 Productivity and related costs, 239 Projections of labor force and employment, 210 CHILDREN Defined, 7 Number and age of children in families, 130 Status of all women by the presence and age of children, 126
INDEX
Status of women who maintain families, 128 CHILDREN UNDER 3 Employment status of parents, 84 CHILDREN UNDER 18 Employment status of parents, 82 CITIZENSHIP Employed civilians by occupation, citizenship status, and sex, 133 Employment status by citizenship status and sex, 132 Total money earnings of full-time workers by citizenship status, 134 CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Age employment status by, 33 participation rates, 42 Defined, 5 Education percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Employment statistics, 55 Foreign labor and price statistics participation rate, 393 Hispanic origin employment status by, 33 participation rates, 42 Major unemployment indicators, 85 Occupational statistics employed civilians by occupation, 133 Population ratios, 64 Projections of labor force and employment sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, 208 Race employment status by race, 33 participation rates, 42 Sex employment status by, 33 participation rates, 42 Unemployment indicators, 85 Unemployment rates by race, Hispanic origin, sex, and age, 95 CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONAL POPULATION Age, employment status by, 12, 24 Citizenship employment status by citizenship status and sex, 132 Defined, 4 Employment status, 10, 82 Hispanic origin, 12, 20, 24 Marital status, employment status by, 20 Race, employment status by, 12, 20, 24 Region employment status by, 23 Sex, employment status by, 11, 20, 24 States employment status by, 23 Unemployment in families, 79, 81
405
CLEANING SERVICES Projections of labor force and employment, 217 CLERICAL SERVICES Consumer Price Indexes, 319 Training hours of formal training, 149 COAL MINING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Producer Price Indexes, 309 COLLEGES Compensation of employees employment cost index, 261, 266 COMMODITIES Export price indexes, 326 Producer Price Indexes, 307 COMMUNICATIONS Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 256 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Productivity and related costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Projections of labor force and employment, 210 COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Benefits collection of statistics, 278 Employee Benefits Survey, 278 Employment Cost Index, 267 percent of employees participating in programs, 279, 280 Collection of statistics, 246 Concepts, 246 Definitions, 246 Employment Cost Index benefits, 267 hours worked, 276 private industry workers, 247 state and local government workers, 263 unions, 270, 271 Foreign labor and price statistics hourly compensation rates, 397 Highlights, 245 Hours state and local government, 277 National Compensation Survey, xvii Percent change in private industry wages, salaries, and benefits, 245 Private industry workers employment cost index, 247 State and local government workers costs per hour worked, 277 employment cost index, 263
406
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Unions employment cost index, 270, 271 COMPUTER EQUIPMENT Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 COMPUTER SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 289 Projections of labor force and employment, 214, 216 Training hours of formal training 149 CONSTRUCTION Civilians employed by, 70 Definitions workers, 159 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Employment and wages by occupation, 296 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 nonfatal rates, 371 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Projections of labor force and employment, 209 Training of workers hours of formal training, 149 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 CONSUMER EXPENDITURES Age groups by income before taxes, 355 Age of reference person, 348 Collection of data, 344 Composition of consumer unit, 350 Definitions, 344 Highlights, 343 Housing tenure and ethnicity, 352 Income before taxes, 346 Midwest region, 365 Northeast region, 363 Number of earners, 351 Occupation of reference person, 354 Purpose of the Consumer Expenditure Survey, 344 Quintiles of income before taxes, 347 Region of residence, 353 Selected metropolitan statistical areas, 363 Single men by income before taxes, 361 Single women by income before taxes, 362 Size of consumer unit, 349 South region, 364 West region, 366 CONSUMER PRICE INDEXES (CPI) Clerical services, 319 Coverage of the CPI, 312 Current methodology, 312 Definitions, 312
Energy prices, 303 Foreign labor and price statistics, 398, 399 Future plans, 313 Periodic updating, 312 Regional indexes, 324 Relative importance of components in the CPI new series, 322 old series, 323 Urban consumers commodity, service, and special groups, 315 major groups, 314 purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 317 selected groups, 317 U.S. city average, 314, 321 Urban wage earners, 319 CONSUMER UNIT Defined, 345 CONTINGENT WORKERS Collection of data, 141 Defined, 141 Earnings median usual weekly earnings of workers, 141 Employed contingent workers by occupation and industry, 144 Employed contingent workers by work preferences, 145 Health insurance employed workers with health insurance, 146 Pension plans employed workers with pension plans, 146 CONTRACTORS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 371 CONTRIBUTION PLANS Defined, 278 COSTS Productivity and related costs see PRODUCTIVITY AND RELATED COSTS CRUDE MATERIALS Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 CRUDE OIL TANKER FREIGHT Import price indexes, 339 CUSTOMER RELATIONS Training hours of formal training, 149
D DAYS AWAY FROM WORK Occupational safety and health number of injuries and illnesses involving days away from work, 373, 374 DAYS OF IDLENESS Definitions, 380
INDEX
DEFINITIONS Absences, 7 Aggregate economic performance, 206 Aggregate weekly hours, 159 Alternative work arrangements, 141 At work part-time for economic reasons, 5 At work part-time for noneconomic reasons, 5 Average hourly earnings, 160 Average overtime hours, 159 Average weekly earnings, 160 Average weekly hours, 159 Benefits, 246, 278 Black race, 6 Bonuses, 246 Business sector output, 226 Capital services, 227 Children, 7 Civilian labor force, 5 Civilian noninstitutional population, 4 Compensation of employees, 246 Construction workers, 159 Consumer Expenditure Survey, 344 Consumer Price Index, 312 Consumer unit, 345 Contingent workers, 141 Contribution plans, 278 Days of idleness, 380 Discouraged workers, 5 Duration of unemployment, 4 Earner, 345 Earnings, 7 Educational attainment, 7 Employed persons, 4, 159 Employer-provided benefits, 278 Employment, 159 Employment by occupation, 207 Employment Cost Index, 246 Employment status, 5, 141 Employment to population ratio, 5 Establishment, 159, 284 Expenditures, 345 Export price indexes, 325 Extent of unemployment, 7 Family, 6 Final demand, 206 Final review, 207 Flexible benefit plans, 278 Foreign labor and price statistics, 392 Hispanic origin, 6 Hours, 159 Household, 6 Householder, 345 Implicit deflator, 226 Import price indexes, 325
407
Independent contractors, 141 Indexes of hourly compensation, 226 Indexes of labor input, 227 Indexes of total compensation, 227 Indexes of unit labor costs, 227 Industry employment, 207 Input-output, 207 Labor force, 5, 141 Labor force projections, 206 Labor input, 227 Labor management relations, 380 Lost workday, 370 Manufacturing multifactor productivity index, 227 Manufacturing workers, 159 Marital status, 6 Measures of labor input, 226 Minimum wages, 7 Mining production workers, 159 Multifactor productivity measures, 226 Multiple jobholders, 5 Net output values, 304 Never married, 6 Nonsupervisory workers, 159 Occupation, industry, and class of worker, 5 Occupational Employment Statistics Survey, 283 Occupational safety and health, 370 On-call workers, 141 Output index, 227 Output per hour, 227 Participants, 278 Participation rate, 5 Pension plans, 278 Persons not in the labor force, 5 Persons with work experience, 6 Population, labor force, and employment status, 4, 141 Producer Price Index, 304 Production workers, 159 Productivity and related costs, 226 Projections of labor force and employment, 206 Racial identities, 6 Reason for unemployment, 4 Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses, 370 Reference person, 345 Salaries, 246 Single, 6 Spell of unemployment, 6 Spouse present, 6 Stoppages, 380 Tax-deferred savings plans, 278 Temporary help agency workers, 141 Tenure, 6 Total compensation costs, 246 Unemployed persons, 4 Unemployment rate, 5
408
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Union membership, 380 Usual full- or part-time status, 5 Wages, 246 White race, 6 Workers, 380 Workers provided by contract firms, 141 Work stoppages, 380 Year-round full-time workers, 6 DEMOGRAPHICS Training percent of employees who received training by demographics, 152 DENMARK Hourly compensation costs, 397 DESIRE FOR WORK Persons not in the labor force employment statistics, 54 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Import price indexes, 336 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Import price indexes, 336 DISCOURAGED WORKERS Defined, 5 DIVORCED PERSONS Employment status, 82 DURABLE GOODS Manufacturing see MANUFACTURING - DURABLE GOODS Wholesale trade see WHOLESALE TRADE - DURABLE GOODS DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 4 Unemployed workers by duration of unemployment, 107
E EARNER Defined, 345 EARNINGS Alternative work arrangements median usual weekly earnings of workers, 147 Citizenship status full-time workers by citizenship status, 134 Collection of statistics, 158 Contingent work arrangements median usual weekly earnings of workers, 141 Defined, 7, 159 Distribution of employment by wage range, 287 Distribution of mean wage of occupations, 288 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 140 Employees on government payrolls by state, 194 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 191
Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Foreign labor and price statistics hourly compensation costs, 397 Median family income by type of family, 131 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 120 Nonsupervisory workers average hourly earnings, 181, 182, 199 average weekly earnings, 184, 186, 201 payrolls by industry, 171, 172 Production workers average hourly earnings, 181, 182, 199 average weekly earnings, 184, 186, 201 payrolls by industry, 171, 172 Union membership median weekly earnings of workers, 385 Women on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 169 ECONOMIC TRENDS BLS projections to Year 1988, xvii EDITORS About the editors, xiii EDUCATION Attainment of education defined, 7 Civilian labor force employed civilians by occupation, 133 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 261 Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Earnings median annual earnings by educational attainment, 140 Employed persons 25 years and over by educational attainment, 74 Employment and wages by occupation, 291 Foreign-born civilians employed civilians by occupation, 133 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Participation rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 135, 139 Unemployment rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 137 ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES Compensation of employees employment cost index, 257 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331
INDEX
Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 371 Producer Price Indexes, 311 Productivity and related costs, 241 Projections of labor force and employment, 209 EMPLOYED PERSONS Compensation of employees see COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Defined, 4, 159 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SURVEY Collection of data, 278 EMPLOYER-PROVIDED BENEFITS Defined, 278 EMPLOYER-PROVIDED TRAINING Collection of statistics, 148 Hours of formal training per employee, 149 EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION Defined, 207 EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX Compensation of employees benefits, 267 hours worked, 276 private industry workers, 247 state and local government workers, 263 unions, 270, 271 Defined, 246 EMPLOYMENT GENERALLY BLS projections to Year 1988, xvii Collection of statistics, 158 Definitions, 159 Distribution of employment by wage range, 287 Distribution of occupations, 286 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Employment and wages by major occupational group, 285, 289 Occupational statistics see OCCUPATIONAL STATISTICS Production or nonsupervisory workers, 170 Production worker payrolls by industry, 171, 172 Projections of labor force and employment, 205 Women on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 169 EMPLOYMENT STATUS Agricultural labor statistics, 70, 73 Children under 18 parental statistics, 82 Children under 3 parental statistics, 84 Civilian labor force employment statistics, 33, 55 Civilian noninstitutional population employment statistics, 10 Comparability of labor force levels, 7 Concepts, 4 Definitions, 4, 141 Divorced persons, 82
409
Educational attainment statistics, 74 Employed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment statistics, 51 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 79 labor force and employment characteristics of selected family types, 124 presence and relationship of employed members, 80 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 81 Full-time workers by age, sex, and race employment statistics, 51 Historical comparability of statistics, 7 Industrial employment statistics, 70 Labor force and employment characteristics of selected family types, 124 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 108 Married and ever-married women, 127 Married couples, 81 Minors, 82 Multiple jobholders industry of principal secondary job, 78 rates of employment, 76, 77 North American Industry Classification System future plans, 8 Notes and definitions, 4, 141 Occupational and Industrial Classification System changes in, 8 Occupational statistics, 67 Participation rates for the labor force, 5 Part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment statistics, 51 Percent of the population with experience by sex and age, 111 Persons not in the labor force desire and availability for work, 54 Population ratios, 64 Status of the population by marital status and sex, 124 Unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment statistics, 51 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 115 Unemployed persons by industry and class, 105 Unemployed persons by race, Hispanic origin, sex, and age, 86, 95 Unemployment indicators, 85 Unemployment rates by industry and class, 106 Women and single women by presence and age of children, 126
410
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Work experience see WORK EXPERIENCE EMPLOYMENT TO POPULATION RATIO Defined, 5 ENERGY PRICES Prices and living conditions, 303 ENGINEERS AND SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 290 Producer Price Indexes, 311 Projections of labor force and employment, 213 ENTERTAINMENT SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 292 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 ESTABLISHMENT Defined, EUROPEAN UNION Import price indexes, 337 EXECUTIVE SPECIALTIES Compensation of employees employment cost index, 248, 263 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Projections of labor force and employment, 213 Unemployment rates by occupation, 104 EXPENDITURES Defined, 345 EXPORT PRICE INDEXES Collection of data, 325 Coverage of the indexes, 325 Definitions, 325 Percent changes for selected categories, 339 Selected categories of goods, 326 EXTENT OF EMPLOYMENT Number or persons with work experience during the year, 113 Percent distribution of the population with work experience, 114 EXTENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 7 Percent distribution of unemployed persons during the year, 116 Unemployment during the year by sex, 115
F FABRICATORS see OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS FAMILIES Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by citizenship status and sex, 132 Defined, 6
Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 79 Labor force and employment characteristics of selected family types, 124 Median family income by type of family, 131 Number and age of children in families, 130 Number of families and median family income, 131 Presence and relationship of employed members, 80 Status of all women by the presence and age of children, 126 Status of ever-married women, 127 Status of the population by marital status and sex, 124 Status of women who maintain families, 128 Unemployed workers presence and relationship of employed family members, 81 FARMING see AGRICULTURE FINAL DEMAND Defined, 206 FINAL REVIEW Defined, 207 FINANCE Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 259 Employment and wages by occupation, 289 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Productivity and related costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Projections of labor force and employment, 211 FINLAND Hourly compensation costs, 397 FIREFIGHTING OCCUPATIONS Projections of labor force and employment, 218 FISHING see FORESTRY AND FISHING FLEXIBLE BENEFIT PLANS Defined, 278 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS Compensation of employees employment cost index, 258 Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Producer Price Indexes, 309 Productivity and related costs, 238
INDEX
Projections of labor force and employment, 210 FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVICE Employment and wages by occupation, 293 Projections of labor force and employment, 217, 219 FOREIGN-BORN CIVILIANS Education employed civilians by occupation, citizenship status, and sex, 133 FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS Civilian labor force participation rate, 393 Collection of data, 392 Compensation of employees hourly compensation rates, 397 Consumer price indexes, 398, 399 Definitions, 392 Highlights, 391 Hourly compensation costs, 397 Manufacturing productivity, 395 Status of the working-age population, 393 Trade-weighted measures, 397 Unemployment rates, 393 FORESTRY AND FISHING Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Employment and wages by occupation, 295 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 nonfatal rates, 371 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Projections of labor force and employment, 212, 218 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 FRANCE Hourly compensation costs, 397 FRUIT AND VEGETABLES Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 FUEL OIL AND OTHER FUELS Consumer Price Indexes, 321 FULL-TIME WORKERS Absences from work, 121 Benefits percent of full-time employees participating in benefit programs, 279, 280 Citizenship status earnings by citizenship status, 134 Earnings median usual weekly earnings of workers, 147 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 140
411
Employment status by age, sex, and race, 51 Jobs held the longest, 118 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates below minimum wage, 120 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 117 Tenure wage and salary workers by industry, 123 wage and salary workers by sex and age, 122 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 371 Producer Price Indexes, 309 Productivity and related costs, 240 Projections of labor force and employment, 209
G GASOLINE Consumer Price Indexes, 321 GENDER see SEX GERMANY, FORMER WEST Hourly compensation costs, 397 GERMANY, UNITED Hourly compensation costs, 397 GOVERNMENT WORKERS Benefits, 270, 281 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 263 Employees on government payrolls by state, 194 Nonagricultural industries, 73 Projections of labor force and employment, 212 GREECE Hourly compensation costs, 397 GROWTH BLS projections to Year 1988, xvii
H HEALTH INSURANCE Contingent workers employed workers with health insurance, 146 Noncontingent workers employed workers with health insurance, 146 HEALTH SERVICES Compensation of employees employment cost index, 260 Employment and wages by occupation, 292 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Producer Price Indexes, 311
412
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Projections of labor force and employment, 214, 217 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian labor force employment status, 33 participation rates, 42 Civilian noninstitutional population 12, 20, 24 Consumer expenditures averages by housing tenure, 352 Days away from work due to injury or illness, 373 Defined, 6 Educational attainment statistics, 74 Employed civilians, 55 Employment status, 12, 20, 24 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 79 Labor management relations union membership by Hispanic origin, 382 Multiple jobholder statistics, 77 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by Hispanic origin, 375 Occupational statistics, 67 Population ratios, 64 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by Hispanic origin, 208 Unemployed persons by Hispanic origin, 86, 95, 137 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Bureau of Labor Statistics compensation surveys, xviii HONG KONG Hourly compensation costs, 397 HOSPITALS Compensation of employees employment cost index, 261 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Producer Price Indexes, 311 HOTELS AND MOTELS Producer Price Indexes, 311 HOURS Collection of statistics, 158 Compensation of employees employer compensation costs per hour worked, 276 state and local government, 277 Definitions, 159 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 191 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Nonsupervisory workers average weekly hours of workers, 173, 174, 197 indexes of aggregate weekly hours, 178, 179 overtime hours, 176 Production workers average weekly hours of workers, 173, 174, 197 indexes of aggregate weekly hours, 178, 179 overtime hours, 176 payrolls by industry, 178, 179
State and local employees costs per hour worked, 277 Women on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 169 HOUSEHOLD Defined, 6 Projections of labor force and employment, 212, 217 HOUSEHOLDER Defined, 345 HOUSING Consumer expenditures averages by housing tenure, 352 Consumer Price Indexes, 321
I IMPLICIT DEFLATOR Defined, 226 IMPORT PRICE INDEXES Air fares, 339 Air freight, 339 Asian newly industrialized countries, 338 Canada, 337 Collection of data, 325 Coverage of the indexes, 325 Definitions, 325 Developed countries, 336 Developing countries, 336 Energy prices, 303 European Union, 337 Japan, 338 Latin America, 338 Ocean liner freight, 339 Percent changes for selected categories, 339 Selected categories of goods, 331 INCOME Citizenship status earnings by citizenship status, 134 Consumer expenditures averages by income before taxes, 346 averages by quintiles of income before taxes, 347 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 140 Family income by type of family, 131 INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS Defined, 141 INDEXES OF HOURLY COMPENSATION Defined, 226 INDEXES OF LABOR INPUT Defined, 227 INDEXES OF MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY Manufacturing, 236, 238 INDEXES OF PRODUCTIVITY AND RELATED DATA Statistics, 229
INDEX
INDEXES OF TOTAL COMPENSATION Defined, 227 INDEXES OF UNIT LABOR COSTS Defined, 227 INDEX OF EMPLOYMENT COSTS Compensation of employees benefits, 267 hours worked, 276 private industry workers, 247 state and local government workers, 263 unions, 270, 271 INDICATORS Unemployment rate major unemployment indicators, 85 INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT Defined, 216 Labor statistics, 70 Multiple jobholders industry of principal secondary employment, 78 Unemployment rates by industry, 106 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 371 Productivity and related costs, 241 Projections of labor force and employment, 209 INDUSTRY BLS projections to Year 1988, xix Contingent and noncontingent workers, 144 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Occupational safety and health see OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Tenure of workers by industry, 123 Training expenditures per employee by industry, 150 total wage and salary costs of training by industry, 153 Unemployment rates by industry, 106 INPUT-OUTPUT Defined, 207 INSTALLATION OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 296 INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS Productivity and related costs, 241 Projections of labor force and employment, 210 INSURANCE CARRIERS Benefits percent of employees participating, 282 Civilians employed by, 67 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 259 Employment and wages by occupation, 289 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 75 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372
413
Producer Price Indexes, 311 Projections of labor force and employment, 211 IRELAND Hourly compensation costs, 397 ISRAEL Hourly compensation costs, 397 ITALY Hourly compensation costs, 397
J JAPAN Hourly compensation costs, 397 Import price indexes, 338 JOB OPENINGS Projections of labor force and employment, 205 JOB STATUS Multiple jobholder statistics, 77
K KOREA Hourly compensation costs, 397
L LABORERS see OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS LABOR FORCE Agricultural labor statistics, 70, 73 BLS projections to Year 1988, xviii Civilian labor force employment statistics, 33, 55 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status, 10 Collection of statistics, 4 Comparability of levels of labor force, 7 Concepts, 4 Definitions, 4, 141 Educational attainment statistics, 74 Employed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 51 Families children under age 18, 82 children under age 3, 84 employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 79 labor force and employment characteristics of selected family types, 124 presence and relationship of employed members, 80 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 81 Foreign labor and price statistics see FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS
414
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Full-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 51 Historic comparability of statistics, 7 Industrial employment statistics, 70 Jobs held the longest, 112 Labor force and employment characteristics of selected family types, 124 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 108 Multiple jobholders industry of principal secondary job, 78 rates of employment, 76, 77 North American Industry Classification System future plans, 8 Notes and definitions, 4, 141 Occupational and Industrial Classification System changes in, 8 Occupational statistics, 67 Participation rates for the labor force, 5 Part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 51 Percent of the population with experience by sex and age, 111 Persons not in the labor force desire and availability for work, 54 Population ratios, 64 Projections of labor force and employment, 205 Unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 51 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 115 Unemployed persons by industry and class, 105 Unemployment by race, Hispanic origin, sex, and age, 86, 95 Unemployment indicators, 85 Unemployment rates by industry and class, 106 Work experience see WORK EXPERIENCE LABOR INPUT Defined, 227 LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS Affiliation of employed workers by state, 388 Age union membership by age, 382 Collection of data, 380 Definitions, 380 Highlights, 379 Hispanic origin union membership by Hispanic origin, 382 Men union membership by sex, 382
Race union membership by race, 382 Sex union membership by sex, 382 Union membership affiliation of wage and salary workers, 382, 384 median weekly earnings of workers, 385 members by year, 387 Women union membership by sex, 382 Work stoppages stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 381 LATIN AMERICA Import price indexes, 338 LAW ENFORCEMENT OCCUPATIONS Projections of labor force and employment, 218 LAWYERS AND LEGAL SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 291 Producer Price Indexes, 311 Projections of labor force and employment, 214 LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Producer Price Indexes, 310 Productivity and related costs, 239 Projections of labor force and employment, 210 LIBRARY OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 291 LIFE INSURANCE CARRIERS Producer Price Indexes, 311 LIFE SCIENTISTS Employment and wages by occupation, 290 Projections of labor force and employment, 213 LIVE ANIMALS Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 LOST WORKDAY Defined, 370 LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 371 Producer Price Indexes, 309 Productivity and related costs, 240 Projections of labor force and employment, 209 LUXEMBOURG Hourly compensation costs, 397
M MACHINE OPERATORS Compensation of employees employment cost index, 249
INDEX
Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Projections of labor force and employment, 220 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 MACHINERY Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 MAIL CLERKS AND MESSENGERS Projections of labor force and employment, 216 MAINTENANCE OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 296 MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTIES Compensation of employees employment cost index, 248, 263 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Employment and wages by occupation, 289 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Projections of labor force and employment, 213 Training hours of formal training, 149 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 MANUFACTURING - DURABLE GOODS Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 253 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Indexes of multifactor productivity, 236 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 371 Production workers payrolls by industry, 171 Productivity and related costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 233 indexes of multifactor productivity, 236, 238 Projections of labor force and employment, 209 MANUFACTURING - NONDURABLE GOODS Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 254 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Payrolls by industry, 172
415
Production workers payrolls by industry, 179 Productivity and related costs, 238 Projections of labor force and employment, 210 MANUFACTURING PAYROLLS Average hourly earnings of production workers, 182 Average weekly earnings of production workers, 186 Average weekly hours of production workers, 179, 197 Average weekly overtime hours of production workers, 176 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 191 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 178 Production workers on payrolls by industry, 171, 172 MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY Foreign labor and price statistics, 395 MANUFACTURING WORKERS Defined, 159 MARITAL STATUS Civilian noninstitutional status employment status, 20 Defined, 6 Multiple jobholder statistics, 77 Status of ever-married women, 127 Status of the population by marital status, 124 Status of women who maintain families, 128 MARKETING OCCUPATIONS Projections of labor force and employment, 215 MARRIED COUPLES Employment status, 82 Families presence and relationship of employed members, 80 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 81 Unemployed persons, 86 MEASURES OF LABOR INPUT Defined, 226 MEAT AND MEAT PREPARATIONS Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 MECHANICS Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Projections of labor force and employment, 219 Unemployment rates by occupation, 104 MEDIA OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 292 MEDICAL CARE Consumer Price Indexes, 321 MEN Alternative work arrangements, 143 Consumer Expenditure Survey averages for single men by income before taxes, 361
416
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Education employed civilians by occupation, 133 median annual earnings by educational attainment, 140 percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Families presence and relationship of employed members, 80 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 81 Labor management relations union membership by sex, 382 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by sex, 375 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by sex, 208 METAL MINING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 MEXICO Hourly compensation costs, 397 MILITARY Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 MINIMUM WAGE Defined, 7 Workers paid hourly rates below minimum wage, 120 MINING Civilians employed by, 70 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 371 Producer Price Indexes, 309 Productivity and related costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Projections of labor force and employment, 209 MINING PRODUCTION WORKERS Defined, 159 MINORS Employment status, 82 MOTHERS Children under 18 employment status of mothers, 82 Children under 3 employment status of mothers, 84 Employment status of all women by presence and age of children, 126 Families see FAMILIES Number and age of children in families and status of mothers, 130
Status of ever-married women, 127 MOTOR VEHICLES Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES Defined, 226 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Defined, 5 Industry of principal secondary job, 78 Rates of employment, 76, 77
N NATIONAL COMPENSATION SURVEY (NCS) Statistics compensation for the 21st Century, xvii NETHERLANDS Hourly compensation costs, 397 NET OUTPUT VALUES Defined, 304 NEW ZEALAND Hourly compensation costs, 397 NONAGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES Classes of workers, 73 Employed noncontingent workers by occupation and industry, 144 Wage and salary workers, 73 NONCONTINGENT WORKERS Employed noncontingent workers by occupation and industry, 144 Employed workers by work preferences, 145 Health insurance employed workers with health insurance, 146 Pension plans employed workers with pension plans, 146 NONDURABLE GOODS Manufacturing see MANUFACTURING - NONDURABLE GOODS Wholesale trade see WHOLESALE TRADE - NONDURABLE GOODS NONFARM PAYROLLS Average hourly earnings, 181 Average weekly earnings, 184 Average weekly hours of production, 173 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by state, 188 Highlights, 157 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours, 178 Production or nonsupervisory workers, 170 Women employees by industry, 169 NONSUPERVISORY WORKERS Compensation of employees employment cost index, 250
INDEX
Defined, 159 Earnings average hourly earnings, 181, 182, 199 average weekly earnings, 184, 186, 201 payrolls by industry, 171, 172 Hours average weekly hours of workers, 173, 174, 197 indexes of aggregate weekly hours, 178, 179 overtime hours, 176 Workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 170 NORTH AMERICAN INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Future plans, 8 NORWAY Hourly compensation costs, 397 NURSING HOMES Compensation of employees employment cost index, 261 Producer Price Indexes, 311
O OCCUPATION, INDUSTRY, AND CLASS OF WORKER Defined, 5 OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Changes in, 8 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS SURVEY Collection of data, 283 Definitions, 283 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Administrative services and support fatal injuries, 376 Age fatal injuries by age, 375 Agriculture fatal injuries, 376 nonfatal rates, 371 Apparel products nonfatal rates, 372 Armed forces fatal injuries, 376 Chemicals and allied products nonfatal rates, 372 Collection of data, 370 Concepts, 370 Construction fatal injuries, 376 nonfatal rates, 371 Contractors nonfatal rates, 371
417
Days away from work number of injuries and illnesses involving days away from work, 373, 374 Definitions, 370 Electrical and electronic equipment nonfatal rates, 371 Fatal injuries and selected worker characteristics, 375 Fatal injuries by occupation, 376 Finance nonfatal rates, 372 Food and kindred products nonfatal rates, 372 Forestry and fishing fatal injuries, 376 nonfatal rates, 371 Furniture and fixtures nonfatal rates, 371 Highlights, 369 Hispanic origin fatal injuries by Hispanic origin, 375 Industrial machinery and equipment nonfatal rates, 371 Insurance carriers nonfatal rates, 372 Leather and leather products nonfatal rates, 372 Lumber and wood products nonfatal rates, 371 Managerial and professional specialties fatal injuries, 376 Manufacturing - durable goods nonfatal rates, 371 Manufacturing - nondurable goods nonfatal rates, 372 Mechanics fatal injuries, 376 Men fatal injuries by sex, 375 Military fatal injuries, 376 Mining nonfatal rates, 371 Nonfatal injury and illness rates by industry, 371 Operators, fabricators, and laborers fatal injuries, 376 Petroleum and coal products nonfatal rates, 372 Precision production, craft, and repair fatal injuries, 376 Printing and publishing nonfatal rates, 372 Professional services fatal injuries, 376
418
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Public utilities nonfatal rates, 372 Race fatal injuries by race, 375 Real estate nonfatal rates, 372 Retail trade nonfatal rates, 372 Rubber and plastic products nonfatal rates, 372 Salaried workers fatal injuries, 375 Sales occupations fatal injuries, 376 Service occupations - generally fatal injuries, 376 nonfatal rates, 372 Sex fatal injuries by sex, 375 Stone, clay, and glass products nonfatal rates, 371 Technical, sales, and administrative support fatal injuries, 376 Textile mill products nonfatal rates, 372 Tobacco products nonfatal rates, 372 Transportation nonfatal rates, 372 Transportation equipment nonfatal rates, 371 Trucking and warehousing fatal injuries, 376 Wage earners fatal injuries, 375 Wholesale trade nonfatal rates, 372 Women fatal injuries by sex, 375 OCCUPATIONAL STATISTICS BLS projections to Year 1988, xx Civilian labor force employed civilians by occupation, 133 Consumer expenditures averages by occupation of reference person, 354 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 144 Distribution of employment by wage range, 287 Distribution of mean wage of occupations, 288 Distribution of occupations by division, 286 Employment and wages by occupation, 289 Employment statistics by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 64 Number and earnings of full-time workers by occupation, 118 Projections of labor force and employment, 205
Unemployment rates by occupation, 104 OCEAN LINER FREIGHT Import price indexes, 339 OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION Producer Price Indexes, 309 ON-CALL WORKERS Defined, 141 OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Projections of labor force and employment, 220 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 OUTPUT Indexes of real output per hour and unit labor costs, 225 Projections of labor force and employment employment and output by industry, 209 OUTPUT INDEX Defined, 227 OUTPUT PER HOUR Defined, 227 Index, 225 OVERTIME Average overtime hours defined, 159 Production workers average weekly overtime hours, 176
P PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 Producer Price Indexes, 310 Productivity and related costs, 238 Projections of labor force and employment, 210 PARENTS Children under 18 employment status of parents, 82 Children under 3 employment status of parents, 84 Families see FAMILIES PARTICIPANTS Defined, 278 PARTICIPATION RATE Defined, 5 PART-TIME WORKERS At work part-time for economic reasons defined, 5
INDEX
At work part-time for noneconomic reasons defined, 5 Earnings median usual weekly earnings of workers, 147 Employment status by age, sex, and race, 51 PAYROLLS Government payrolls see GOVERNMENT WORKERS Manufacturing payrolls see MANUFACTURING PAYROLLS Nonfarm payrolls see NONFARM PAYROLLS PENSION PLANS Contingent workers employed workers with pension plans, 146 Defined, 278 Noncontingent workers employed workers with pension plans, 146 PERSONAL CARE AND SERVICES Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Employment and wages by occupation, 294 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Projections of labor force and employment, 217 PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND LABOR RELATIONS Producer Price Indexes, 311 PERSONS NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Defined, 5 PERSONS WITH WORK EXPERIENCE Defined, 6 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 Producer Price Indexes, 310 Productivity and related costs, 239 Projections of labor force and employment, 210 PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS Employment and wages by occupation, 290 Projections of labor force and employment, 214 PIPELINES Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Producer Price Indexes, 311 PLANT AND SYSTEM OCCUPATIONS Projections of labor force and employment, 220 POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS Agricultural labor statistics, 70, 73 Civilian labor force employment statistics, 33, 55 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status, 10 Collection of statistics, 4 Comparability of labor force levels, 7
419
Concepts, 4 Definitions, 4, 141 Educational attainment statistics, 74 Employed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 51 Families children under age 18, 82 children under age 3, 84 employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 79 labor force and employment characteristics of selected family types, 124 presence and relationship of employed members, 80 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 81 women who maintain families, 128 Full-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 51 Highlights, 3 Historical comparability, 7 Industrial employment statistics, 70 Jobs held the longest, 112 Labor force and employment characteristics of selected family types, 124 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 108 Multiple jobholders industry of principal secondary job, 78 rates of employment, 76, 77 North American Industry Classification System future plans, 8 Notes and definitions, 4, 141 Occupational and Industrial Classification System changes in, 8 Occupational statistics, 67 Participation rates for the labor force generally, 5 Part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 51 Percent of the population with experience by sex and age, 111 Persons not in the labor force desire and availability for work, 54 Population ratios, 64 Unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 51 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 115 Unemployed persons by industry and class, 105 Unemployment by race, Hispanic origin, sex, and age, 86, 95 Unemployment indicators, 85
420
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Unemployment rates by industry and class, 106 Unemployment rates of civilian workers, 95 Work experience see WORK EXPERIENCE POPULATION RATIOS Civilian labor force, 64 PORTUGAL Hourly compensation costs, 397 POSTAL CLERKS AND MAIL CARRIERS Projections of labor force and employment, 216 PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR Compensation of employees employment cost index, 249 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Projections of labor force and employment, 218 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 PREFACE TO THE PUBLICATION Features of the publication, xv PRICES AND LIVING CONDITIONS Consumer Expenditure Survey see CONSUMER EXPENDITURES Consumer Price Indexes see CONSUMER PRICE INDEXES Export price indexes see EXPORT PRICE INDEXES Foreign labor and price statistics see FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS Import price indexes see IMPORT PRICE INDEXES Producer Price Indexes see PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES PRINTING AND PUBLISHING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Producer Price Indexes, 310 Productivity and related costs, 239 Projections of labor force and employment, 210, 219 PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Nonagricultural industries, 73 PRIVATE INDUSTRY WORKERS Compensation of employees employment cost index, 247 PRIVATE SECTOR Indexes of multifactor productivity, 236 PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES (PPI) Commodity groups, 307
Coverage of the PPI, 304 Definitions, 304 Energy prices, 303 Net output of selected industries, 309 Stages of processing, 306 PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS Compensation of employees employment cost index, 250 Defined, 159 Earnings average hourly earnings, 181, 182, 199 average weekly earnings, 184, 186, 201 payrolls by industry, 171, 172 Employment and wages by occupation, 297 Employment cost index, 250 Hours average weekly hours of workers, 173, 174, 197 indexes of aggregate weekly hours, 178, 179 overtime hours, 176 Manufacturing - durable goods payrolls by industry, 171 Manufacturing - nondurable goods payrolls by industry, 172 Overtime average weekly overtime hours, 176 Projections of labor force and employment, 219 Workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 170 PRODUCTIVITY AND RELATED COSTS Apparel products, 238 Average annual percent change in output per hour manufacturing industries, 233 mining and service producing industries, 235 Chemical and allied products, 239 Communications average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Concepts, 226 Definitions, 226 Electrical and electronic equipment, 241 Finance average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Food and kindred products, 238 Furniture and fixtures, 240 Indexes of multifactor productivity, 236 Indexes of productivity and related data, 229 Indexes of real output per hour and unit labor costs, 225 Industrial equipment and machinery, 241 Instruments and related products, 241 Leather and leather products, 239 Lumber and wood products, 240 Manufacturing - durable goods average annual percent change in output per hour, 233 indexes of multifactor productivity, 236, 238 Manufacturing - nondurable goods, 238 Mining average annual percent change in output per hour, 235
INDEX
Paper and allied products, 238 Petroleum and coal products, 239 Printing and publishing, 239 Retail trade average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Rubber and plastic products, 239 Service occupations - generally average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Stone, clay, and glass products, 240 Textile mill products, 238 Transportation average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Transportation equipment, 241 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 248, 263 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Projections of labor force and employment, 213 Training hours of formal training, 149 Unemployment rates by occupation, 104 PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT Administrative services and support, 213 Age civilian labor force by age, 208 Agriculture, 212, 218 Architects, 213 Civilian labor force sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, 208 Cleaning services, 217 Communications, 211 Computer services, 214, 216 Concepts, 206 Construction, 209 Definitions, 206 Electronic equipment, 209 Employment by industry, 209 Employment by occupation, 213 Engineers, 213 Executive specialties, 213 Finance, 211 Firefighting occupations, 218 Food preparation and service, 217, 219 Forestry and fishing, 212, 218 Furniture and fixtures, 209 Government workers, 212 Health services, 214, 217
Highlights, 205 Hispanic origin civilian labor force by Hispanic origin, 208 Household, 212, 217 Industrial equipment and machinery, 209 Insurance, 211 Labor force, 205 Law enforcement occupations, 218 Lawyers, 214 Life scientists, 213 Lumber and wood products, 209 Machine operators, 220 Mail clerks and messengers, 216 Managerial and professional specialties, 213 Manufacturing - durable goods, 209 Marketing occupations, 215 Mechanics, 219 Men civilian labor force by sex, 208 Mining, 209 Operators, fabricators, and laborers, 220 Output employment and output by industry, 209 Personal services, 217 Physical scientists, 214 Plant and system occupations, 220 Postal clerks and mail carriers, 216 Precision production, craft, and repair, 218 Printing and publishing, 219 Production workers, 219 Professional services, 213 Protective service occupations, 218 Public utilities, 211 Race civilian labor force by race, 208 Real estate, 211 Records processing, 216 Religious workers, 214 Retail trade, 211 Sales occupations, 215 Secretaries, 216 Service occupations - generally, 211, 217 Services - private household, 217 Sex civilian labor force by sex, 208 Social scientists, 214 Social workers, 214 Surveyors, 213 Teachers, librarians, and counselors, 214 Technicians, 215 Transportation, 221 Transportation equipment, 209 Trucking and warehousing, 221 Wholesale trade, 211
421
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Women civilian labor force by sex, 208 Writers, artists, and entertainers, 215 PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE Producer Price Indexes, 311 PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 293 Projections of labor force and employment, 218 Unemployment rates by occupation, 104 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of state and local government workers employment cost index, 266 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Consumer Price Indexes, 321 PUBLIC UTILITIES Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 256 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Projections of labor force and employment, 210
Q QUINTILES OF INCOME Consumer expenditures averages by quintiles of income before taxes, 347
R RACE Civilian labor force employment status by race, 33 participation rates, 42 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by race, 12, 20, 24 Consumer expenditures averages by housing tenure, 352 Days away from work due to injury or illness, 373 Defined, 6 Educational attainment statistics, 74 Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers employment status by race, 51 Employed civilians, 55 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 79 Labor management relations union membership by race, 382 Multiple jobholder statistics, 77
Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 117 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by race, 375 Occupational statistics, 67 Participation rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 135 Population ratios, 64 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by race, 208 Unemployed workers by race, 86 Unemployment rates by race, 95 Unemployment rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 137 RAILROADS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Producer Price Indexes, 311 REAL ESTATE Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 259 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Producer Price Indexes, 311 Projections of labor force and employment, 211 REASON FOR UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 4 RECORDABLE OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES Defined, 370 RECORDS PROCESSING Projections of labor force and employment, 216 RECREATION AND SERVICES Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 REFERENCE PERSONS Consumer expenditures averages by age of reference person, 348 Defined, 345 REGIONS Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by, 23 Consumer expenditures housing averages by region, 353 Midwest region, 365 Northeast region, 363 South region, 364 West region, 366 Consumer Price Indexes indexes by region, 324
INDEX
RELIGIOUS WORKERS Projections of labor force and employment, 214 REPAIR SERVICES Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Employment and wages by occupation, 296 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 RETAIL TRADE Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 257 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Productivity and related costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Projections of labor force and employment, 211 RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Producer Price Indexes, 310 Productivity and related costs, 239 Projections of labor force and employment, 210
S SAFETY AND HEALTH see OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH SALARIED WORKERS Absences from work, 121 Agriculture, 73 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 247 Defined, 246 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 140 Jobs held the longest, 118 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates below minimum wage, 120 National Compensation Survey, xvii Nonagricultural industries, 73 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 117 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 375 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 122 Tenure of workers by industry, 123 Training total wage and salary costs of training by industry, 153 SALES OCCUPATIONS Compensation of employees employment cost index, 248
423
Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Employment and wages by occupation, 294 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Projections of labor force and employment, 215 Training hours of formal training, 149 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 SEAFOOD Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 SECRETARIES Employment and wages by occupation, 295 Projections of labor force and employment, 216 SELF-EMPLOYED WORKERS Agriculture, 73 Nonagricultural industries, 73 SERVICE OCCUPATIONS - GENERALLY Civilians employed by, 67 Compensation of employees benefits, 267 employment cost index, 250, 264 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Employment cost index, 250 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 75 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 nonfatal rates, 372 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Producer Price Indexes, 311 Productivity and related costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Projections of labor force and employment, 211, 217 Training hours of formal training, 149 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 SERVICES - NONPRIVATE HOUSEHOLD Civilians employed by, 70 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupation of longest held job, 133 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 SERVICES - PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139
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HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
Projections of labor force and employment, 217 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 SERVICES - PROFESSIONAL Civilians employed by, 70 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 SEX Absences from work by sex, 121 Alternative work arrangements, 143 Civilian labor force employment status by sex, 20, 33 participation rates, 42 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by sex, 11, 20, 24 Earnings median annual earnings by educational attainment, 140 Educational attainment statistics, 74 Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers employment status by sex, 51 Employed civilians, 55 Employment status by citizenship status and sex, 132 Employment status by occupation and sex, 133 Extent of unemployment during the year by sex, 115 Labor management relations union membership by sex, 382 Multiple jobholder statistics, 76, 77, 78 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 117 Number of persons with experience by sex and extent of employment, 117 Number of persons with work experience during the year, 113 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by sex, 375 Occupational statistics, 67 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Participation rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 135 Percent of persons with experience by sex, 111 Percent of persons with unemployment during the year by sex, 116 Percent of population with experience by sex and extent of employment, 114 Persons not in the labor force, 54 Population ratios, 64 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by sex, 208 Status of the population by sex, 124 Tenure of full-time workers by sex, 122
Unemployed workers by sex, 86, 109 Unemployment rates by sex, 95, 109 Unemployment rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 137 SINGAPORE Hourly compensation costs, 397 SOCIAL SCIENTISTS Projections of labor force and employment, 214 SOCIAL SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 290 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 SOCIAL WORKERS Projections of labor force and employment, 214 SPAIN Hourly compensation costs, 397 SPELL OF UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 6 SPORTS OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 292 SRI LANKA Hourly compensation costs, 397 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT WORKERS Benefits, 270, 281 Compensation of employees costs per hour worked, 277 employment cost index, 263 STATES Average hourly earnings of production workers by state, 199 Average weekly earnings of production workers by state, 201 Average weekly hours of production workers by state, 197 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by, 23 Employees on government payrolls by state, 194 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 191 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by state, 188 Union membership affiliation of employed workers by state, 388 STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 371 Producer Price Indexes, 310 Productivity and related costs, 240 STOPPAGES Definitions, 380 SURVEYORS AND SERVICES Producer Price Indexes, 311
INDEX
Projections of labor force and employment, 213 SWEDEN Hourly compensation costs, 397 SWITZERLAND Hourly compensation costs, 397
T TAIWAN Hourly compensation costs, 397 TAX-DEFERRED SAVINGS PLANS Defined, 278 TEACHERS, LIBRARIANS, AND COUNSELORS Employment and wages by occupations, 291 Projections of labor force and employment, 214 TECHNICAL, SALES, AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Compensation of employees employment cost index, 248 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Training hours of formal training, 149 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 TELEPHONE SERVICE AND EQUIPMENT Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 TEMPORARY HELP AGENCY WORKERS Defined, 141 TENURE Defined, 6 Full-time workers wage and salary workers by industry, 123 wage and salary workers by sex and age, 122 TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Producer Price Indexes, 309 Productivity and related costs, 238 Projections of labor force and employment, 210 TOBACCO PRODUCTS Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Producer Price Indexes, 309 Projections of labor force and employment, 210
425
TOTAL COMPENSATION COSTS Defined, 246 TRADE-WEIGHTED MEASURES Foreign labor and price statistics, 397 TRADITIONAL WORK ARRANGEMENTS Workers with traditional work arrangements, 143 TRAINING Employer provided training collection of statistics, 148 Employment and wages by occupation, 291 Hours of formal training per employee, 149 Percent of employees who received training by demographics, 152 Percent of employees who received training by type of training, 151 Salaries total wage and salary costs of training by industry, 153 Selected expenditures per employee by industry, 150 Wages total wage and salary costs of training by industry, 153 TRANSPORTATION Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 249 Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Employed civilians by occupation, 133 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Employment and wages by occupation, 299 Employment cost index, 256 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job, 78 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139 Productivity and related costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 235 Projections of labor force and employment, 210, 221 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT Consumer Price Indexes, 321 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Export price indexes, 326 Import price indexes, 331 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 371 Producer Price Indexes, 311 Productivity and related costs, 241 Projections of labor force and employment, 209 TRUCKING AND WAREHOUSING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 376 Projections of labor force and employment, 221
426
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
U UNEMPLOYED WORKERS Age unemployed workers by age, 86, 109 Civilian noninstitutional population, 79, 81 Defined, 4 Duration unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 107 Employment status by age, sex, and race, 51 Extent of unemployment during the year by sex, 115 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 79 presence and relationship of employed family members, 81 Hispanic origin unemployed persons by Hispanic origin, 86 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 108 Married couples, 82 Percent of persons with unemployment during the year by sex, 116 Race unemployed persons by race, 86 Reason for unemployment unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, 109 Sex unemployed persons by sex, 86, 109 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 115 Unemployed persons by industry and class, 105 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES Defined, 5 Education unemployment rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 137 Foreign labor and price statistics, 393 Indicators major unemployment indicators, 85 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 108 Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and age unemployment rates of civilian workers, 95 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 104 Unemployment rates by industry and class, 106 UNION MEMBERSHIP Definitions, 380 Earnings median weekly earnings of workers, 385 Labor management relations affiliation of wage and salary workers, 382, 384 median weekly earnings of workers, 385 members by year, 387 States affiliation of employed workers by state, 388
UNIONS Compensation of employees benefits, 270, 271 employment cost index, 270, 271 Labor management relations see LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS UNITED KINGDOM Hourly compensation costs, 397 UNITED STATES Hourly compensation costs, 397 UNITES STATES POSTAL SERVICE Producer Price Indexes, 311 UNIT LABOR COSTS Defined, 226 Index, 225 UNIVERSITIES Compensation of employees employment cost index, 261, 266 UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS Agriculture, 73 Nonagricultural industries, 73 URBAN CONSUMERS Consumer Price Indexes, commodity, service, and special groups, 315 major groups, 314 purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 317 selected groups, 317 U.S. city average, 321 URBAN WAGE EARNERS Consumer Price Indexes, 319 USUAL FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS Defined, 5
W WAGE EARNERS Absences from work, 121 Agriculture, 73 Compensation of employees see COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Jobs held the longest, 118 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates below minimum wage, 120 Nonagricultural industries, 73 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 117 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 375 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 122 Tenure of workers by industry, 123 WAGES Compensation of employees employment cost index, 247 Definitions, 246 Distribution of employment by wage range, 287 Distribution of mean wage of occupations, 288
INDEX
Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 140 Employment and wages by occupational group, 285, 289 National Compensation Survey, xvii Production workers average hourly rates, 181, 182, 199 average weekly rates, 184, 186, 201 payrolls by industry, 171, 172 Training total wage and salary costs of training by industry, 153 WATER TRANSPORTATION Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 Import price indexes, 339 Producer Price Indexes, 311 WHITE COLLAR WORKERS Benefits, 267 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 247, 263 WHOLESALE TRADE Civilians employed by, 70 Compensation of employees employment cost index, 257 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job 78 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 372 Projections of labor force and employment, 211 WHOLESALE TRADE - DURABLE GOODS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 WHOLESALE TRADE - NONDURABLE GOODS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry, 161 WOMEN Alternative work arrangements, 143 Consumer Expenditure Survey averages for single women by income before taxes, 362 Education employed civilians by occupation, 133 median annual earnings by educational attainment, 140 percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 139
427
Families presence and relationship of employed members, 80 status of women who maintain families, 128 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 81 Labor management relations union membership by sex, 382 Nonfarm payrolls employees by industry, 169 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by sex, 375 Occupation of longest held job, 138 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by sex, 208 Status of all women by presence and age of children, 126 Status of ever-married women, 127 WORKERS Definitions, 380 WORKERS PROVIDED BY CONTRACT FIRMS Defined, 141 WORK EXPERIENCE Extent of unemployment during the year by sex, 115 Industry and class of worker of job held the longest, 112 Jobs held the longest, 118 Number of persons with experience by sex and extent of employment, 113 Percent of persons with experience by sex and age, 111 Percent of population with experience by sex and extent of employment, 114 WORK STOPPAGES Definitions, 380 Labor management relations stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 381 WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND ENTERTAINERS Projections of labor force and employment, 215
Y YEAR-ROUND FULL-TIME WORKERS Defined, 6
